1681:, even with the clear intention of withdrawing, they would not be defeated by the Mahdist forces. Khartoum's Egyptian and European population was greater than all the other garrisons combined, including 7,000 Egyptian troops and 27,000 civilians and the staffs of several embassies. Although the pragmatic approach would have been to secure the safety of the Khartoum garrison and abandon the outlying fortifications and their troops to the Mahdi, Gordon became increasingly reluctant to leave the Sudan until "every one who wants to go down is given the chance to do so," feeling it would be a slight on his honour to abandon any Egyptian soldiers to the Mahdi. He also became increasingly fearful of the Mahdi's potential to cause trouble in Egypt if allowed control of Sudan, leading to a conviction that the Mahdi must be "crushed," by British troops if necessary, to assure the stability of the region. It is debated whether or not Gordon deliberately remained in Khartoum longer than strategically sensible, seemingly intent on becoming besieged within the town. Gordon's brother, H. W. Gordon, was of the opinion that the British officers could easily have escaped from Khartoum up until 14 December 1884.
1341:
1830:
2150:
466:
455:
436:
1320:
1654:
488:
477:
293:
280:
4697:
252:
266:
634:
625:
616:
601:
592:
581:
563:
552:
532:
513:
323:
1282:, the jewel in the British Crown, the Suez Canal was of paramount strategic importance, and British commercial and imperial interests dictated the need to seize or otherwise control it. Thus an ever-increasing British role in Egyptian affairs seemed necessary. With Khedive Ismail's spending and corruption causing instability, in 1873 the British government supported a program whereby an Anglo-French debt commission assumed responsibility for managing Egypt's fiscal affairs. This commission eventually forced Khedive Ismail to abdicate in favor of his son
2264:
425:
414:
403:
500:
223:
307:
392:
381:
362:
343:
1708:
208:
238:
1333:
44:
2091:
1572:
1978:
2001:
2168:, the British decided to reassert Egypt's claim on Sudan. An expedition commanded by Kitchener was organised in Egypt. It was composed of 8,200 British soldiers and 17,600 Egyptian and Sudanese soldiers commanded by British officers. The Mahdist forces were more numerous, numbering more than 60,000 warriors, but lacked modern weapons.
2070:, the Italian position in East Africa was seriously weakened. The Mahdists threatened to retake Kassala, which they had lost to the Italians in 1894. The British government decided to assist the Italians by making a military demonstration in northern Sudan. This coincided with the increased threat of French encroachment on the
1579:
It was therefore decided by the
Egyptian government, under pressure from their British advisors, that the Egyptian presence in Sudan should be withdrawn and the country left to some form of self-government, likely headed by the Mahdi. The withdrawal of the Egyptian garrisons stationed throughout the
1472:
With the
Egyptian government now passing largely under British control, the European powers became increasingly aware of the troubles in Sudan. The British advisers to the Egyptian government gave tacit consent for another expedition. Throughout the summer of 1883, Egyptian troops were concentrated
1241:
Throughout the period of
Egyptian rule, many segments of the Sudanese population suffered extreme hardship because of the system of taxation imposed by the central government. Under this system, a flat tax was imposed on farmers and small traders and collected by government-appointed tax collectors
1992:
In the intervening years, Egypt had not renounced their claims over Sudan, and the
British authorities considered these claims legitimate. Under strict control by British administrators, Egypt's economy had been rebuilt, and the Egyptian army reformed, this time trained and led by British officers
2283:
After the fall of
Khartoum, a "Tailor of Flags" was set up in Omdurman. The production of flags became standardised and regulations concerning the colour and inscriptions of the flags were established. As the Mahdist forces became more organized, the word "flag" (rayya) came to mean a division of
2309:
decreed that this garment should be worn by all his soldiers in battle. The decision to adopt the religious garment as military dress enforced unity and cohesion among his forces, and eliminated traditional visual markers differentiating potentially fractious tribes. During the years of conflict
1458:
However, supreme overconfidence led the
Egyptian army into camping within sight of the Mahdist 'army' without posting sentries. The Mahdi led a dawn assault on 7 June 1882, which slaughtered the entire army. The rebels gained vast stores of arms, ammunition, military clothing and other supplies.
1457:
The
Egyptian administration in the Sudan, now thoroughly concerned by the scale of the uprising, assembled a force of 4,000 troops under Yusef Pasha. In mid-1882, this force approached the Mahdist gathering, whose members were poorly clothed, half starving, and armed only with sticks and stones.
1527:
At this time, the
British Empire was increasingly entrenching itself in the workings of the Egyptian government. Egypt was struggling under a barely maintainable debt repayment structure for its enormous European debt. For the Egyptian government to avoid further interference from its European
1511:, the city whose siege Hicks had intended to relieve, had already fallen by the time the expedition left Khartoum, but Hicks continued anyway, although not confident of his chances of success. Upon his approach, the Mahdi assembled an army of about 40,000 men and drilled them rigorously in the
1259:. These migrants, known as "jallaba" after their loose-fitting style of dress, began to function as small traders and middlemen for the foreign trading companies that had established themselves in the cities and towns of central Sudan. The jallaba were also known to be slave trading tribes.
1750:
from exile in Egypt to organize and lead a popular uprising against the Mahdi. When this idea was vetoed by the
British government, Gordon proposed a number of alternative means to salvage his situation successively to his British superiors. All were similarly vetoed. Among them were:
1344:
This banner is a declaration of faith and allegiance into Allah, and was carried into battle by the
Sudanese Mahdist Army. The color of the banner identifies the fighting unit. From Omdurman, 1898. The Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow, UK. Given by Miss Victoria MacBean,
1304:
Upon Ismail's abdication in 1877, Gordon found himself with dramatically decreased support. Exhausted by years of work, he resigned his post in 1880 and left early the next year. His policies were soon abandoned by the new governors, but the anger and discontent of the dominant
1414:
arrived around one month later; this force was ambushed and slaughtered on the night of 9 December 1881. Like the earlier Aba Island force, this force consisted of two 200 man strong Egyptian raised infantry companies, this time augmented with an additional 1,000 native
2279:
was added "Yā allah yā ḥayy yā qayūm yā ḍhi’l-jalāl wa’l-ikrām" (O Allah! O Ever-living, O Everlasting, O Lord of Majesty and Generosity) and the highly charged claim "Muḥammad al-Mahdī khalifat rasūl Allah" (Muḥammad al-Mahdī is the successor of Allah’s messenger).
1848:
in March 1885. Though successful in the two actions it fought, it failed to change the military situation and was withdrawn. These events temporarily ended British and Egyptian involvement in Sudan, which passed completely under the control of the Mahdists.
2249:
had both military and religious significance. As a result, textile items like these make up a large portion of the booty which was taken back to Britain after the British victory over the Mahdist forces at the Battle of Omdurman in 1899. Mahdist flags and
1515:, equipping them with the arms and ammunition captured in previous battles. On 3 and 4 November 1883, when Hicks' forces offered battle, the Mahdist army was a credible military force, which defeated Hicks' army with only about 500 Egyptians surviving the
2107:(commander) of the Anglo-Egyptian Army, received his marching orders on 12 March, and his forces entered Sudan on the 18th. Numbering at first 11,000 men, Kitchener's force was armed with the most modern military equipment of the time, including
2133:: the first rebuilt Isma'il Pasha's abortive and ruined former line south along the east bank of the Nile to supply the 1896 Dongola Expedition and a second, carried out in 1897, was extended along a new line directly across the desert to
1246:
tribe of northern Sudan. In bad years, and especially during times of drought and famine, farmers were unable to pay the high taxes. Fearing the brutal and unjust methods of the Sha'iqiyya, many farmers fled their villages in the fertile
2063:, a proponent of the reconquest of Sudan, both works emphasized the savagery and barbarism of the Mahdists, and through the wide publicity they received in Britain, served to influence public opinion in favour of military intervention.
1623:, which, in the eyes of several prominent British officials in Egypt, made him unsuitable for the task. Sir Evelyn Baring was particularly opposed to Gordon's appointment, but was overruled by Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
2254:
were adapted from traditional styles of textiles used by adherents of Sufi orders in Sudan. As the Mahdist War progressed, these textiles became more standardised and specifically colour coded to denote military rank and regiment.
