Madurai Nayak dynasty

1351: 1891: 1872: 1769: 1365:, either as de facto or de jure ruler, in 1623. One of his first acts was to shift the capital back to Madurai, both as a better protection against invasion and its religious significance. The change took 10 years and was finally done in 1635. He also increased the army size to 30,000 to better work against. The kingdom was invaded again by Mysore in 1625, but Tirumala and his generals Ramappayya and Ranganna Nayaka crushed the invasion and launched a counterattack in which they laid siege to Mysore. Later in 1635, Travancore stopped paying tribute to Madurai so Tirumala Nayaka sent armies to attack him, which forced Travancore to resume tribute payments. In 1635, Tirumala Nayaka sent Ramappayya against the 4660:(Vv . 67-79 .) Virabhupa , a devout worshipper of Vishnu , was born in the family of Viśvanatha Nayaka . He was living gloriously . He constructed a mandapa of rare sculptures in front of the shrine of Sundaranayaka and presented the goddess Minakshi with a golden kavacha ( mailcoat studded with gems ) . The munificence of this prince is praised . He held the birudas , Samayadrōhara - ganda , and Dakshina - samudrādhipati , and was the lord of Ayyavalipura , He was the grandson of Viśvanatha Nayaka , and son of the king Krishņa by Lakshmama . At the request of this prince Virabhupa , the village was granted by Vira- Venkatapatidevaraya and it consisted of 142 shares 634: 1733:, to form an alliance. Bangaru Tirumalai retreated to the far south, in Madurai, and organized a large force of disgruntled polygars in 1736. Although they took Dindigul, Meenakshi and Chanda Sahib organized an army to attack Tirumalai. At the battle of Ammayanayakkanur near Dindigul, Bangaru Tirumalai's forces were defeated and he fled to Sivaganga. Once he was admitted into the Tiruchirappalli fort, however, Chanda Sahib declared himself king and imprisoned Meenakshi in her palace, ending the Madurai Nayakas for good. Tradition states she poisoned herself in 1739. 1838: 5035:

and is the lineal descendant of the famous Rama Bhadra Naick . To trace the ancestry of the founder of this well - known ancient family we have to go back to the events that had occurred three centuries ago , that is , to the period when the power of the once famous kingdom of Vijianagar was at its height , Rama Bhadra Naick I is said to have been a follower as well as a close relation of the well - known Kottiya Nagama Naick , the Revenue Collector and Commander of the Vijianagar army in the South.

3973:-like towers and plastered sculptures as well as elements borrowed from the Bahmanis such as significant presence of arches, cusps, and geometric designs. This style was blended with indigenous Tamil architecture, for instance, the use of cylindrical columns like Tamil wooden architecture, to create new architectural styles for grand buildings such as the Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal. Only two sections of this palace still stand, the dance hall and audience hall. 925: 1411: 1376:

Thanjavur defected to the emperor. Madurai then made a new alliance with the Golconda Sultanate, who laid siege to Vellore and defeated Sriranga III. When he then appealed to his Nayakas for an alliance, all rejected him and Vijayanagara fell altogether. Goldonda, which conquered Vellore around 1646, laid siege to Gingee along with the Bijapur Sultanate. Tirumala Nayaka's armies arrived too late to save the fortress.

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shared authority locally with a number of military chiefs, or nayakas. Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, Balija merchant-warriors who claimed these nayaka positions rose to political and cultural power and supported an ethos that emphasized nonascriptive, heroic criteria in legitimizing political power.

1329:. The community was excellent at fishing and pearl diving, which made them a valuable revenue source, but the region had generally been neglected by previous Nayakas. The region gradually became lawless and fell under Portuguese control. However, when the Portuguese asserted the coast was now theirs and began to collect taxes, Muttu Krishnappa started sending officers called 3969:, which George Mitchell speculated must have been the largest of all royal residences in the 17th century, develops earlier palace architecture from the Vijayanagara period. This architecture includes both completely indigenous elements such as square and rectangular bases with u-shaped ascending floors with numerous courts and verandahs, as well as double-curved eaves, 4449:

Nāyaka state-system and to impregnate it with their particular cultural vision; strong surviving traditions; supported by contemporary evidence, assert Balija origins and / or marital connections for the major Nāyaka dynasties in the Tamil country quite apart from the well-known Balija role in restructuring the revenue systems of Nāyaka Tanjavur and Madurai

3930:

extensive contributions to the temple complex. Each of the additions to the temple was done by different rulers in different stages, and almost all rulers of the dynasty, or their wives and ministers, made generous donations to the temple and its construction so that it grew to a size of 254 by 238 metres. The Nayakas mainly followed the

1713:, Virappa's mother, as regent. With the Mughal juggernaut approaching southern India, Rani Mangammal recognised it would be better to pay tribute to the Mughals than have them invade. She supporter their capture of Jinji from Rajaram, who would otherwise have attacked Madurai and Thanjavur, and ruled the fort as a Mughal vassal. 5034:

The Honourable Diwan Bahadur V. Rama Bhadra Naick Garu is one of the most prominent noblemen of South India . As a representative of the zamindari interests of the Southern Group , he has , since 1910 , been in the reformed Legislative Council of Madras. He represents the ancient house of Vadagarai ,

4841:

The andhra sources state that the Balija's migrated to Dekhan from North or West . The statement that they hailed from Ahicchatra in North India may be an attempt to explain their Aryan origin . But a large number of inscriptions refer to them as ' Ayyavole Swamis ' and many scholars believe that the

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The dynasty's first ruler was Vishvanatha Nayaka, son of the imperial courtier and military officer Nagama Nayaka. He belonged to one of the Balija castes, which originated in the Telugu region and whose members undertook both military and mercantile activities. Vishvanatha was possibly

1324:

After his death a succession crisis arose and Krishnappa Nayaka II's youngest brother, Kasturi Rangappa, seized the throne but was assassinated a week later. Muttu Krishnappa Nayaka, the son of Krishnappa Nayaka II's second brother, became ruler. His rule was mainly focused on the organization of the

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back under imperial control. Although he was an able administrator he was a hard ruler and rejected any claims of authority from the petty chieftains, which made him unpopular. In addition, experienced officers like Nangama Nayaka were chafing under the strict control Krishnadevaraya imposed on them.

1759:

as their capital and were also the last ruling dynasty of Sri Lanka. The Kings of Kandy had from an early time sought marriages with Madurai and many of the queens were from Madurai. The Kandy Nayaks received military support from the Nayaks of Madurai in fighting off the Portuguese. And in the 17th

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Viswanatha also rebuilt fortifications at Madurai and made travel safer. He cleared the jungle around the banks of the Kaveri near Tiruchirappalli and destroyed hideouts of robbers there. He also expanded the borders of the kingdom so it included most of modern southern and western Tamil Nadu at his

4575:

The Vijayanagara Empire developed, in its second half, into what is known as the nayaka state-system, in which administrative and political relations differed significantly from what had gone before. While the Vijayanagara rulers continued to hold ultimate power over a broad belt of territory, they

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As an arrangement, the Golconda practice in the first half of the seventeenth century was quite similar in crucial respects to what obtained further south, in the territories of the Chandragiri ruler, and the Nayaks of Senji, Tanjavur and Madurai. Here too revenue-farming was common, and the ruling

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2.Raja Vaahana Vijayamu by Kaakumaani Murthy kavi. 3.Krishna Raja Vijayamu by Kumara Durjhati of 16 th Century literature did not consider Royal status to the Balija caste. The above works had only mentions of Kamma Doratanaalu (lordships of Kamma Some Velamas also joined Vijayanagaram Service but

5009:

According to the Kaifiyat of the Karnata Kotikam Kings, "Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Visvanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the King of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him with golden idols of Durga, Lakshmi and

1716:

Muttu Virappa III's son Vijayaranga Chokkanatha reached maturity in 1704. However, he was more interested in scholarship and learning than ruling, and so real power fell to his chief counselor and commander of the army, who were known to abuse their power prodigiously. After his death in 1732, his

4448:

Originally part of the great Telugu migrations southward into the Tamil country in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Balija merchant- warriors reveal the rise of hitherto marginal, and only recently politicized.. These mobile, aggressive, land-hungry, Telugu-speaking warriors...helped to build the

1699:

Tirumala was succeeded by his son in 1659, who ruled for only four months, and then was succeeded by Chokkanatha Nayaka. In the first part of his reign, his army commander and chief minister revolted, supported by Thanjavur. He crushed the insurgents and invaded Thanjavur in retaliation, briefly

1346:

were among those supporting Rama Deva Raya. In the Battle of Toppur in 1616, the generalship of Raghunatha and Yachama led to a crushing defeat for Jagga Raya's forces, and he was killed. Muttu Virappa was forced to pay a huge tribute to the Centre. He then shifted his capital to Tiruchirappalli

1337:

He was succeeded by his son Muttu Virappa Nayaka in 1609, who desired greater independence from his Vijayanagara overlords and thus stopped paying tribute regularly. After the death of Venkatapati Raya in 1614, a nobleman Gobburi Jagga Raya murdered his successor Sriranga II and his family. This

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Moreover, Acyutadeva Maharaya formally crowned Viswanatha Nayadu of the Garikepati family of the Balija caste as the king of Pandya country yielding a revenue of 2 and 1/2 crores of varahas; and he presented him the golden idols of Durga, Laksmi and Lakshmi-Narayana and sent him with ministers,

4491:

To understand the historical process of the reducing of the Nayakas as an open status group into a mere shell of what they had formerly been and the growth of respective caste identities, the Telugu Balija caste and its history may give an important clue. Many Nayakas, including the three major

3929:

in Madurai, which is known for its four towering gopurams up to 50 metres in height. The original structure that stood there during Pandyan times was neglected during the Madurai Sultanate and fell into ruin, and the Vijayanagara rulers had begun to rebuild it. However the Nayakas made the most

1311:

system in many of the princely states. During this time he crushed another revolt of polygars who were illegitimate descendants of the Pandyas. Virappa reigned over a period of relative stability. His relations with his nominal Vijayanagara overlords varied by their strength, but were generally

460:

According to Rayavachakamu a sixteenth century Telugu prose written by Viswanatha Sthanapathi which is compilation of Stories from court of Krishna DevaRaya Madurai Nayakas were close relatives of Kaakateeya Nayaks migrated from Warangal after fall of Musunuri Nayaks Kingdom. and same families

1295:

but it could not arrive in time. The defeat of Rama Raya made the Nayakas virtually independent. When the king of Kandy, a friend of Tumbichchi Nayaka, stopped sending tribute, Krishnappa then led an invasion of Kandy. In this invasion he killed the king of Kandy, sent the late king's wife and

1375:

During this time, the Vijayanagara empire was falling fast and so Tirumala Nayaka cancelled tribute payment altogether. However, when Sriranga III took power, he viewed this as an act of rebellion and assembled a large army to subdue his vassal. Tirumala allied with Thanjavur and Gingee, but

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Some early Madurai Nayaka coins portray the figure of the king. The bull also is seen frequently on the Madurai Nayak coins. Chokkanatha Nayak, one of the last rulers of the dynasty, issued coins displaying various animals, such as the bear, elephant and lion. He also issued coins featuring

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line mentions him with the title of lord of Ayyavalipura. (lords of the town of Ayyavole).Lord of Aihole means Chalukyan Ancestary ( Pulakesin of Aihole is Chalukya and many Kamma Nayakas who used to commanders of Chalukyas follow Jainism in the early days also claimed Chalukyan Ancestry.

1379:

In 1655, Mysore launched another invasion of Madurai when Tirumala was on his sickbed, and so he entrusted his defense to the Sethupathi of Ramnad, who had just emerged from a period of chaos. Ragunatha Thevar managed to drive back Mysore and in return all tribute was cancelled from him.

1287:. In the last year of his life he abdicated the throne and was alive for his son's investiture with ruling power in 1564, and died thereafter. Viswanatha's son, Krishnappa, was crowned in 1564. He immediately faced threats from nobles disgruntled with the new 1845:

The main languages of Nayaka rule were Telugu and Tamil. Tamil was mainly used by the common people, although there were some Telugu cultivators in the region. The Madurai Nayakas, on the other hand, had Telugu as mother tongue but could also speak Tamil.

1347:

later that year so that he could more easily launch an invasion of Thanjavur if he wanted to, but this failed. However, his appeasement of his Pandyan vassals meant they were loyal when Mysore invaded Dindigul in 1620 and was repelled. He died in 1623.

1333:

to modern Ramanathapuram, where their duties were to protect pilgrims going to Rameswaram and to compel the Portuguese to respect Nayaka authority in the region. Muttu Krishnappa Nayak is credited with the founding of Sethupathi dynasty in Ramnad.

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maintained their kinship until sixteenth century and they belongs to Kamma Community. And some British time records misleading the actual origins and tieing the royal family to some trading castes who used to trade local markets. But according to

5083:

He was a lineal descendant of the famous warrior and diplomat Rama- bhadra Nayak who had held the post of Fouzdar or Military Chief and Collector of Revenue under his relative Viswanatha Nayak of the House of Vijianagar , King of the Pandyan

570:. That region had long been a troubled province due to its distance from Vijayanagara and had been only been fully subjugated in the early 16th century under Veera Narasimha. The first Nayaka, Nangama, was a popular and able general of 1338:

fomented a succession crisis in the Vijayanagara empire developed and civil war broke out between him and Rama Deva Raya, Sriranga II's son, who had escaped. Madurai, Gingee and the Portuguese supported the side of Jagga Raya while

4590:......many of the Telugu migrant groups who settled in Tamil Nadu from the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries were led by Balija warriors . These Balijas and their descendants became local rulers under the auspices of Vijayanagara. 1371:

of Ramnad, who had rejected his decision on a succession matter. In this campaign, the Portuguese supported Tirumala Nayaka, and in return he allowed them to build a fortress and station a small garrison wherever they might want.

1708:

conquered the province in 1675. Chokkanatha then waged war with Mysore and lost more territory, but his successor Muttu Virappa III recaptured it. After his death in 1689, Muttu Virappa III was succeeded by his infant son with

4790:

This occurs in inscriptions in various localities where flourished mercantile guilds or communities called Valanjiyar in Tamil , Banajigas in Kanarese , Balija in Telugu , corresponding exactly to the North Indian term

1799:, chief of the bureaucracy. The kingdom was divided into provinces and local areas, each with its own governor and bureaucracy. The most basic unit was the village. Revenue would be earned through taxes on land. 3920:

The Nayakas were some of the most prolific architects in South India. Much of their work was expansions and additions to existing Vijayanagara or pre-Vijayanagara structures. By far their greatest work was the

341:. The Nayak reign which lasted for over two centuries from around 1529 to 1736 was noted for its achievements in arts, cultural and administrative reforms, revitalization of temples previously ransacked by the 4319:....It is told that the Nayak Kings of Madurai and Tanjore were Balijas , who had marital relations among themselves and with the Vijaya Nagara rulers, and so were appointed as the rulers of these regions. 396:

Some 500 trading people constituted a trade guild in Aihole a called themselves as Aihole Balija.or Vira- Balanjas. but this does not means they are Chalukyan lords or rulers in any capacity.The term

5573: 1291:

system brought in by his father. These nobles, led by Tumbichchi Nayaka instigated a revolt among some of the polygars, which was crushed by Krishnappa. In the same year, he sent a contingent to the

1854:

The Nayakas were great patrons of literature in Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit. Although most kings patronized mainly poetry (considered "divine"), under Nayaka patronage Telugu prose flourished.

5048:

Dewan Bahadur V. Ramabhadra Naidu , member of a family which had close relations with the ruling house of Madura , the Great Tirumal Nayak. Belongs to an ancient Palayagar family of Madura.

1816:. These warrior-chiefs had a significant amount of autonomy from the centre and held powers of law enforcement and judicial administration. In return, they would give one-third of the 1227:

Viswanatha Nayaka was not originally independent, but was treated as just another governor who the emperor had sent to keep control over the provinces. Originally he had control over

4842:

Balijas came from Ayyavole , Aihole in Bijapur District of Karnataka. They are frequently referred to as Ayyavole Swamis and Ayyavole Puravaradishwaralu in medieval inscriptions.

4299:..... in the Tamil country, where Telugu Balija families had established local Nāyaka states (in Senji, Tanjavur, Madurai, and elsewhere) in the course of the sixteenth century. 618:, but instead claimed the throne for himself and deposed the Pandyan king. So Krishnadevaraya sent Nangama's son Viswanatha Nayaka to defeat him, which he did. Thus he was made 3873: 583:, while Nangama began defying central orders while still claiming power of deputy. In response, the emperor sent Nangama's son, Viswanatha, with a large army to recapture 5536: 5531: 301: 287: 273: 259: 234: 220: 206: 192: 4957: 1890: 5621: 4413:

After the fall of the dynasty several Balija Nayudu chieftains rose into prominence. Tanjore and Madura kingdoms were the most important of such new kingdoms

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cordial. After his death in 1595, power passed to his eldest son Krishnappa Nayaka II. During this time he led an occupation of Travancore and recognized

5616: 1725:, a member of the royal house. However there was severe strife between Bangaru Tirumalai and Meenakshi, and he led an uprising against her. In 1734, the 4982:

councillors and troops to the south. Visvanatha Nayudu reached the city of Madhura, from which he began to govern the country entrusted to his care. –

5547: 5541: 5526: 3783: 1729:

sent an expedition south to demand tribute and fealty from the kingdoms there, and in desperation, Meenakshi gave tribute to the Nawab's son-in-law,

3965:

Although temple architecture was the main pursuit of the Nayakas, they constructed other buildings as well. Thirumala Nayaka is famous for his huge

3958:. In the case of the Ranganathaswamy temple, the Nayakas expanded the original shrine to be seven concentric enclosures, each topped with towering 3843: 699: 690: 4967:

No.2607 KOTIKAMVARI KAIFIYATU - A Kaifiyat relating to Garikipati Viswanathanayaka of Balijakula who was given Pandya kingdom by Atchutadevaraya.

