1031:âtransmitted disease in humans. Each virus usually is associated with a particular rodent host species in which it is maintained. Arenaviruses persist in nature by infecting rodents first and then transmitted into humans. Humans can be infected through mucosal exposure to aerosols, or by direct contact of abraded skin with the infectious material, derived from infected rodents. Aerosols are fine mists or sprays of rodent dried excreta, especially urine that is dropped in the environment. Most of the Arenaviruses caught by humans are within their own homes when these rodents seek shelter. The virus can be caught in factories, from food that has been contaminated, or within agricultural work areas. Humans' risk of contracting the Arenavirus infection is related to age, race, or sex within the degree of contact with the dried rodent excreta.
59:
33:
325:
403:
274:
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523:
316:. While sections of their genome encode genes in the negative sense (reverse polarity), other sections encode genes in the opposite (forward/positive sense) direction. This complex gene expression structure is theorized to be a primitive regulatory system, allowing the virus to control what proteins are synthesized at what point in the life cycle. The life cycle of the arenavirus is restricted to the cell cytoplasm.
348:. The RNA segments are denoted Small (S), Medium (M; if present), and Large (L), and code for four viral proteins in a unique ambisense coding strategy. For mammarenaviruses and reptarenaviruses, each RNA segment codes for two viral proteins in opposite orientation such that the negative-sense RNA genome serves as the template for
1350:
This fever is a severe illness with hemorrhagic and neurological manifestations and a case fatality of fifteen to thirty percent. The way this virus spreads is through increased traveling to and from endemic regions. This traveling has led to the importation of Lassa fever into non-endemic metropolitan areas all over the world.
502:
Mammarenaviruses can be divided into two serogroups, which differ genetically and by geographical distribution: When the virus is classified "Old World" this means it was found in the
Eastern Hemisphere in places such as Europe, Asia, and Africa. When it is found in the Western Hemisphere, in places
1422:
Effective antiviral drugs need to be produced at a low cost, taken orally, and able to withstand tropical climates due to the regions where these infections are occurring. For this reason high throughput screening (HTS) of small molecular libraries could be the answer to finding a better remedy. HTS
410:
The glycoprotein (GP) is synthesised as a precursor molecule. It is cleaved into three parts - GP1, GP2 and a stable signal peptide (SSP). These reactions are catalysed by cellular signal peptidases and the cellular enzyme
Subtilisin Kexin Isozyme-1 (SKI-1)/Site-1 Protease (S1P). These processes are
3126:
Paweska, Janusz T.; Sewlall, Nivesh H.; Ksiazek, Thomas G.; Blumberg, Lucille H.; Hale, Martin J.; Lipkin, W. Ian; Weyer, Jacqueline; Nichol, Stuart T.; Rollin, Pierre E.; McMullan, Laura K.; Paddock, Christopher D.; Briese, Thomas; Mnyaluza, Joy; Dinh, Thu-Ha; Mukonka, Victor; Ching, Pamela; Duse,
1349:
All of these diseases pose a great threat to public health in the regions where it is taking place. For example, when the Old World Lassa virus turns into Lassa fever, this usually results in a significant amount of mortality. Similarly the New World Junin virus causes
Argentine hemorrhagic fever.
393:
The Z protein forms homo oligomers and a structural component of the virions. The formation of these oligomers is an essential step for particle assembly and budding. Binding between Z and the viral envelope glycoprotein complex is required for virion infectivity. Z also interacts with the L and NP
1014:
The evolution of the
Mammarenavirus genus has been studied. The New World and Old World species diverged less than 45,000âyears ago. The New World species evolved between 41,400 and 3,300 years ago in the Latin America-Caribbean region. The Old World species evolved between 23,100 and 1,880 years
339:
genome that consists of two single-stranded ambisense RNAs. As with all negative-sense RNA viruses, the genomic RNA alone is not infectious and the viral replication machinery is required to initiate infection within a host cell. Genomic sense RNA packaged into the arenavirus virion is designated
507:. Old and New World area viruses appear to have diverged ~45,000 years ago. The Old World Mammarenaviruses originated ~23.1-1.88 thousand years ago, most likely in Southern Africa, while the New World Mammarenaviruses evolved in the Latin America-Caribbean region ~41.4-3.3 thousand years ago.
1414:. Ribavirin reduces morbidity and mortality in humans infected with certain arenaviruses, such as LASV and JUNV infections, if it is taken in the early stages of the disease. Ribavirin displays mixed success in treating severe arenaviral disease and is associated with significant toxicities.
1409:
Very few treatment methods are available. The current lack of a licensed vaccine and limited therapeutic options for the arenavirus make it arguably among the most neglected virus groups. The only licensed drug for the treatment of human arenavirus infection is the nucleoside analogue
378:. The conserved 5' and 3' RNA termini sequences are complementary and allows each RNA segment to adopt a double-stranded RNA panhandle structure that maintains the termini in close proximity and results in a circular appearance to purified arenavirus genomic templates visualized by
1400:
and its Global
Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) partners continue to support the Ministries of Health of the two countries in various facets of the outbreak investigation, including laboratory diagnosis, investigations, active case finding and follow-up of contacts.
