Métis - Knowledge

1203:(MSA), which defines a Métis as "a person of Aboriginal ancestry who identifies with Métis history and culture". This was done in the context of creating a test for legal eligibility for membership in one of Alberta's eight Métis settlements. The MSA, together with requirements at the community level (Elder & community acceptance) create the legal requirements for residency on the Métis Settlements. In Alberta law, belonging to a "Métis Association" (Métis National Council or any of its affiliates, Métis Federation of Canada, Congress of Aboriginal People) does not grant one the rights granted to members of the Alberta Métis Settlements. The MSA test excludes those people who are Status Indians (that is, a member of a First Nation), an exclusion which was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2629: 4005:

changed its name from the Labrador Métis Council. NunatuKavut, which has been an organization since the 1980s, says the term Métis was used for a lineage of both Indigenous and settler ancestry – but that Inuit now better reflects their membership. Others remain skeptical. "What we're seeing is the phenomenon of non-Indigenous people, or those with a very distant ancestry – from the 1600 and 1700s – now claiming that they now have political rights which prevail over those Indigenous nations," said Veldon Coburn, a professor in Indigenous studies at the University of Ottawa and member of the Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn.

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categorization. This is the oldest meaning of métis and is based on the French verb métisser , to mix races or ethnicities. The related noun for the act of race-mixing is métissage. The second meaning of being Métis, and the one that is embraced by the Métis Nation, relates to a self-defining people with a distinct history in a specific region (Western Canada's prairies) with some spillover into British Columbia, Ontario, North Dakota, Montana and Northwest Territories. In this case, the term Métis is spelled with an uppercase "M" and often, but does not always, contain an accent aigu (é).

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When Indigenous women married European men, they introduced them to their people and their culture, taught them about the land and its resources, and worked alongside them. Indigenous women paddled and steered canoes, made moccasins out of moose skin, netted webbing for snowshoes, skinned animals and dried their meat for pemmican, split and dried fish, snared rabbits and partridges, and helped to manufacture birchbark canoes. Intermarriage made the fur trade more successful.

2834: 1433: 8650: 1518: 2464:, claiming these groups consist of Métis people, and not simply regions inhabited by First Nations individuals and some settlers, but without cultural ties to the recognized Métis communities. When the suspension was announced, a motion was passed to create a panel of experts, including representatives from the four Métis Nation governments (including MNO), to "gather information and present findings and recommendations" on how to proceed. 3209:

Ontario... Chartrand is worried that many of the new people who claim to be Métis in Ontario might have mixed First Nations and European ancestry, but don't necessarily have a connection to Métis culture, history or the Métis homeland. He said the homeland of the Métis extends to parts of northwestern Ontario, including the regions around Kenora and Fort Frances, but questioned the validity of communities in other parts of Ontario.

7527: 1404:'Métis' means a person who self-identifies as Métis, is distinct from other Aboriginal peoples, is of historic Métis Nation Ancestry and who is accepted by the Métis Nation. Many Canadians have mixed Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal ancestry, but that does not make them Métis or even Aboriginal … What distinguishes Métis people from everyone else is that they associate themselves with a culture that is distinctly Métis. 7536: 57: 66: 1307:. Its political leadership of the time stated that the NCC's "pan-Aboriginal approach to issues did not allow the Métis Nation to effectively represent itself". The MNC views the Métis as a single nation with a common history and culture centred on the fur trade of "west-central North America" in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This position has been subject to much debate and controversy. 1619:") with various First Nations. These Nations ceded property rights to almost the entire western plains to the Government of Canada. In return for their ceding traditional lands, the Canadian government promised food, education, medical help, etc. While the Métis generally did not sign any treaty as a group, they were sometimes included, even listed as "half-breeds" in some records. 1488:"country marriage" with a high-status native woman. This woman and her children would move to live in the vicinity of a trading fort or post, becoming "House Indians" (as they were called by the company men). House Indians eventually formed distinct bands. Children raised within these "House Indian" bands often became employees of the companies. (Foster cites the 813:"It is true that our Indian origin is humble, but it is indeed just that we honour our mothers as well as our fathers. Why should we be so preoccupied with what degree of mingling we have of European and Indian blood? No matter how little we have of one or the other, do not both gratitude and filial love require us to make a point of saying, 'We are Métis." 979:) descended from English or Scottish fathers. Today these two cultures have essentially coalesced into location-specific Métis traditions. This does not preclude a range of other Métis cultural expressions across North America. Such polyethnic people were historically referred to by other terms, many of which are now considered to be offensive, such as 480:). At the time, it applied generally to French-speaking people who were of partial Indigenous and partial ethnic French descent. It also came to be used for people of mixed European and Indigenous backgrounds in other French colonies, generally the children of unions between French men and non-French women from the colonized areas, including 1261:; this is an explosive issue in the Canadian Aboriginal community today. It has been stated that "only First Nations could legitimately sign treaties with the government so, by definition, Métis have no Treaty rights." One treaty names Métis in the title: the Halfbreed (Métis in the French version) Adhesion to 1660: 7440:(Alberta) – A service dedicated to the research and development, education, and training and employment of Métis individuals. It is affiliated with the Métis Nations of Alberta. Along with providing financial aid, the Rupertsland Institute helps Métis individuals acquire essential skills for employment. 4004:

Also at issue is the growing number of people identifying as Métis, and trace their ancestry to both Indigenous people and European settlers in the Prairie region. Some such groups have faced allegations they are appropriating Indigenous identity. Critics of the NunatuKavut point out that in 2010, it

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The Métis homeland existed before the implementation of the Canada–U.S. border and continues to exist on both sides of this border today. The implementation of the border affected the Métis in a multitude of ways, with border enforcement growing from relaxed to increasingly stronger over time. In the

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Following the formal establishment of the Métis settlements, then called Half-Breed Colonies, in the 1930s by a distinct Métis political organization, the Métis populations in Northern Alberta were the only Métis to secure communal Métis lands. During renewed Indigenous activism during the 1960s into

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and the lack of federal representation of Métis communities as a legitimate people, and this can be seen in the case of the Little Shell Tribe in Montana. While experiences in Canada are also affected by the misrecognition of the Métis, many Métis were dispossessed of their lands when they were sold

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Riel struggled with mental health problems and sought proper treatment in the American northeast from 1875 to 1878. Once better, he decided to obtain an American residence and complete the liberation of the Métis people that he first started in 1869. Riel wanted to gain US military support to invade

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Riel had a significant influence on the Métis community in Canada, especially in the Manitoba region. However, he also had a distinct relationship with the Métis in the United States who were related to the Canadian base. He had entered the US and was an American citizen when he was captured. He was

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The métis children who did attempt to integrate into European societies faced many issues with trying to gain citizenship within these early settlements. Their success often related to their European father's status; fur traders, rather than trappers, were more settled men of capital and more likely

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citing issues of the Council accepting the MNO despite the MNO having "nearly 80 per cent non-Métis Nation Citizens in their registry." The Métis National Council has stated that they reject the idea of new Ontario Métis communities, and in 2020 they suspended the membership of the MNO due

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The Métis settlements consist of predominantly Indigenous Métis populations native to Northern Alberta – distinct from those of the Red River, the Great Lakes, and other migrant Métis from further east. However, following the Riel and Dumont resistances some Red-River Métis fled westward, where they

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region, however, many House Indians never adopted a Métis identity but continued to identify primarily as Cree, Saulteaux, Ojibwa, and Chipweyan descendants up until the early 20th century. The Métis played a vital role in the success of the western fur trade. They were skilled hunters and trappers,

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captain Paulet Paul as an example). Eventually this second-generation group ended employment with the company and became commonly known as "freemen" traders and trappers. They lived with their families raising children in a distinct culture, accustomed to the fur-trade life, that valued free trading

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Section 35(2) does not define criteria for an individual who is Métis. This has left open the question of whether "Métis" in this context should apply only to the descendants of the Red River Métis or to all mixed-ancestry groups and individuals. Many members of First Nations may have mixed ancestry

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recognizes the rights of Indian, Métis and Inuit; however, that text does not define these groups. In 2003, the Supreme Court of Canada defined a Métis person as someone who self-identifies as Métis, has an ancestral connection to the historic Métis community, and is accepted by the modern community

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Within non-Indigenous society, there are two competing ideas of what being Métis means. The first, when spelled with a lowercase "m" (métis), means individuals or people having mixed-race parents and ancestries, e.g., North American Indigenous and European/Euro-Canadian/Euro-American. It is a racial

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David Chartrand, vice-president of the Métis National Council, says communities outside northwestern Ontario are not connected to the Métis homeland or to the culture of the nation. The Métis National Council (MNC) has released a statement flat out rejecting "new Métis" communities, particularly in

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From 1879, Riel returned to Montana to work on leading the Métis and Native peoples of the region to join forces and work against the provisional government. He did not succeed, but he decided to become an American citizen. He said, "The United States sheltered me, The English didn't care/what they

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With exploration, settlement, and exploitation of resources by French and British fur trading interests across North America, European men often had relationships and sometimes marriages with Native American women. Often both sides felt such marriages were beneficial in strengthening the fur trade.

