1370:
1016:
For all its groundbreaking introductions, the chronicle remains one of the "lesser known" chronicles today. Moreover, only the first 13 of the total 15 volumes have been found and published. (The
Universities Central Library of Myanmar has portions of two original manuscripts of the chronicle. Of the
458:
sources. According to (Woolf 2011), it shows that historians in
Southeast Asia were using epigraphy for sourcing and verification around the same time as the practice was first used in Europe, even if Twinthin's methods may not have "evolved into a formal method". Woolf continues that "We should not
252:
corrections, in particular regnal dates of Pagan period kings. Modern scholarship notes the chronicle's innovative use of epigraphy but does not find the chronicle's criticisms harsh. Rather, scholarship maintains that for its criticisms and corrections, the chronicle largely retains traditional
416:
Twinthin's critiques were taken by the court as a criticism of one's elders/ancestors, a behavior highly frowned upon in
Burmese culture. Although the king himself had commissioned the chronicle, he did not accept the chronicle when his former tutor presented it to him. The chronicle came to be
228:
The chronicle updates the events up to 1785, and contains several corrections and critiques of earlier chronicles. However, the chronicle was not well received, and ultimately rejected by the king and the court who found the critiques of earlier chronicles excessively harsh. It became known as
403:
Though organized differently, the chronicle's content closely followed the narratives of the earlier chronicles. The chronicle however does contain several corrections (most notably, regnal dates of earliest kings) and critiques of the earlier chronicles, especially
353:
Twinthin, who may have been writing a chronicle as early as 1782, predating the inscription collection project, began writing the chronicle in earnest after the collection was completed in 1793. He referenced several existing chronicles, inscriptions as well as
1895:
321:
446:). The author, for all his academic zeal, still "shared the purpose of early writers to legitimize the dynasty", and "had similar priorities in terms of content" with early chroniclers.
1910:
1051:, a foremost historian of Burma, was the first one who reported it as "Twin-thin-taik-wun, whose 1798 chronicle may have been the first to put Burma ("Myan-ma") in its title". However,
1081:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 184β185): Saw Lu died in 423 ME (1061β1062 CE), and his death was followed by two years interregnum. Kyansittha succeeded the throne only in 425 ME (1063β1064 CE).
331:
Though the purpose of the project was to verify claims to tax-free religious property, Twinthin, a "learned polymath", quickly noticed several discrepancies between the dates given in
1900:
1027:, covering up to 1760. It means the last volume, which covers from 1760 to 1785, has not been recovered. The last volume did exist as it was referenced by later Konbaung writers.)
1857:
337:, the standard chronicle of the monarchy, and the dates given in the contemporary inscriptions he was examining. (Twinthin had already written a biographic chronicle of King
1862:
374:
is noted for its novel organization and for its criticisms of earlier chronicles. It is organized by dynasties and periods whereas all the other
Burmese chronicles (except
217:
consulted several existing written sources, and over 600 stone inscriptions collected from around the kingdom between 1783 and 1793. It is the first historical document in
1804:
1842:
1809:
1774:
1880:
1789:
312:
issued a royal decree to: (1) collect stone inscriptions from all important monasteries and pagodas around the kingdom, (2) study them to demarcate religious
1905:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1017:
original 15 volumes, only the first 13 volumes, which cover up to 1754, have survived. The 14th volume is believed to be the same as
Twinthin's 1770 work,
459:
overstate the 'scientific' character of these works since much
Burmese historiography was β as elsewhere in the world β written with didactic intentions."
345:, commissioned "a new chronicle of the realm which would be more in accord with the stone inscriptions". He appointed Twinthin to write the new chronicle.
466:, the official chronicle of Konbaung court, would retain nearly all of Twinthin's corrections. The table below shows a comparison of the regnal dates of
1890:
1779:
408:. Twinthin highlighted several inconsistencies and mistakes of the earlier chroniclers, and made no apologies for correcting earlier writers' work.
1852:
1832:
1358:
1847:
1743:
386:). Twinthin's choice of organizing along dynastic lines was a notable departure from then prevailing practice. All historians of
1819:
341:
in 1770.) He reported his early findings to the king. The king, who was interested in reading history and had wanted to update
1327:
1288:
290:
adds that the 1968 copy was picked up by international scholars who subsequently reported the chronicle under the name of
1974:
1943:
1475:
1249:
324:, another senior minister, in charge of the effort. The two ministers moved hundreds of inscriptions to then capital
1872:
1351:
1298:
1989:
1969:
282:, writes that the original name found in the two extant original manuscripts stored at the Central Library is
1457:
248:, the first officially accepted chronicle of Konbaung Dynasty, appeared in 1832, it had incorporated many of
1766:
1505:
1382:
1984:
1979:
1490:
1480:
1344:
317:
214:
35:
1711:
1920:
1668:
1547:
1514:
286:, and that the name "Myanmar" was inserted in the title in 1968 by the publisher of that edition.