1423:
collects libraries of small synthetic molecules that can be used to identify protein promoting "agonist" molecules or protein inhibiting "antagonist" interactions. With HTS sustainable antiviral drugs can be discovered against possible new human pathogenic viruses.
2123:
Auperin D, Dimock K, Cash P, Rawls WE, Leung WC, Bishop DH (January 1982). "Analyses of the genomes of prototype pichinde arenavirus and a virulent derivative of
Pichinde Munchique: evidence for sequence conservation at the 3' termini of their viral RNA species".
389:
The S-segment RNA is approximately 3.5 kb, and encodes the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP) and glycoprotein (GPC). The L-segment RNA is approximately 7.2 kb, and encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (L) and a small RING-domain containing protein (Z).
1393:
Arenavirus has also pinpointed as the cause of death of three donor organ recipients in
Australia who contracted the virus after receiving kidney and a liver donations from a single infected organ donor in late 2006. All three died in the first week of 2007.
297:. The ribosomal structures are not believed to be essential for virus replication. Virus particles, or virions, are pleomorphic (variable in shape) but are often spherical, with a diameter of 60â300 nm, and are covered with surface glycoprotein spikes.
1390:, USA, provided evidence that the causative agent of the disease is a virus from the family Arenaviridae, which ultimately resulted in the deaths of four out of the five infected in Zambia and South Africa during the outbreak which began in September 2008.
2535:
Ghiringhelli PD, Rivera-Pomar RV, Lozano ME, Grau O, Romanowski V (September 1991). "Molecular organization of Junin virus S RNA: complete nucleotide sequence, relationship with other members of the
Arenaviridae and unusual secondary structures".
217:. At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause human disease. The diseases derived from arenaviruses range in severity. Aseptic meningitis, a severe human disease that causes inflammation covering the brain and spinal cord, can arise from the
1462:
Radoshitzky, SR; Buchmeier, MJ; Charrel, RN; Clegg, JCS; Gonzalez, JJ; GĂŒnther, S; Hepojoki, J; Kuhn, JH; Lukashevich, IS; Romanowski, V; Salvato, MS; Sironi, M; Stenglein, MD; de la Torre, JC; ICTV Report, Consortium (August 2019).
503:
such as
Argentina, Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil, and the United States, it is classified "New World". Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus is the only mammarenavirus found worldwide because of its ubiquitous Old World host, the
439:
for those infecting snakes. Reptarenaviruses and mammarenavirus are separated by an impenetrable species barrier. Infected rodents cannot pass disease onto snakes, and IBD in captive snakes is not transmissible to humans.
3127:
Adriano; Richards, Guy; de Jong, Gillian; Cohen, Cheryl; Ikalafeng, Bridget; Mugero, Charles; Asomugha, Chika; Malotle, Mirriam M.; Nteo, Dorothy M.; Misiani, Eunice; Swanepoel, Robert; Zaki, Sherif R. (October 2009).
382:. The double-stranded RNA panhandle structure is critical for efficient viral RNA synthesis, but potential interterminal double-stranded RNA interactions must be transiently relieved in order to recruit the viral
1756:
209:. These viruses infect rodents and occasionally humans. A class of novel, highly divergent arenaviruses, properly known as reptarenaviruses, have also been discovered which infect snakes to produce
2828:"Identification, characterization, and in vitro culture of highly divergent arenaviruses from boa constrictors and annulated tree boas: candidate etiological agents for snake inclusion body disease"
1340:
Clinical infections: Lassa fever is characterised by high fever, severe myalgia, coagulopathy, haemorrhagic skin rash, and occasional visceral haemorrhage as well as necrosis of liver and spleen.
2875:
Hepojoki, Jussi; Hepojoki, Satu; Smura, Teemu; Szirovicza, Leonóra; Dervas, Eva; PrÀhauser, Barbara; Nufer, Lisbeth; Schraner, Elisabeth M.; Vapalahti, Olli; Kipar, Anja; Hetzel, Udo (2018).
922:
1653:
Rowe, Wallace P.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Bergold, Gernot H.; Casals, Jordi; Hotchin, John; Johnson, Karl M.; Lehmann-Grube, Fritz; Mims, Cedric A.; Traub, Eric; Webb, Patricia A. (May 1970).
472:), has also been established, including other species that infect snakes. The organisation of the genome of this genus is typical of arenaviruses but their glycoproteins resemble those of
4879:
981:
2581:
Iapalucci S, LĂłpez N, Rey O, Zakin MM, Cohen GN, Franze-FernĂĄndez MT (November 1989). "The 5' region of
Tacaribe virus L RNA encodes a protein with a potential metal binding domain".
3364:
Hadas Cohen-Dvashi; Ron Amon; Krystle N. Agans; Robert W. Cross; Aliza Borenstein-Katz; Mathieu Mateo; Sylvain Baize; Vered Padler-Karavani; Thomas W. Geisbert; Ron Diskin (2020).
1504:
Shi, Mang; Lin, Xian-Dan; Chen, Xiao; Tian, Jun-Hua; Chen, Liang-Jun; Li, Kun; Wang, Wen; Eden, John-Sebastian; Shen, Jin-Jin; Li, Liu; Holmes, Edward C.; Zhang, Yong-Zhen (2018).