1731:, and to the south by fortifications (dry ditch and ramparts constructed by Gordon's predecessor, colonel De Coetlogon) looking on to a vast expanse of desert. Gordon had food for an estimated six months, several million rounds of
2141:
on 7 August 1897—to supply the main force moving on Khartoum. It was not until 7 June 1896 that the first serious engagement of the campaign occurred, when Kitchener led a 9,000 strong force that wiped out the Mahdist garrison at
1649:
Gordons orders were: 1) to evacuate all Egyptian garrisons from Sudan (including both soldiers and civilians) and 2) to leave some form of indigenous (but not Mahdist) government behind him. He was given no timeline for either.
2082:
government in power would favour taking the offensive, managed to extend the demonstration into a full-fledged invasion. In 1897, the Italians gave the British control of Kassala, in order to gain international recognition of
2275:– "There is no God but Allah; Muḥammad is Allah’s Messenger" – and the name of the sect’s founder, an individual usually regarded as a saint. The Mahdi adapted this form of flag for military purposes. A quotation from the
1684:
Whether or not it was the Mahdi's intention, in March 1884, the Sudanese tribes to the north of Khartoum, who had previously been sympathetic or neutral towards the Egyptian authorities, rose in support of the Mahdi. The
1353:
Sudanese anger at the foreign Egyptian rulers, Muslim revivalist anger at the Egyptian's lax religious standards and willingness to appoint non-Muslims such as the Christian Charles Gordon to high positions, and Sudanese
1378:
to arrest him. The captains of the two companies were each promised promotion if their soldiers were the ones to return the Mahdi to the governor. Both companies disembarked from the steamer that had brought them up the
1387:
and approached the Mahdi's village from separate directions. Arriving simultaneously, each force began to fire blindly on the other, allowing the Mahdi's scant followers to attack and destroy each force in turn at the
1340:
1358:
resistance to "dry, scholastic Islam of Egyptian officialdom." Another widely reported source of frustration was the Egyptian abolition of the slave trade, one of the main sources of income in Sudan at the time.
2059:, managed to escape from the Khalifa's prison. Besides providing vital intelligence on the Mahdist dispositions, both men wrote detailed accounts of their experiences in Sudan. Written in collaboration with
1814:
on 17 January 1885, the column arrived within sight of Khartoum at the end of January, only to find they were too late: the city had fallen two days earlier, and Gordon and the garrison had been massacred.
2305:, was a garment traditionally worn by followers of Sufi religious orders. The ragged, patched garment symbolised a rejection of material wealth by its wearer and a commitment to a religious way of life.
2040:
commanded by Colonel Arimondi. The Italians won again, and the outcome of the battle constituted "the first decisive victory yet won by Europeans against the Sudanese revolutionaries". A year later,
2399:
This line was so out of the way, badly sited, and hastily rebuilt that it was abandoned in 1904. The Abu Hamad route, however, became the start of the entire subsequent Sudanese rail network. The
4476:
2284:
troops or a body of troops under a commander. The flags were colour coded to direct soldiers of the three main divisions of the Mahdist army – the Black, Green and Red Banners (rāyāt).
1810:
to relieve the Khartoum garrison. This was described in some British papers as the 'Gordon Relief Expedition', a term Gordon strongly objected to. After defeating the Mahdists at the
1205:
control over Sudan. The Sudanese launched several unsuccessful invasions of their neighbours, expanding the scale of the conflict to include not only Britain and Egypt but also the
1669:
Gordon arrived in Khartoum on 18 February, and immediately became aware of the vast difficulty of the task. Egypt's garrisons were scattered widely across the country; three—
1505:, "perhaps the worst army that has ever marched to war"—unpaid, untrained, and undisciplined, its soldiers having more in common with their enemies than with their officers.
4404:
665:
4842:
1366:
preached renewal of the faith and liberation of the land, and began attracting followers. Soon in open revolt against the Egyptians, Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself the
1901:, which had been occupied by Egypt, and began a long campaign to relieve the Egyptian garrisons besieged by the Mahdists. The bitter campaigning was led by the Emperor
1677:
and Sinkat—were under siege, and the majority of the territory between them was under the control of the Mahdi. There was no guarantee that, if the garrisons were to
1631:. It was intended that Stewart, while nominally Gordon's subordinate, would act as a brake on the latter and ensure that Sudan was evacuated quickly and peacefully.
884:
1763:, which would have enabled him to collect the garrisons stationed along that route. The window for navigation of the upper reaches of the Blue Nile was very narrow.
4837:
1788:
rampant in the city and the Egyptian troops' morale shattered, Gordon's position became untenable and the city fell on 26 January 1885, after a siege of 313 days.
1596:), asked for a British officer to be sent to the Sudan to co-ordinate the withdrawal of the garrisons. It was hoped that Mahdist forces would judge an attack on a
1735:
in store, with the capacity to produce a further 50,000 rounds per week, and 7,000 Egyptian soldiers. But outside the walls, the Mahdi had mustered about 50,000
1419:, the force commander – Colonel Rashid Bay Ahman – and all his principal leadership team were killed. It is unknown if any of Colonel Ahman's troops survived.
1410:
The Mahdi and the forces of his Ansar arrived in the Nuba Mountains of south Kordofan around early November 1881. Another Egyptian expedition dispatched from
1897:
of 3 June 1884, Ethiopia agreed to facilitate the evacuation of Egyptian garrisons in southern Sudan. In September 1884, Ethiopia reoccupied the province of
4630:
3411:
1588:
and Sinkat, was therefore threatened unless it was conducted in an orderly fashion. The Egyptian government, through British Consul-general in Egypt Sir
2335:
658:
4061:
1646:
announcing Egypt's intentions to leave Sudan. Gordon's orders, by his own request, were unambiguous, leaving little room for misinterpretation.
4857:
3096:
3081:
2501:
877:
651:
4790:
1784:, but as the level of the White Nile fell through the winter, muddy 'beaches' at the foot of the walls were exposed. With starvation and
1624:
1175:
213:
4827:
4822:
3237:
2186:
The remnant, with the Khalifa Abdullah, fled to southern Sudan. During the pursuit, Kitchener's forces met a French force under Major
4623:
4512:
4031:
3634:
3404:
1557:
1293:
to be Governor of the Equatorial Provinces of Sudan. For the next three years, General Gordon fought against a native chieftain of
870:
4786:
1936:
in Sudan in January 1887. A year later, in January 1888, the Mahdists returned, defeating Tekle Haymanot at Sar Weha and sacking
4494:
1807:
1422:
As these military incursions were happening, the Mahdi legitimized his movement by drawing deliberate parallels to the life of
1312:
Although the Egyptians were fearful of the deteriorating conditions, the British refused to get involved, as Foreign Secretary
385:
1780:
Eventually it became impossible for Gordon to be relieved without British troops. An expedition was duly dispatched under Sir
4862:
3827:
3065:
2616:
2567:
396:
3501:
3168:
1642:
on the evening of 24 January. Gordon was largely responsible for drafting his own orders, along with proclamations from the
1600:
to be too great a risk, and hence allow the withdrawal to proceed without incident. The British government proposed to send
4684:
4654:
4584:
3857:
3670:
2345:
1627:. Gordon was eventually given the mission, but he was to be accompanied by the much more level-headed and reliable Colonel
952:
4616:
4500:
4434:
3397:
366:
4744:
3712:
2340:
2149:
2079:
1829:
700:
53:
4313:
3658:
3507:
3352:
3194:
2316:
became increasingly stylised and patches became colour-coded to denote the rank and military division of the wearer.
2239:
Textiles played an important role in the organisation of the Mahdist forces. The flags, banners, and patched tunics (
2115:
on the Nile. Their advance was slow and methodical, while fortified camps were built along the way, and two separate
2075:
1885:, was rescued, though the expedition was not without its failures, such as the disaster that befell the rear column.
1589:
4530:
3537:
1972:
1803:
818:
2736:
2231:, which effectively established British domination over Sudan. This ended with the independence of Sudan in 1956.