1948:
1653:
1648:
1590:
1557:
1406:
308:
The chronicle has its beginnings in a seemingly unrelated royal project. On 24 July 1783, King
1610:
1643:
1638:
1580:
1495:
382:
is mainly a list of regnal dates and horoscopes, not a full-fledged national chronicle like
1938:
1933:
1658:
1485:
1417:
1019:
8:
1928:
1575:
1565:
1470:
1701:
1600:
1527:
1465:
1374:
633:
490:
387:
192:
69:
1283:(in Burmese). Vol. 1β3 (2006, 4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
1261:
Powerful
Learning: Buddhist Literati and the Throne in Burma's Last Dynasty, 1752β1885
1090:(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 252): Kyawswa came to power after two years of interregnum.
1885:
1443:
1323:
1245:
986:
612:
253:
narratives, and "was βas elsewhere in the world βwritten with didactic intentions".
1686:
1048:
938:
200:
155:
143:
103:
59:
1719:
1623:
1537:
1402:
1293:
549:
515:
462:
Using epigraphy, Twinthin updated the regnal dates of earliest
Burmese kingdoms.
244:
210:
127:
1837:
1696:
1691:
1628:
1585:
1412:
894:
316:
lands from taxable lands, and (3) recast the inscriptions if necessary. He put
218:
1369:
454:
The chronicle is the first known historical document in
Southeast Asia to use
1963:
1729:
1724:
1681:
1633:
1595:
1522:
1336:
916:
828:
467:
1322:(reissue, illustrated ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1827:
1756:
1751:
1676:
1618:
1542:
1532:
1433:
1397:
1279:
1055:
does not cite the publication of the quote in the text or in the end notes.
806:
570:
499:
435:
392:
333:
205:
114:
362:
poems. He completed the new chronicle in 1798 in 15 volumes (fascicles of
1570:
1287:
762:
199:(Myanmar). Completed in 1798, the chronicle was the first attempt by the
1306:
1206:
1069:
1052:
1044:
1024:
850:
740:
338:
287:
275:
696:
455:
442:"with all its criticisms, on the whole follows the Great Chronicle" (
390:
tradition, (Burmese, Sinhalese and Thai), had treated their kings as
325:
309:
222:
79:
378:) are organized strictly along the linear order of kings. (However,
278:, the former Chief Librarian of the Universities Central Library in
962:
591:
364:
784:
675:
528:
83:
1244:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
872:
718:
279:
1064:(Aung-Thwin 2005: 142β144) and (Woolf 2011: 416) both call it
434:
Twinthin's views are not viewed as harsh by modern academics.
1068:. Scholarship uses "Myanma" instead of "Myanmar" without the
654:
313:
196:
396:
universal monarchs, rather than kings who were leaders of
1297:(in Burmese). Vol. 1β3 (2003 ed.). Yangon:
1242:
The Mists of RΔmaΓ±Γ±a: The Legend that was Lower Burma
256:
It remains one of the lesser known chronicles today.
320:, his former tutor and chief interior minister, and
1168:
Hsan Tun in preface of (Hmannan
Yazawin 2003: xxxv)
1190:
1188:
1186:
1961:
300:continues to be used in English language works.
1183:
1366:
1176:
1174:
1352:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
426:
234:
46:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1103:
368:paper). He had updated the events to 1785.
348:
160:
1359:
1345:
1305:
1239:
1121:
1212:
209:, the standard chronicle of the previous
1202:
1200:
1157:
1139:
1112:
1258:
264:The chronicle is sometimes reported as
1962:
1311:Aspects of Myanmar History and Culture
1896:Hanthawaddy Hsinbyumyashin Hpyat-hton
1340:
1317:
1197:
154:
1289:Royal Historical Commission of Burma
1276:
1267:
1263:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
203:to update and check the accuracy of
1023:, the biographic chronicle of King
322:Thetpan Atwinwun Yaza Bala Kyawhtin
13:
1272:. London: Oxford University Press.
