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1180:: "Yes, those people are struggling to be free, and they are rightly struggling to be free". Gordon's failure to conduct an immediate evacuation had not endeared him to Gladstone's government. However among the British public, Gordon was seen as a martyr and a hero. Gladstone was rebuked by Queen Victoria in a telegram, which was leaked to the public. The public outcry over Sudan soon weakened, firstly when press sensationalism of the events began to diminish, and secondly when the government announced that the war in Sudan had cost Britain £11.5 million from its military budget. Gladstone's government fell in June 1885; he regained power in December following the
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639:, with orders to evacuate Khartoum and the other garrisons. Gordon arrived in Khartoum in February 1884, where he found it impossible to reach the other garrisons which were already besieged. Rather than evacuating immediately, Gordon began to fortify the city, which was cut off when the local tribes switched their support to the Mahdi. Approximately 7,000 Egyptian troops and 27,000 (mostly Sudanese) civilians were besieged in Khartoum by 30,000 Mahdist warriors, rising to 50,000 by the end of the siege.
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3:30 am, the
Mahdists had outflanked the city wall where it met the Nile. Meanwhile, another force, led by Al Nujumi, broke down the Massalamieh Gate, despite taking casualties from the land mines and barbed wire obstacles laid out by Gordon's men. The defending garrison, weakened by starvation and low morale, offered only patchy resistance. Within a few hours, the entire garrison was killed, as were 4,000 of the town's male inhabitants. Many women and children were enslaved by the victorious Mahdists.
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send troops to relieve the siege. With the relief column approaching, the
Mahdists launched a night assault on Khartoum. They broke through the defences and killed the entire garrison, including Gordon. A further 4,000 male civilians were killed, while many women and children were enslaved. The relief expedition arrived two days later; realising they were too late, they withdrew from Sudan. The Mahdi then founded a religious state in Sudan,
34:
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790:, did not want British troops to become involved in Sudan. If Egypt fought the war itself, they were concerned that the expense would prevent Egypt from paying the interest on its extensive debts to Britain (and France). The British put pressure on the Egyptian government to evacuate all their garrisons in Sudan, abandoning it to the Mahdists. The British soldier Major-General
864:, were under siege by the Mahdists. Rather than evacuating Khartoum immediately, Gordon declared his intention to extricate the other garrisons, and set about administering Sudan. His first actions were to reverse several policies introduced by the Egyptians since he had last been Governor-General five years earlier: arbitrary imprisonments were cancelled,
966:. Communication with Cairo was maintained through couriers, who took several days to make the trip. Gordon also contacted the Mahdi, who rejected his attempts to negotiate a peaceful evacuation. As the siege dragged on, food stores dwindled and starvation began to set in, for both the garrison and the civilian population.
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The most detailed account of his death was given by his servant
Khaleel Aga Orphali, when debriefed by the British in 1898 (13 years later). According to Orphali, Gordon died fighting on the stairs leading from the first to the ground floor of the west wing of the palace. Gordon was seriously wounded
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Accounts differ as to how Gordon was killed. According to one version, when
Mahdist warriors broke into the governor's palace, Gordon came outside in full uniform and disdained to fight; he was then killed with a spear, despite orders from the Mahdi to capture Gordon alive. In another version, Gordon
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along the Nile to Cairo also failed; all the passengers were killed, including
Colonel Stewart. Stewart had been carrying letters from Gordon, which were captured and revealed the worsening situation inside Khartoum. By the end of the month, the Mahdi moved most of his army to Khartoum, away from the
642:
Attempts by the defenders to break out of the city failed. Food supplies began to run out; they had been expected to last six months, but the siege went on for ten, so the garrison and civilian population began to starve. After months of public pressure, the
British government reluctantly agreed to
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On the night of 25–26 January an estimated 50,000 Mahdists attacked the city wall just before midnight. The
Mahdists took advantage of the seasonally low level of the Nile, which allowed them to ford the river on foot. The details of the final assault are unclear, but hearsay accounts were that by
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In the immediate aftermath of the
Mahdist victory, the British press blamed Gordon's death on Gladstone, who was accused of being excessively slow to send relief to Khartoum. Gladstone had never wanted to get involved in Sudan and felt some sympathy for those Sudanese who sought to end Egyptian
1022:
Informed of the dire situation in
Khartoum, Wolseley was forced to divide his forces. While the main body would continue to advance by river to Abu Hamed, the Desert Column would strike from Korti, across the Bayuda Desert to Mettema where they would link with Gordon's steamboats awaiting them.