798:
394:
proteins. Polymerase activity appears to be modulated by the association between the L and Z proteins. Interaction between the Z and NP proteins is critical for genome packaging.
1334:. Lassa fever is endemic in west Africa. The virus was first isolated from Americans stationed in the village of Lassa, Nigeria. The virus can be transmitted person-to-person.
2651:
Salvato MS, Shimomaye EM (November 1989). "The completed sequence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus reveals a unique RNA structure and a gene for a zinc finger protein".
2159:
Auperin DD, Compans RW, Bishop DH (August 1982). "Nucleotide sequence conservation at the 3' termini of the virion RNA species of New World and Old World arenaviruses".
942:
360:. The separate coding sequences of the two viral proteins are divided by an intergenic region RNA sequence that is predicted to fold into a stable hairpin structure.
976:
937:
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Mordecai, GJ; Miller, KM; Di Cicco, E; Schulze, AD; Kaukinen, KH; Ming, TJ; Li, S; Tabata, A; Teffer, A; Patterson, DA; Ferguson, HW; Suttle, CA (2019).
932:
894:
645:
550:
2051:"Nucleotide sequence of the Lassa virus (Josiah strain) S genome RNA and amino acid sequence comparison of the N and GPC proteins to other arenaviruses"
739:
1840:"NP and L proteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are sufficient for efficient transcription and replication of LCMV genomic RNA analogs"
721:
603:
2790:
756:
3517:
2877:"Characterization of Haartman Institute snake virus-1 (HISV-1) and HISV-like virusesâThe representatives of genus Hartmanivirus, family Arenaviridae"
679:
639:
562:
544:
2809:
4332:
3189:
876:
854:
837:
808:
462:
435:
188:
762:
4820:
2088:
Auperin DD, Galinski M, Bishop DH (April 1984). "The sequences of the N protein gene and intergenic region of the S RNA of pichinde arenavirus".
864:
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691:
651:
445:
167:
905:
831:
814:
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481:
160:
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174:
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3315:
Mendenhall, M.; Russell, A.; Juelich, T.; Messina, E. L.; Smee, D. F.; Freiberg, A. N.; Holbrook, M. R.; Furuta, Y.; et al. (2010).
1362:
has been linked to five patients who exhibited symptoms of viral hemorrhagic fever in South Africa. The disease originated near Lusaka,
1374:, after the first patient was transported to a hospital there. The results of genetic sequencing tests conducted by epidemiologists at
1337:
Subclinical diseases: Serological studies suggest that inapparent infections particularly among members of hunting tribes are common.
4807:
3598:
3458:
1709:"Arenavirus reverse genetics: New approaches for the investigation of arenavirus biology and development of antiviral strategies"
2951:
Zhang YZ, Wu WC, Shi M, Holmes EC (2018) The diversity, evolution and origins of vertebrate RNA viruses. Curr Opin Virol 31:9-16
3510:
2360:
1907:
3072:"Ancient evolution of Mammarenaviruses: Adaptation via changes in the L protein and no evidence for host-virus codivergence"
2616:
Iapalucci S, Lopez R, Rey O, et al. (May 1989). "Tacaribe virus L gene encodes a protein of 2210 amino acid residues".
3835:
308:
segments. The nucleocapsid consists of a core of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat. Although they are categorized as
1604:
Botten, J; Whitton, JL; Barrowman, P; Sidney, J; Whitmire, JK; Alexander, J; Kotturi, MF; Sette, A; Buchmeier, MJ (2010).
1555:"Genetic detection and characterization of Lujo virus, a new hemorrhagic fever-associated arenavirus from southern Africa"
3950:
627:
218:
1437:
have been tested in animal models. An immunotherapeutic agent active against all tested mammarenaviruses that use the
367:
highly conserved sequence that is critical for recruitment of the viral replication machinery and initiation of viral
3825:
3241:
1327:
characteristically accompanied by large numbers of lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (as the name LCM suggests).
4846:
4337:
4177:
3710:
3705:
3503:
4838:
3484:
4112:
2194:
Mattsson L (1989). "Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis with special reference to the transfusion-associated form".
4369:
4009:
3608:
3219:
2002:"Sequencing studies of pichinde arenavirus S RNA indicate a novel coding strategy, an ambisense viral S RNA"
1890:
Meyer BJ, de la Torre JC, Southern PJ (2002). "Arenaviruses: Genomic RNAs, Transcription, and Replication".
4660:
4655:
4263:
2787:
1189:
1085:
2488:"Characterization of the genomic promoter of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus"
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58:
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essential for fusion competence and incorporation of mature GP into nascent budding virion particles.
3014:"Chapare virus, a newly discovered arenavirus isolated from a fatal hemorrhagic fever case in Bolivia"
4851:
4502:
3965:
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309:
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2390:
1937:
4581:
4524:
4402:
4197:
3722:
1606:"A Multivalent Vaccination Strategy for the Prevention of Old World Arenavirus Infection in Humans"
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acquired from their host cells. It is from this characteristic that they acquired the name
53:
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8:
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41:
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Detailed genomic and bioinformatic information about Arenaviridae at NIH-funded database
3383:
3070:
Forni, D; Pontremoli, C; Pozzoli, U; Clerici, M; Cagliani, R; Sironi, M (1 March 2018).
