43:
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mosquitoes were not the cause as originally suspected, the extermination of mosquitoes using DDT to prevent malaria proved to be indirectly responsible for the outbreak in that the accumulation of DDT in various animals along the food chain led to a shortage of cats in the village; subsequently, a mouse plague erupted in the village, leading to an epidemic.
296:
The disease was first encountered in 1962, in the
Bolivian village of San JoaquĂn, hence the name "Bolivian" Hemorrhagic Fever. When initial investigations failed to find an arthropod carrier, other sources were sought before finally determining that the disease was carried by infected mice. Although
375:
Measures to reduce contact between the vesper mouse and humans may have contributed to limiting the number of outbreaks, with no cases identified between 1973 and 1994. Although there are no cures or vaccine for the disease, a vaccine developed for the genetically related
275:, and a serosurvey was conducted to determine the extent of Machupo virus infections in the department. A SEDES expert involved in the survey expressed his concerns about the expansion of the virus to other provinces outside the endemic regions of
366:
phase, usually within seven days of onset. Severe hemorrhagic or neurologic symptoms are observed in about one third of patients. Neurologic symptoms involve tremors, delirium, and convulsions. The mortality rate is about 25%.
604:
573:
924:
909:
321:
indigenous to northern
Bolivia. Infected animals are asymptomatic and shed the virus in excreta, thereby infecting humans. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of BHF exists but is believed to be rare.
388:
measure for people at high risk of infection. Post infection (and providing that the person survives the infection), those that have contracted BHF are usually immune to further infection of the disease.
2335:
405:, died in 1964 from the disease after being bitten by an infected mouse. Nickel Place, on Fort Detrick, is named in his honor. It was also under research by the Soviet Union, under the
608:
420:
The structure of the attachment glycoprotein has been determined by X-ray crystallography and this glycoprotein is likely to be an essential component of any successful vaccine.
271:, Bolivia. In February 2008, at least 200 suspected new cases (12 fatal) were reported to SEDES. In November 2011, a second case was confirmed near the departmental capital of
577:
554:
Aguilar PV, Carmago W, Vargas J, Guevara C, Roca Y, Felices V, et al. Reemergence of
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 2007–2008 . Emerg Infect Dis 2009 Sep. Available from
2048:
267:
During the period between
February and March 2007, some 20 suspected BHF cases (3 fatal) were reported to the Servicio Departamental de Salud (SEDES) in
417:
Investigational vaccines exist for
Argentine hemorrhagic fever and RVF; however, neither is approved by FDA or commonly available in the United States.
989:
1804:
397:
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever was one of three hemorrhagic fevers and one of more than a dozen agents that the United States researched as potential
503:
Webb PA, Johnson KM, Mackenzie RB, Kuns ML (July 1967). "Some characteristics of
Machupo virus, causative agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever".
2307:
2058:
776:
Bowden, Thomas A.; Crispin, Max; Graham, Stephen C.; Harvey, David J.; Grimes, Jonathan M.; Jones, E. Yvonne; Stuart, David I. (2009-08-15).
751:
1433:
537:
Center for Food
Security & Public Health and Institute for International Cooperation in Animal Biologics, Iowa State University:
1070:
730:: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World - Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It
705:
195:
17:
982:
1307:
598:"SEDES movilizado para controlar brote de fiebre hemorrágica en Beni; También se Capacita a Los Comunarios y Estudiantes,"
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542:
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401:
before the nation suspended its biological weapons program in 1969. Albert Nickel, a 53-year old animal caretaker at
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42:
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1996:
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has shown evidence of cross-reactivity to
Machupo virus, and may therefore be an effective
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8:
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http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_arenavirus.pdf
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2007:
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1960:
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778:"Unusual Molecular Architecture of the Machupo Virus Attachment Glycoprotein"
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Medical
Microbiology 2nd edition; Mims et al. Mosby publishing 1998, p 371
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2016:
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1619:
1598:
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1005:
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706:
Chemical and
Biological Weapons: Possession and Programs Past and Present
406:
901:
883:
Medical Microbiology 2nd Edition Mims et al. Mosby Publishing 1998 p 371
2213:
2143:
2113:
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1947:
1829:
1710:
1565:
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1374:
1256:
1105:
567:"Caso confirmado de fiebre hemorrágica alerta a autoridades benianas,"
363:
359:
127:
2222:
1014:
605:"SEDES movilizado para controlar brote de fiebre hemorrágica en Beni"
574:"Caso confirmado de fiebre hemorrágica alerta a autoridades benianas"
331:
243:
67:
2241:
2264:
998:
355:
343:
223:
2152:
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256:. The mortality rate is estimated at 5 to 30 percent. Due to its
230:
471:
http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/machupo-eng.php
2190:
1969:
1698:
1687:
913:
318:
997:
658:"Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever"
335:
54:
1261:
2336:
Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers
840:"Prospects for the control of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever"
775:
362:
and gums are observed when the disease progresses to the
502:
655:
358:(blood spots) on the upper body and bleeding from the
838:
Kilgore PE, Peters CJ, Mills JN, et al. (1995).
446:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
891:
556:http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/9/09-0017.htm
242:BHF was first identified in 1963 as an ambisense
2327:
710:James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies
539:Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Caused by Arenaviruses
639:
637:
635:
983:
752:"Travelers' Health: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers"
649:
716:, April 9, 2002, accessed November 14, 2008.
548:
1434:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
632:
990:
976:
496:
863:
809:
749:
725:Alibek, Ken and Steven Handelman (1999),
681:
656:Patterson M, Grant A, Paessler S (2014).
476:
698:
467:Machupo Virus Pathogen Safety Data Sheet
14:
2328:
2246:
2245:
1805:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
971:
531:
264:Four conditions, the highest level.
1308:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
592:
459:
412:
252:family, by a research group led by
24:
561:
545:, last updated: February 23, 2010.
25:
2362:
887:
1298:Western equine encephalomyelitis
1288:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
837:
643:
465:Public Health Agency of Canada:
392:
41:
1423:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
830:
769:
743:
719:
286:
1585:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
623:
430:
13:
1:
1842:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
1081:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
423:
370:
1736:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
674:10.1016/j.coviro.2014.02.007
473:, Date Modified: 2011-02-18.
7:
1758:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
1746:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
662:Current Opinion in Virology
382:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
325:
10:
2367:
1770:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
1650:Sandfly fever Naples virus
300:
291:
204:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
185:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
2254:
2211:
2179:
2170:
2141:
2111:
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2078:
2037:
2005:
1958:
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1888:
1862:
1793:
1708:
1697:
1686:
1658:
1608:
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1438:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
1407:
1396:
1372:
1272:
1150:
1035:
1024:
1013:
895:
517:10.4269/ajtmh.1967.16.531
260:, Machupo virus requires
189:
184:
168:
161:
36:
29:
2054:SARS-related coronavirus
2017:Henipavirus encephalitis
1875:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
1720:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1501:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1473:Arbovirus encephalitides
1449:Arbovirus encephalitides
1419:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1384:Banna virus encephalitis
1284:Arbovirus encephalitides
1229:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1195:Saint Louis encephalitis
1162:Arbovirus encephalitides
1113:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
1047:Arbovirus encephalitides
438:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
2346:Rodent-carried diseases
2158:Yaba monkey tumor virus
1515:Kyasanur Forest disease
1477:Tick-borne encephalitis
1178:Australian encephalitis
1071:California encephalitis
2286:Machupo mammarenavirus
2256:Machupo mammarenavirus
1505:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
1086:La Crosse encephalitis
856:10.3201/eid0103.950308
558:. Accessed 2 Dec 2011.
440:Machupo mammarenavirus
334:has a slow onset with
236:Machupo mammarenavirus
154:Machupo mammarenavirus
31:Machupo mammarenavirus
18:Machupo mammarenavirus
1938:Marburg virus disease
1489:Powassan encephalitis
1166:Japanese encephalitis
750:Shoemaker T, Choi M.
505:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
1364:Semliki Forest virus
844:Emerging Infect. Dis
794:10.1128/JVI.00761-09
38:Virus classification
1911:Ebola virus disease
1575:Colorado tick fever
1330:O'nyong'nyong fever
782:Journal of Virology
233:after infection by
2351:Biological weapons
2341:Hemorrhagic fevers
2123:Simian foamy virus
714:Middlebury College
399:biological weapons
350:, very similar to
311:large vesper mouse
227:infectious disease
196:Infectious disease
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2248:Taxon identifiers
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2073:
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1593:
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1392:
1391:
1137:Rift Valley fever
965:
964:
788:(16): 8259–8265.