3907: 3813: 1642: 1214: 4268:.... in the seventeenth century, when warriors/traders from the Balija caste acquired kingship of the southern kingdoms of Madurai and Tanjavur. 633: 4213:

Madurai rulers were of likely Balija heritage, merchant-warriors, who came from the relatively less-stratified arid zones of the Andhra region

348:

The dynasty consisted of 13 rulers, of whom nine were kings, two were queens, and two were joint-kings. The most notable among them were king

3823: 4492:

Nayakas in the Tamil area and the Nayakas of Cannapattana, Beluru, and Rayadurga in the Kannada area, are said to have been Telugu Balijas.

3934:

of architecture, with much emphasis on towering structures and elaborate carving. Much of the work centered around the addition of various

1700:

placing his brother Muddu Alagiri as ruler there. But Madurai soon lost control of the region as Alagiri declared his independence and the

421:, all of them mean valiant merchants. These merchants styled themselves as protectors of Vira Balanja Dharma and their original natives to 5521: 1657: 1485: 5043:

The Who's who in Madras: ... A Pictorial Who's who of Distinguished Personages, Princes, Zemindars and Noblemen in the Madras Presidency

4886:

Dutch Sources on South Asia, C. 1600-1825: Mission to Madurai: Dutch embassies to the Nayaka court of Madurai in the seventeenth century

1307:

were co-rulers, while other historians claim some member of the royal family was associated with rule, but not actually a ruler, like a

1243:

death. However, many of the local chieftains were still chafing under his rule, and so to appease them, Viswanatha's chief minister,

4237:

Madurai was a prosperous city ruled by Nāyaka kings who were Telugu warriors with Balija cultivators and merchant-caste affiliations

890: 1637: 1632: 5113: 468:

Madurai Nayakas only Highlighted their Kamma Ancestory through out the book. British time Theories fallows are written below

393:

Eg:Raja Vasireddy Venkataadri Nayudu of Amaravathi as Chalukya Narayana.vasireddy clan still have palaces in Guntur District.

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writing mentions the last ruler of the dynasty, Vijayaranga Chokkanatha Nayak, as belonging to the Garikepati family of the

4516:

Many later rulers were also of different castes, such as the Madurai Nayaks, Balijas (traders) who ruled from 1559 to 1739

4158: 4130: 4105: 4080: 579:

Towards the end of Krishnadevaraya's reign, trouble erupted in the south as the Chola Nayakas openly revolted and fled to

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Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century

4082:

Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century

3900: 3633: 1871: 1686: 1207: 1779:

The Madurai Nayakas followed a decentralized governance style. The king was supreme ruler, but his main advisor was the

1475: 4009:

scripts. Unlike the coins of many of the earlier dynasties, the Nayak coins are easily available for coin-collectors.

5191: 4974: 4936: 4915: 4894: 4773: 4607: 4568: 4544: 4509: 4484: 4343: 4292: 4261: 4230: 4206: 4069: 3951: 2110: 3962:. However this project was incomplete when the Nayak dynasty fell and has since been continued into the modern-day. 2099: 1760:

and 18th centuries, marital alliances between the Kandyan kings and Nayak princesses had become a matter of policy.

1350: 3947: 1857:

The earliest Muslim work in Tamil that survives complete is a translation by Vaṇṇapparimaḷappulavar of the Persian

1495: 1465: 1303:

After his death in 1572, power in the kingdom went to his son Virappa Nayaka. Some documents claim the two sons of

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Mackenzie Manuscripts; Summaries of the Historical Manuscripts in the Mackenzie Collection: Tamil and Malayalam

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Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture: Papers on Indian History and Culture; India to A.D. 1300

1768: 5599: 5504: 3718: 599:

made Viswanatha governor of Madurai and other Tamil provinces in 1529, beginning the Madurai Nayaka dynasty.

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families were closely allied to an important semi-commercial, semi-warrior caste group, the Balija Naidus.

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Translating Catechisms, Translating Cultures: The Expansion of Catholicism in the Early Modern World

4160:

Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu and South India under French Rule: From François Martin to Dupleix 1674-1754

1316:

as emperor of VIjayanagar. During his reign, Ariyanatha Mudaliar died, and he himself died in 1601.

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system. The system was a quasi-fedual organisation of the country, which was divided into multiple

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Some Misleading record Descriptions of the Nayakas of Madurai was compiled by an official of the

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Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia

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The Nayakas also had a parallel system of administration. They divided their territory into 72

1505: 1435: 1165: 4371:

The successors of the Vijayanagar empire, the Nayaks of Madura and Tanjore, were Balija Naidus

4059: 1300:

and placed his own brother-in-law Vijaya Gopala Naidu as his viceroy there to ensure tribute.

5355: 4419: 3788: 3758: 3623: 3578: 3047: 3037: 3007: 2739: 2719: 2580: 1949: 1911: 1515: 1500: 1401: 1236: 915: 906: 5104: 3868: 3723: 3708: 3653: 3294: 1343: 595:, who in turned pardoned Nangama Nayaka for his valued service. After defeating his father 3976:

The Nayakas also did many public works projects such as irrigation canals and fortresses.

1820:'s revenue to the Nayaka and another third for the upkeep of an army. Often, however, the 8: 4907:

Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India

4560:

The Encyclopedia of World History Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

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Architecture of Sovereignty: Stone Bodies, Colonial Gazes, and Living Gods in South India

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Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900

1231:

as well, which was ruled by a feudatory Chola prince, but this was transferred to the

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and appealed to Krishnadevaraya for help. He then sent Nangama Nayaka to restore the

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were completely outside central control and would raid and pillage nearby territory.

622:

of the region. However, this story does not have epigraphic evidence to support it.

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Architecture and art of southern India : Vijayanagara and the successor states

5090: 4965:. Vol. 13. The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras. p. 2863. 4828:. Department of History, Archaeology and Culture, Dravidian University. p. 88. 4522: 4470: 4111: 4086: 4028: 3922: 3858: 3793: 3763: 3748: 3703: 3688: 3673: 3643: 3538: 3233: 3017: 2927: 2806: 2796: 2749: 2678: 2657: 2247: 2237: 2076: 2011: 1548: 1339: 1313: 1280: 937: 774: 588: 511: 487: 449: 382: 197: 5448: 5406: 5010:

Lakshminarayana and sent him with ministers, councillors and troops to the South."

4810:. Vol. 30. Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute, Mylapore. 1963. p. 174. 1747:

Some of the family members of Bangaru Thirumalai established the Nayak dynasty in

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1.Rayavaachakamu by Viswanatha Sthanapathi published by Jayanthi Ramayya pantulu.

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Images of Nayak kings found in Sri Nellaiyappar Temple – TAMIL NADU – The Hindu

4836:

Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D

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Castes, Communities, and Culture in Andhra Desa, 17th & 18th Centuries, A.D

4002: 3526: 3478: 3172: 3150: 3118: 3096: 3057: 2987: 2977: 2837: 2570: 2380: 1882: 1588: 1583: 1558: 1553: 1180: 1146: 1095: 1075: 796: 763: 659: 611: 603: 543: 479: 418: 386: 338: 104: 74: 60: 5068:

The Spice Road 'Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri' Its Historicity and Architectural Remains

4832: 4713:

A Study of the History and Culture of the Andhras: From stone age to feudalism

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of the famous warrior and diplomat Ramabhadra Nayak, who had held the post of

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Studies in Economic and Social Conditions of Medieval Andhra, A. D. 1000-1600

4377: 3998: 3448: 3388: 3213: 2607: 2560: 2540: 2414: 2397: 2359: 2339: 2274: 2058: 2048: 2038: 1981: 1598: 1568: 1458: 1425: 1276: 1139: 1122: 880: 721: 615: 607: 507: 472: 322: 280: 5201: 5340: 4526: 4325: 4132:

Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India

3994: 3943: 3938:, or columnated halls, filled with a variety of carved pillars such as the 3568: 3558: 3438: 3428: 3358: 3193: 3183: 3067: 2997: 2779: 2699: 2319: 2183: 2131: 1999: 1783:, who controlled both civil and military matters. The three most effective 1752: 1730: 1563: 1525: 1520: 1297: 752: 710: 527: 4865:. Vol. 20. Tamil Nadu Archaeological Society, Thanjavur. p. 171. 4682:

Social and Political Life in the Vijayanagara Empire (A.D. 1346-A.D. 1646)

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written by J. H. Nelson in 1868, it mentions that the descendants of the

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Tamil Civilization: Quarterly Research Journal of the Tamil University

1791:, Ramappayya and Narasappayya. The next most important figure was the 5552: 4928:

The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early Modern South India

4458:

The Heirs of Vijayanagara: Court Politics in Early Modern South India

4350:

The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were Balijas , traders by caste

4164: 4061:

The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship

3955: 3468: 1748: 1710: 1023: 434: 378: 353: 5216: 4889:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp. 285–287, 344–345. 4532:

Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order

4304: 5232: 4734:

History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.)

