887:
27:
411:(Inwa) some twenty years later. In addition to this loss, U Kala's prose style was seen as a model in the eyes of all subsequent historians. The general tone of the chronicle is described as "not bombastic", "relatively subdued", and "matter-of-fact". The pre-1712 portions of later national Burmese chronicles — including
305:
Kala prefaced his chronicle with an apology for its writing, noting that
Buddhist scriptures considered the writing of history to be inimical to religious development. He justified his work by explaining that the study of past events would help to demonstrate the impermanence of all things, including
340:
The work is divided into three parts, the first two detailing the origin of the universe and
Buddhist kings of ancient India. The third part relates the founding of Threhkittara and Pagan and proceeds to provide accounts of the Pinya, Sagaing, Ava and Toungoo dynasties, and takes the history down to
235:
However, its narrative of the earlier periods is less detailed, showing that the author did not have the full versions of earlier chronicles. Moreover, he did not check any inscriptions, which would have yielded more specific dates and double-checked the events. Nonetheless, the pre-1712 portions of
353:
provides its most specific information on dates and descriptions of various events
Toungoo kings partook. It traces the life of each king chronologically, wherever possible, from his birth to the grave or his dethronement. However, its narrative of the earlier periods is far more sketchy, offering
231:
from quasi-legendary dynasties to events witnessed by the author himself in 1711." Since it was written in the late
Toungoo period, the chronicle provides its most specific information on dates and descriptions of various events Toungoo kings partook. The chronicle's portrayal of the 16th century
403:
The chronicle has formed the basis for all subsequent histories of the country, including the earliest
English language histories of Burma written in the late 19th century. The historian Victor Lieberman writes that "rarely has a national historiographic tradition depended so heavily on a single
354:
only the year, not the specific date, in most cases. It shows that Kala did not have the full versions of earlier chronicles, and that he did not check any inscriptions, which would have yielded more specific dates and double-checked the events. Indeed, the later chronicles corrected many of
216:. Prior to the chronicle, the only known Burmese histories were biographies and comparatively brief local chronicles. The chronicle has formed the basis for all subsequent histories of the country, including the earliest English language histories of Burma written in the late 19th century.
321:. The chronicle is said to have referenced court documents from the 16th century, and in all, over 70 regional and foreign texts. The notable list includes the "Thaton Chronicle," the "Mon Chronicle," the "Ayutthaya Chronicle," and the "Chiang Mai Chronicle" as well as the
273:
Before this chronicle, hitherto
Burmese histories were biographic chronicles and comparatively brief local chronicles. The compilation of the chronicle began c. 1712–1720, early in the reign of King
293:
noble descent.) He had the education, connections and wealth to devote his time to chronicle writing. With his pedigree, he apparently had access to court documents that went back to the reign of
445:, and not translated in full into English or any other language. However, the last sections of the chronicle from 1597 to 1711 have been published in an English language translation by historian
341:
his own time to 1711. A "salient characteristic" of the chronicle is "its composite character: the chronicle is a pastiche of legends, local histories, biographies, and detailed court records."
1412:
1427:
281:, a wealthy descendant of court and regional administrative officers from both sides of his family. (His father was a "rich man" who descended from regional administrative officers (
1417:
1374:
1379:
388:, written in 1798.) Later British colonial period scholars further asserted that Pagan received religious reforms and civilization from Thaton. Recently, the historian
1321:
1359:
1326:
1291:
395:
However, the chronicle's portrayal of the 16th century
Toungoo Burma, which was also witnessed by many Europeans, has been found by scholars to be largely factual.
1397:
1306:
449:. An unpublished partial translation by "U Ko Ko, formerly of the University of Mandalay" is cited and used by the author John Strong in "Relics of the Buddha."