14:
2001:
1944:Shwezigon Pagoda Bell Inscription
1911:Manu Wunnana Shwe Myin Dhammathat
1476:Hanthawaddy Hsinbyushin Ayedawbon
1180:Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 346β349
1011:
1368:
1299:Ministry of Information, Myanmar
1901:Manu Thara Shwe Myin Dhammathat
1240:Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2005).
1233:
1084:
1075:
1058:
966:Vassal of Myingsaing and Pinya
449:
1037:
431:, the "Discarded Chronicle").
421:"thesis", and became known as
417:viewed as the "antithesis" to
239:, the "Discarded Chronicle").
221:compiled in consultation with
1:
1270:Historians of South East Asia
1097:
303:
1949:Kuthodaw Pagoda Inscriptions
1858:Myanmar Min Okchokpon Sa-dan
1259:Charney, Michael W. (2006).
411:
7:
1863:Shwenanthon Wawhara Abhidan
1491:Nyaungyan Mintaya Ayedawbon
1481:Alaung Mintayagyi Ayedawbon
1320:A Global History of History
328:, and began to study them.
318:Twinthin Taikwun Maha Sithu
259:
215:Twinthin Taikwun Maha Sithu
36:Twinthin Taikwun Maha Sithu
16:National chronicle of Burma
10:
2006:
1975:18th-century history books
272:"New Chronicle of Myanmar"
156:[mΙhΓ jΓ zΙwΙͺΜΙ°ΜΓ°ΙͺΚ]
1919:
1871:
1818:
1765:
1742:
1710:
1667:
1609:
1556:
1513:
1504:
1456:
1426:
1418:Hmannan Yazawin, Part III
1390:
1381:
942:Vassal of Mongols (1297)
520:
511:
504:
495:
486:
483:
427:
235:
147:
122:
109:
99:
89:
75:
65:
55:
47:
41:
31:
24:
1820:Administrative treatises
1805:Dhanyawaddy Naing Mawgun
1548:Myauk Nan Kyaung Yazawin
1413:Hmannan Yazawin, Part II
1313:. Yangon: Gangaw Myaing.
1194:Aung-Thwin 2005: 142β144
1030:
990:Vassal of Pinya and Ava
349:Organization and content
1843:Wawhara Linathta Dipani
1810:Minzet Yazawin Thanbauk
1775:Rakhine Minthami Eigyin
1990:Burmese Buddhist texts
1970:1798 non-fiction books
1881:Alaungsithu Hpyat-hton
1654:Maha Razawin (Saya Me)
1649:Mizzimadetha Ayedawbon
1591:Mon Yazawin (Shwe Naw)
1407:Glass Palace Chronicle
1318:Woolf, Daniel (2011).
1227:Thaw Kaung 2010: 48β49
1154:Thaw Kaung 2010: 50β51
1118:Thaw Kaung 2010: 44β49
1790:Shwe Sa-daing Hsindaw
1644:Dhanyawaddy Ayedawbon
1639:Rakhine Razawin Haung
1496:Hsinbyushin Ayedawbon
1458:Biographic chronicles
1268:Hall, D.G.E. (1961).
1047:2010: 45, 56) states
474:dates largely follow
1939:Kalyani Inscriptions
1934:Sawlumin inscription
1921:Notable inscriptions
1744:Religious chronicles
1659:Rakhine Razawin Thit
1486:Alaungpaya Ayedawbon
1020:Alaungpaya Ayedawbon
182:Myanmar Yazawin Thit
1929:Myazedi Inscription
1906:Manu Kye Dhammathat
1800:Yodaya Naing Mawgun
1795:Minye Deibba Eigyin
1767:Chronicles in verse
1576:Nidana Arambhakatha
1566:Razadarit Ayedawbon
1506:Regional chronicles
1471:Razadarit Ayedawbon
1391:Standard chronicles
1383:National chronicles
1066:Myanma Yazawin Thit
298:Myanma Yazawin Thit
293:Myanma Yazawin Thit
267:Myanma Yazawin Thit
223:epigraphic evidence
172:New Great Chronicle
42:Original title
21:
1985:Burmese literature
1980:Burmese chronicles
1785:Thakin Htwe Eigyin
1702:Mong Yawng Yazawin
1601:Pak Lat Chronicles
1528:Pagan Yazawin Thit
1466:Zatadawbon Yazawin
1375:Burmese chronicles
634:Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu
491:Zatadawbon Yazawin
388:Theravada Buddhist
376:Zatadawbon Yazawin
242:Nonetheless, when
193:national chronicle
70:Burmese chronicles
20:Maha Yazawin Thit
19:
1957:
1956:
1886:Wareru Dhammathat
1738:
1737:
1452:
1451:
1444:Maha Yazawin Kyaw
1329:978-0-521-69908-2
1009:
1008:
613:Nyaung-u Sawrahan
284:Maha Yazawin Thit
139:Maha Yazawin Thit
135:
134:
100:Publication place
1997:
1687:Kengtung Yazawin
1511:
1510:
1388:
1387:
1373:
1372:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1314:
1302:
1284:
1280:Maha Yazawin Gyi
1277:Kala, U (1720).