3942:

directly adjoining the complex. Other important works included the

3818: 2729: 2194: 1971: 1961: 1410: 1239:'s army subdue Travancore, which had been refusing to pay tribute. 503: 483: 361: 486:

of the Karnata Kotikam Kings mentions the founder of the dynasty,

5089: 4521: 3986: 3027: 1932: 1812: 1705: 1326: 1264: 1252: 1190: 1169: 1085: 1065: 670: 639: 584: 574:. Krishnadevaraya sent Nangama Nayaka with a large army to bring 515: 410: 330: 81: 67: 53: 5443:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 121–154, 17 August 1995, 5081:. Vol. 9. the University of California. 1938. p. 250. 5053: 5542:

Thirumalai Nayak period inscription found at temple – The Hindu

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Symbols of Substance Court and State in Nāyaka Period Tamilnadu

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Selby, Martha Ann; Peterson, Indira Viswanathan (22 May 2008).

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Encyclopaedia of the Madras Presidency and the Adjacent States

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The Nayak kings of Madura and Tanjore were balijas ( traders )

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as their capital. The Madurai Nayaks had their origins in the

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Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia

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in the outskirts of Madurai, as well as the expansion of the

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Namma Madurai: From Vedas to military strategies – The Hindu

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A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, ed. (1996).

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A. Satyanarayana, Mukkamala Radhakrishna Sarma, ed. (1996).

4104:

Smith, Bardwell L.; Reynolds, Holly Baker (1 January 1987).

1271:

and ruled over the 72 dry-zone poligar chiefs. Of these 72,

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installed at Madurai around 1530 and reigned until c. 1563

5215:

Aiyar, R. Sathyanatha; Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami (1926).

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The City As a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts

5580:. India. Archived from the original on 16 September 2009 4307:"Identity and Crisis of Telugu Migrants of Tamil Region" 895:

The Madurai Nayaks and contemporary polities circa 1600.

345:, and the inauguration of a unique architectural style. 5357:

Enemy lines: childhood, warfare, and play in Batticaloa

437:. traders but not Military Commanders in any capacity. 5548:"Madurai City Chronicles : Unique in its own way" 5485:. India. Archived from the original on 4 November 2002 5064: 4972: 4851:

Economic Conditions in Southern India (1000-1500 A.D.)

4788:. Vol. 56. Popular Prakashan. 1927. p. 197. 4675: 4557:

Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, ed. (2001).

4479:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 192. 1283:, Komatineni and Ravella clans, were considered royal 4990: 4984:

Kaifiyat of Karnata-Kotikam Kings: L.R.8, pp. 319–22.

4847: 4685:. Vol. 2. B.G. Paul & Company. p. 263. 4637:

The Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute

4581: 1259:

or small provinces; and each palayam was ruled by a

5147: 4955: 4355: 4305:Dr. B.Ramachndra Reddy R. Nata Rajan, ed. (2007). 4273: 5137:. Coimbatore Kalanidhi Press. pp. 3-C (413). 5111: 4959:A Descriptive Catalogue of the Telugu Manuscripts 4768:. Vol. 106. Anmol Publications. p. 86. 4765:Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh 4504:. Vol. 6. The Hill Publication. p. 18. 1863:that was presented at the Madurai court in 1572. 5608: 5179: 5130: 5029:The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India 4588:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 81. 4469: 591:defeated his father and sent him as prisoner to 566:empire in southern regions of what would become 448:, it mentions that the founder of the dynasty, 5556:. Chennai, India. 4 August 2007. Archived from 5328: 4242: 1875:Meenakshi Amman Temple expanded by the Nayakas 614:to their rightful throne. Nangama defeated the 490:, as belonging to the Garikepati family of the 381:, mention that Virappa Nayaka, the grandson of 5360:. University of California Press. p. 40. 5335:. Hyderabad: Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi. 5054:Vuppuluri Lakshminarayana Sastri, ed. (1920). 4201:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36, 51. 452:, as belonging to the Wellen Chetti merchant. 356:. Foreign trade was conducted mainly with the 5622:States and territories disestablished in 1736 5214: 5032:. Vol. 1. G.C. Loganadham. p. 679. 4883:; Marcus P. M. Vink; Carolien Stolte (2012). 4858: 4821: 4751:Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar, ed. (1941). 4497: 4376: 4128: 4103: 3993:. The inscriptions on the Nayak coins are in 3901: 1680: 1208: 5071:. Vol. 74. Acta Orientalia. p. 97. 4825:Studies in Kannada Inscriptions in Telangana 4324: 4219:Antje Flüchter, Rouven Wirbser, ed. (2017). 5384:(University of Chicago Press, 2011), p. 40. 5025: 4924: 4903: 4761: 4698: 4595: 4454: 4362:Politics and Social Conflict in South India 4194: 1361:Muttu Virappa was succeeded by his brother 1263:or a petty chief. Ariyanatha organized the 5617:States and territories established in 1529 5154:. Asian Educational Services. p. 86. 4910:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 4731:Mallampalli Sōmaśēkharaśarma, ed. (1948). 3908: 3894: 1687: 1673: 1215: 1201: 5186:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4716:. People's Publishing House. p. 334. 1275:and Ilayarasanendal, which were ruled by 455: 5286: 5221:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4807:The Journal of Oriental Research, Madras 4051: 4049: 1870: 1836: 1767: 1349: 1325:southern coast, mainly inhabited by the 5353: 5060:. University of Minnesota. p. 450. 4976:Further Sources of Vijayanagara History 4931:. Leiden University Press. p. 79. 4710:Kambhampati Satyanarayana, ed. (1975). 4461:. Leiden University Press. p. 79. 4386:. Oxford University Press. p. 35. 1866: 14: 5609: 5441:Architecture and Art of Southern India 5399:Architecture and Art of Southern India 5324: 5322: 5320: 4501:Research in Multidisciplinary Subjects 856: 845: 834: 741: 730: 719: 677: 27:Rulers of Tamil Nadu from 1529 to 1736 5395:"Temple architecture: the Tamil zone" 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5261: 5175: 5173: 5171: 4979:. University of Madras. p. 179. 4057: 4046: 878: 867: 823: 783: 708: 697: 688: 668: 657: 646: 637: 325:dynasty who ruled most of modern-day 5329:Balendu Sekaram, Kandavalli (1975). 5065:Parthiban Rajukalidoss, ed. (2013). 4997:. Sterling Publishers. p. 100. 4854:. University of Madras. p. 394. 4757:. Oriental Book Agency. p. 801. 4188: 4186: 4153: 4078: 1235:. In 1544, Viswanatha Nayaka helped 812: 803: 794: 772: 761: 750: 510:of Revenue under his close relative 5293:. Mittal Publications. p. 170. 4848:Angadipuram Appadorai, ed. (1936). 4839:. Osmania University. p. 105. 4411:. Osmania University. p. 145. 1342:of Thanjavur and Yachama Nayaka of 24: 5297: 5168: 5115:The Indian Biographical Dictionary 4947: 4640:. Vol. 26. 1970. p. 677. 4058:Howes, Jennifer (1 January 1998). 1795:or finance minister, and then the 1319: 553: 25: 5668: 5515: 5290:The Aristocracy of Southern India 5217:"History of the Nayaks of Madura" 5078:The Feudatory and zemindari India 5046:. Pearl Press. 1938. p. 52. 4737:. Andhra University. p. 397. 4705:. Triveni Publishers. p. 69. 4563:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 368. 4183: 1763: 5479:"The Hindu : Crafted coins" 5287:Vadivelu, A. (13 October 2017). 5148:James Henry Nelson, ed. (1868). 4956:T. Chandrasekharan, ed. (1951). 4079:Vink, Markus (14 October 2015). 4064:. Psychology Press. p. 28. 1889: 1409: 1015:Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayak 923: 632: 625: 377:The Dalavay Agraharam Plates of 299: 285: 271: 257: 232: 218: 204: 190: 5471: 5429: 5387: 5374: 5347: 5280: 5255: 5208: 5141: 5124: 5118:. Forgotten Books. p. 344. 5112:C. Hayavadana Rao, ed. (1915). 5017: 4994:Religion in Vijayanagara Empire 4973:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1946). 3979: 1806:, each of which was ruled by a 1188:Rani Mangammal Tamukkam palace 5527:The Hindu : Crafted coins 4991:Konduri Sarojini Devi (1990). 4871: 4814: 4798: 4743: 4691: 4644: 4628: 4582:Daniel D'Attilio, ed. (1995). 4367:University of California Press 4285:University of California Press 4254:University of California Press 3948:Tiruparankundram Murugan Kovil 2143:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 1860:Book of One Thousand Questions 1736: 1721:, decided to adopt the son of 1034:Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayak 498:, Zamindar of Vadagarai was a 13: 1: 5449:10.1017/chol9780521441100.006 5407:10.1017/chol9780521441100.005 4039: 3073: 2812: 2785: 2684: 2663: 2586: 2525: 2454: 2437: 2420: 2403: 2386: 2365: 2280: 2263: 2017: 1849: 1841:Tamukkam Palace built in 1670 471:Originally, the Nayakas were 337:warrior clans of present-day 5151:The Madura Country: A Manual 2228:Northern Black Polished Ware 1755:. They ruled till 1815 with 1247:, assisted him in using the 602:Another story goes that the 7: 4859:V. Vedachalam, ed. (2009). 4822:Aravind Kumar, ed. (2006). 4585:The Last Vijayanagara Kings 4498:Biplab Auddya, ed. (2017). 4383:The Mughal State, 1526-1750 4012: 3824:Influence on Southeast Asia 1832: 1431:Chronology of Tamil history 606:were under attack from the 540:The Madura Country A Manual 10: 5673: 5652:History of Tiruchirappalli 5574:"Vanishing wall paintings" 5354:Trawick, Margaret (2007). 4476:Kingship in Indian History 2206:Black and Red ware culture 1827: 1740: 1383: 904:Kings and Queen Regents of 372: 367: 5598:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5503:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5180:Michell, George. (1995). 5131:Narasimalu Naidu (1905). 5026:A. Vadivelu, ed. (1915). 4762:S.S. Shashi, ed. (2000). 4699:K. Sundaram, ed. (1968). 4195:Gita V. Pai, ed. (2023). 4019:Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal 2217:Painted Grey Ware culture 2089:Indus Valley Civilisation 1196: 1186: 1175: 1164: 1159: 1152: 1145: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1121: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1094: 1084: 1074: 1064: 1059: 1052: 1041: 1033: 1022: 1014: 1004: 996: 986: 978: 970: 962: 954: 946: 936: 931: 922: 912: 903: 478:warrior from present-day 169: 165: 155: 145: 141: 133: 113: 92: 46: 41: 34: 3967:Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal 2868:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 2848:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 2449:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 1723:Bangaru Tirumalai Nayaka 1177:Chokkanatha Nayak Palace 1116:Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort 518:country. He belonged to 442:Dutch East India Company 4537:Oxford University Press 4434:Oxford University Press 4331:Caste and Race in India 4280:Classical Telugu Poetry 4024:Thanjavur Nayak kingdom 2968:Western Chalukya Empire 2111:Mature Harappan culture 1355:Tirumalai Nayaka Palace 1110:Madurai 72 Bastion Fort 947:Kumara Krishnappa Nayak 5522:Images of Nayak kings 4677:Bhasker Anand Saletore 4225:. BRILL. p. 229. 3952:Ranganathaswamy temple 3874:Science and technology 2258:Three Crowned Kingdoms 2100:Early Harappan culture 1915:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 1876: 1842: 1776: 1436:List of Tamil monarchs 1358: 1166:Thirumalai Nayak Mahal 971:Muttu Krishnappa Nayak 538:caste. According to a 456:The Nayaka Rulers clan 157:• Disestablished 5657:History of Tamil Nadu 5627:Madurai Nayak dynasty 5437:"Palace architecture" 5262:Bayly, Susan (2004). 4602:. BRILL. p. 57. 4420:Velcheru Narayana Rao 3777:Specialised histories 3048:Kalachuris of Kalyani 3038:Kalachuris of Tripuri 2720:Western Ganga Kingdom 2648:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 2598:Western Satrap Empire 2581:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 2571:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 2122:Late Harappan culture 1883:History of South Asia 1874: 1840: 1771: 1402:History of Tamil Nadu 1353: 963:Joint Rulers Group II 916:History of Tamil Nadu 907:Madurai Nayak Dynasty 807:TSARDOM OF RUSSIA 494:caste. Dewan Bahadur 93:Common languages 36:Madurai Nayak dynasty 18:Madurai Nayak Dynasty 5332:The Nayaks of Madura 5105:University of Madras 4925:Lennart Bes (2022). 4904:Gita V. Pai (2023). 4785:The Indian Antiquary 4596:Markus Vink (2015). 4455:Lennart Bes (2022). 