4872:
4578:
4163:
3495:
1498:
1188:
161:
4867:
4518:
3875:
3790:
3459:
2472:
4852:
4847:
4832:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3917:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3863:
3839:
2028:; Ahmed Ali campaigned against the Italian forces in eastern Sudan and led about 10,000–12,000 men east from
3911:
4796:
4229:
3441:
3421:
3219:
2350:
1872:
1403:. This movement, posed as a triumphant progress, incited many of the Arab tribes to rise in support of the
1278:
stepped in and repaid his loans in return for controlling shares in the canal. As the most direct route to
972:
942:
747:
4696:
3899:
3389:
1997:. The situation evolved in a way that allowed Egypt, both politically and militarily, to reconquer Sudan.
4765:
4416:
4368:
3953:
3754:
3322:
1032:
3384:
3332:
3317:
4679:
3977:
3905:
3845:
3694:
1628:
1082:
977:
917:
3337:
3097:"Undoing the Mahdiyya: British Colonialism as Religious Reform in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1898–1914"
4664:
4235:
3622:
3549:
3465:
3312:
1723:
Gordon's position in Khartoum was very strong, as the city was bordered to the north and east by the
1270:. Khedive Ismail's spending had put Egypt into a large amount of debt, and when his financing of the
1267:
1007:
962:
3104:
2453:
504:
4723:
4488:
4301:
4247:
4133:
4121:
4091:
3833:
3724:
3525:
3519:
2488:
Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816–2007
2199:
2116:
2025:
1994:
1964:
1929:
1092:
1022:
851:
806:
470:
17:
3274:
2608:
2604:
Fire and Sword in the Sudan; a Personal Narrative of Fighting and Serving the Dervishes. 1879–1895
4452:
4386:
4223:
4187:
3989:
3965:
3923:
3796:
3784:
3706:
3700:
3483:
2330:
2021:
1960:
987:
796:
4073:
3766:
4728:
4428:
4037:
4019:
4013:
3802:
3736:
3604:
3489:
3471:
2310:
between Mahdist and Anglo-Egyptian forces at the end of the 19th century, the Mahdist military
2187:
2056:
1856:
1747:
1447:
1298:
1144:
556:
536:
1743:
became slim. Gordon had enthusiastically supported the idea of recalling the notorious former
779:
4770:
4085:
3688:
3628:
3555:
3100:
2530:
The Mahdist State in the Sudan 1881 – 1898: A Study of Its Origin, Development, and Overthrow
1601:
1370:, the promised redeemer of the Islamic world. In August 1881 the then-governor of the Sudan,
1290:
1231:
1072:
347:
57:
1653:
1316:
declared, "Her Majesty’s Government are in no way responsible for operations in the Sudan".
4817:
4608:
4482:
4271:
4217:
4145:
4067:
4055:
3851:
3610:
3531:
3293:
3234:
3008:
2404:
2228:
2126:
1608:
1537:
1319:
1179:
165:
8:
4674:
4356:
4169:
4127:
3580:
3447:
3327:
3152:, Vol. 1, p. 99. Harrison & Sons (London), 1905. Accessed 13 February 2014.
3148:
2165:
2138:
1833:
1371:
1067:
1047:
1012:
894:
836:
429:
418:
2602:
1560:—were instructed to be as frugal possible in Egypt's financial affairs. Maintaining the
1536:
was paid on time, every time. To this end, the Egyptian treasury, initially crippled by
4669:
4524:
4392:
4374:
4325:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4211:
3983:
3941:
3772:
3748:
3718:
3646:
3358:
3075:
2495:
2180:
2017:
1956:
1945:
1811:
1661:, which took place during the desert expedition to bring relief to Gordon, besieged in
1658:
1516:
1467:
1416:
1323:
The maximum extent of the Mahdist state, shown within the pre-2011 borders of the Sudan
1171:
1117:
1077:
1017:
997:
982:
957:
947:
927:
846:
801:
784:
725:
715:
424:
413:
402:
228:
65:
49:
3258:
2263:
1852:
Muhammad Ahmad died soon after his victory, on 22 June 1885, and was succeeded by the
4713:
4542:
4536:
4446:
4307:
4253:
4109:
3760:
3682:
3652:
3543:
3366:
3348:
3190:
3061:
2612:
2563:
2407:
meant that the Sudanese system could not (and still cannot) link directly to Egypt's
2222:
2098:
2071:
2045:
1968:
1941:
1824:
1702:
1693:
were cut on 15 March, severing communication between Khartoum and the outside world.
1612:
1545:
1502:
1107:
811:
720:
710:
695:
571:
521:
492:
174:
61:
4718:
4566:
4554:
4548:
4506:
4410:
4380:
4295:
4115:
4097:
4079:
4049:
3664:
3513:
3453:
3149:
The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A Compendium Prepared by Officers of the Sudan Government
2195:
2172:
2158:
2143:
2060:
2052:
2033:
1982:
1806:, under strong pressure from the public reluctantly sent a relief column under Sir
1512:
1214:
1210:
1196:
1112:
1087:
1037:
937:
841:
826:
757:
752:
735:
730:
540:
499:
487:
481:
476:
465:
454:
444:
435:
370:
351:
312:
298:
279:
271:
179:
69:
1916:
Between November 1885 and February 1886, Yohannes IV was putting down a revolt in
4760:
4458:
4398:
4337:
4331:
4259:
4139:
4043:
4025:
3676:
3598:
3241:
3172:
3056:
The rise and fall of the new Roman empire: Italy's bid for world power, 1890–1943
2740:
2727:
2154:
2084:
2041:
2037:
1986:
1910:
1797:
1781:
1597:
1553:
1135:
1057:
1042:
831:
774:
762:
705:
606:
284:
73:
2435:
2005:
1836:
troops en route to Sudan to help defend remaining Anglo-Egyptian outposts, 1884.
4640:
4590:
4319:
4241:
4199:
4193:
4181:
3869:
3425:
3054:
2408:
2306:
2103:
2067:
2013:
1877:
Between 1886 and 1889 a British expedition to relieve the Egyptian governor of
1770:
1707:
1686:
1593:
1565:
1490:
1363:
1313:
1275:
1263:
1206:
1192:
1159:
967:
912:
907:
517:
391:
380:
361:
342:
2066:
In 1896, when Italy suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the Ethiopians at
4811:
4596:
4572:
4470:
4464:
4362:
3730:
3616:
3586:
3165:
2325:
2246:
2112:
2024:. In December 1893, Italian colonial troops and Mahdists fought again in the
1894:
1860:
1841:
1494:
1427:
1389:
1243:
1155:
1102:
1052:
1027:
992:
932:
690:
633:
624:
615:
600:
591:
580:
562:
551:
531:
512:
328:
2153:
The defeated Emir Mahmud with the British Director of Military Intelligence
1552:
over all matters of financial policy. The holders of this office, first Sir
4440:
4283:
4157:
3808:
3778:
3561:
3419:
3362:
1674:
1605:
1585:
1493:
machine guns. This force was placed under the command of a retired British
1283:
1002:
585:
407:
183:
4103:
2485:
2055:, escaped from captivity in Sudan. In 1895 the former Governor of Darfur,
1840:
The British also sent an expeditionary force under Lieutenant-General Sir
1332:
4560:
4001:
3935:
3742:
3592:
1902:
1541:
1375:
1279:
1248:
1062:
567:
440:
243:
115:
2212:
Britain: 700+ British, Egyptian and Sudanese dead, wounded, or captured.
4007:
3929:
3640:
3477:
2734:
2400:
2130:
1882:
1732:
1728:
1616:
1571:
1508:
1384:
1271:
3013:
Suakin, 1885 : being a sketch of the campaign of this year (1885)
2094:
Charge of the 21st Lancers at the Battle of Omdurman, 2 September 1898
862:
43:
4422:
4175:
3995:
2906:, p. 73 (2,242,000 in store, 3,240,770 expended to 12/03/84–22/09/84)
2134:
2108:
2090:
1906:
1878:
1724:
1486:
1482:
1442:. The Mahdi also appointed commanders to represent three of the four
1266:
Imperial subject administration in Egypt was in the hands of Khedive
1097:
459:
4151:
2176:
1933:
1760:
1716:
1662:
1561:
1544:, was placed by the British almost entirely under the control of a
1533:
1529:
1474:
1451:
1443:
1423:
1400:
1396:
1252:
1235:
1201:
127:
3370:
2179:, the Mahdist capital, in September. The bulk of the Mahdist army
2560:
Go Strong Into the Desert: the Mahdist Uprising in Sudan, 1881–85
2403:
hastily adopted to use the available rolling stock provided from
2272:
2191:
2029:
1950:
1785:
1736:
1643:
1635:
1478:
1439:
1411:
1184:
170:
123:
1604:. Gordon was a gifted officer, who had gained renown commanding
1937:
1925:
1921:
1853:
1845:
1744:
1740:
1678:
1670:
1620:
1581:
1435:
1431:
1350:
1294:
1256:
257:
131:
2202:, where he was killed, effectively ending the Mahdist regime.