1273:
1264:
1255:
1228:
1225:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1152:
1137:
1134:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1049:Victor Lieberman
1041:
481:
480:
430:
429:
423:A-pe-gan Yazawin
238:
237:
231:A-pe-gan Yazawin
179:; also known as
178:
175:
168:
165:
162:
158:
153:
149:
123:Followed by
110:Preceded by
104:Kingdom of Burma
91:Publication date
50:
49:
22:
18:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1915:
1891:Dhammathat Kyaw
1867:
1814:
1780:Pyay Zon Mawgun
1761:
1734:
1720:Pawtugi Yazawin
1706:
1663:
1624:Rakhine Razawin
1605:
1552:
1538:Toungoo Yazawin
1500:
1448:
1427:Other nationals
1422:
1403:Hmannan Yazawin
1377:
1367:
1365:
1330:
1294:Hmannan Yazawin
1252:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1213:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1153:
1140:
1136:Woolf 2011: 416
1135:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1014:
989:
965:
941:
779:1112/1113β1167
757:1084β1112/1113
522:
516:Hmannan Yazawin
513:
506:
497:
488:
452:
414:
351:
306:
262:
245:Hmannan Yazawin
211:Toungoo Dynasty
176:
169:
166:
163:
151:
128:Hmannan Yazawin
92:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1917:
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1914:
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1898:
1893:
1888:
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1877:
1875:
1869:
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1860:
1855:
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1845:
1840:
1838:Mani Yadanabon
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
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1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1697:Hsipaw Yazawin
1694:
1692:Hsenwi Yazawin
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1629:Inzauk Razawin
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1586:Slapat Rajawan
1583:
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1394:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1315:
1303:
1285:
1274:
1265:
1256:
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1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1211:
1196:
1182:
1170:
1156:
1138:
1120:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1057:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1013:
1012:Current status
1010:
1007:
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994:
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531:
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510:
503:
494:
485:
476:Yazawin Thit's
451:
448:
419:Maha Yazawin's
413:
410:
350:
347:
305:
302:
261:
258:
250:Yazawin Thit's
219:Southeast Asia
201:Konbaung court
148:ααα¬ αα¬ααααΊ αα
αΊ
133:
132:
124:
120:
119:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
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67:
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57:
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52:
48:ααα¬ αα¬ααααΊ αα
αΊ
43:
39:
38:
33:
29:
28:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2002:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
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1950:
1947:
1945:
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1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1873:Law treatises
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:Shwebon Nidan
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
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1798:
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1730:Myeik Yazawin
1728:
1726:
1725:Dawei Yazawin
1723:
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1717:
1715:
1713:
1712:Miscellaneous
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:Zinme Yazawin
1680:
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1634:Razawin Linka
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1596:Lik Amin Asah
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1523:Pagan Yazawin
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1307:Thaw Kaung, U
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1291:(1829β1832).