2301:
1953:"Different classes of ribonucleic acid isolated from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus"
485:, has also been established to accommodate two arenaviruses found in striated frogfish (
4650:
3777:
3444:
3400:
3365:
3341:
3316:
3292:
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3155:
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3040:
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2962:
2903:
2876:
2852:
2827:
2765:
2738:
2714:
2688:"Uncovering viral protein-protein interactions and their role in arenavirus life cycle"
2687:
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1925:
1733:
1708:
1630:
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Hass M, Westerkofsky M, MĂŒller S, Becker-Ziaja B, Busch C, GĂŒnther S (December 2006).
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2001:
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2013:
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3190:"Three women had organ transplants from one donor. They all died in the same week"
2017:
1968:
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1894:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 262. pp. 139â57.
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257:. Because of the epidemiological association with rodents, some arenaviruses and
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107:
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1724:
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2347:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 133. pp. 5â17.
1757:"Arenaviridae - Negative Sense RNA Viruses - Negative Sense RNA Viruses (2011)"
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3529:
3426:
1426:
1379:
1345:
Other Arenaviruses like Junin virus, Machupo virus cause haemorrhagic fevers.
792:
768:
246:
95:
2685:
2343:
Bishop DH, Auperin DD (1987). "Arenavirus Gene Structure and Organization".
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is a bi- or trisegmented ambisense RNA virus that is a member of the family
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2774:
2723:
2686:
Loureiro ME, D'Antuono A, Levingston Macleod JM, LĂłpez N (September 2012).
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1917:
1873:
1742:
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1590:
1531:
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1371:
1367:
727:
468:
131:
119:
3317:"T-705 (Favipiravir) Inhibition of Arenavirus Replication in Cell Culture"
2843:
2672:
2637:
2602:
2567:
2431:
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2215:
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2145:
2109:
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324:
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4256:
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3911:
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3802:
3732:
3654:
3578:
3533:
3366:"Rational design of universal immunotherapy for TfR1-tropic arenaviruses"
3332:
3087:
2472:
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1824:
1621:
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1464:
1434:
1331:
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591:
504:
250:
238:
234:
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45:
32:
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281:
Viewed in cross-section, arenaviruses contain grainy particles that are
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4591:
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4357:
4093:
3971:
3902:
3784:
3633:
1838:
Lee KJ, Novella IS, Teng MN, Oldstone MB, de La Torre JC (April 2000).
1359:
609:
383:
364:
301:
258:
242:
2447:"The circular, segmented nucleocapsid of an arenavirus-Tacaribe virus"
1310:
522:
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3542:
2755:
2704:
1411:
1262:
1204:
1150:
473:
313:
262:
83:
4769:
3129:"Nosocomial Outbreak of Novel Arenavirus Infection, Southern Africa"
2050:
4792:
3526:
1270:
1250:
1243:
1024:
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negative-sense RNA, and must first be copied into a positive-sense
282:
3445:
Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Arenaviridae
2534:
2231:
4680:
4629:
4607:
2284:
Kranzusch PJ, Schenk AD, Rahmeh AA, et al. (November 2010).
2000:
Auperin DD, Romanowski V, Galinski M, Bishop DH (December 1984).
1707:
Emonet, Sebastien E.; Urata, Shuzo; De La Torre, Juan C. (2011).
1387:
1292:
1177:
356:
and the positive-sense copy of the RNA genome templates a second
345:
1461:
4718:
4497:
4226:
4215:
3314:
2926:
2874:
1999:
1363:
1224:
1028:
454:
3525:
2445:
Palmer EL, Obijeski JF, Webb PA, Johnson KM (September 1977).
1788:
3125:
3069:
2963:"Endangered wild salmon infected by newly discovered viruses"
2960:
1789:
Añón MC, Grau O, Segovia ZM, Franzefernåndez MT (June 1976).
1655:"Arenoviruses: Proposed Name for a Newly Defined Virus Group"
287:
70:
1603:
3789:
3012:
Delgado S, Erickson BR, Agudo R, et al. (April 2008).
2286:"Assembly of a functional Machupo virus polymerase complex"
1553:
Briese T, Paweska JT, McMullan LK, et al. (May 2009).
368:
357:
353:
341:
293:
4880:
Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers
2737:
Burri DJ, da Palma JR, Kunz S, Pasquato A (October 2012).
1314:
Comparison of disease phenotypes of OW and NW arenaviruses
2826:
Stenglein MD, Sanders C, Kistler AL, et al. (2012).
2736:
2444:
2406:"Fine structure analysis of Pichinde virus nucleocapsids"
1397:
1238:
336:
305:
1889:
2825:
1652:
48:, bar = 100nm (B) diagram and (C) genome of arenavirus
3466:
3449:
3268:"Novel approaches in anti-arenaviral drug development"
2580:
2122:
1837:
1706:
363:
The extreme termini of each RNA segment contains a 19
2283:
2087:
1761:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1552:
423:, arenaviruses were formerly all placed in the genus
3011:
2158:
1506:"The evolutionary history of vertebrate RNA viruses"
3261:
3259:
1382:, USA, and at the Special Pathogens Branch of the
2615:
2234:"Mutational analysis of the lassa virus promoter"
1319:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) viruses cause
476:. Species in this genus lack the matrix protein.