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In a Supreme Court of Canada appeal (Document C28533, page 17), the federal government states that "membership in OMAA and/or MNO does not establish membership in the specific local aboriginal community for the purposes of establishing a s. 35 right. Neither OMAA nor the MNO constitute the sort of

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On March 22, 2022, in response to Chartrand's comments on MNO suspension, President Margaret Froh stated her position that, "The MNO was never suspended, the MNO was on probation and there was a decision by just a few individuals declaring that the MNO was suspended when in fact that wasn't correct

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The National Council holds province-wide ballot box elections for political positions in these associations, held at regular intervals, for regional and provincial leadership. Métis citizens and their communities are represented and participate in these Métis governance structures by way of elected

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During the constitutional talks of 1982, the Métis were recognized as one of the three Aboriginal peoples of Canada, in part by the Federation of Métis Settlements. In 1990, the Alberta government, following years of conferences and negotiations between the Federation of Métis Settlements (FMS) and

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on September 28, 1869, in anticipation of a formal transfer of lands to take effect in December.} On November 2, 1869, Louis Riel and 120 men seized Upper Fort Garry, the administrative headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company. This was the first overt act of Métis resistance. On March 4, 1870, the

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According to historian Jacob A. Schooley, the Métis developed over at least two generations and within different economic classes. In the first stage, "servant" (employee) traders of the fur trade companies, known as wintering partners, would stay for the season with First Nations bands, and make a

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The children of these marriages were often introduced to Catholicism, but grew up in primarily First Nations societies. They were thought of as the familial bond between the Europeans and First Nations and Inuit of North America. As adults, the men often worked as fur-trade company interpreters, as

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Since the early 2000s, there has been a meteoric rise in the number of people self-identifying as Métis in Eastern Canada. New census data shows the highest increases in self-reported "Métis" people between 2006 and 2016 were in Québec (149.2 per cent) and in Nova Scotia (124.3 per cent). In Canada

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military force. This effectively split some of the Métis population and restricted the mobility of the People. The enforcement of the border was used as a means for governments on either side of the Medicine Line in the grand prairies to control the Métis population and to restrict their access to

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The following years were a time of conflict between the government in charge and the Métis people. Métis leaders, such as Louis Riel, were crossing the border without what the colonial government saw as proper notice. This caused repercussions for Riel, who was wanted by the Ontario government. He

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On November 22, 1869, Riel went to Winnipeg to discuss the rights of the Métis community with Governor McDougall. At the end of the settlement, McDougall agreed to guarantee a "List of Rights". It also incorporated four clauses of the Dakota bill of rights. This Bill of rights was the rise of

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At first, the Hudson's Bay Company officially forbade these relationships. However, many Indigenous peoples actively encouraged them, because they drew fur traders into Indigenous kinship circles, creating social ties that supported the economic relationships developing between them and Europeans.

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The number of people self-identifying as Métis has risen sharply since the late 20th century: between 1996 and 2006, the population of Canadians who self-identify as Métis nearly doubled, to approximately 390,000. From 2006 to 2016, according to census results from Statistics Canada, those numbers

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In 2016, 587,545 people in Canada self-identified as Métis. They represented 35.1% of the total Aboriginal population and 1.5% of the total Canadian population. Most Métis people today are descendants of unions between generations of Métis individuals and live in urban areas. The exception are the

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There is no consensus on who is considered Métis or a non-status Indian, nor need there be. Cultural and ethnic labels do not lend themselves to neat boundaries. 'Métis' can refer to the historic Métis community in Manitoba's Red River Settlement or it can be used as a general term for anyone with

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Scholars, Métis people, and First Nations elders and community leaders concur that only the descendants of the Red River Métis should be constitutionally recognized as Métis people, as they developed a distinct culture as a people historically, and have continued to exist as a distinct culture and

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Métis often participated in interracial marriages. The French, particularly, viewed these marriages as sensible and realistic. Americans, however, viewed interracial marriages as unsound based on their ideas of racial purity. Although marriage to Native Americans was legal, some parts of American

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land title via Letters Patents to 1.25 million acres (5060 km) of land, making the MSGC the largest land holder in the province, other than the Crown in the Right of Alberta. The MSGC is the only recognized Métis Government in Canada with prescribed land, power, and jurisdiction via the