1422:
1316:
1311:
1301:
489:
1407:
1296:
1369:
1349:
407:
The chronicle's existence was especially made important because many of the original sources on which he relied were destroyed by a fire at
1491:
875:
1364:
1260:
835:
Wade, Geoff (2012). "Southeast Asian
Historical Writing". In José Rabasa; Masayuki Sato; Edoardo Tortarolo; Daniel Woolf (eds.).
1336:
782:
433:, "with some interpolations of quasi-legendary material and with limited digressions on points of scholarly dispute".
1460:
992:
844:
804:
722:
688:
1389:
868:
327:
for the early religious history. Though he used a variety of local chronicles, Kala did not include the history of
212:, it was the first chronicle to synthesize all the ancient, regional, foreign and biographic histories related to
297:(r. 1550–1581). Perhaps because of his wealth, Kala was able to devote his time being a "full-time chronicler".
974:
232:
Toungoo Burma, which was also witnessed by many
Europeans, has been found by scholars to be largely factual.
254:— are essentially verbatim reproductions of this chronicle, though the later chronicles did correct many of
1283:
1022:
899:
1486:
1007:
997:
861:
606:
Maha
Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 30–31; in Preface by Kyaw Nyein, Director of the Universities History Research
309:
When Kala completed the chronicle in 1724, he had compiled the chronicle in three versions by length:
1228:
392:
has argued that the Thaton conquest story cannot be found in any prior extant texts or inscriptions.
1437:
1185:
1064:
1031:
1465:
306:
political authority, and that meditation on this theme would actually promote religious insight.
181:
1170:
1165:
1107:
1074:
923:
1127:
1160:
1155:
1097:
1012:
1455:
1450:
1175:
1002:
934:
384:
does not say that Shin Arahan was from Thaton. That he was born in Thaton was inserted in
8:
1445:
1092:
1082:
987:
1218:
1117:
1044:
982:
891:
698:
676:
389:
193:
74:
761:(September 1986). "How Reliable Is U Kala's Burmese Chronicle? Some New Comparisons".
703:
Powerful Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752–1885
1402:
960:
840:
800:
778:
718:
684:
419:
331:, which would be claimed as the beginning of the Burmese monarchy a century later by
244:
1203:
770:
758:
442:
176:
164:
64:
227:, and proceeds "with ever increasing detail to narrate the political story of the
1236:
1140:
1054:
919:
425:
333:
328:
274:
250:
228:
213:
209:
108:
741:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
219:
The chronicle starts with the beginning of the current world cycle according to
1354:
1213:
1208:
1145:
1102:
929:
446:
369:
224:
886:
774:
1480:
1246:
1241:
1198:
1150:
1112:
1039:
853:
792:
358:
258:
839:. Vol. 3 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 752.
715:
Burma: Literature, Historiography, Scholarship, Language, Life, and Buddhism
1344:
1273:
1268:
1193:
1135:
1059:
1049:
955:
950:
413:
238:
141:
429:(the Glass Palace Chronicle) — are more or less verbatim reproductions of
1087:
377:
376:
of Pagan in 1057, and Anawrahta's religious reformation with the help of
286:
823:
294:
373:
362:
323:
262:
84:
368:
Moreover, the chronicle also introduces for the first time that the
220:
118:
753:. Translated by Tun Aung Chain. Yangon: Myanmar Knowledge Society.
201:
88:
746:
732:
710:
683:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
645:
See (Aung-Thwin 2005); the entire book is devoted to the topic.
278:
205:
40:
26:
837:
The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400–1800
290:
197:
408:
441:
As of 2022, the full chronicle had been published only in
627:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 36): In Preface by Maung Thaw
657:
681:
The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma
717:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
614:
612:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
349:Since it was written in the late Toungoo period,
1478:
609:
404:author as the Burmese tradition has on U Kala."
648:
546:
883:
527:
525:
523:
521:
236:later national Burmese chronicles — including
223:tradition and the Buddhist version of ancient
869:
818:. Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press.
511:
509:
507:
185:
51:
630:
602:
600:
285:) of the crown, and his mother was of mixed
588:
581:
579:
569:
567:
518:
876:
862:
822:
769:(2). Cambridge University Press: 236–255.