3295:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 3097:Late medieval period 3008:Eastern Ganga Empire 2740:Vishnukundina Empire 1867:Art and architecture 1179:a.k.a. Durbar Hall, 1134:other Military forts 997:Muthu Alakadri Nayak 955:Joint Rulers Group I 932:Madurai Nayak rulers 891:class=notpageimage| 522:caste. According to 120:Governors under the 4619:South Asia Politics 4523:Francine R. Frankel 4424:Sanjay Subrahmanyam 4157:(1 November 2020). 3377:Early modern period 3224:Vijayanagara Empire 3204:Chitradurga Kingdom 2898:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 2310:Shaishunaga dynasty 1789:Ariyanatha Mudaliar 1579:Vijayanagara Empire 1471:Three Crowned Kings 1245:Ariyanatha Mudaliar 979:Muttu Virappa Nayak 524:Srivamsa Prakashika 240:Vijayanagara Empire 147:• Established 122:Vijayanagara Empire 5637:Dynasties of India 5560:on 7 November 2012 5134:Balijavaru Puranam 4357:Eugene F. Irschick 4275:David Dean Shulman 3854:Partition of India 3719:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3667:Regional histories 3612:National histories 3499:Travancore Kingdom 3469:Thondaiman Kingdom 3339:Golkonda Sultanate 2948:Somavamshi Kingdom 2918:Rashtrakuta Empire 2858:Rashidun Caliphate 2780:Kabul Shahi Empire 2628:Nagas of Padmavati 2551:Indo-Greek Kingdom 2491:(230 BC – AD 1206) 2184:Vedic Civilisation 2132:Vedic Civilisation 2029:Ahar-Banas culture 1877: 1843: 1810:, better known as 1777: 1623:Ancient Tamil Nadu 1604:Thondaiman Kingdom 1486:Naming conventions 1359: 1293:Battle of Talikota 1129:Thirunelvelli Fort 253:Carnatic Sultanate 5458:978-0-521-44110-0 5416:978-0-521-44110-0 5367:978-0-52093-887-8 5273:978-0-52189-103-5 5161:978-81-206-0424-7 5004:978-81-207-1167-9 4881:Jos J. L. Gommans 4655:Epigraphia Indica 4443:978-0-19-563021-3 4393:978-0-19-563905-6 4336:Popular Prakashan 4174:978-1-000-26356-5 4146:978-0-7914-7245-3 4121:978-90-04-08471-1 4096:978-90-04-27262-0 3918: 3917: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3596: 3517: 3516: 3419:Thanjavur Kingdom 3367: 3366: 3328:Bijapur Sultanate 3284:Deccan sultanates 3162:Tughlaq Sultanate 3109:Ghaznavid Dynasty 3087: 3086: 2958:Chaulukya Kingdom 2888:Mallabhum kingdom 2878:Umayyad Caliphate 2618:Bharshiva Dynasty 2514:(200 BC – AD 300) 2504:(230 BC – AD 220) 2500:Satavahana Empire 2478: 2477: 2474:(247 BC – AD 224) 2330:Macedonian Empire 2304:(450 BC – AD 489) 2292:Achaemenid Empire 2162: 2161: 2067: 2066: 1990: 1989: 1940: 1939: 1924:Madrasian culture 1697: 1696: 1574:Madurai Sultanate 1446:Maritime contacts 1340:Raghunatha Nayaka 1305:Krishnappa Nayaka 1233:Thanjavur Nayakas 1225: 1224: 1055: 1006:Chokkanatha Nayak 918: 589:Viswanatha Nayaka 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 295:Pudukkottai state 267:Kingdom of Mysore 245: 244: 226:Madurai Sultanate 16:(Redirected from 5664: 5603: 5597: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5509: 5508: 5502: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5391: 5385: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5326: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5177: 5166: 5165: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5108: 5091:T. 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Mahalingam 5086: 5072: 5061: 5050: 5037: 5021: 5015: 5012: 4987: 4969: 4964: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4921: 4900: 4879:Gijs Kruijtzer; 4875: 4869: 4866: 4855: 4844: 4829: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4779: 4758: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4727: 4717: 4706: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4672: 4662: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4613: 4592: 4578: 4553: 4518: 4494: 4471:Noboru Karashima 4466: 4451: 4415: 4401: 4373: 4352: 4321: 4301: 4270: 4239: 4215: 4190: 4181: 4178: 4150: 4125: 4100: 4075: 4053: 4029:Nayaks of Gingee 3910: 3903: 3896: 3859:Pakistan studies 3699:Himachal Pradesh 3539:Portuguese India 3535: 3534: 3531: 3489:Sikh Confederacy 3385: 3384: 3381: 3234:Bengal Sultanate 3173:Sayyid Sultanate 3151:Khalji Sultanate 3140:Mamluk Sultanate 3105: 3104: 3101: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3018:Kakatiya Kingdom 2928:Paramara Kingdom 2821: 2817: 2814: 2790: 2787: 2730:Kamarupa Kingdom 2693: 2689: 2686: 2679:Kalabhras Empire 2672: 2668: 2665: 2591: 2588: 2575:(50 BC – AD 400) 2555:(180 BC – AD 10) 2534: 2530: 2527: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2442: 2439: 2425: 2422: 2408: 2405: 2391: 2388: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2285: 2282: 2268: 2265: 2248:Haryanka dynasty 2238:Pradyota dynasty 2180: 2179: 2176: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2022: 2019: 2012:Anarta tradition 2008: 2007: 2004: 1972:Mehrgarh culture 1962:Bhirrana culture 1958: 1957: 1954: 1953:(10,800–3300 BC) 1920: 1919: 1916: 1906: 1905: 1893: 1879: 1878: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1594:Kalahasti Nayaks 1543:Medieval history 1413: 1388: 1387: 1314:Venkatapati Raya 1267:kingdom into 72 1217: 1210: 1203: 1053: 938:Viswanatha Nayak 927: 913: 901: 900: 885: 883: 876: 874: 865: 863: 854: 852: 843: 841: 832: 830: 821: 819: 810: 808: 801: 799: 792: 790: 781: 779: 770: 768: 759: 757: 748: 746: 739: 737: 728: 726: 717: 715: 706: 704: 695: 693: 686: 684: 675: 673: 666: 664: 655: 653: 644: 642: 636: 562:(agents) of the 558:They started as 546:belonged to the 512:Viswanatha Nayak 488:Viswanatha Nayak 450:Viswanatha Nayak 383:Viswanatha Nayak 303: 302: 289: 288: 275: 274: 261: 260: 249: 248: 236: 235: 222: 221: 208: 207: 198:Pandiyan Dynasty 194: 193: 187: 186: 171: 170: 32: 31: 21: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5647:Telugu monarchs 5607: 5606: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5581: 5572: 5563: 5561: 5546: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5496: 5495: 5488: 5486: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5435: 5434: 5430: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5352: 5348: 5327: 5298: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5260: 5256: 5213: 5209: 5194: 5178: 5169: 5162: 5146: 5142: 5129: 5125: 5095:Colin Mackenzie 5075: 5040: 5022: 5018: 5005: 4962: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4918: 4897: 4876: 4872: 4819: 4815: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4782: 4776: 4748: 4744: 4720: 4696: 4692: 4665: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4616: 4610: 4571: 4547: 4512: 4487: 4444: 4394: 4346: 4338:. p. 106. 4295: 4264: 4256:. p. 413. 4244:Sheldon Pollock 4233: 4209: 4191: 4184: 4175: 4147: 4122: 4097: 4072: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4034:Nayaks of Kandy 4015: 3982: 3932:Dravidian style 3914: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3778: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3668: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3613: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3598: 3532: 3529: 3527:Colonial states 3519: 3518: 3409:Madurai Kingdom 3382: 3379: 3369: 3368: 3317:Bidar Sultanate 3306:Berar sultanate 3274:Ladakh Kingdom 3264:Gajapati Empire 3244:Garhwal Kingdom 3129:Delhi Sultanate 3102: 3099: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3058:Chutiya Kingdom 3028:Zamorin Kingdom 2819: 2815: 2807:Maukhari Empire 2797:Chalukya Empire 2788: 2750:Maitraka Empire 2691: 2687: 2670: 2666: 2658:Vakataka Empire 2638:Sasanian Empire 2589: 2532: 2528: 2510:Kuninda Kingdom 2493: 2490: 2488:Middle Kingdoms 2480: 2479: 2470:Parthian Empire 2461: 2457: 2440: 2423: 2406: 2389: 2372: 2368: 2283: 2266: 2177: 2174: 2164: 2163: 2082: 2079: 2069: 2068: 2020: 2005: 2002: 1992: 1991: 1982:Edakkal culture 1955: 1952: 1942: 1941: 1933:Soanian culture 1917: 1914: 1903: 1869: 1852: 1835: 1830: 1774:Tirumala Nayaka 1766: 1745: 1743:Nayaks of Kandy 1739: 1693: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1617: 1609: 1608: 1549:Kalabhra Empire 1544: 1536: 1535: 1461: 1451: 1450: 1421: 1386: 1363:Tirumala Nayaka 1322: 1320:Height of power 1279:Nayakas of the 1221: 1054:‡ Regent Queens 1043:Queen Meenakshi 905: 899: 898: 897: 896: 893: 887: 886: 881: 879: 877: 872: 870: 868: 866: 861: 859: 857: 855: 850: 848: 846: 844: 839: 837: 835: 833: 828: 826: 824: 822: 817: 815: 813: 811: 806: 804: 802: 797: 795: 793: 788: 786: 784: 782: 777: 775: 773: 771: 766: 764: 762: 760: 755: 753: 751: 749: 744: 742: 740: 735: 733: 731: 729: 724: 722: 720: 718: 713: 711: 709: 707: 702: 700: 698: 696: 691: 689: 687: 682: 680: 678: 676: 671: 669: 667: 662: 660: 658: 656: 651: 649: 647: 645: 640: 638: 628: 597:Krishnadevaraya 593:Krishnadevaraya 572:Krishnadevaraya 556: 554:Historical time 514:, the ruler of 496:Ramabadra Naidu 473:Telugu-speaking 465: 458: 375: 370: 350:Tirumala Nayaka 300: 286: 272: 258: 233: 219: 212:Delhi Sultanate 205: 191: 158: 148: 129: 109: 88: 84: 77: 70: 63: 56: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5670: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5642:Hindu monarchs 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5605: 5604: 5570: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5516:External links 5514: 5511: 5510: 5470: 5457: 5428: 5415: 5386: 5373: 5366: 5346: 5296: 5279: 5272: 5254: 5233:10.2307/593785 5207: 5192: 5167: 5160: 5140: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5109: 5107:. p. 153. 5097:, ed. (1972). 5087: 5073: 5062: 5051: 5038: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5003: 4988: 4970: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4937: 4922: 4916: 4895: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4856: 4845: 4813: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4780: 4774: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4728: 4718: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4679:, ed. (1934). 