1977:
1564:
in the Sudan was costing the Egyptian government over 100,000
1473:
at Khartoum, eventually reaching the strength of around 7,300
643:
3343:
Lyall, Jason (2020). "The Rise and Fall of the Mahdi State".
3184:
2412:
2312:
2301:
2276:
2241:
1917:
1898:
1690:
1639:
1501:
and twelve European officers. The force was, in the words of
1404:
1367:
1306:
1167:
1163:
119:
111:
4638:
1399:, where he was at a distance from the seat of government in
2183:, but was cut down by British machine-guns and rifle fire.
1920:. In January 1886, a Mahdist army invaded Ethiopia, seized
1909:. The Ethiopians under Ras Alula achieved a victory in the
1739:
soldiers, and as time went on, the chances of a successful
1712:
1549:
1380:
1355:
48:
Major events of the Mahdist War. From clockwise left: the
1859:, who proved to be an able, albeit ruthless, ruler of the
1776:
Visiting the Mahdi himself to explore a possible solution.
2111:
and modern artillery, and was supported by a flotilla of
2000:
1349:
Among the forces seen as the causes of the uprising were
1924:, burned the Mahbere Selassie monastery and advanced on
1407:
the Mahdi had declared against the Egyptian government.
160:
Britain and Egypt took over Sudan and turned it into a
27:
1881–1899 Sudanese revolt against Anglo-Egyptian rule
2234:
1178:. Eighteen years of war resulted in the creation of
1149:
4843:
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
2486:Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman (2010).
2411:system but required transshipment via steamer from
2374:The British participation in the war is called the
1881:made its way through central Africa. The governor,
1715:rivers. Khartoum lies between the two rivers, with
1286:in 1879, leading to a period of political turmoil.
3053:
2971:
2969:
2806:
2436:"Egypt and the Sudan | National Army Museum"
2336:List of journalists killed during the Mahdist War
1434:, and he called his flight from the British, the
4809:
204:
4838:Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa
2966:
2743:, pp. 194 & 199; see also, Churchill, p. 39
2471:International, Radio Canada (26 January 2015).
1374:, sent two companies of infantry each with one
2227:The British set up a new colonial system, the
1951:Italian campaign and Anglo-Egyptian reconquest
1940:. This culminated in the end of the Ethiopian
1489:80mm field guns, 10 brass mountain guns and 6
1485:force of 300 personnel hauling between them 4
1234:'s invasion in 1819, Sudan was governed by an
4624:
3405:
2834:(34,000 total population, including soldiers)
2470:
878:
659:
2562:. Nottingham: Perry Miniatures. p. 13.
1932:led a successful counteroffensive as far as
1395:The Mahdi then began a strategic retreat to
3385:The British Expedition to Rescue Emin Pasha
3279:British Museum digital collection catalogue
3015:, (London : K. Paul, Trench & Co.)
2175:in April 1898, the Anglo-Egyptians reached
2129:were hastily constructed from a station at
2044:forces seized Kassala after the successful
1766:Requesting Mohammedan regiments from India.
1430:, after the people who greeted Muhammad in
4631:
4617:
3412:
3398:
3080:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2500:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2473:"Canada's first military mission overseas"
2198:. They finally caught up with Abdullah at
2016:troops had defeated Mahdist troops in the
1170:(the "Guided One"), and the forces of the
885:
871:
666:
652:
289:
2984:
2927:
2812:
2797:
2649:
2542:
1336:Muhammad Ahmad, the self-proclaimed Mahdi
572:
522:
147:Sudanese invasions of neighbours repelled
3294:The jibba: clothing for Sufi and soldier
3175:". 2008. Accessed 13 February 2014.
3142:
3140:
3023:
3021:
2271:Sufi flags typically feature the Muslim
2262:
2209:Sudan: 30,000 dead, wounded, or captured
2148:
2089:
1999:
1976:
1828:
1711:An aerial view of the confluence of the
1706:
1652:
1615:. However, he was also renowned for his
1570:
1339:
1331:
1318:
742:British-Egyptian expeditions (1885–1889)
4787:Italian Intervention in Northern Russia
3323:Ten years captivity in the Mahdist camp
3289:
3287:
3189:(second ed.). Granada. p. 9.
3094:
3051:
2508:
2378:. Other names for this war include the
2356:
2205:The casualties for this campaign were:
2171:After defeating a Mahdist force in the
1866:
1575:Charles Gordon as Governor of the Sudan
892:
607:
262:
234:
219:
14:
4810:
3318:Too late for Gordon and Khartoum, 1887
3185:T. B. Harbottle, George Bruce (1979).
3160:
3158:
2957:
2942:
2888:
2843:
2827:
2782:
2767:
2752:
2712:
2697:
2673:
2600:
1888:
1522:
1450:, his eventual successor, represented
4858:Rebellions against the British Empire
4612:
3393:
3342:
3137:
3032:, New York: Palgrave, pp. 155–58
3030:Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia
3027:
3018:
2557:
2532:. Clarendon: Oxford University Press.
1844:, including an Indian contingent, to
1773:troops be sent to quell the uprising.
1719:on the west bank slightly downstream.
1174:, initially, and later the forces of
866:
647:
3671:Regulator Movement in North Carolina
3284:
2527:
2346:Millenarianism in colonial societies
2287:
1818:
1696:
1362:In the 1870s, a Muslim cleric named
3333:The Downfall of the Dervishes, 1898
3155:
3103:Martin Marty Center. Archived from
3045:
2267:Flag of the Mahdi movement in Sudan
1568:a year, an unmaintainable expense.
1461:
1438:, after Muhammad's flight from the
1289:Also in 1873, Ismail had appointed
1154:; 1881–1899) was a war between the
1139:
24:
3306:
2479:
2341:Category:People of the Mahdist War
2051:In 1891 a Catholic priest, Father
2008:fighting Mahdist troops in Tucruf.
1638:on 18 January 1884 and arrived in
1162:, who had proclaimed himself the "
25:
4884:
4828:Wars involving the United Kingdom
4823:African resistance to colonialism
3420:Colonial conflicts involving the
3378:
3187:Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles
2245:) worn and used in battle by the
2235:Military textiles of the Mahdiyya
1532:, it had to ensure that the debt
1446:; for example, he announced that
1327:
4695:
2258:
1985:defeating Mahdist troops at the
1973:Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
1791:
1291:General Charles "Chinese" Gordon
632:
623:
614:
599:
590:
579:
561:
550:
530:
511:
498:
486:
475:
464:
453:
434:
423:
412:
401:
390:
379:
360:
341:
321:
305:
291:
278:
264:
250:
236:
221:
206:
64:, Charge of the 21st Lancers at
42:
3496:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
3347:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.
3268:
3251:
3227:
3212:
3203:
3178:
3128:
3119:
3088:
3036:
3002:
2993:
2978:
2951:
2936:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2882:
2873:
2861:
2852:
2837:
2821:
2791:
2776:
2761:
2746:
2721:
2706:
2691:
2682:
2667:
2658:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2393:
2164:In 1898, in the context of the
1309:minority was left unaddressed.
1262:By the middle 19th century the
769:Ethiopian campaigns (1885–1889)
673:
4680:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36
4665:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96
3599:Father Rale's War/Dummer's War
3300:. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
3281:. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
3265:. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
3248:. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
3221:Material related to the Mahdīa
3052:Barclay, Glen St John (1973).
2607:. London: E. Arnold. pp.