675:
504:
25:
757:
597:
639:
576:
564:
539:
537:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
791:
697:
621:
1479:
828:Aspects of Myanmar History and Culture
813:
709:
1413:Hanthawaddy Hsinbyumyashin Hpyat-hton
857:
534:
463:
372:of Lower Burma was conquered by King
175:
834:
745:
731:
705:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
1492:Texts about the history of Buddhism
13:
763:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
31:Cover of 2006 three volume reprint
14:
1503:
1461:Shwezigon Pagoda Bell Inscription
1428:Manu Wunnana Shwe Myin Dhammathat
993:Hanthawaddy Hsinbyushin Ayedawbon
885:
1418:Manu Thara Shwe Myin Dhammathat
669:
436:
398:
799:. Cambridge University Press.
654:U Kala and Tun Aung Chain 2016
481:
300:
1:
751:The Great Chronicle 1597–1711
452:
361:and pre-Pagan dates based on
277:. The task was undertaken by
268:
261:and pre-Pagan dates based on
177:[məhàjàzəwɪ̀ɰ̃dɔ̀dʑí]
1466:Kuthodaw Pagoda Inscriptions
1375:Myanmar Min Okchokpon Sa-dan
457:
130:10 volumes (Medium version)
7:
1380:Shwenanthon Wawhara Abhidan
1008:Nyaungyan Mintaya Ayedawbon
998:Alaung Mintayagyi Ayedawbon
344:
186:
132:1 volume (Abridged version)
16:National chronicle of Burma
10:
1508:
797:The Making of Modern Burma
128:21 volumes (Full version)
1436:
1388:
1335:
1282:
1259:
1227:
1184:
1126:
1073:
1030:
1021:
973:
943:
935:Hmannan Yazawin, Part III
907:
898:
775:10.1017/s002246340000103x
494:Encyclopædia Britannica,
380:, the primate of Pagan. (
168:
136:
124:
114:
104:
94:
80:
70:
60:
52:
46:
36:
24:
1337:Administrative treatises
1322:Dhanyawaddy Naing Mawgun
1065:Myauk Nan Kyaung Yazawin
930:Hmannan Yazawin, Part II
830:. Yangon: Gangaw Myaing.
618:Aung-Thwin 2005: 137–138
1360:Wawhara Linathta Dipani
1327:Minzet Yazawin Thanbauk
1292:Rakhine Minthami Eigyin
561:Lieberman 1986: 236–255
423:(1831), and the famous
204:. Completed in 1724 by
1398:Alaungsithu Hpyat-hton
1171:Maha Razawin (Saya Me)
1166:Mizzimadetha Ayedawbon
1108:Mon Yazawin (Shwe Naw)
924:Glass Palace Chronicle
677:Aung-Thwin, Michael A.
585:Thaw Kaung 2010: 44–49
1307:Shwe Sa-daing Hsindaw
1161:Dhanyawaddy Ayedawbon
1156:Rakhine Razawin Haung
1013:Hsinbyushin Ayedawbon
975:Biographic chronicles
814:Strong, John (2004).
208:, a historian at the
1456:Kalyani Inscriptions
1451:Sawlumin inscription
1438:Notable inscriptions
1261:Religious chronicles
1176:Rakhine Razawin Thit
1003:Alaungpaya Ayedawbon
816:Relics of the Buddha
759:Lieberman, Victor B.
636:Aung-Thwin 2005: 142
594:Aung-Thwin 2005: 136
1446:Myazedi Inscription
1423:Manu Kye Dhammathat
1317:Yodaya Naing Mawgun
1312:Minye Deibba Eigyin
1284:Chronicles in verse
1093:Nidana Arambhakatha
1083:Razadarit Ayedawbon
1023:Regional chronicles
988:Razadarit Ayedawbon
908:Standard chronicles
900:National chronicles
699:Charney, Michael W.