4673: 4663: 4643: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4614: 4608: 4593: 4579: 4569: 4554: 4545: 4539:. p. 30. 4529:, ed. (1989). 4519: 4510: 4495: 4485: 4473:, ed. (1999). 4467: 4452: 4442: 4436:. p. 10. 4426:, ed. (1992). 4416: 4402: 4392: 4380:, ed. (1998). 4374: 4359:, ed. (1969). 4353: 4344: 4328:, ed. (1969). 4322: 4302: 4293: 4287:. p. 57. 4277:, ed. (2020). 4271: 4262: 4246:, ed. (2003). 4240: 4231: 4216: 4207: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4173: 4167:. p. 26. 4155:More, J. B. P. 4151: 4145: 4139:. p. 61. 4126: 4120: 4114:. p. 12. 4101: 4095: 4089:. p. 70. 4076: 4070: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4014: 4011: 3981: 3978: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3533: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3481: 3479:Maratha Empire 3475: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3459:Sikkim Kingdom 3455: 3454: 3451: 3449:Marava Kingdom 3445: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3349:Keladi Kingdom 3345: 3344: 3341: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3301: 3300: 3297: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3256: 3254:Mysore Kingdom 3250: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3184:Lodi Sultanate 3179: 3178: 3175: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3157: 3156: 3153: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3119:Ghurid Dynasty 3115: 3114: 3111: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3084: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2988:Hoysala Empire 2984: 2983: 2980: 2978:Lohara Kingdom 2974: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2838:Tibetan Empire 2834: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2710:Kadamba Empire 2706: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2494: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2434: 2432:Pallava Empire 2428: 2427: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2350:Seleucid India 2346: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2277: 2275:Maha Janapadas 2271: 2270: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2212: 2211: 2210:(1300–1000 BC) 2208: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2189: 2186: 2178: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2149: 2148: 2147:(2000–1600 BC) 2145: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2126:(1900–1300 BC) 2124: 2117: 2116: 2115:(2600–1900 BC) 2113: 2106: 2105: 2104:(3300–2600 BC) 2102: 2095: 2094: 2093:(3300–1300 BC) 2091: 2083: 2080:(3300–1300 BC) 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2053:(1600–1300 BC) 2051: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2033:(3000–1500 BC) 2031: 2025: 2024: 2014: 2006: 2003:(3500–1500 BC) 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1986:(5000–3000 BC) 1984: 1978: 1977: 1976:(7000–3300 BC) 1974: 1968: 1967: 1966:(7570–6200 BC) 1964: 1956: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1918: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1886: 1885: 1868: 1865: 1851: 1848: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1765: 1764:Administration 1762: 1741:Main article: 1738: 1735: 1727:Nawab of Arcot 1711:Rani Mangammal 1695: 1694: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1677: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1589:Tanjore Nayaks 1586: 1584:Madurai Nayaks 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1559:Pandyan Empire 1556: 1554:Pallava Empire 1551: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1406: 1405: 1397: 1396: 1385: 1382: 1321: 1318: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1212: 1205: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1184: 1183: 1181:Tiruchirapalli 1173: 1172: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1147:Sankagiri Fort 1143: 1142: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1096:Tiruchirapalli 1092: 1091: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1076:Tiruchirapalli 1072: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1024:Rani Mangammal 1020: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1002: 1001: 998: 994: 993: 990: 988:Tirumala Nayak 984: 983: 980: 976: 975: 972: 968: 967: 964: 960: 959: 956: 952: 951: 948: 944: 943: 940: 934: 933: 929: 928: 920: 919: 910: 909: 894: 889: 888: 798:KAZAKH KHANATE 631: 630: 629: 627: 624: 555: 552: 544:Madurai Nayaks 480:Andhra Pradesh 463: 457: 454: 374: 371: 369: 366: 354:Rani Mangammal 339:Andhra Pradesh 329:, India, with 319:Madurai Nayaks 313: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 297: 291: 290: 283: 277: 276: 269: 263: 262: 255: 246: 243: 242: 237: 229: 228: 223: 215: 214: 209: 201: 200: 195: 183: 182: 177: 167: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 128: 127: 124: 117: 115: 111: 110: 108: 107: 102: 96: 94: 90: 89: 87: 86: 79: 75:Tiruchirapalli 72: 65: 61:Tiruchirapalli 58: 50: 48: 44: 43: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5669: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632:Telugu people 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5601: 5595: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5506: 5500: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5460: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5383: 5380:Ronit Ricci, 5377: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5283: 5275: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5193:0-521-44110-2 5189: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5136: 5135: 5127: 5117: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4978: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4940: 4938:9789087283711 4934: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4917:9781009174770 4913: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4896:9788173049316 4892: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4874: 4864: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4817: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4792: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4775:9788170418597 4771: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4746: 4736: 4735: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4694: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4639: 4638: 4631: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4609:9789004272620 4605: 4601: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4570:9780395652374 4566: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4546:9780195620986 4542: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4511:9788196477660 4507: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4486:9788173043260 4482: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4378:Muzaffar Alam 4375: 4372: 4369:. p. 8. 4368: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4345:9788171542055 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4294:9780520344525 4290: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4263:9780520228214 4259: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4232:9789004353060 4228: 4224: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4208:9781009150156 4204: 4200: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4071:07-0071-585-1 4067: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4045: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3944:Azhagar kovil 3941: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3925:Sundaraswarar 3911: 3906: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3773: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3734:Uttar Pradesh 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3663: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3608: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3389:Mughal Empire 3387: 3386: 3378: 3373: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3215: 3214:Reddy Kingdom 3212: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2938:Yadava Empire 2936: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2828:Harsha Empire 2826: 2825: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2608:Kushan Empire 2606: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2541:Shunga Empire 2539: 2538: 2523: 2521: 2520:Mitra Dynasty 2518: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2462: AD 500 2458: 250 BC 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2441: 250 AD 2435: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2424: 300 BC 2418: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2407: 300 BC 2401: 2399: 2398:Chera Kingdom 2396: 2395: 2390: 300 BC 2384: 2382: 2381:Pandya Empire 2379: 2378: 2373: 300 AD 2369: 300 BC 2363: 2361: 2360:Sangam period 2358: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2341: 2340:Maurya Empire 2338: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2267: 600 BC 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2221:(1200–600 BC) 2220: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2199:(1500–600 BC) 2198: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2188:(1500–500 BC) 2187: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2175:(1500–200 BC) 2173: 2168: 2167: 2158:(1600–500 BC) 2157: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2136:(2000–500 BC) 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2063:(1400–700 BC) 2062: 2060: 2059:Jorwe culture 2057: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2049:Malwa culture 2047: 2046: 2043:(1600–750 BC) 2042: 2040: 2039:Pandu culture 2037: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1951: 1946: 1945: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1847: 1839: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1808:palaiyakkarar 