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and cut the telegraph cables to Cairo. Communications were not entirely halted, as individual messengers could still get through, but this effectively began the siege of
Khartoum. The city could rely only on its own food stores, which were expected to last five or six months. By this time, the
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became more bitter. He declared himself honour-bound to rescue the garrisons and defend the Sudanese in Khartoum; it is unclear whether this was a deliberate attempt to delay the evacuation (or avoid it entirely). On 8 April he wrote: "I leave you with the indelible disgrace of abandoning the
1137:, embarked on two of Gordon's steamboats) arrived within sight of Khartoum two days after it fell. After discovering that they were too late, the surviving British and Egyptian troops withdrew. The Mahdi was left in control of the entire country, with the exceptions of the city of
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intervened on his behalf. The government ordered Gordon to return to Cairo, alone if necessary, but he refused, saying he would not abandon the city. In July 1884, Gladstone reluctantly agreed to send an expedition to relieve Khartoum. The relief force, 8,000 British troops led by
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Seeking to bolster Khartoum's defences, Gordon then attempted to secure reinforcements. He requested a regiment of Turkish soldiers from the Ottomans, who were still the nominal overlords, which was rebuffed. He then asked the British for a unit of Muslim
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By then the situation in Khartoum had become desperate. Food supplies had been expected to last six months, but the siege had gone on for ten months. With supplies running low, many inhabitants died of hunger, and the defenders' morale plummeted.
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from nine small paddle-wheel steamers, which had been used for communication along the river, by fitting them with guns and metal plates for armour. In the southern part of the town, which faced the open desert, he prepared an elaborate system of
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to address an assembly of tribal chiefs. There he made a major mistake, by revealing that the Egyptian government planned to withdraw their troops from Sudan. The tribesmen became worried by this news, which caused their loyalty to waver.
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from Khartoum, with 200 Egyptian troops dying in the fighting. By early April 1884, the tribes north of Khartoum had risen in support of the Mahdi, including those Gordon had met at Berber. The tribesmen intercepted river traffic on the
1094:, a prisoner of the Mahdi who had worked for Gordon during his first term in Sudan, who verified it was Gordon's. The head was then brought to the Mahdi. According to some sources, the rest of Gordon's body was dumped in the Nile.
1207:. Two days later, a memorial service for Gordon was held in front of the ruins of the palace where he had died. Fourteen years after the Mahdist capture of Khartoum, the Mahdist Revolt was finally extinguished at the
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Gordon's views on Sudan were radically different from Gladstone's: Gordon felt that the Mahdi's rebellion had to be defeated before it gained control of the whole of Sudan. The Mahdi claimed dominion over the entire
806:, which led Gordon to believe that the revolt would not end with control of Sudan, but would attempt to conquer Egypt and perhaps the wider region. Gordon was also concerned by the fragility of the
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was unable to suppress the revolt, being defeated in several battles and retreating to their garrisons. The British refused to send a military force to the area, instead appointing
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In September, the besieged forces in Khartoum made an attempt to reach the garrison at Sennar; the expedition made it out of the siege lines but was defeated by the Mahdists at
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Gordon arrived at Khartoum on 18 February 1884, finding it was safely occupied by a garrison of 7,000 Egyptian troops and 27,000 civilians. However three smaller garrisons, at
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100,000 in credit and was promised "all support and cooperation in their power" by the British and Egyptian authorities. On his way to Khartoum with his assistant, Colonel
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Knowing that the Mahdists were closing in, Gordon ordered the strengthening of the fortifications around Khartoum. The city was protected to the north by the
1203:(who had sworn to avenge Gordon) was sent to reconquer the whole country. On 2 September 1898, Kitchener's troops defeated the largest Mahdist army at the
872:, despite having (unsuccessfully) attempted to abolish it in his previous term. This decision was popular in Khartoum, but caused controversy in Britain.