2551:
2536:
2521:
2464:
2458:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
2446:
2428:
2368:
13:
1:
4745:Italian Blockade of Venezuela
3996:Black War (Van Diemen's Land)
3840:Castle Hill convict rebellion
3224:Retrieved December 21, 2020.
2772:. Macmillan. pp. 442–45.
2229:Anglo-Egyptian administration
1548:, who exercised the power of
1225:
791:Italian campaigns (1890–1894)
4863:Wars involving British India
4797:Occupation of Constantinople
4766:Italian Invasion of Anatolia
3164:Sudan Railway Corporation. "
2601:Slatin, Rudolf Carl (1896).
2422:
2361:
2351:List of wars involving Sudan
2216:
2137:—which they captured in the
1873:Emin Pasha Relief Expedition
1769:Requesting several thousand
1759:along the Blue Nile towards
686:Mahdist uprising (1881–1885)
7:
4655:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887
2985:Churchill, Winston (1902).
2928:Churchill, Winston (1902).
2813:Churchill, Winston (1902).
2798:Churchill, Winston (1902).
2650:Churchill, Winston (1902).
2543:Churchill, Winston (1902).
2319:
1160:Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah
1150:
819:British-Egyptian reconquest
10:
4889:
4639:Colonial conflicts in the
4513:Jewish revolt in Palestine
4158:Fenian Rebellion in Canada
3803:Dwyer's guerrilla campaign
3695:American Revolutionary War
3298:Making African Connections
3246:Making African Connections
3233:F. Nicoll and O. Nusairi,
3095:Salomon, Noah (May 2004).
2220:
1954:
1870:
1822:
1795:
1700:
1580:country, such as those at
1465:
1426:. He called his followers
1220:
4779:
4753:
4737:
4706:
4691:
4647:
4347:
4284:Jameson Raid South Africa
3818:
3571:
3432:
2962:. Macmillan. p. 572.
2947:. Macmillan. p. 489.
2893:. Macmillan. p. 537.
2848:. Macmillan. p. 564.
2787:. Macmillan. p. 475.
2757:. Macmillan. p. 441.
2717:. Macmillan. p. 564.
2702:. Macmillan. p. 354.
1995:non-commissioned officers
904:
683:
334:
195:
79:
41:
36:
4724:Second Italo-Senussi War
4495:Arab revolt in Palestine
4092:Second Anglo-Burmese War
3834:Second Anglo-Maratha War
3725:Australian frontier wars
3338:Sudan Campaign 1896–1899
3313:Churchill, The River War
2989:. Kessinger. p. 46.
2958:Cromer, Earl of (1907).
2943:Cromer, Earl of (1907).
2932:. Kessinger. p. 50.
2889:Cromer, Earl of (1902).
2844:Cromer, Earl of (1907).
2828:Gordon, Charles (1885).
2817:. Kessinger. p. 29.
2802:. Kessinger. p. 37.
2783:Cromer, Earl of (1907).
2768:Cromer, Earl of (1907).
2753:Cromer, Earl of (1907).
2713:Cromer, Earl of (1907).
2698:Cromer, Earl of (1907).
2678:. Macmillan. p. 60.
2654:. Kessinger. p. 31.
2547:. Kessinger. p. 28.
2118:3 ft 6 in
2026:Second Battle of Agordat
1965:Second Battle of Agordat
1930:Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam
1454:, Muhammad's successor.
1274:started to crumble, the
4489:Second Mohmand campaign
4224:Third Anglo-Burmese War
4188:Second Anglo-Afghan War
3990:First Anglo-Burmese War
3966:Third Anglo-Maratha War
3797:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
3707:Second Anglo-Mysore War
3701:First Anglo-Maratha War
3259:A Note on Mahdist Flags
3240:30 October 2020 at the
3028:Henze, Paul B. (2000),
2739:11 January 2021 at the
2674:Milner, Alfred (1898).
2518:, Vintage, 1982, p. 77.
2388:Sudanese Mahdist Revolt
2331:Sudan Military Railroad
2307:Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi
2022:First Battle of Agordat
1961:First Battle of Agordat
1251:to the remote areas of
1236:Egyptian administration
1199:, in which Britain had
4873:19th century in Africa
4429:Third Anglo-Afghan War
4314:First Mohmand campaign
4038:First Anglo-Afghan War
3737:Third Anglo-Mysore War
2268:
2188:Jean-Baptiste Marchand
2161:
2095:
2057:Rudolf Carl von Slatin
2009:
1989:
1913:on 23 September 1885.
1857:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
1837:
1720:
1666:
1576:
1448:Abdullahi ibn Muhammad
1346:
1337:
1324:
1299:Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur
1151:ath-Thawra al-Mahdiyya
557:Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur
537:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
505:Louis-Napoléon Chaltin
335:Commanders and leaders
4868:19th century in Egypt
4771:Siberian intervention
4729:World War II campaign
4685:World War II Campaign
4086:Second Anglo-Sikh War
3743:Cotiote (Wayanad) War
3629:French and Indian War
3235:Flags of the Mahdiyya
3166:Historical Background
3146:Gleichen, Edward ed.
3101:University of Chicago
3042:Churchill, pp. 89–106
2640:Snook, op. cit., p.25
2266:
2152:
2127:Narrow gauge railways
2093:
2080:Conservative-Unionist
2032:, encountering 2,400
2003:
1980:
1832:
1727:, to the west by the
1710:
1689:between Khartoum and
1656:
1574:
1343:
1335:
1322:
748:Emin Pasha Expedition
4853:Rebellions in Africa
4848:Wars involving Egypt
4833:Wars involving Sudan
4660:Mahdist War in Sudan
4248:Hunza–Nagar Campaign
4056:First Anglo-Sikh War
4032:Egyptian–Ottoman War
3275:Mahdist Shirt; jibba
3171:10 July 2013 at the
3009:Ernest Gambier-Parry
2999:Snook, op.cit., p.94
2916:Journals at Khartoum
2904:Journals at Khartoum
2830:Journals at Khartoum
2591:Snook, op.cit., p.13
2558:Snook, Mike (2010).
2357:References and notes
1867:Equatoria expedition
1180:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
605:Mohammed Zain (
166:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
4675:Somaliland campaign
4501:Waziristan campaign
4435:Waziristan campaign
4128:Revolt of Rajab Ali
3605:War of Jenkins' Ear
2528:Holt, P.M. (1958).
2194:, resulting in the
2166:scramble for Africa
2139:Battle of Abu Hamed
2078:, judging that the
1889:Ethiopian campaigns
1619:and rigid personal
1523:Egyptian evacuation
1113:South Africa (1914)
1078:South Africa (1906)
1043:South Africa (1899)
1013:Matabeleland (1896)
1003:South Africa (1895)
983:Matabeleland (1893)
948:Somalia (1888–1924)
943:Equatoria (1886–89)
913:South Africa (1880)
908:South Africa (1879)
896:Scramble for Africa
430:Hassan Ismail Pasha
4670:Banadir Resistance
4375:Bambatha Rebellion
4290:Anglo-Zanzibar War
4278:Chitral Expedition
4212:Anglo-Egyptian War
3984:Anglo-Ashanti wars
3689:Lord Dunmore's War
3647:Anglo-Cherokee War
3556:King William's War
3263:Savage and Soldier
2732:Eminent Victorians
2514:Mortimer, Edward,
2269:
2162:
2109:Maxim machine-guns
2096:
2018:Battle of Serobeti
2010:
1990:
1957:Battle of Serobeti
1946:Battle of Gallabat
1838:
1812:Battle of Abu Klea
1804:British Government
1755:Making a breakout
1721:
1667:
1659:Battle of Abu Klea
1577:
1517:Battle of El Obeid
1495:Indian Staff Corps
1468:Anglo-Egyptian War
1347:
1338:
1325:
1172:Khedivate of Egypt
968:Mashonaland (1890)
276: •
248: •
233: •
218: •
50:Battle of Abu Klea
4805:
4804:
4714:Italo-Turkish War
4606:
4605:
4537:Malayan Emergency
4447:Malabar rebellion
4308:Siege of Malakand
4254:Anglo-Manipur War
4110:Anglo-Persian War
3659:Anglo-Spanish War
3611:King George's War
3532:King Philip's War
3508:Anglo-Spanish War
3209:Churchill, p. 137
3134:Churchill, p. 101
3067:978-0-283-97862-3
2618:978-0-8371-1639-6
2569:978-0-9561842-1-4
2490:. Washington, DC.