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917:Narathihapate
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473:
469:
468:Pagan Dynasty
465:
460:
457:
447:
445:
441:
437:
432:
428:α‘αααΊααΆ αα¬ααααΊ
424:
420:
409:
407:
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399:
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389:
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246:
240:
236:α‘αααΊααΆ αα¬ααααΊ
232:
226:
224:
220:
216:
213:. Its author
212:
208:
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202:
198:
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145:
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78:
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71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
51:
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
23:
1828:Zabu Kun-Cha
1757:Sasana Vamsa
1752:Yazawin Kyaw
1677:Jinakalamali
1619:Maha Razawin
1543:Pyay Yazawin
1533:Inwa Yazawin
1439:Yazawin Thit
1438:
1434:Yazawin Kyaw
1398:Maha Yazawin
1319:
1310:
1292:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1241:
1234:Bibliography
1114:
1105:
1086:
1077:
1065:
1060:
1039:
1018:
1015:
807:Naratheinkha
571:Sale Ngahkwe
523:scholarship
514:
508:Yazawin Thit
507:
500:Maha Yazawin
498:
489:
475:
471:
463:
461:
453:
450:Significance
444:Maha Yazawin
443:
440:Yazawin Thit
439:
436:Pe Maung Tin
433:
422:
418:
415:
406:Maha Yazawin
405:
402:
397:
391:
384:Yazawin Thit
383:
379:
375:
372:Yazawin Thit
371:
370:
363:
359:
355:
352:
343:Maha Yazawin
342:
334:Maha Yazawin
332:
330:
307:
297:
292:
291:
283:
271:
266:
265:
263:
255:
249:
243:
241:
230:
227:
206:Maha Yazawin
204:
188:Yazawin Thit
187:
186:
181:
180:
171:
170:
138:
137:
136:
126:
115:Maha Yazawin
113:
45:
26:2012 edition
1833:Lawka Byuha
1669:Shan states
1571:Mon Yazawin
1515:Upper Burma
438:notes that
296:. The name
274:. However,
270:, lit. the
1964:Categories
1207:Thaw Kaung
1098:References
1070:non-rhotic
1053:Thaw Kaung
1045:Thaw Kaung
1025:Alaungpaya
1002:1325β1368
999:1330β1368
996:1322β1365
993:1331β1368
978:1298β1325
975:1298β1330
972:1300β1322
969:1300β1331
957:1289β1297
954:1286β1298
951:1286β1298
948:1286β1300
945:1287β1300
933:1256β1287
930:1255β1286
927:1255β1286
924:1240β1284
921:1254β1287
911:1249β1256
908:1250β1255
905:1250β1255
902:1234β1240
899:1249β1254
889:1235β1249
886:1234β1250
883:1234β1250
880:1219β1234
877:1234β1249
867:1211β1235
864:1211β1234
861:1211β1234
858:1197β1219
855:1210β1234
851:Htilominlo
845:1174β1211
842:1174β1211
839:1174β1211
836:1164β1197
833:1173β1210
823:1170β1174
820:1171β1174
817:1171β1174
814:1161β1164
811:1170β1173
801:1167β1170
798:1167β1171
795:1168β1171
792:1158β1161
789:1167β1170
776:1092β1167
773:1093β1168
770:1088β1158
767:1111β1167
754:1064β1092
751:1064β1093
748:1063β1088
745:1084β1111
741:Kyansittha
735:1077β1084
732:1059β1066
729:1059β1066
726:1035β1061
723:1077β1084
713:1044β1077
710:1017β1059
707:1017β1059
704:1002β1035
701:1044β1077
680:1038β1044
659:1021β1038
638:1001β1021
456:epigraphic
393:cakkavatti
339:Alaungpaya
304:Background
288:Thaw Kaung
276:Thaw Kaung
152:pronounced
1848:Yazawwada
1581:Gavampati
697:Anawrahta
689:992β1017
686:992β1017
683:977β1002
617:956β1001
521:Reign per
512:Reign per
505:Reign per
496:Reign per
487:Reign per
472:Hmannan's
412:Rejection
326:Amarapura
310:Bodawpaya
80:Chronicle
1309:(2010).
1209:2010: 44
987:Uzana II
963:Saw Hnit
829:Sithu II
668:986β992
665:986β992
662:971β977
647:964β986
644:964β986
641:950β971
626:931β964
623:931β964
620:917β950
605:915β931
602:915β931
599:901β917
596:934β956
592:Theinhko
584:906β915
581:906β915
578:876β901
575:904β934
563:878β906
560:878β906
557:858β876
554:876β904
542:846β878
539:846β878
536:846β858
533:846β876
400:groups.
398:national
365:parabaik
260:The name
56:Language
1558:Ramanya
939:Kyawswa
785:Narathu
763:Sithu I
676:Sokkate
529:Pyinbya
464:Hmannan
191:) is a
164:
144:Burmese
84:History
60:Burmese
1611:Arakan
1326:
1248:
873:Kyaswa
719:Saw Lu
550:Tannet
360:mawgun
356:eigyin
280:Yangon
130:
117:
66:Series
32:Author
1031:Notes
895:Uzana
655:Kyiso
484:Name
314:glebe
197:Burma
76:Genre
1324:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1072:"r".
380:Zata
358:and
161:lit.
95:1798
195:of
185:or
1966::
1214:^
1199:^
1185:^
1173:^
1159:^
1141:^
1123:^
1005:?
981:?
478:.
470:.
225:.
159:;
150:,
146::
82:,
1409:)
1405:(
1360:e
1353:t
1346:v
1332:.
1301:.
1254:.
1043:(
425:(
233:(
177:'
167:'
142:(
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