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371:
1195:, compelling the British to take a more active role in the conflict. The Anglo-Egyptian forces steadily regained their control over Sudan. In 1896,
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outlying garrisons, more than doubling the number around the city. On 10 September 1884, the civilian population inside Khartoum was about 34,000.
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From April onwards, Khartoum was cut off. With no supply of money to pay the troops or facilitate trade of food, Gordon used his credit to issue
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and as he was passing through the doorway leading into the courtyard, another concealed dervish almost severed his right leg with a single blow.
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but were able to drive off the Mahdists. The Mahdi, aware of the British advance, decided to assault Khartoum before they could arrive.
1007:, took several months to organise. The troops had to be carried on boats up the Nile to reach Khartoum. Navigators from Canada, mainly
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was halted and its instruments were destroyed, and taxes were remitted. To enlist the support of the population, Gordon re-legalised
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Orphali claimed he was then knocked unconscious, waking unharmed several hours later to find Gordon's decapitated body near to him.
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The Egyptian defeat at El Obeid brought the Mahdi Revolt to the attention of the British government and public. The British
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1071:"With his life's blood pouring from his breast he fought his way step by step, kicking from his path the wounded and dead
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Fighting continued between Egypt and the Mahdists over the following years. Complex international events led to further
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Bass, Jeff D. "Of madness and empire: The rhetor as 'fool' in the Khartoum siege journals of Charles Gordon, 1884."
810:, which had suffered several defeats by the Sudanese. Gordon favoured a more aggressive policy in Sudan, as did the
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1034:, the British troops recovered and repelled the attack. Two days later, the relief force was attacked again at the
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by a spear that hit him in the left shoulder, but continued fighting with Orphali beside him. Orphali stated that:
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Herman, Gerald. "For God and Country: Khartoum (1966) as History and as 'Object Lesson' for Global Policemen."
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The Egyptian Army attempted to suppress the revolt, but were defeated by the Mahdists in November 1883 at the
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was supported by many in Sudan, both for religious reasons and due to a desire for independence from Egypt.
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Despite this, Gordon was commanded to evacuate Sudan, which he agreed to do. He was given funds of
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1513:(Chapman and Hall, 1899), Chapter XXV – How Gordon Died, pp. 300–324, and Appendix 2, pp. 334–337
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woodworkers, were brought in to operate the boats. They did not enter Sudan until January 1885.
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Miller, Brook (2005). "Our Abdiel: The British Press and the Lionization of 'Chinese' Gordon."
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troops, and later for 200 native British soldiers. These were also refused by the Gladstone
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Gordon began to resent the government's policy, and his telegrams to the British office in
822:, who had commanded British forces in the 1882 war. Gordon published his views on Sudan in
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Miller, Brook. "Our Abdiel: The British Press and the Lionization of 'Chinese' Gordon."
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Helen Davies, "Saving General Gordon: Review of Gillian Slovo’s An Honourable Man."
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798:(1876–1879), was re-appointed to that post, with orders to conduct the evacuation.
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Beyond the Reach of Empire: Wolseley's Failed Campaign to save Gordon and Khartoum
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Beyond the Reach of Empire: Wolseley's Failed Campaign to save Gordon and Khartoum
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Beyond the Reach of Empire: Wolseley's Failed Campaign to save Gordon and Khartoum
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issued and hand-signed by Gen. Gordon during the Siege of Khartoum (26 April 1884)
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combined forces besieging Khartoum and the other garrisons were over 30,000 men.
754:. However Egypt still maintained several strong garrisons in Sudan, including at
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After his victory, Muhammad Ahmad became the ruler of most parts of what is now
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Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies
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1285:(2012) on the established narrative of General Gordon's last days in Khartoum.
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on the Sudan-Egypt border, which were garrisoned by the Anglo-Egyptian force.
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The Sword of the Prophet: the Mahdi of Sudan and the Death of General Gordon
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Monick, S. "The Political Martyr: General Gordon and the Fall of Kartum".