220:hemorrhagic fever
210:), also known as
201:
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179:Medical condition
177:
176:
16:(Redirected from
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2316:
2315:
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2302:
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1706:
1705:
1695:
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1670:Chandipura virus
1606:
1605:
1546:Orthomyxoviridae
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1404:
1352:Ross River fever
1117:Bunyamwera fever
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732:, Random House,
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702:
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621:
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607:. Archived from
600:Lost Tiempos.com
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315:Calomys callosus
281:Iténez provinces
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2008:Paramyxoviridae
2001:
1954:
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1880:
1858:
1789:
1700:
1689:
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1638:Pappataci fever
1631:Oropouche virus
1626:Oropouche fever
1600:
1589:
1559:
1539:
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1429:Heartland virus
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1340:Pogosta disease
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1215:West Nile fever
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269:Beni Department
262:Biosafety Level
229:originating in
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2040:Coronaviridae
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2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:Rhabdoviridae
1957:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:Herpesviridae
1861:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
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1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
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1803:
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1800:
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1792:
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1778:
1773:
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1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
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1752:
1749:
1748:
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1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1661:Rhabdoviridae
1657:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:Toscana virus
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1555:Bourbon virus
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:Sindbis virus
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1000:
993:
988:
986:
981:
979:
974:
973:
970:
957:
953:
952:
948:
946:
942:
941:
937:
935:
931:
930:
926:
922:
920:
916:
915:
911:
907:
906:
903:
898:
894:
882:
881:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
850:(3): 97–100.
849:
845:
841:
836:
835:
821:
817:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
757:
753:
746:
739:
738:0-385-33496-6
735:
731:
729:
722:
715:
711:
707:
701:
693:
689:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
645:
640:
638:
636:
626:
620:, 30/11/2011.
611:on 2011-12-01
610:
606:
601:
595:
589:, 16/11/2011.
580:on 2012-03-15
579:
575:
570:
564:
557:
551:
544:
540:
534:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
485:
479:
472:
468:
462:
447:
443:
441:
433:
429:
421:
418:
410:
408:
404:
400:
393:Weaponization
390:
387:
383:
380:which causes
379:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
298:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
258:pathogenicity
255:
251:
250:
245:
240:
238:
237:
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
197:
194:
192:
188:
183:
173:
172:
171:Machupo virus
167:
164:
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:Orthornavirae
78:
75:
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:
60:
59:
56:
53:
50:
49:
44:
39:
35:
32:
28:
19:
2255:
2212:
2203:Mokola virus
2180:
2142:
2114:Retroviridae
2112:
2100:
2090:
2038:
2006:
1959:
1900:
1873:
1863:
1796:Bunyavirales
1794:
1769:
1711:Arenaviridae
1709:
1659:
1611:Bunyavirales
1609:
1564:
1544:
1530:Langat virus
1464:Flaviviridae
1462:
1453:Bhanja virus
1410:Bunyavirales
1408:
1373:
1273:
1245:Yellow fever
1233:Dengue fever
1153:Flaviviridae
1151:
1096:Tahyna virus
1061:Bwamba Fever
1038:Bunyavirales
1036:
949:
938:
923:
908:
847:
843:
831:Bibliography
785:
781:
771:
761:15 September
759:. Retrieved
755:
745:
726:
721:
709:
700:
665:
661:
651:
625:
613:. Retrieved
609:the original
599:
594:
582:. Retrieved
578:the original
568:
563:
550:
538:
533:
511:(4): 531–8.
508:
504:
498:
487:. Retrieved
478:
466:
461:
449:. Retrieved
445:
439:
432:
419:
416:
403:Fort Detrick
396:
386:prophylactic
374:
329:
314:
304:
295:
287:Epidemiology
266:
254:Karl Johnson
249:Arenaviridae
247:
241:
235:
234:
215:
212:black typhus
211:
207:
203:
202:
170:
169:
153:
152:
140:
129:Arenaviridae
128:
117:Bunyavirales
116:
104:
92:
80:
68:
61:
51:(unranked):
30:
2280:Wikispecies
1902:Filoviridae
1724:Lassa fever
1620:Adria virus
1318:Chikungunya
1275:Togaviridae
1205:Usutu virus
1127:Ngari virus
1051:Batai virus
407:Biopreparat
378:JunĂn virus
364:hemorrhagic
216:Ordog Fever
2330:Categories
2214:Poxviridae
2144:Poxviridae
2064:SARS-CoV-2
1566:Reoviridae
1444:Tete virus
1375:Reoviridae
1257:Zika fever
1106:Tete virus
1004:(A80–B34,
951:DiseasesDB
615:2012-11-29
584:2012-11-29
489:2009-01-22
451:28 January
424:References
371:Prevention
354:symptoms.