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of the Métis who reside on this Chippewa (Ojibwe) reservation. After years of decline in use of these languages, the provincial Métis councils are encouraging their revival, use in communities and teaching in schools. The encouragement and use of Métis French and Michif is growing due to outreach

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The French, however, had encouraged fur traders to participate in interracial marriages with Indians as they were beneficial to the fur trade business and also to spread religion. Generally speaking, these marriages were happy ones, that lasted and brought together differing groups of people and

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In the 1960s, the settlements of Marlboro, Touchwood, Cold Lake, and Wolf Lake were dissolved by Order-in-Council by the Alberta Government. The remaining Métis Settlers were forced to move into one of the eight remaining Métis Settlements – leaving the eight contemporary Métis Settlements.

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to the fur trade. The buffalo were declining in number, and the Métis and First Nations had to go farther and further west to hunt them. Profits from the fur trade were declining because of a reduction in European demand due to changing tastes, as well as the need for the Hudson's Bay Company to

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he term Métis in s. 35 does not encompass all individuals with mixed Indian and European heritage; rather, it refers to distinctive peoples who, in addition to their mixed ancestry, developed their own customs, ways of life, and recognizable group identity separate from their Indian or Inuit and

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The Métis, a trifle disconcerted by the tone of these remarks, would like to lay claim to both sides of his origin. But fear of upsetting or totally dispelling these kind assumptions holds him back. While he is hesitating to choose among the different replies that come to mind, words like these

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in either direction and the trouble following them would stop and so the border was known as the Medicine Line. This began to change toward the end of the 19th century when the border became more enforced and the Canadian government saw an opportunity to put an end to the line hopping by using

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He tried to create an international alliance between the Aboriginal and Metis peoples, but was not successful. In the end he worked to improve the living conditions and rights of the Métis people in the United States. Frustrated by his failures, Riel suffered further mental breakdowns and was

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In response to the Powley decision, Métis organizations are issuing Métis Nation citizenship cards to their members. Several organizations are registered with the Canadian government to provide Métis cards. The criteria to receive a card and the rights associated with the card vary with each

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government and its local colonizing agents. An 1870 census of Manitoba classified the population as follows: 11,963 total people. Of this number 558 were defined as Indians (First Nations). There were 5,757 Métis and 4,083 English-speaking Mixed Bloods. The remaining 1,565 people were of

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Papers at the conference focused on "becoming Métis", and the role of history in formation of this ethnic group, defined in Canada as having Aboriginal status. The Metis peoples and their history continue to be extensively studied, especially by scholars in Canada and the United States.

2761:. He was born with French background; however, as the Métis are a mobile community, he travelled a lot and had a transitional identity, meaning he would often cross the Canada and United States border. During the 19th century, there were few American-born citizens living in Red River. 696:". These complainants usually assert that having a single, distant, Indigenous or possibly Indigenous ancestor should be enough to be considered Métis. They also disagree that they should have to meet the resident requirement as defined by the federally recognized Métis organizations. 2690:

Mixed-race people live throughout Canada and the northern United States. Relatively few in the US identify ethnically and culturally as Métis, as it was based north of the border in Red River country. A strong Prairie Métis identity exists in the Métis Homeland which occupied most of

1063:"What we're seeing is the phenomenon of non-Indigenous people, or those with a very distant ancestry – from the 1600 and 1700s – now claiming that they now have political rights which prevail over those Indigenous nations," said Veldon Coburn, a professor in Indigenous studies at the 1690:, which occurred in northern Saskatchewan from March 26 to May 12, 1885. Gabriel Dumont fled to the United States, while Riel, Poundmaker, and Big Bear surrendered. Big Bear and Poundmaker each were convicted and received a three-year sentence. On July 6, 1885, Riel was convicted of 5802:

M. Sarrazin fait référence à une résolution du Ralliement national des Métis (RNM), qui exige de la NMO la mise en place d'une définition plus stricte du statut de Métis pour mettre fin à une probation. 'La probation, je m'en fous, car n'a aucune autorité sur nous, affirme Mme

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Provisional Government, led by Louis Riel, executed Thomas Scott after Scott was convicted of insubordination and treason. The elected Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia subsequently sent three delegates to Ottawa to negotiate with the Canadian government. This resulted in the

1510:(the English-speaking Quebec-based fur trading company) supported such marriages. Trappers often married First Nations women too, and operated outside company structures. The Métis peoples were respected as valuable employees of both fur trade companies, due to their skills as 2769:

was later accused of the Scott Death, a murder case. By 1874, there was a warrant out for his arrest in Winnipeg. Because of the warrant charges in Canada, Riel believed that the United States was a safer territory for him and the Métis people. He went into exile in the US.