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garrisons" and added that such a course would be "the climax of meanness".
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1259:(1892). It has been reissued and is also available to read free online at
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1275:(1923) in Sudan during Mahdi's rebellion, which is integral to the plot.
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However he died, Gordon's head was taken to the Mahdi's headquarters at
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As they advanced toward Mettema, the Desert Column was attacked at the
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Johnson, Douglas H. (1982). "The death of Gordon: a Victorian myth."
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was recognised by Mahdists while attempting to reach the neutral
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The World's Story: A History of the World in Story, Song and Art
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A small part of the relief expedition (28 men led by colonel
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A Prisoner of the Khaleefa - Ten Years Captivity at Omdurman
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on 17 January. Although the Mahdists managed to break their
1498:, Eva March Tappan (ed.), (Boston, 1914), vol. III, p. 249.
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1164:, but died shortly afterwards in June 1885, possibly from
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The River War – an Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan
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Gordon at Khartoum: Being a Personal Narrative of Events
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Standard Catalog of World Paper Money Specialized Issues
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consulate in the city, who shot him dead in the street.
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Gordon of Khartoum: The Life of General Charles Gordon
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The Road to Khartoum: a life of General Charles Gordon
1269:, Polish writer and Nobel Prize winner, set his novel
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tribe, which were thought to be hostile to the Mahdi.
921:. To defend the river banks, he formed a flotilla of
600:
garrison, thereby gaining control over the whole of
588:) took place from 13 March 1884 to 26 January 1885.
1435:
1433:
1255:wrote a young adults' novel about the siege called
690:. Egypt was mostly left to govern itself under the
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
698:that had begun in the 1870s. The British regarded
694:, though its finances remained under a system of
1802:
1430:
1348:Gordon of Khartoum: the saga of a Victorian Hero
994:Gordon's plight excited great concern in the
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1626:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
1086:(opposite Khartoum on the other side of the
990:The Nile Expedition for the relief of Gordon
945:On 16 March Gordon launched an unsuccessful
1542:(11 ed.). Krause. pp. 1069–1070.
1506:
1504:
1220:These events are depicted in the 1966 film
770:Charles Gordon in Egyptian military uniform
351:~4,000 civilians dead, many others enslaved
1597:
719:A revolt had begun in Sudan in 1881, when
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365:
1699:Khartoum: The Ultimate Imperial Adventure
1328:Khartoum: The Ultimate Imperial Adventure
1237:The siege of Khartoum is the setting for
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1501:
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455:British-Egyptian expeditions (1885–1889)
647:, which would last for fourteen years.
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674:came under British military occupation
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1160:. He established a religious state,
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56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
1846:Sieges involving the United Kingdom
1054:Death of General Gordon at Khartoum
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611:in 1820, but had itself come under
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1176:colonial rule. He declared in the
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1168:. The state he founded passed to
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909:Map of Khartoum during the siege
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1391:; Eyre and Spottiswoode, p. 40.
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482:Ethiopian campaigns (1885–1889)
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171:13 March 1884 – 26 January 1885
43:needs additional citations for
1536:Cuhaj, George S., ed. (2009).
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1193:European expansion into Africa
16:1884–85 Mahdist siege in Sudan
1:
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504:Italian campaigns (1890–1894)
1524:Fire and Sword in the Soudan
1097:
960:a series of promissory notes
592:forces captured the city of
399:Mahdist uprising (1881–1885)
7:
1780:(Sutton Publishing, 2004).
1764:Elton, Godfrey Elton, Baron
1717:Quarterly Journal of Speech
1526:(Edward Arnold 1896) p. 340
1145:coast and the Nile town of
700:Egypt's possession of Sudan
532:British-Egyptian reconquest
10:
1862:
1836:Battles of the Mahdist War
1245:(2005) and David Gibbins'
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1797:(Frontline Books, 2013).
1090:). There it was shown to
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21:Battle of Khartoum (2023)
19:For the 2023 battle, see
1785:Nineteenth-Century Prose
1751:Chenevix Trench, Charles
1652:In Desert and Wilderness
1586:Nineteenth-Century Prose
1364:Military History Journal
1346:Waller, John H. (1988).