4866:
3256:
2933:. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
2650:
2485:
2048:
277:Mammarenavirus structure and genome composition.
3265:
2279:
2277:
2227:
2225:
1885:
1883:
3178:Scientists identify new lethal virus in Africa
1702:
1700:
1698:
1503:
3511:
2819:
2342:
1075:old world ( Australian cases from Serbia )
491:). A third antennavirus has been detected in
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
2679:
2479:
2274:
2222:
1880:
1784:
1782:
1027:pathogens and are generally associated with
3962:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
3266:Lee, A. M.; Pasquato, A.; Kunz, S. (2011).
2644:
2609:
2574:
2528:
2403:
2397:
2336:
2187:
2152:
2116:
2081:
2042:
1993:
1950:
1944:
1831:
1695:
1465:"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Arenaviridae"
427:, but in 2015 were divided into the genera
3518:
3504:
2438:
2193:
2049:Auperin DD, McCormick JB (February 1989).
1417:
31:
3399:
3340:
3291:
3154:
3144:
3095:
3056:
3039:
3029:
2988:
2978:
2945:
2902:
2892:
2851:
2764:
2754:
2730:
2713:
2703:
2549:
2511:
2462:
2421:
2319:
2309:
2257:
2025:
1976:
1863:
1814:
1779:
1732:
1678:
1629:
1580:
1570:
1521:
1480:
2486:Perez M, de la Torre JC (January 2003).
1309:
521:
401:
323:
272:
2739:"Envelope glycoprotein of arenaviruses"
4867:
1358:A new species of arenavirus named the
229:, are derived from infections such as
4774:
4773:
4333:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
3499:
3321:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1015:ago, most likely in southern Africa.
3467:Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center
1305:
711:
517:
3836:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
1353:
433:for those with mammalian hosts and
13:
2788:ICTV proposals 2014.011a-dV et al.
2404:Young PR, Howard CR (April 1983).
1323:, but occasionally they may cause
1081:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
628:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
219:lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
14:
4891:
3465:database search results from the
3420:
1445:was under investigation in 2020.
914:
510:
3826:Western equine encephalomyelitis
3816:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
2807:ICTV proposals 2014.012aV et al.
1791:"RNA composition of Junin virus"
948:
526:Arenavirus taxonomy and location
57:
3951:CrimeanâCongo hemorrhagic fever
3491:. NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 11618.
3357:
3308:
3234:
3208:
3182:
3171:
3119:
3005:
2954:
2919:
2868:
2800:
2781:
2504:10.1128/jvi.77.2.1184-1194.2003
2208:10.3109/inf.1988.20.suppl-59.01
1856:10.1128/jvi.74.8.3470-3477.2000
1469:The Journal of General Virology
1429:is another potential approach.
1034:
987:
449:(not to be confused with genus
397:
4113:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
3242:"Virus kills organ recipients"
3216:"Virus identified - nurse ill"
2927:"Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release"
1749:
1646:
1597:
1546:
1497:
1455:
1321:influenza-like febrile illness
799:Ocozocoautla de Espinosa virus
335:Arenaviruses have a segmented
291:, from the Latin root meaning
1:
4370:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
3609:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
2816:, Michael J. Buchmeier et al.
2018:10.1128/JVI.52.3.897-904.1984
1969:10.1128/JVI.11.3.416-423.1973
1807:10.1128/JVI.18.3.833-838.1976
1448:
1404:
1046:Arenavirus diseases and hosts
1018:
406:Arenavirus replication cycle.
4264:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
3218:. News24.com. Archived from
3133:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3076:Genome Biology and Evolution
3031:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000047
2894:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007415
2665:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90216-X
2630:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90349-8
2595:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90257-2
2290:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2173:10.1016/0042-6822(82)90130-1
2138:10.1016/0042-6822(82)90429-9
2102:10.1016/0042-6822(84)90286-1
2067:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90287-0
1671:10.1128/jvi.5.5.651-652.1970
1572:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000455
1190:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
1086:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
1069:Dandenong hemorrhagic fever
1009:
804:Real de Catorce virus (RCTV)
300:The virus contains a beaded
268:
7:
4286:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
4274:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
3284:10.1016/j.virol.2010.11.022
2560:10.1099/0022-1317-72-9-2129
2353:10.1007/978-3-642-71683-6_2
1900:10.1007/978-3-642-56029-3_6
1725:10.1016/j.virol.2011.01.013
1384:Centers for Disease Control
1299:Southwestern United States
1217:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
1136:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
414:
10:
4896:
4298:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
4178:Sandfly fever Naples virus
3392:10.1038/s41467-019-13924-6
2797:, Mark D. Stenglein et al.
2464:10.1099/0022-1317-36-3-541
2423:10.1099/0022-1317-64-4-833
1951:Pedersen IR (March 1973).