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the 1970s, political organizations were formed or revived among the Métis. In Alberta, the Métis settlements united as: The "Alberta Federation of Métis Settlement Associations" in the mid-1970s. Today, the Federation is represented by the Métis Settlements General Council.

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Indigenous Affairs Canada, the relevant federal ministry, deals with the MNC. On April 13, 2017, the two parties signed the Canada-Métis Nation Accord, with the goal of working with the Métis Nation, as represented by the Métis National Council, on a Nation to Nation basis.

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from 1650 onward, many French and British fur traders married First Nations and Inuit women, mainly Cree, Ojibwa or Saulteaux located in the Great Lakes area and later into the north west. The majority of these fur traders were French and Scottish; the French majority were

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By the early 19th century, marriage between European fur traders and First Nations or Inuit women started to decline as European fur traders began to marry Métis women instead, because Métis women were familiar with both white and Indigenous cultures, and could interpret.

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The first "Conference on the Métis in North America" was held in Chicago in 1981, after increasing research about this people. This also was a period of increased appreciation for different ethnic groups and reappraisal of the histories of settlement of North America.

2822:. These small villages were squatters' villages along Crown land outside established villages in the prairies of Canada. These villages were often burned by local authorities and had to be rebuilt by surviving members of the communities who lived in them. 1037:. However, they do not have a federally recognized status in the United States, except as enrolled members of federally recognized tribes. Although Métis existed farther west than today's Manitoba, much less is known about the Métis of Northern Canada. 692:, by both individuals and newly formed groups who do not meet the established citizenship criteria. These individuals and unrecognized groups have recently emerged largely in the Maritime, Quebec, and Ontario regions, and are generally referred to as " 2754:

returned to Canada where he was convicted of treason for earlier actions and executed. Riel attempted to lead those of the Métis community in the United States who were related to the Red River region, and contributed to the defence of Métis rights.

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of 1850, listed 84 persons classified as "half-breeds" in the Treaty, so included them and their descendants. Hundreds, if not thousands, of Métis were initially included in a number of other treaties, and then excluded under later amendments to the

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Several local, independent Métis organizations have been founded in Canada. In Northern Canada neither the CAP nor the MNC have affiliates; here local Métis organizations deal directly with the federal government and are part of the

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In 1972, the Red River Point Society began leasing land around the community of Fort McKay, Alberta on behalf of the Metis community there. In 2017, the Fort McKay local of the Metis Nation of Alberta purchased some land outright.

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populations. Métis heritage (and thereby Aboriginal ancestry) is more common than is generally realized. People with more distant ancestry, who assimilated into non-Métis society, are not part of the Métis ethnicity or culture.

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Quite appropriate also, was the corresponding English term "Half-Breed" in the first generation of blood mixing, but now that European blood and Indian blood are mingled to varying degrees, it is no longer generally applicable.

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was founded in 1971 as a pan-Indigenous umbrella group that included member organizations that represented all off-reserve First Nations as well as the Métis. In 1983, many of its Western Metis members split off to form the

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Descendants of English or Scottish and Indigenous were in some cases also historically called "half-breeds" or "country born". They sometimes adopted a more agrarian culture of subsistence farming and tended to be reared in

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to concerns that 90% of the MNOs registered members did not fulfill the requirements of citizenship put in place by the National Council in 2002, notably the requirement for an ancestral link to the Métis homelands and the

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The MNC's narrative traces the geographical boundaries of what it terms the "Métis Homeland" to the historical waterways from northern Ontario to British Columbia and from the Northwest Territories to the northern United

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Métis persons generally have not organized as an ethnic or political group in the United States as they have in Canada, where they had armed confrontations and have gained status rights as a recognized aboriginal group.