1326:Asher, Michael (2005).
1272:In Desert and Wilderness
1209:Battle of Umm Diwaykarat
1186:another election in 1886
1172:, his chosen successor.
1831:Battles involving Sudan
1671:5:2 (2012) pp. 228–237
1184:, but lost it again in
917:and to the west by the
678:1882 Anglo-Egyptian War
619:began in Sudan, led by
333:30,000 to 50,000 troops
1243:The Triumph of the Sun
1230:as General Gordon and
1170:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
1092:Rudolf Carl von Slatin
1077:
1055:
991:
910:
771:
716:
712:, the self-proclaimed
702:as a domestic matter.
623:who claimed to be the
615:in 1882. In 1881, the
343:Entire force destroyed
281:Commanders and leaders
1759:online free to borrow
1723:Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen
1719:93.4 (2007): 449–469.
1669:Neo-Victorian Studies
1385:Churchill, Winston S.
1257:The Dash for Khartoum
1069:
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848:Gordon's preparations
792:Charles George Gordon
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762:Appointment of Gordon
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633:Charles George Gordon
461:Emin Pasha Expedition
338:Casualties and losses
294:Charles George Gordon
1650:Henryk Sienkiewicz,
1562:Snook, Mike (2013).
1522:Rudolph von Slatin,
1469:Snook, Mike (2013).
1458:Journals at Khartoum
250:Turco-Egyptian Sudan
52:improve this article
1841:History of Khartoum
1701:. London: Penguin.
1601:Gladstone and Women
1598:Isba, Anne (2006).
1473:. Frontline Books.
1215:Cultural depictions
1005:Sir Garnet Wolseley
656:Strategic situation
580:(also known as the
199: /
67:"Siege of Khartoum"
1787:32.2 (2005): 127+
1747:, Internet Archive
1741:Gordon at Khartoum
1678:2018-04-21 at the
1492:Alfred Egmont Hake
1372:2020-07-23 at the
1350:. Atheneum Books.
1313:2017-12-16 at the
1306:Eminent Victorians
1267:Henryk Sienkiewicz
1234:as Muhammad Ahmad.
1211:in November 1899.
1205:Battle of Omdurman
1056:
1028:Battle of Abu Klea
992:
911:
772:
744:Battle of El Obeid
731:prophesied in the
727:– the redeemer of
723:claimed to be the
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662:Khedivate of Egypt
613:British domination
582:battle of Khartoum
248: •
245:Khedivate of Egypt
1826:Conflicts in 1885
1821:Conflicts in 1884
1641:9.1 (1979): 1–15.
1549:978-1-4402-0450-0
1448:Churchill, p. 50.
1439:Churchill, p. 46.
1409:Churchill, p. 29.
1336:978-0-67087-030-1
1283:An Honourable Man
1261:Project Gutenberg
1201:Herbert Kitchener
1036:Battle of Abu Kru
982:Relief expedition
828:in January 1884.
780:William Gladstone
735:scriptures. This
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1232:Laurence Olivier
1182:1885 UK election
1178:House of Commons
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1009:French-Canadian
984:
903:
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820:Garnet Wolseley
788:Lord Hartington
764:
658:
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609:conquered Sudan
574:
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222:Mahdist victory
207:
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1695:Asher, Michael
1689:
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1628:10.3: 285–310.
1617:
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1418:Churchill, p37
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1000:Queen Victoria
983:
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849:
846:
776:Prime Minister
763:
760:
737:Mahdist revolt
721:Muhammad Ahmad
710:Muhammad Ahmad
680:, making it a
670:Ottoman Empire
657:
654:
652:
649:
621:Muhammad Ahmad
571:
570:
568:
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565:Umm Diwaykarat
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1816:1885 in Sudan
1814:
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1811:1884 in Sudan
1809:
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1793:Snook, Mike.