2454:"Nile Expedition"
2299:, and later, the
2223:Wad Hubaba Revolt
2099:Herbert Kitchener
2046:Battle of Kassala
1969:Battle of Kassala
1893:According to the
1825:Suakin Expedition
1819:Suakin Expedition
1703:Siege of Khartoum
1697:Siege of Khartoum
1613:Taiping Rebellion
1546:financial advisor
1503:Winston Churchill
1452:Abu Bakr Al Sidiq
1444:Righteous Caliphs
1148:
1125:
1124:
1083:Morocco (1907–34)
1073:Morocco (1905–06)
1068:Tanganyika (1905)
1048:Somaliland (1900)
988:Morocco (1893–94)
973:Katanga (1891−92)
938:Madagascar (1883)
860:
859:
642:
641:
638:Khalil al-Khuzani
493:Giuseppe Arimondi
397:Herbert Kitchener
285:Colony of Eritrea
191:
190:
175:occupied by Italy
16:(Redirected from
4880:
4719:Senussi campaign
4699:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4610:
4609:
4555:Cyprus Emergency
4381:Maritz rebellion
4369:Tibet expedition
4302:Benin Expedition
4122:Indian Rebellion
4116:Second Opium War
4098:Eureka Rebellion
4074:British Honduras
4050:New Zealand Wars
3635:Seven Years' War
3581:Queen Anne's War
3414:
3407:
3400:
3391:
3390:
3374:
3301:
3291:
3282:
3272:
3266:
3255:
3249:
3231:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3182:
3176:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3125:Churchill, p. 99
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3071:
3059:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3016:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2728:Strachey, Lytton
2725:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2676:England in Egypt
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2432:
2416:
2397:
2391:
2372:
2196:Fashoda Incident
2173:Battle of Atbara
2159:Battle of Atbara
2124:
2119:
2061:Reginald Wingate
2053:Joseph Ohrwalder
2042:Italian colonial
2038:Eritrean Ascaris
1983:Congo Free State
1981:Troops from the
1606:Imperial Chinese
1556:, and later Sir
1462:Hicks expedition
1215:Ethiopian Empire
1211:Congo Free State
1197:Kingdom of Egypt
1156:Mahdist Sudanese
1153:
1143:
1141:
1028:Wassoulou (1898)
993:Wassoulou (1894)
933:Wassoulou (1883)
899:
897:
887:
880:
873:
864:
863:
678:
668:
661:
654:
645:
644:
637:
636:
628:
627:
619:
618:
609:
604:
603:
596:Hamdan Abu 'Anja
595:
594:
584:
583:
574:
566:
565:
555:
554:
547:
545:
535:
534:
524:
516:
515:
507:
503:
502:
491:
490:
482:Oreste Baratieri
480:
479:
469:
468:
458:
457:
449:
439:
438:
428:
427:
417:
416:
406:
405:
395:
394:
384:
383:
375:
365:
364:
356:
346:
345:
327:
325:
324:
313:Congo Free State
311:
309:
308:
301:
297:
295:
294:
283:
282:
274:
270:
268:
267:
256:
254:
253:
246:
242:
240:
239:
231:
227:
225:
224:
216:
212:
210:
209:
102:
100:
94:
92:
81:
80:
70:Battle of Ferkeh
54:Battle of El Teb
46:
34:
33:
21:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4775:
4761:Boxer Rebellion
4749:
4733:
4702:
4689:
4643:
4637:
4607:
4602:
4543:Kenya Emergency
4349:
4343:
4338:Second Boer War
4332:Boxer Rebellion
4260:Pahang Uprising
4140:Ambela campaign
4062:Río de la Plata
4044:First Opium War
4026:Aden Expedition
3858:Río de la Plata
3820:
3814:
3785:Irish Rebellion
3677:First Carib War
3573:
3567:
3490:Confederate War
3484:Irish Rebellion
3434:
3428:
3418:
3381:
3355:
3309:
3307:Further reading
3304:
3292:
3285:
3273:
3269:
3256:
3252:
3242:Wayback Machine
3232:
3228:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3183:
3179:
3173:Wayback Machine
3163:
3156:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3089:
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3068:
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3046:
3041:
3037:
3026:
3019:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2983:
2979:
2975:Churchill p. 46
2974:
2967:
2956:
2952:
2941:
2937:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2887:
2883:
2879:Churchill p. 50
2878:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2842:
2838:
2826:
2822:
2811:
2807:
2796:
2792:
2781:
2777:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2747:
2741:Wayback Machine
2726:
2722:
2711:
2707:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2672:
2668:
2664:Churchill p. 33
2663:
2659:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:Churchill p. 30
2630:
2626:
2619:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:Churchill p. 29
2581:
2577:
2570:
2556:
2552:
2541:
2537:
2526:
2522:
2516:Faith and Power
2513:
2509:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2398:
2394:
2384:Anglo–Sudan War
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2322:
2293:
2261:
2237:
2225:
2219:
2157:after the 1898
2155:Francis Wingate
2122:
2117:
2085:Italian Eritrea
1987:Battle of Rejaf
1975:
1955:Main articles:
1953:
1911:Battle of Kufit
1891:
1875:
1869:
1827:
1821:
1808:Garnet Wolseley
1800:
1798:Nile Expedition
1794:
1782:Garnet Wolseley
1748:Al-Zubayr Rahma
1705:
1699:
1687:telegraph lines
1598:British subject
1566:Egyptian pounds
1554:Auckland Colvin
1525:
1470:
1464:
1330:
1228:
1223:
1182:(1899–1956), a
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1108:Libya (1911–12)
1018:Zanzibar (1896)
1008:Ethiopia (1896)
900:
895:
893:
891:
861:
856:
679:
674:
672:
631:
630:
622:
621:
613:
612:
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400:
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389:
388:
386:Garnet Wolseley
378:
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359:
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322:
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292:
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277:
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265:
263:
251:
249:
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237:
235:
232:
222:
220:
217:
207:
205:
155:
143:Allied victory
134:
98:
96:
90:
88:
74:Battle of Rejaf
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4886:
4876:
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4855:
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4682:
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4641:Italian Empire
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4483:Barzani revolt
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4335:
4329:
4323:
4320:Tirah campaign
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4230:Central Africa
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4200:First Boer War
4197:
4191:
4185:
4182:Anglo-Zulu War
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
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4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
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4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
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3939:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3870:Froberg mutiny
3867:
3861:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3816:
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3813:
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3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3550:Williamite War
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
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3438:
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3430:
3429:
3426:British Empire
3417:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3379:External links
3377:
3376:
3375:
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3345:Divided Armies
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2463:
2445:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2409:standard-gauge
2392:
2380:Mahdist Revolt
2376:Sudan campaign
2366:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
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2257:
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2233:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2200:Umm Diwaykarat
1952:
1949:
1890:
1887:
1871:Main article:
1868:
1865:
1823:Main article:
1820:
1817:
1796:Main article:
1793:
1790:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1701:Main article:
1698:
1695:
1625:Earl Granville
1602:Charles Gordon
1594:Earl of Cromer
1524:
1521:
1466:Main article:
1463:
1460:
1364:Muhammad Ahmad
1329:
1328:Mahdi uprising
1326:
1314:Earl Granville
1276:United Kingdom
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1207:Italian Empire
1193:British Empire
1140:الثورة المهدية
1123:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Morocco (1911)
1100:
1098:Ouaddai (1909)
1095:
1093:Morocco (1909)
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1063:Namibia (1904)
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:Fashoda (1898)
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
998:Ashanti (1895)
995:
990:
985:
980:
978:Dahomey (1892)
975:
970:
965:
963:Dahomey (1890)
960:
955:
953:Eritrea (1889)
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
918:Tunisia (1881)
915:
910:
905:
902:
901:
890:
889:
882:
875:
867:
858:
857:
855:
854:
852:Umm Diwaykarat
849:
844:
839:
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829:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
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787:
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671:
670:
663:
656:
648:
640:
639:
620:Musa Abu Higel
518:Muhammad Ahmad
508:
471:Tekle Haimanot
348:Charles Gordon
337:
336:
332:
331:
318:
316:
315:
302:
287:
260:
214:United Kingdom
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85:
77:
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58:Charles Gordon
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4885:
4874:
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4756:
4752:
4746:
4743:
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4740:
4738:South America
4736:
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4720:
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4715:
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4709:
4705:
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4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4471:Ikhwan revolt
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
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3949:
3946:
3943:
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3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:Spice Islands
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3876:Santo Domingo
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
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3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3665:Pontiac's War
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3617:Carnatic Wars
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:Tuscarora War
3585:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
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3515:
3512:
3509:
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3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
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3464:
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3440:
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3427:
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3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
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3392:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3354:9780691192437
3350:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3198:
3196:0-246-11103-8
3192:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3131:
3122:
3107:on 5 May 2007
3106:
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3057:
3048:
3039:
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3024:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3005:
2996:
2988:
2987:The River War
2981:
2972:
2970:
2961:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2930:The River War
2924:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2892:
2885:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2858:Cromer p. 567
2855:
2847:
2840:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2815:The River War
2809:
2801:
2800:The River War
2794:
2786:
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2764:
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2749:
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2738:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2653:
2652:The River War
2646:
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2610:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2571:
2565:
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2554:
2546:
2545:The River War
2539:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2441:
2440:www.nam.ac.uk
2437:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Mahdist State
2324:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2259:Mahdist flags
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:1,067 mm
2120:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:Hewett Treaty
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1861:Mahdist State
1858:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1842:Gerald Graham
1835:
1831:
1826:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1792:Nile campaign
1789:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
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1676:
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1660:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:Evelyn Baring
1587:
1583:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:Edgar Vincent
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:William Hicks
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1390:Battle of Aba
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1334:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
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1277:
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1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1119:
1118:Darfur (1916)
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Mufilo (1907)
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Angola (1902)
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
903:
898:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
868:
865:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
820:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
770:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
744:
743:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
650:
649:
646:
635:
626:
617:
610:
602:
593:
587:
582:
575:
569:
564:
558:
553:
546:
544:
538:
533:
525:
519:
514:
509:
506:
501:
494:
489:
483:
478:
472:
467:
461:
456:
450:
448:
442:
437:
431:
426:
420:
415:
409:
404:
398:
393:
387:
382:
376:
374:
368:
367:William Hicks
363:
357:
355:
349:
344:
339:
338:
333:
330:
329:Mahdist State
319:
314:
303:
300:
288:
286:
281:
273:
261:
259:
245:
230:
215:
203:
202:
200:
199:
194:
185:
181:
178:
176:
172:
169:
167:
164:known as the
163:
159:
158:
153:
152:
146:
145:
144:
141:
138:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
105:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4707:North Africa
4659:
4441:Iraqi Revolt
4296:Matabeleland
4272:North Borneo
4266:Matabeleland
4218:Saskatchewan
4205:
4020:Upper Canada
4014:Lower Canada
3972:Persian Gulf
3888:Persian Gulf
3828:Newfoundland
3809:Polygar Wars
3779:Kandyan Wars
3731:Nootka Sound
3344:
3297:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3257:D. Johnson,
3253:
3245:
3229:
3220:
3214:
3205:
3186:
3180:
3147:
3130:
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3105:the original
3090:
3055:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3012:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2980:
2960:Modern Egypt
2959:
2953:
2945:Modern Egypt
2944:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2891:Modern Egypt
2890:
2884:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2846:Modern Egypt
2845:
2839:
2832:. p. 8.
2829:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2799:
2793:
2785:Modern Egypt
2784:
2778:
2770:Modern Egypt
2769:
2763:
2755:Modern Egypt
2754:
2748:
2731:
2723:
2715:Modern Egypt
2714:
2708:
2700:Modern Egypt
2699:
2693:
2688:Milner p. 86
2684:
2675:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2603:
2596:
2587:
2578:
2559:
2553:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2487:
2481:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2405:South Africa
2395:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2311:
2300:
2296:
2295:The patched
2294:
2289:
2288:The Mahdist
2282:
2270:
2251:
2240:
2238:
2226:
2204:
2185:
2170:
2163:
2102:
2097:
2065:
2050:
2012:Since 1890,
2011:
1991:
1915:
1892:
1876:
1851:
1839:
1801:
1779:
1756:
1722:
1683:
1668:
1648:
1634:Gordon left
1633:
1629:John Stewart
1578:
1526:
1507:
1471:
1456:
1421:
1409:
1394:
1361:
1348:
1311:
1303:
1288:
1261:
1240:
1232:Muhammad Ali
1229:
1200:
1183:
1131:
1129:
1023:Benin (1897)
958:Congo (1895)
928:Egypt (1882)
923:Sudan (1881)
922:
817:
816:
790:
789:
768:
767:
741:
740:
685:
675:
586:Babikr Bedri
568:Othman Digna
542:
460:Alula Engida
446:
408:Tewfik Pasha
372:
353:
196:Belligerents
184:Lado Enclave
182:secures the
173:temporarily
142:
29:
4818:Mahdist War
4648:East Africa
4561:Suez Crisis
4459:Transjordan
4363:West Africa
4340:(1899–1902)
4334:(1898–1901)
4326:Six-Day War
4274:(1894–1905)
4262:(1891–1895)
4242:Mashonaland
4206:Mahdist War
4146:Shimonoseki
4076:(1847–1901)
3986:(1824–1901)
3954:Cape Colony
3852:Cape Colony
3811:(1799–1805)
3805:(1799–1803)
3793:(1798–1800)
3781:(1796–1818)
3755:Cape Colony
3745:(1793–1806)
3727:(1788–1934)
3623:Nova Scotia
3593:Yamasee War
3564:(1694–1700)
3538:Child's War
3526:2nd Tangier
3520:1st Tangier
3516:(1655–1739)
3466:Saint Kitts
3444:(1593–1603)
3363:j.ctvn96h88
3328:Suakin 1885
2076:Lord Cromer
1903:Yohannes IV
1834:Indian Army
1611:during the
1592:(later the
1542:bureaucracy
1491:Nordenfeldt
1376:machine gun
1249:Nile Valley
1189:condominium
1132:Mahdist War
1033:Chad (1898)
821:(1896–1899)
807:2nd Agordat
797:1st Agordat
676:Mahdist War
441:Yohannes IV
162:condominium
154:Territorial
116:South Sudan
56:, Death of
37:Mahdist War
4812:Categories
4465:Pink's War
4357:Somaliland
4194:Basutoland
3948:Guadeloupe
3930:Xhosa Wars
3912:Seychelles
3894:Guadeloupe
3882:Martinique
3749:Rohilkhand
3713:Gold Coast
3683:Rohilkhand
3641:Bengal War
3478:Pequot War
3371:2019017537
3218:F. Nicoll
3111:7 November
3060:. London.