1805: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1770: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1751:known as the 1750: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1659: 1658:Ancient sites 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1599:Gingee Nayaks 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1569:Chera Kingdom 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1516:Early Pandyas 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459:Sangam period 1455: 1454: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1140:Namakkal Fort 1137: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1123:Dindigul Fort 1120: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 939: 935: 930: 926: 921: 917: 911: 908: 902: 892: 884: 882:NORTHERN YUAN 875: 864: 853: 842: 831: 820: 809: 800: 791: 780: 769: 758: 747: 738: 727: 716: 705: 694: 685: 674: 665: 654: 643: 635: 626:Rise to power 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 476:Balija Chetti 474: 469: 462: 453: 451: 447: 443: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 394: 391: 388: 384: 380: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 343:Delhi Sultans 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 298: 296: 293: 292: 284: 282: 281:Ramnad estate 279: 278: 270: 268: 265: 264: 256: 254: 251: 250: 247: 241: 238: 231: 230: 227: 224: 217: 216: 213: 210: 203: 202: 199: 196: 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 168: 164: 160: 154: 150: 144: 140: 136: 132: 125: 123: 119: 118: 116: 112: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 95: 91: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: 55: 52: 51: 49: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 5582:. Retrieved 5577: 5562:. Retrieved 5558:the original 5551: 5487:. Retrieved 5482: 5473: 5462:, retrieved 5440: 5431: 5420:, retrieved 5398: 5389: 5381: 5376: 5356: 5349: 5331: 5289: 5282: 5263: 5257: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5182: 5150: 5143: 5133: 5126: 5114: 5099: 5082: 5077: 5067: 5056: 5047: 5042: 5033: 5028: 5019: 5008: 4993: 4983: 4980: 4975: 4966: 4958: 4949: 4927: 4906: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4850: 4840: 4835: 4824: 4816: 4806: 4800: 4789: 4784: 4764: 4753: 4745: 4733: 4722: 4712: 4701: 4693: 4681: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4646: 4636: 4630: 4618: 4598: 4589: 4584: 4574: 4559: 4550: 4531: 4527:M. S. A. Rao 4515: 4500: 4490: 4475: 4462: 4457: 4447: 4428: 4412: 4407: 4397: 4382: 4370: 4361: 4349: 4330: 4326:G. S. Ghurye 4318: 4314: 4310: 4298: 4279: 4267: 4248: 4236: 4221: 4212: 4197: 4159: 4131: 4106: 4081: 4060: 3983: 3980:Nayaka coins 3975: 3970: 3964: 3959: 3940:pudu mandapa 3939: 3935: 3924: 3919: 3799:Demographics 3789:Architecture 3569:French India 3559:Danish India 3439:Bengal Subah 3429:Bhoi dynasty 3408: 3359:Koch Kingdom 3194:Ahom Kingdom 3068:Deva Kingdom 2760:Huna Kingdom 2700:Gupta Empire 2602:(AD 35–405 ) 2561:Kanva Empire 2533: 50 BC 2415:Chola Empire 2354:(312–303 BC) 2344:(321–184 BC) 2334:(330–323 BC) 2324:(380–321 BC) 2320:Nanda Empire 2314:(424–345 BC) 2296:(550–330 BC) 2252:(684–424 BC) 2242:(799–684 BC) 2232:(700–200 BC) 2154:Swat culture 2000:Chalcolithic 1912:Palaeolithic 1858: 1856: 1853: 1844: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1753:Kandy Nayaks 1746: 1731:Chanda Sahib 1717:wife, Queen 1715: 1698: 1648:Inscriptions 1628:Architecture 1564:Chola Empire 1526:Early Cholas 1521:Early Cheras 1481:Legal system 1400: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1360: 1336: 1330: 1323: 1308: 1302: 1298:Anuradhapura 1296:children to 1288: 1284: 1268: 1261:palayakkarar 1260: 1256: 1248: 1241: 1226: 743: 619: 601: 559: 557: 539: 523: 470: 466: 459: 439: 433:district of 395: 392: 376: 347: 318: 316: 180:Succeeded by 179: 174: 29: 3954:complex in 3784:Agriculture 3754:South India 3729:Maharashtra 3679:Balochistan 3619:Afghanistan 3593:(1858–1947) 3589:British Raj 3583:(1757–1858) 3579:Company Raj 3573:(1759–1954) 3563:(1620–1869) 3553:(1605–1825) 3549:Dutch India 3543:(1510–1961) 3530:(1510–1961) 3513:(1799–1849) 3509:Sikh Empire 3503:(1729–1947) 3493:(1707–1799) 3483:(1674–1818) 3473:(1650–1948) 3463:(1642–1975) 3453:(1600–1750) 3443:(1576–1757) 3433:(1541–1804) 3423:(1532–1673) 3413:(1529–1736) 3403:(1540–1556) 3393:(1526–1858) 3380:(1526–1858) 3363:(1515–1947) 3353:(1499–1763) 3343:(1518–1687) 3332:(1492–1686) 3321:(1492–1619) 3310:(1490–1574) 3299:(1490–1636) 3288:(1490–1596) 3278:(1470–1842) 3268:(1434–1541) 3258:(1399–1947) 3248:(1358–1803) 3238:(1352–1576) 3228:(1336–1646) 3218:(1325–1448) 3208:(1300–1779) 3198:(1228–1826) 3188:(1451–1526) 3177:(1414–1451) 3166:(1320–1414) 3155:(1290–1320) 3144:(1206–1290) 3133:(1206–1526) 3123:(1170–1206) 3100:(1206–1526) 3081: 1300 3077: 1200 3062:(1187–1673) 3052:(1156–1184) 3032:(1102–1766) 3022:(1083–1323) 3012:(1078–1434) 3002:(1070–1230) 2998:Sena Empire 2992:(1040–1347) 2982:(1003–1320) 2908:Pala Empire 2770:Rai Kingdom 2612:(AD 60–240) 2545:(185–73 BC) 2301:Ror Dynasty 2021: 3950 1737:Descendants 1441:Wootz steel 1331:Sethupathis 1105:Major forts 576:Pandya Nadu 564:Vijayanagar 550:community. 175:Preceded by 85:(1716–1736) 78:(1695–1716) 71:(1634–1695) 64:(1616–1634) 57:(1529–1616) 5611:Categories 4137:SUNY Press 4040:References 3923:Meenakshi- 3864:Philosophy 3844:Metallurgy 3834:Literature 3759:Tamil Nadu 3624:Bangladesh 3399:Sur Empire 3113:(977–1186) 3079: – c. 3042:(675–1210) 2972:(973–1189) 2962:(942–1244) 2952:(882–1110) 2942:(850–1334) 2932:(800–1327) 2912:(750–1174) 2892:(694–1947) 2872:(650–1036) 2852:(624–1075) 2820: 700 2818: – c. 2816: 550 2789: 500 2734:(350–1100) 2724:(350–1000) 2692: 600 2690: – c. 2688: 250 2671: 500 2669: – c. 2667: 250 2590: 130 2565:(75–26 BC) 2531: – c. 2529: 150 2460: – c. 2426:– AD 1279) 2409:– AD 1102) 2392:– AD 1345) 2371: – c. 2284: 600 2269:– AD 1600) 2077:Bronze Age 1850:Literature 1772:Throne of 1616:Categories 1491:Government 1368:Sethupathi 1273:Kurvikulam 1229:Chola Nadu 1154:Attur Fort 581:Travancore 568:Tamil Nadu 560:kartakkals 506:Chief and 500:descendant 415:Valanjiyar 362:Portuguese 352:and queen 327:Tamil Nadu 114:Government 5578:The Hindu 5553:The Hindu 5483:The Hindu 5464:9 January 5422:9 January 5241:0003-0279 4165:Routledge 3956:Srirangam 3814:Education 3804:Dynasties 3724:Rajasthan 3709:Karnataka 3654:Sri Lanka 2922:(753–982) 2902:(736–916) 2882:(661–750) 2862:(632–661) 2842:(618–841) 2832:(606–647) 2801:(543–753) 2774:(489–632) 2764:(475–576) 2754:(475–767) 2744:(420–624) 2714:(345–525) 2704:(280–550) 2652:(230–360) 2642:(224–651) 2632:(210–340) 2622:(170–350) 2585:(AD 21 – 2443:– AD 800) 2195:Janapadas 2023:–1900 BC) 1950:Neolithic 1749:Sri Lanka 1719:Meenakshi 1643:Monuments 1638:Economies 1476:Education 1426:Tamiḻakam 1357:Interior 1344:Kalahasti 1309:yuva raja 1281:Pemmasani 1237:Rama Raya 1100:1665–1736 1090:1634–1665 1080:1616–1634 1070:1529–1616 1048:1731–1736 1037:1704–1731 1029:1689–1704 1018:1682–1689 1010:1662–1682 1000:1659–1662 992:1623–1659 982:1609–1623 974:1602–1609 966:1595–1602 958:1573–1595 950:1563–1573 942:1529–1563 508:Collector 435:Karnataka 413:and Vira- 379:Venkata I 42:1529–1736 5594:cite web 5499:cite web 5202:31012650 4013:See also 3960:gopurams 3936:mandapas 3879:Timeline 3869:Religion 3849:Military 3839:Maritime 3829:Language 3819:Indology 3649:Pakistan 3639:Maldives 3337: – 3326: – 3315: – 3304: – 3293: – 3182: – 3171: – 3160: – 3149: – 3138: – 2286:–300 BC) 2226: – 2215: – 2204: – 2193: – 2172:Iron Age 2152: – 2141: – 2120: – 2109: – 2098: – 1833:Language 1822:polygars 1818:palaiyam 1804:palayams 1793:pradhani 1785:dalavais 1702:Marathas 1506:Religion 1393:a series 1391:Part of 1327:Paravars 1285:palayams 1269:palayams 1257:palayams 1060:Capitals 914:Part of 530:century 504:Military 484:Kaifiyat 423:Ayyavole 407:Banajiga 360:and the 126:Monarchy 5584:14 June 5564:14 June 5489:14 June 5341:4910527 5084:country 4003:Kannada 3987:Hanuman 3971:gopuram 3927:complex 3809:Economy 3794:Coinage 3714:Kashmir 3694:Gujarat 2791:– 1026) 1901:Outline 1828:Culture 1813:polygar 1797:rayasam 1781:dalavai 1706:Venkoji 1633:Culture 1501:Society 1496:Economy 1466:Sources 1384:Decline 1289:palayam 1265:Pandyan 1253:poligar 1249:palayam 1191:Madurai 1170:Madurai 1160:Palaces 1086:Madurai 1066:Madurai 818:KHANATE 816:CRIMEAN 789:KHANATE 787:BUKHARA 778:KHANATE 765:OTTOMAN 754:SAFAVID 745:MADURAI 714:DYNASTY 703:KHANATE 672:TSANGPA 663:KHANATE 652:KHANATE 650:YARKENT 612:Pandyas 604:Pandyas 585:Madurai 516:Madurai 431:Bijapur 411:Kannada 405:, Vira- 387:Madurai 385:of the 373:Origins 368:History 331:Madurai 321:were a 134:History 82:Madurai 68:Madurai 54:Madurai 47:Capital 5455: 5413: 5364: 5339: 5270: 5249:593785 5247: 5239: 5227:: 94. 5200: 5190: 5158: 5001: 4935: 4914: 4893: 4862:Avanam 4791:Baniya 4772: 4723:Itihas 4606: 4567: 4543: 4508: 4483: 4440: 4390: 4342: 4311:Itihas 4291: 4260: 4229: 4205: 4171: 4143: 4118: 4093: 4068: 4007:Nagari 4005:, and 3999:Telugu 3991:Garuda 3744:Odisha 3739:Punjab 3684:Bengal 3629:Bhutan 1704:under 1531:Velirs 873:OIRATS 767:EMPIRE 756:EMPIRE 736:NAGARA 734:VIJAYA 725:EMPIRE 723:MUGHAL 692:KYRGYZ 661:TURPAN 620:nayaka 616:Cholas 608:Cholas 548:Balija 536:Balija 532:Telugu 520:Balija 492:Balija 427:Aihole 403:Telugu 399:balija 335:Balija 323:Telugu 137: 100:Telugu 5245:JSTOR 4963:(PDF) 4112:Brill 4087:Brill 3995:Tamil 3764:Tibet 3749:Sindh 3704:Kabul 3689:Bihar 3674:Assam 3644:Nepal 3634:India 1787:were 1757:Kandy 1653:Forts 1511:Music 1277:Kamma 840:THAYA 838:AYUT- 776:KHIVA 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Madurai Nayak dynasty

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