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1197:an expedition
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808:Egyptian army
805:
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799:
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784:War Secretary
781:
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629:Egyptian Army
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275:Mahdist State
265:
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246:
235:
234:
229:
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158:George W. Joy
155:
152:Portrayal of
149:
144:
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136:
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122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
1794:
1784:
1777:
1767:
1754:
1740:
1737:Buchan, John
1726:
1716:
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1327:
1322:
1305:
1297:
1282:
1270:
1256:
1246:
1242:
1239:Wilbur Smith
1221:
1190:
1174:
1162:the Mahdiyah
1151:
1132:
1081:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1045:
1025:
1021:
1017:
993:
968:
962:, a form of
957:
944:
930:, makeshift
912:
901:Siege begins
886:
874:
851:
837:John Stewart
830:
823:
816:Samuel Baker
800:
773:
741:
718:
696:dual control
688:protectorate
681:
666:vassal state
659:
645:the Mahdiyah
641:
606:
585:
581:
577:
575:
530:
529:
503:
502:
481:
480:
454:
453:
423:
398:
325:7,000 troops
299:
231:Belligerents
208:15.61; 32.53
156:'s death by
138:Part of the
114:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
1588:32.2: 127+.
1253:G. A. Henty
1158:South Sudan
998:, and even
964:siege money
814:author Sir
812:imperialist
794:, a former
676:during the
617:Mahdist War
534:(1896–1899)
520:2nd Agordat
510:1st Agordat
389:Mahdist War
206: /
140:Mahdist War
1805:Categories
1330:. Viking.
1290:References
1147:Wadi Halfa
1088:White Nile
1013:Indigenous
971:Al Aylafuh
936:land mines
919:White Nile
782:, and his
651:Background
607:Egypt had
108:March 2020
78:newspapers
1241:'s novel
1098:Aftermath
1073:dervishes
975:steamboat
915:Blue Nile
825:The Times
596:from its
550:Abu Hamed
493:Guté Dili
1743:(1934).
1697:(2006).
1676:Archived
1387:(1952);
1370:Archived
1311:Archived
1304:(1918),
1223:Khartoum
1084:Omdurman
1061:Austrian
932:Fougasse
928:trenches
923:gunboats
818:and Sir
756:Khartoum
752:Kordofan
686:British
683:de facto
598:Egyptian
594:Khartoum
560:Omdurman
515:Serobeti
498:Gallabat
439:Kirbekan
429:Abu Klea
424:Khartoum
329:gunboats
320:Strength
181:Khartoum
176:Location
1757:(1979)
1729:(1923)
1654:(1923)
1460:, p. 8.
1249:(2013).
1247:Pharaoh
1226:, with
1199:led by
1166:typhoid
1143:Red Sea
1141:on the
1122:piastre
882:cabinet
866:torture
692:Khedive
668:of the
525:Kassala
434:Abu Kru
409:Shaykan
300:†
194:32°32′E
191:15°37′N
183:, Sudan
92:scholar
1789:online
1745:online
1731:online
1705:
1673:online
1656:online
1608:
1546:
1334:
1317:p. 38.
1139:Suakin
947:sortie
940:Shagia
934:-type
896:Battle
878:Indian
862:Sinkat
854:Sennar
748:Darfur
733:hadith
672:, but
627:. The
555:Atbara
540:Ferkeh
471:Suakin
466:Dufile
449:Ginnis
444:Tofrek
414:El Teb
296:
272:
259:
242:
219:Result
154:Gordon
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1154:Sudan
889:Cairo
858:Tokar
729:Islam
725:mahdi
714:Mahdi
625:Mahdi
602:Sudan
545:Rejaf
488:Kufit
476:Toski
419:Tamai
346:Small
99:JSTOR
85:books
1703:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1332:ISBN
1156:and
1011:and
952:Nile
860:and
750:and
660:The
576:The
168:Date
71:news
1494:in
1120:20
635:as
604:.
584:or
404:Aba
54:by
1807::
1776:.
1766:.
1753:.
1739:.
1725:.
1566:.
1503:^
1432:^
1355:^
1188:.
856:,
786:,
778:,
758:.
327:9
1733:.
1711:.
1658:.
1614:.
1552:.
1263:.
833:£
380:e
373:t
366:v
121:)
115:(
110:)
106:(
96:·
89:·
82:·
75:·
48:.
23:.
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