1163:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
344:in order to produce viral
312:viruses, arenaviruses are
4782:
4739:
4707:
4698:
4669:
4639:
4617:
4606:
4565:
4533:
4486:
4427:
4416:
4390:
4321:
4236:
4225:
4214:
4186:
4136:
4125:
4091:
4071:
3989:
3966:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
3935:
3924:
3900:
3800:
3678:
3563:
3552:
3541:
1523:10.1038/s41586-018-0310-0
972:Schoolhouse hartmanivirus
923:California reptarenavirus
860:Skinner Tank virus (SKTV)
319:
304:with two single-stranded
156:
151:
52:
39:
30:
23:
4582:SARS-related coronavirus
4545:Henipavirus encephalitis
4403:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
4248:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
4029:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
4001:Arbovirus encephalitides
3977:Arbovirus encephalitides
3947:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3912:Banna virus encephalitis
3812:Arbovirus encephalitides
3757:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3723:Saint Louis encephalitis
3690:Arbovirus encephalitides
3641:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3575:Arbovirus encephalitides
3475:info on recent outbreak.
2196:Scand J Infect Dis Suppl
1116:Natal Multimammate Mouse
1039:
943:Rotterdam reptarenavirus
4686:Yaba monkey tumor virus
4043:Kyasanur Forest disease
4005:Tick-borne encephalitis
3706:Australian encephalitis
3599:California encephalitis
2311:10.1073/pnas.1007152107
1418:Experimental approaches
1283:Whitewater Arroyo virus
1199:Zygodontomys brevicauda
1195:Short-tailed Cane Mouse
977:Setpatvet hartmanivirus
967:Muikkunen hartmanivirus
938:Ordinary reptarenavirus
871:Whitewater Arroyo virus
255:Whitewater Arroyo virus
4033:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
3614:La Crosse encephalitis
3146:10.3201/eid1510.090211
1439:transferrin receptor 1
1315:
1023:Some arenaviruses are
957:Haartman hartmanivirus
928:Giessen reptarenavirus
527:
407:
332:
278:
211:inclusion body disease
4466:Marburg virus disease
4017:Powassan encephalitis
3694:Japanese encephalitis
3371:Nature Communications
2844:10.1128/mBio.00180-12
1431:Monoclonal antibodies
1313:
1141:Drylands Vesper Mouse
1004:Striated antennavirus
933:Golden reptarenavirus
883:Big Brushy Tank virus
855:Catarina virus (CTNV)
525:
405:
327:
276:
225:syndromes, including
16:Family of RNA viruses
3892:Semliki Forest virus
3461:5 April 2017 at the
3456:Arenaviridae Genomes
3333:10.1128/AAC.01219-10
2812:4 March 2016 at the
2793:4 March 2016 at the
2250:10.1128/JVI.01374-06
1622:10.1128/JVI.00672-10
1482:10.1099/jgv.0.001280
982:Zurich hartmanivirus
962:Heimat hartmanivirus
488:Antennarius striatus
54:Virus classification
4439:Ebola virus disease
4103:Colorado tick fever
3858:O'nyong'nyong fever
3384:2020NatCo..11...67C
3244:. www.theage.com.au
2980:10.7554/eLife.47615
2931:talk.ictvonline.org
2302:2010PNAS..10720069K
1767:on 19 December 2018
1659:Journal of Virology
1610:Journal of Virology
1376:Columbia University
1330:Lassa virus causes
1120:Mastomys natalensis
1048:
999:Salmon antennavirus
380:electron microscopy
42:Electron micrograph
4651:Simian foamy virus
3222:on 13 October 2008
3088:10.1093/gbe/evy050
1316:
1287:Hemorrhagic fever
1168:Large Vesper Mouse
1145:Calomys musculinus
1044:
994:Hairy antennavirus
889:Skinner Tank virus
528:
419:Within the family
408:
333:
279:
261:are designated as
4862:
4861:
4776:Taxon identifiers
4767:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4694:
4693:
4602:
4601:
4412:
4411:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4121:
4120:
3920:
3919:
3665:Rift Valley fever
3196:. 10 October 2020
3139:(10): 1598â1602.
2362:978-3-642-71685-0
1909:978-3-540-42244-0
1306:Clinical diseases
1303:
1302:
895:Tonto Creek virus
849:Bear Canyon virus
712:New World complex
646:Merino Walk virus
551:Dhati Welel virus
518:Old World complex
223:Hemorrhagic fever
197:
196:
4887:
4855:
4854:
4842:
4841:
4829:
4828:
4816:
4815:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4771:
4770:
4705:
4704:
4615:
4614:
4425:
4424:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4198:Chandipura virus
4134:
4133:
4074:Orthomyxoviridae
3933:
3932:
3880:Ross River fever
3645:Bunyamwera fever
3561:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3186:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3099:
3067:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2982:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2887:(11): e1007415.
2872:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2838:(4): e00180â12.
2823:
2817:
2804:
2798:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2756:10.3390/v4102162
2734:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2707:
2705:10.3390/v4091651
2683:
2677:
2676:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2553:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2323:
2313:
2296:(46): 20069â74.
2281:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2029:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1763:. Archived from
1753:
1747:
1746:
1736:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1475:(8): 1200â1201.