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were found throughout the Great Lakes area and to the west, in the Rocky Mountains. While the word in this usage originally had no ethnic designation (and was not capitalized in English), it grew to describe a specific

2077: 1776:, were children of people in the Rupert's Land fur trade; they were typically of Orcadian, other Scottish, or English paternal descent and Aboriginal maternal descent. Their first languages would have been Aboriginal ( 1863:

During the 1930s, political activism arose in Métis communities in Alberta and Saskatchewan over land rights, and some filed land claims for the return of certain lands. Five men, sometimes dubbed "The Famous Five",

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According to the 2016 Canada Census, a total of 587,545 individuals self-identified as Métis. However, it is doubtful that all such individuals would meet the objective tests laid out in the Supreme Court decisions

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descendants of early unions between First Nations and colonial-era European settlers (usually Indigenous women and male French settlers), within generations (particularly in central and western Canada), a distinct

1548:, whose trade routes had been cut in half. Many Métis were working as fur traders with both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. Others were working as free traders, or buffalo hunters supplying 1385:

organization. For example, for membership in the MNA, an applicant must provide a documented genealogy and family tree dating to the mid-1800s, proving descent from one or more members of historic Métis groups.

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parents – usually Indigenous women who married French, and later Scottish or English, men, who worked as fur trappers and traders during the 17th to 19th centuries in the fur trade era. The women were usually

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between European and Indigenous people occurred. It was part of the history of colonization from the earliest days of settlements on the Atlantic Coast throughout the Americas. But the strong sense of ethnic

1849: 1108:(Saskatchewan). In the late 19th century, they organized politically (led by men who had European educations) and had confrontations with the Canadian government in an effort to assert their independence. 1292:(MNC). Each uses different approaches to define Métis individuals. The CAP, which has nine regional affiliates, represents all Indigenous peoples in Canada who are living off-reserve, including Métis and 1630:, a Métis who was formally educated, became a leader of the Métis in the Red River area. He denounced the Canadian government surveys on Métis lands in a speech delivered in late August 1869 in front of 701:

during the same period, the increase was less than 60 per cent. Rather than a spike in birth rates, almost all of the increase is due to white Franco-Québécois and Acadian settlers "becoming" Indigenous.

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were concerned about the federal government's decision to transfer control of natural resources to the province and its impact on Métis living on Crown land. The "Métis Famous Five" thereby founded the

542:. Over time, the Métis (uppercase 'M') emerged as a distinct Indigenous people during the late 18th century, with the term referring to a particular sociocultural heritage and an ethnic identification. 2788:. In the following years, he tried to gain official United States citizenship. Although he did, it did not protect him from being convicted of treason in Canada for earlier actions and being executed. 387:

as: "a person who self-identifies as Métis, is distinct from other Aboriginal Peoples, is of historic Métis Nation ancestry and who is accepted by the Métis Nation." First Nations are disputing this.

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Its historic homeland includes large parts of what are now known as the Prairie provinces, extending into parts of Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and the northwest United States

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rose by 125% in Nova Scotia, and 150% in Quebec. Also in that time, "Dozens" of new "Metis" organizations appeared, none of whom could demonstrate any ties to continually existing Métis communities.

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alongside the North-West Company (an unsubstantiated rumour reported by James Sutherland claimed that it was a gift from the North-West Company, but no evidence corroborates this). Days before the

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married into the contemporary Métis settlement populations during the end of the 19th century and into the early 20th century. Historically referred to as the "Nomadic Half-breeds", the Métis of

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and were raised to appreciate both Aboriginal and European cultures. Métis understanding of both societies and customs helped bridge cultural gaps, resulting in better trading relationships. The

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territory included all or parts of present-day Northwest-Nunavut Territory, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, and became known to the Métis as the "Métis Homeland."

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along with parts of Northwestern Ontario, British Columbia, and the Northwest-Nunavut Territory. The most well-known group are the "Red River Métis", centering on southern and central parts of

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Most references to the Métis in the 19th century applied to the Plains Métis, but more particularly the Red River Métis. But, the Plains Métis tended to identify by occupational categories:

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stated "The violence the National Inquiry heard amounts to a race-based genocide of Indigenous Peoples, including First Nations, Inuit and Métis, which especially targets women and girls."

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exerted its power over the people living in Rupert's Land after it acquired the land in the mid-19th century from the Hudson's Bay Company. The Métis and the Anglo-Métis (commonly known as

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Very polite and amiable people, may sometimes say to a Métis, "You don't look at all like a Métis. You surely can't have much Indian blood. Why, you could pass anywhere for pure White."

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well as fur trappers in their turn. Many of the first generations of Métis lived within the First Nations societies of their wives and children, but also started to marry Métis women.