531:Lieberman 1986: 236
363:epigraphic evidence
263:epigraphic evidence
47:Original title
21:
1487:Burmese chronicles
1302:Thakin Htwe Eigyin
1219:Mong Yawng Yazawin
1118:Pak Lat Chronicles
1045:Pagan Yazawin Thit
983:Zatadawbon Yazawin
892:Burmese chronicles
573:Hla Pe 1985: 46–47
390:Michael Aung-Thwin
194:national chronicle
169:မဟာ ရာဇဝင်တော်ကြီး
160:Maha Yazawindawgyi
75:Burmese chronicles
53:မဟာ ရာဇဝင်တော်ကြီး
19:
1474:
1473:
1403:Wareru Dhammathat
1255:
1254:
969:
968:
961:Maha Yazawin Kyaw
784:978-0-521-80496-7
420:Maha Yazawin Kyaw
245:Maha Yazawin Kyaw
149:
148:
105:Publication place
1499:
1204:Kengtung Yazawin
1028:
1027:
905:
904:
890:
889:
878:
871:
864:
855:
854:
850:
831:
819:
810:
788:
754:
742:
728:
706:
694:
664:
663:Strong 2004: 145
661:
655:
652:
646:
643:
637:
634:
628:
625:
619:
616:
607:
604:
595:
592:
586:
583:
574:
571:
562:
559:
544:
541:
532:
529:
516:
515:Myint-U 2001: 80
513:
502:
500:
485:
479:
476:
311:Maha Yazawin Gyi
191:
179:
174:
170:
137:Followed by
96:Publication date
55:
54:
29:
22:
18:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1432:
1408:Dhammathat Kyaw
1384:
1331:
1297:Pyay Zon Mawgun
1278:
1251:
1237:Pawtugi Yazawin
1223:
1180:
1141:Rakhine Razawin
1122:
1069:
1055:Toungoo Yazawin
1017:
965:
944:Other nationals
939:
920:Hmannan Yazawin
894:
884:
882:
847:
807:
785:
725:
691:
672:
667:
662:
658:
653:
649:
644:
640:
635:
631:
626:
622:
617:
610:
605:
598:
593:
589:
584:
577:
572:
565:
560:
547:
543:Hla Pe 1985: 38
542:
535:
530:
519:
514:
505:
487:
486:
482:
477:
464:
460:
455:
439:
426:Hmannan Yazawin
401:
347:
334:Hmannan Yazawin
329:Tagaung Kingdom
303:
271:
251:Hmannan Yazawin
229:Irrawaddy basin
214:Burmese history
192:, is the first
188:Maha-Radza Weng
180:) and formerly
172:
131:
129:
115:Media type
97:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:Mani Yadanabon
1352:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1214:Hsipaw Yazawin
1211:
1209:Hsenwi Yazawin
1206:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:Inzauk Razawin
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Slapat Rajawan
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
979:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
964:
963:
958:
953:
947:
945:
941:
940:
938:
937:
932:
927:
917:
911:
909:
902:
896:
895:
881:
880:
873:
866:
858:
852:
851:
845:
832:
820:
811:
805:
793:Myint-U, Thant
789:
783:
755:
743:
729:
723:
707:
695:
689:
671:
668:
666:
665:
656:
647:
638:
629:
620:
608:
596:
587:
575:
563:
545:
533:
517:
503:
480:
478:Wade 2012: 125
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
447:Tun Aung Chain
438:
435:
400:
397:
370:Thaton Kingdom
356:Maha Yazawin's
346:
343:
302:
299:
270:
267:
256:Maha Yazawin's
225:Indian history
147:
146:
138:
134:
133:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1504:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1390:Law treatises
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Shwebon Nidan
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1247:Myeik Yazawin
1245:
1243:
1242:Dawei Yazawin
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1229:Miscellaneous
1226:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:Zinme Yazawin
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Razawin Linka
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:Lik Amin Asah
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Pagan Yazawin