2271:Q24719427
2223:Monkeypox
1015:Arthropod
802:0022-538X
728:Biohazard
668:: 82–90.
646:, (1995).
484:"Machupo"
356:Petechiae
332:infection
244:RNA virus
191:Specialty
148:Species:
76:Kingdom:
69:Riboviria
2265:Wikidata
2171:Multiple
2059:SARS-CoV
2049:MERS-CoV
1238:DENV-1-4
1026:Mosquito
999:Zoonotic
820:19494008
692:24636947
409:bureau.
344:headache
326:Symptoms
309:is the
273:Trinidad
224:zoonotic
163:Synonyms
124:Family:
88:Phylum:
2173:vectors
2153:Tanapox
2102:B virus
2080:Primate
1599:Sandfly
1425:(CCHFV)
1006:042–079
945:D006478
874:8903174
865:2626873
811:2715760
683:4028408
525:4378149
352:Malaria
348:myalgia
340:malaise
301:Vectors
292:History
246:of the
231:Bolivia
218:, is a
136:Genus:
112:Order:
100:Class:
2191:Rabies
2133:HTLV-2
2128:HTLV-1
2082:-borne
1970:Rabies
1892:-borne
1701:-borne
1699:Rodent
1690:-borne
1688:Mammal
1622:(ADRV)
1601:-borne
1400:-borne
1028:-borne
1017:-borne
872:
862:
818:
808:
800:
736:
690:
680:
523:
319:rodent
307:vector
277:Mamoré
2313:11628
2300:3WZHW
1931:ZEBOV
1835:THAIV
1323:CHIKV
956:31899
934:078.7
919:A96.1
336:fever
317:), a
62:Realm
55:Virus
2308:NCBI
2196:RABV
1997:CHPV
1985:DUVV
1980:MOKV
1975:ABLV
1948:RAVV
1943:MARV
1926:TAFV
1921:SUDV
1916:BDBV
1847:ANDV
1830:AMRV
1825:SEOV
1820:PUUV
1815:HTNV
1810:DOBV
1785:CHPV
1780:LUJV
1774:MACV
1763:SABV
1751:JUNV
1740:GTOV
1729:LASV
1579:CTFV
1534:LGTV
1523:AHFV
1519:KFDV
1509:OHFV
1494:POWV
1482:TBEV
1398:Tick
1334:ONNV
1312:VEEV
1302:WEEV
1292:EEEV
1262:ZIKV
1209:USUV
1199:SLEV
1188:KUNV
1183:MVEV
1141:RVFV
1131:NRIV
1121:BUNV
1100:TAHV
1090:LACV
1065:BWAV
1055:BATV
940:MeSH
929:9-CM
870:PMID
816:PMID
798:ISSN
763:2020
734:ISBN
688:PMID
521:PMID
453:2019
360:nose
346:and
330:The
305:The
279:and
222:and
2295:CoL
2027:NiV
2022:HeV
1990:LBV
1890:Bat
1852:SNV
1357:RRV
1250:YFV
1220:WNV
1171:JEV
1075:CEV
925:ICD
910:ICD
860:PMC
852:doi
806:PMC
790:doi
756:CDC
708:",
678:PMC
670:doi
513:doi
214:or
208:BHF
2332::
2310::
2297::
2282::
2267::
1722::
1503::
1475::
1451::
1421::
1286::
1231::
1164::
1115::
1049::
954::
943::
932::
917::
914:10
868:.
858:.
846:.
842:.
814:.
804:.
796:.
786:83
784:.
780:.
754:.
712:,
686:.
676:.
664:.
660:.
634:^
602:,
571:,
541:,
519:.
509:16
507:.
469:,
444:.
342:,
338:,
283:.
239:.
64::
1440:)
1436:(
1008:)
991:e
984:t
977:v
927:-
912:-
902:D
876:.
854::
848:1
822:.
792::
765:.
740:.
704:"
694:.
672::
666:5
618:.
587:.
527:.
515::
492:.
455:.
442:"
313:(
206:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