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The federal government recognizes the Métis National Council as the representative Métis group. In December 2016, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau made a commitment to the leaders of the

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peoples, laws concerning the Métis make no distinction between Treaty status and non-Treaty status. The Métis did not sign treaties with Canada, with the exception of an adhesion to

2192:. The new position was created in order provide a liaison between the federal government and Métis and non-status Aboriginal peoples, urban Aboriginals, and their representatives. 1303:(MMF), the Association of Métis and Non-Status Indians of Saskatchewan (AMNSIS) and the Métis Association of Alberta (MAA) withdrew from the NCC (CAP's predecessor) and formed the 759:"When you're looking at the Maritimes and Quebec, the children of intermarriage were accepted by either party, in our case the Mi'kmaq or the Acadian," Mi'kmaw elder and historian 6403:

Andersen, Chris (1 January 2011). "Moya 'Tipimsook ("The People Who Aren't Their Own Bosses"): Racialization and the Misrecognition of "Métis" In Upper Great Lakes Ethnohistory".

2644:, Métis and ethnic French played a dominant role in elections, as they had been established there long before the United States was formed. It was largely with Métis support that 7003: 2640:, the US prohibited British (including Scots) traders from Canada participating in the fur trade south of the border, disrupting longstanding practices. During the early days of 8288: 5880: 2084:

The Métis settlements in Alberta are the only recognized land base of Métis in Canada. They are represented and governed collectively by a unique Métis government known as the

747:

perspective. They say that there is no distinct Metis community or culture in the Maritimes or Quebec, and that these newly formed, "Eastern Metis" groups are not legitimate:

432:

The definitions and usage of the terms "Métis", "Metis", and "métis" (lowercase) have at times been controversial and contentious; however, there are also legal definitions.

6599:

Most curators and scholars argue that the development of the Métis nation occurred at the Red River Settlement and that Métis families dispersed from there to other regions.

716:

They are not part of us, never were. There is no connection historically in any way or fashion that they can use as even an argument to say that they are part of our nation.

5827: 1135:

Continued organizing and political activity resulted in "the Métis" gaining official recognition from the national government as one of the recognized Aboriginal groups in

782:

The Métis have as paternal ancestors the former employees of the Hudson's Bay and North-West Companies, and as maternal ancestors Indian women belonging to various tribes.

4264: 1497:

region, many "House Indians" (and some non-"House" First Nations) were assimilated into Métis culture due to the Catholic church's strong presence in that region. In the

1345:

Métis means a person who self-identifies as a Métis, is distinct from other aboriginal peoples, is of historic Métis Nation ancestry, and is accepted by the Métis Nation.

4625: 3158: 2651:

After Michigan was admitted as a state and, under pressure of increased numbers of European-American settlers from eastern states, many Métis migrated westward into the

1493:

and the buffalo hunt in particular. He considered that the third generation, who were sometimes Métis on both sides, were the first true Métis. He suggests that in the

660:

adopted parts of their Indigenous and European cultures while forming customs and traditions of their own, as well as developing a common language. Some argue that the

7769: 2667:, which had long been a center of fur trading and more cosmopolitan interracial encounter, was there recognition of the Métis as significant members of the community. 722: 2678:

society believed that the spouse of the highest social class lost status by such marriage, as did their children. In frontier areas, these ideas were less important.

1607:, other Scottish or English men), joined forces to stand up for their rights. They wanted to protect their traditional ways of life against an aggressive and distant 634:

as: "a person who self-identifies as Métis, is distinct from other Aboriginal Peoples, is of historic Métis Nation ancestry and who is accepted by the Métis Nation."

1642: 1568:

sewers and cooks among the women. The largest community in the Assiniboine-Red River district had a different lifestyle and culture from those Métis located in the

1424:, and practising a traditional economy based on hunting, trapping, and gathering. However, these cultural markers do not exclude Métis that do not partake in them. 7613: 1192:

definitions of Métis, Metis and metis have at times been at odds with the definitions of the communities themselves. Some commentators have argued that one of the

800:

The French word Métis expresses the idea of this mixture in as satisfactory a way as possible, and becomes by that fact, a proper race name suitable for our race.

3892: 2173: 1083:

in Northwest Ontario. This adherence was never implemented by the federal government. The legal definition is not yet fully developed. Section Thirty-five of the

4035:

This means that beyond self-identification and ancestry, being claimed by the Métis Nation is integral to being Métis, as it is with any other Indigenous people.

1096:

The most well-known and historically documented mixed-ancestry population in Canadian history are the groups who developed during the fur trade in south-eastern

514:

with a lowercase 'm' typically functions as an adjective. The definition of the word has at times been disputed, as some people have attempted to use lower-case

7453: 810:

succeed in silencing him completely. "Ah! bah! You have scarcely any Indian blood. You haven't enough worth mentioning." Here is how the Métis think privately.