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
976:
972:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
946:
942:
936:
933:
931:
928:
925:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
906:
903:
901:
897:
893:
888:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
859:
856:
848:
846:9780199219179
842:
838:
833:
829:
825:
824:Thaw Kaung, U
821:
817:
812:
808:
806:9780521799140
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
724:9789971988005
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
690:9780824828868
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:
660:
651:
642:
633:
624:
615:
613:
603:
601:
591:
582:
580:
570:
568:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
540:
538:
528:
526:
524:
522:
512:
510:
508:
498:
495:
491:
484:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
462:
450:
448:
444:
434:
432:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
405:
396:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
359:Pagan Dynasty
357:
352:
342:
338:
336:
335:
330:
326:
325:
320:
316:
312:
307:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
266:
264:
260:
259:Pagan Dynasty
257:
253:
252:
247:
246:
241:
240:
233:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
210:Toungoo court
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
189:
183:
178:
166:
162:
161:
156:
155:
145:
143:
139:
135:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
109:Toungoo Burma
107:
103:
99:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
56:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
20:Maha Yazawin
1345:Zabu Kun-Cha
1274:Sasana Vamsa
1269:Yazawin Kyaw
1194:Jinakalamali
1136:Maha Razawin
1060:Pyay Yazawin
1050:Inwa Yazawin
956:Yazawin Thit
951:Yazawin Kyaw
915:Maha Yazawin
914:
836:
827:
815:
796:
766:
762:
750:
738:Maha Yazawin
737:
736:
714:
702:
680:
670:Bibliography
659:
650:
641:
632:
623:
590:
497:
493:
483:
440:
437:Publications
431:Maha Yazawin
430:
424:
418:
414:Yazawin Thit
412:
406:
402:
399:Significance
394:
386:Yazawin Thit
385:
382:Maha Yazawin
381:
367:
355:
351:Maha Yazawin
350:
348:
339:
332:
322:
319:Yazawin Gyok
318:
314:
310:
308:
304:
282:
272:
255:
249:
243:
239:Yazawin Thit
237:
234:
218:
187:
159:
158:
157:, fully the
154:Maha Yazawin
153:
152:
150:
142:Yazawin Thit
140:
50:
1350:Lawka Byuha
1186:Shan states
1088:Mon Yazawin
1032:Upper Burma
378:Shin Arahan
315:Yazawin Lat
301:Composition
275:Taninganway
1481:Categories
453:References
295:Bayinnaung
269:Background
173:pronounced
1365:Yazawwada
1098:Gavampati
735:(2006) .
711:Hla Pe, U
458:Citations
374:Anawrahta
324:Mahavamsa
182:romanized
85:Chronicle
826:(2010).
795:(2001).
749:(2016).
713:(1985).
701:(2006).
679:(2005).
417:(1798),
345:Accuracy
221:Buddhist
119:Parabaik
61:Language
1075:Ramanya
747:Kala, U
733:Kala, U
496:9th ed.
443:Burmese
202:Myanmar
184:as the
165:Burmese
89:History
65:Burmese
1128:Arakan
843:
803:
781:
721:
687:
499:, 1878
490:Burmah
291:Burman
283:myosas
279:U Kala
248:, and
206:U Kala
144:
71:Series
41:U Kala
37:Author
198:Burma
125:Pages
81:Genre
841:ISBN
801:ISBN
779:ISBN
767:XVII
719:ISBN
685:ISBN
289:and
287:Shan
151:The
100:1724
771:doi
492:",
409:Ava
196:of
1483::
777:.
765:.
611:^
599:^
578:^
566:^
548:^
536:^
520:^
506:^
465:^
365:.
337:.
317:,
313:,
265:.
242:,
171:,
167::
87:,
926:)
922:(
877:e
870:t
863:v
849:.
809:.
787:.
773::
727:.
693:.
501:.
488:"
200:/
163:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