1459:
1354:Recent outbreaks
1172:Calomys callosus
1049:
1043:
722:Allpahuayo virus
604:Loei River virus
479:A fourth genus,
215:boa constrictors
62:
61:
35:
21:
20:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4850:
4845:
4837:
4832:
4824:
4819:
4811:
4806:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4778:
4768:
4755:
4735:
4700:
4690:
4665:
4635:
4609:
4598:
4561:
4536:Paramyxoviridae
4529:
4482:
4419:
4408:
4386:
4317:
4228:
4217:
4202:
4182:
4166:Pappataci fever
4159:Oropouche virus
4154:Oropouche fever
4128:
4117:
4087:
4067:
3985:
3957:Heartland virus
3927:
3916:
3896:
3868:Pogosta disease
3796:
3743:West Nile fever
3674:
3555:
3544:
3537:
3524:
3483:
3473:Google.Org blog
3463:Wayback Machine
3423:
3418:
3417:
3362:
3358:
3313:
3309:
3264:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3172:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3068:
3057:
3024:(4): e1000047.
3010:
3006:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2873:
2869:
2824:
2820:
2814:Wayback Machine
2805:
2801:
2795:Wayback Machine
2786:
2782:
2749:(10): 2162â81.
2735:
2731:
2684:
2680:
2649:
2645:
2614:
2610:
2579:
2575:
2551:10.1.1.325.5606
2533:
2529:
2484:
2480:
2443:
2439:
2402:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2341:
2337:
2282:
2275:
2244:(24): 12414â9.
2230:
2223:
2192:
2188:
2157:
2153:
2121:
2117:
2086:
2082:
2047:
2043:
1998:
1994:
1949:
1945:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1910:
1888:
1881:
1836:
1832:
1787:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1705:
1696:
1651:
1647:
1616:(19): 9947â56.
1602:
1598:
1565:(5): e1000455.
1551:
1547:
1502:
1498:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1420:
1407:
1356:
1308:
1185:Guanarito virus
1042:
1037:
1021:
1012:
990:
953:
919:
912:
781:Guanarito virus
714:
709:
680:Okahandja virus
640:Mariental virus
563:Gbagroube virus
545:Dandenong virus
520:
515:
443:A third genus,
417:
400:
322:
271:
231:Guanarito virus
109:Negarnaviricota
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4893:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4843:
4830:
4817:
4804:
4788:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4715:
4713:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4625:
4623:
4612:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4541:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4494:
4492:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4435:
4433:
4422:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4396:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4244:
4242:
4231:
4220:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4013:
4012:
3997:
3995:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3974:
3969:
3959:
3954:
3943:
3941:
3930:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3808:
3806:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3571:
3569:
3558:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3530:viral diseases
3523:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3434:
3422:
3421:External links
3419:
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3327:(2): 782â787.
3307:
3278:(2): 163â169.
3255:
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3181:
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3082:(3): 863â874.
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2881:PLOS Pathogens
2867:
2818:
2799:
2780:
2729:
2698:(9): 1651â67.
2678:
2643:
2608:
2573:
2544:(9): 2129â41.
2527:
2498:(2): 1184â94.
2478:
2437:
2396:
2387:|journal=
2361:
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2186:
2151:
2115:
2080:
2041:
2012:(3): 897â904.
1992:
1943:
1934:|journal=
1908:
1892:Arenaviruses I
1879:
1830:
1778:
1748:
1719:(2): 416â425.
1694:
1645:
1596:
1545:
1496:
1453:
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1450:
1447:
1419:
1416:
1406:
1403:
1366:and spread to
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1307:
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1300:
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1278:
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1265:-like illness
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1234:
1232:Tacaribe virus
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969:
964:
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952:
947:
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940:
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930:
925:
918:
916:Reptarenavirus
913:
911:
910:
909:
908:
900:
899:
898:
892:
886:
880:
877:Catarina virus
874:
868:
862:
857:
852:
843:
842:
841:
838:Oliveros virus
835:
826:
825:
824:
818:
812:
809:Tacaribe virus
806:
801:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
751:
750:
749:
743:
740:Pichindé virus
737:
731:
725:
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
674:Morogoro virus
671:
665:
659:
654:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
529:
519:
516:
514:
512:Mammarenavirus
509:
497:sockeye salmon
493:Chinook salmon
463:Demerecviridae
436:Reptarenavirus
430:Mammarenavirus
416:
413:
399:
396:
321:
318:
310:negative-sense
270:
267:
195:
194:
193:
192:
189:Reptarenavirus
185:
182:Mammarenavirus
178:
171:
164:
154:
153:
149:
148:
141:
137:
136:
129:
125:
124:
121:Ellioviricetes
117:
113:
112:
105:
101:
100:
93:
89:
88:
81:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4892:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4800:
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4777:
4772:
4752:
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4732:
4729:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4710:Rhabdoviridae
4706:
4703:
4697:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4662:
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4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4620:Herpesviridae
4616:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4568:Coronaviridae
4564:
4556:
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4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
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4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4489:Rhabdoviridae
4485:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
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4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
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4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4415:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4393:Herpesviridae
4389:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4364:
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4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
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4189:Rhabdoviridae
4185:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4171:Toscana virus
4169:
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4160:
4157:
4156:
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4149:
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4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4083:Bourbon virus
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4045:
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4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3923:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3873:Sindbis virus
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
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3829:
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3824:
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3372:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3243:
3237:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:(1): 357â61.