2401:Cape gauge
2221:See also:
2131:Wadi Halfa
2101:, the new
2072:Upper Nile
2036:and their
1883:Emin Pasha
1757:southwards
1733:ammunition
1729:White Nile
1617:aggression
1538:corruption
1513:art of war
1417:irregulars
1385:Aba Island
1372:Rauf Pasha
1272:Suez Canal
1244:Sha'iqiyya
1230:Following
1226:Background
1195:, and the
1053:Aro (1901)
629:Umar Salih
419:Rauf Pasha
186:until 1910
72:, and the
4597:Falklands
4593:(1963–67)
4587:(1962–66)
4581:(1962–90)
4569:(1962–76)
4557:(1955–59)
4551:(1954–59)
4545:(1952–60)
4539:(1948–60)
4533:(1946–50)
4525:Indonesia
4521:(1945–46)
4519:Indochina
4515:(1944–48)
4503:(1936–39)
4497:(1936–39)
4485:(1931–32)
4479:(1930–31)
4473:(1927–30)
4455:(1922–24)
4453:Kurdistan
4437:(1919–20)
4413:(1916–17)
4393:Nyasaland
4389:(1914–15)
4383:(1914–15)
4371:(1903–04)
4365:(1901–02)
4359:(1900–20)
4322:(1897–98)
4316:(1897–98)
4298:(1896–97)
4268:(1893–94)
4232:(1886–89)
4208:(1881–99)
4202:(1880–81)
4196:(1880–81)
4190:(1879–80)
4178:(1875–76)
4164:Abyssinia
4160:(1866–71)
4154:(1864–65)
4142:(1863–64)
4134:Kagoshima
4130:(1857–58)
4124:(1857–59)
4118:(1856–60)
4112:(1856–57)
4106:(1854–56)
4104:Åland War
4088:(1848–49)
4064:(1845–50)
4058:(1845–46)
4052:(1845–72)
4046:(1839–42)
4040:(1839–42)
4034:(1839–41)
4022:(1837–38)
4016:(1837–38)
4010:(1831–33)
4004:(1831–32)
3998:(1828–32)
3992:(1824–26)
3968:(1817–18)
3944:(1814–16)
3938:(1812–15)
3932:(1811–79)
3926:(1810–11)
3906:Mauritius
3878:(1808–09)
3860:(1806–07)
3836:(1803–05)
3799:(1798–99)
3769:(1795–96)
3763:(1795–96)
3739:(1789–92)
3715:(1781–82)
3709:(1779–84)
3703:(1775–82)
3697:(1775–83)
3685:(1773–74)
3679:(1769–73)
3673:(1765–71)
3667:(1763–66)
3661:(1762–63)
3649:(1758–61)
3643:(1756–65)
3637:(1756–63)
3631:(1754–63)
3625:(1749–55)
3619:(1746–63)
3613:(1744–48)
3607:(1740–42)
3601:(1722–25)
3595:(1715–17)
3589:(1711–15)
3583:(1702–13)
3558:(1688–97)
3552:(1688–91)
3540:(1686–90)
3534:(1675–78)
3510:(1654–60)
3504:(1654–67)
3498:(1649–53)
3492:(1641–53)
3480:(1634–38)
3450:(1609–46)
3076:cite book
2496:cite book
2423:Citations
2415:to Halfa.
2362:Footnotes
2297:muraqqa'a
2217:Aftermath
2135:Abu Hamad
2074:regions.
1879:Equatoria
1725:Blue Nile
1562:garrisons
1530:creditors
1483:artillery
1481:, and an
1242:from the
1158:, led by
1145:romanized
837:Abu Hamed
780:Guté Dili
4585:Malaysia
4507:Ethiopia
4405:Peshawar
4170:Manitoba
4152:Duar War
3448:Virginia
3238:Archived
3169:Archived
2868:Journals
2737:Archived
2730:(1918),
2386:and the
2320:See also
2181:attacked
2177:Omdurman
2113:gunboats
2034:Italians
2020:and the
2004:Italian
1934:Gallabat
1905:and Ras
1761:Ethiopia
1741:breakout
1717:Omdurman
1663:Khartoum
1534:interest
1509:El Obeid
1497:officer
1477:, 1,000
1475:infantry
1424:Muhammad
1401:Khartoum
1397:Kordofan
1253:Kordofan
1213:and the
1202:de facto
847:Omdurman
802:Serobeti
785:Gallabat
726:Kirbekan
716:Abu Klea
711:Khartoum
299:Ethiopia
128:Ethiopia
107:Location
66:Omdurman
62:Khartoum
18:Mahdists
4579:Sarawak
4531:Sarawak
4423:Nigeria
4411:Mohmand
4399:Nigeria
4350:century
4008:Malacca
4002:Jamaica
3960:Algiers
3900:Reunion
3846:Surinam
3821:century
3767:Grenada
3761:Jamaica
3653:Jamaica
3574:century
3514:Jamaica
3442:Ireland
3435:century
3422:English
2918:, p. 44
2273:shahada
2192:Fashoda
2030:Kassala
2014:Italian
2006:Askaris
1944:at the
1942:theatre
1928:. King
1854:Khalifa
1786:cholera
1771:Turkish
1737:Dervish
1644:Khedive
1636:England
1479:cavalry
1440:Quraysh
1412:Fashoda
1264:Ottoman
1221:History
1191:of the
1185:de jure
1176:Britain
1147::
812:Kassala
721:Abu Kru
696:Shaykan
570: (
543:†
520: (
447:†
373:†
354:†
171:Kassala
156:changes
124:Eritrea
97: (
89: (
4780:Europe
4599:(1982)
4575:(1962)
4573:Brunei
4563:(1956)
4527:(1945)
4509:(1943)
4491:(1935)
4467:(1925)
4461:(1923)
4449:(1921)
4443:(1920)
4431:(1919)
4425:(1918)
4419:(1917)
4417:Quebec
4407:(1915)
4401:(1915)
4395:(1915)
4377:(1906)
4328:(1899)
4310:(1897)
4304:(1897)
4292:(1896)
4286:(1896)
4280:(1895)
4256:(1891)
4250:(1891)
4244:(1890)
4238:(1888)
4236:Hazara
4226:(1885)
4220:(1885)
4214:(1882)
4184:(1879)
4172:(1870)
4166:(1868)
4148:(1864)
4136:(1863)
4100:(1854)
4094:(1852)
4082:(1848)
4080:Ceylon
4070:(1847)
4068:Canton
4028:(1839)
3980:(1823)
3978:Guiana
3974:(1819)
3962:(1816)
3956:(1815)
3950:(1815)
3920:(1810)
3914:(1810)
3908:(1810)
3902:(1810)
3896:(1810)
3890:(1809)
3884:(1809)
3872:(1807)
3866:(1807)
3854:(1806)
3848:(1804)
3842:(1804)
3830:(1800)
3787:(1798)
3775:(1795)
3773:Ceylon
3757:(1795)
3751:(1794)
3733:(1789)
3721:(1786)
3691:(1774)
3655:(1762)
3546:(1687)
3528:(1664)
3522:(1662)
3502:Acadia
3486:(1641)
3474:(1628)
3472:Quebec
3468:(1626)
3462:(1622)
3456:(1612)
3454:Swally
3369:
3361:
3351:
3193:
3064:
2615:
2566:
2382:, the
2252:jibbas
2144:Ferkeh
2104:Sirdar
1971:, and
1938:Gondar
1926:Chilga
1922:Dembea
1846:Suakin
1745:slaver
1679:sortie
1671:Sennar
1665:, 1885
1621:honour
1609:forces
1582:Sennar
1436:hijrah
1432:Medina
1351:ethnic
1295:Darfur
1284:Tawfiq
1268:Ismail
1257:Darfur
1209:, the
1136:Arabic
842:Atbara
827:Ferkeh
758:Suakin
753:Dufile
736:Ginnis
731:Tofrek
701:El Teb
539:
443:
369:
350:
326:
310:
296:
269:
258:Canada
255:
241:
226:
211:
139:Result
132:Uganda
68:, the
52:, the
4477:Tirah
4387:Tochi
4176:Perak
3942:Nepal
3864:Egypt
3791:Malta
3719:Assam
3562:Ghana
3460:Ormuz
3359:JSTOR
2413:Asyut
2313:jibba
2302:jibba
2290:jibba
2277:Quran
2247:anṣār
2242:jibba
1918:Wollo
1907:Alula
1899:Bogos
1691:Cairo
1675:Tokar
1640:Cairo
1586:Tokar
1487:Krupp
1428:Ansar
1405:Jihad
1368:Mahdi
1345:1929.
1280:India
1168:Islam
1166:" of
1164:Mahdi
832:Rejaf
775:Kufit
763:Toski
706:Tamai
272:Italy
244:India
229:Egypt
180:Congo
120:Egypt
112:Sudan
95:–1899
4754:Asia
4591:Aden
4567:Oman
4549:Oman
4348:20th
3924:Java
3819:19th
3572:18th
3544:Siam
3433:17th
3367:LCCN
3349:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3113:2007
3082:link
3062:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2564:ISBN
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2068:Adwa
1993:and
1802:The
1713:Nile
1657:The
1550:veto
1540:and
1381:Nile
1356:Sufi
1307:Arab
1255:and
1130:The
99:1899
91:1881
87:1881
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3936:USA
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