2588:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:J. Gen. Virol
2531:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:J. Gen. Virol
2448:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2416:(4): 833â42.
2415:
2411:
2410:J. Gen. Virol
2407:
2400:
2392:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:(1): 208â19.
2095:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:(3): 416â23.
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:(8): 3470â7.
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1516:(7722): 202.
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:Immunotherapy
1424:
1415:
1413:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:New York City
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Machupo virus
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:Distribution
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:Hartmanivirus
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
917:
907:
904:
903:
901:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:Tamiami virus
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
850:
847:
846:
844:
839:
836:
833:
830:
829:
827:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
794:
793:Machupo virus
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:Chapare virus
767:
764:
761:
758:
757:AmaparĂ virus
755:
754:
752:
747:
746:Pirital virus
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
717:
716:
705:
704:Wenzhou virus
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:Solwezi virus
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:Menekre virus
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:LĂŹjiÄng virus
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
524:
513:
508:
506:
500:
498:
494:
490:
489:
484:
483:
477:
475:
471:
470:
465:
464:
459:
456:
452:
451:Haartmanvirus
448:
447:
446:Hartmanivirus
441:
438:
437:
432:
431:
426:
422:
412:
404:
395:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:transcription
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
350:transcription
347:
343:
338:
331:
326:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
295:
290:
289:
284:
275:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:Machupo virus
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
202:
191:
190:
186:
184:
183:
179:
177:
176:
172:
170:
169:
168:Hartmanivirus
165:
163:
162:
158:
157:
155:
150:
147:
146:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
97:Orthornavirae
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
82:
79:
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3566:Bunyavirales
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1559:PLOS Pathog
1435:Junin virus
1332:Lassa fever
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1111:Lassa fever
1106:Lassa virus
1091:House mouse
821:SabiĂĄ virus
787:JunĂn virus
763:Aporé virus
592:Lassa virus
557:Gairo virus
505:house mouse
474:filoviruses
376:replication
328:Genomes of
263:roboviruses
251:Sabia virus
239:Lassa virus
235:Junin virus
227:Lassa fever
46:Lassa virus
4869:Categories
4784:Arenavirus
4742:Poxviridae
4672:Poxviridae
4592:SARS-CoV-2
4094:Reoviridae
3972:Tete virus
3903:Reoviridae
3785:Zika fever
3634:Tete virus
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3487:Arenavirus
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1449:References
1405:Treatments
1360:Lujo virus
1268:Rice rat (
1100:Worldwide
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657:Minu virus
622:Lunk virus
616:Luna virus
610:Lujo virus
568:Ippy virus
539:Bitu virus
533:Alxa virus
460:in family
425:Arenavirus
384:polymerase
365:nucleotide
243:Lujo virus
201:arenavirus
175:Innmovirus
4751:Monkeypox
3543:Arthropod
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1263:Influenza
1205:Venezuela
1151:Argentina
1010:Evolution
314:ambisense
283:ribosomes
269:Structure
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4699:Multiple
4587:SARS-CoV
4577:MERS-CoV
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3554:Mosquito
3527:Zoonotic
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3351:21115797
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3272:Virology
3194:ABC News
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2791:Archived
2775:23202458
2724:23170177
2653:Virology
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2492:J. Virol
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2006:J. Virol
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1795:J. Virol
1743:21324503
1713:Virology
1640:20668086
1591:19478873
1540:49433735
1532:29946168
1491:31192784
1443:receptor
1433:against
1271:Oryzomys
1251:Trinidad
1244:Artibeus
1221:Unknown
1072:Unknown
1055:Disease
1025:zoonotic
845:Clade D
828:Clade C
753:Clade B
718:Clade A
466:, order
415:Taxonomy
140:Family:
104:Phylum:
4826:1356505
4701:vectors
4681:Tanapox
4630:B virus
4608:Primate
4127:Sandfly
3953:(CCHFV)
3534:042â079
3401:6941993
3380:Bibcode
3342:3028760
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2603:2510403
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2110:6324469
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1987:4734917
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1689:4986852
1631:2937778
1582:2680969
1388:Atlanta
1293:Neotoma
1277:Brazil
1178:Bolivia
902:Others
777:(CUPXV)
771:(CHAPV)
742:(PICHV)
570:(IPPYV)
346:protein
152:Genera
128:Order:
116:Class:
4852:600296
4719:Rabies
4661:HTLV-2
4656:HTLV-1
4610:-borne
4498:Rabies
4420:-borne
4229:-borne
4227:Rodent
4218:-borne
4216:Mammal
4150:(ADRV)
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885:(BBTV)
879:(CTNV)
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867:(TMMV)
851:(BCNV)
840:(OLVV)
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823:(SBAV)
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783:(GTOV)
765:(APOV)
759:(AMAV)
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636:(MAFV)
630:(LCMV)
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612:(LUJV)
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600:(LIJV)
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588:(KWAV)
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559:(GAIV)
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535:(ALXV)
458:phages
455:vibrio
320:Genome
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4459:ZEBOV
4363:THAIV
3851:CHIKV
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1058:Host
1040:Hosts
288:arena
253:, or
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4808:GBIF
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