2902:"Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts" 2555:

Fewer Métis live in the U.S. than in Canada. During the early colonial era, people moved easily back and forth through Canada and the other British colonies.

2552:

by the early 19th century. This use (of simply meaning "mixed") excludes mixed-race people born of unions in other settings or more recently than about 1870.

751:

People of mixed blood in the region either integrated into Indigenous communities or assimilated with European newcomers, unlike the distinct Metis People of

2088:(MSGC), also known as the "All-Council". The MSGC is the provincial, national, and international representative of the Federated Métis Settlements. It holds 2810:

and mobility for Métis communities, this had negative implications and resulted in different experiences and hardships for people in the now divided group.

1544:, assigned plots of land to European settlers. The allocation of Red River land caused conflict with those already living in the area, as well as with the 6094:

Fredrickson, George M. (March 2005). "Mulattoes and metis. Attitudes toward miscegenation in the United States and France since the seventeenth century".

6649:

Chartrand, Paul L.A.H.; Giokas, John (2002). "Defining 'the Métis People': The Hard Case of Canadian Aboriginal Law". In Chartrand, Paul L. A. H. (ed.).

5760: 3656: 549:

is more than a racial classification and refers to the Métis Nation, an Indigenous peoples in Canada and the United States who originated largely in the

3944:

Howard, James H. 1965. "The Plains-Ojibwa or Bungi: hunters and warriors of the Northern Prairies with special reference to the Turtle Mountain band";

2591:

Indigenous women often served as interpreters and could introduce their men to their people. Because many Native Americans and First Nations often had

2281: 2181: 2598:

systems, the mixed-race children were considered born to the mother's clan and usually raised in her culture. Few were educated in European schools.

2480:

discrete, historic and site-specific community contemplated by Van der Peet capable of holding a constitutionally protected aboriginal right". (See:

2368: 1136: 942:

or of mixed descent from these peoples. Their unions with European men engaged in the fur trade in the Old Northwest were often of the type known as

9146: 7960: 4773:"Do the Metis fall within section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867? / by Bradford W. Morse and John Giokas.: Z1-1991/1-41-170E-PDF – Canada.ca" 1860:

Issues of land ownership became a central theme, as the Métis sold most of the 600,000 acres (2430 km) they received in the first settlement.

6947: 5923: 1373:, and the Métis National Council to have annual meetings. He also committed to two other initiatives aimed at heeding the Calls to Action of the 1358:(modern treaties) in force in the Northwest Territories include benefits for Métis people who can prove local Aboriginal ancestry prior to 1921 ( 17: 7965: 7270:

Sawchuck, J. (2001). Negotiating an Identity: Métis Political Organizations, the Canadian Government, and Competing Concepts of Aboriginality.

4933: 4631:. The Departments of Advanced Education and Literacy, Competitiveness, Training and Trade, and Education, Citizenship and Youth. Archived from 3841: 1872:, Peter Tomkins Jr., Joe Dion, Felix Callihoo) were instrumental in having the Alberta government form the 1934 "Ewing Commission", headed by 1836:

recorded Cuthbert Grant flying the blue flag. The red and blue are not cultural or linguistic identifiers and do not represent the companies.

5004: 4317: 2319:

On July 6, 2021, the MMF signed the Manitoba Métis Self-Government Recognition and Implementation Agreement with the Government of Canada at

1374: 2273:

In 1932, the Association was organized more formally and became the Métis Association of Alberta (MAA), including 31 locals across Alberta.

1882:

in 1938. The Act provided funding and land to the Métis. (The provincial government later rescinded portions of the land in certain areas.)

1528:

By the early 19th century, European immigrants, mainly Scottish farmers, along with Métis families from the Great Lakes region moved to the

1299:

Due to the exclusion of a Métis representative among the Native Council of Canada's two seats at the Constitutional Conference in 1983, the

6249:

Peter C. Douaud, "Reviewed Work: 'The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America' by Jacqueline Peterson, Jennifer S. H. Brown"

2632:

A Metis family poses with their Red River carts in a field in western North Dakota. (1883) State Historical Society of North Dakota (A4365)

1686:

as adjutant-general. Riel took charge of a few hundred armed men. They suffered defeat by Canadian armed forces in a conflict known as the

1248:

All three factors must be present for an individual to qualify under the SCC legal definition of Métis. In addition, the court stated that

9058: 383:(MNC) is the political organization, that represents the Métis Nation at the national and international levels. In 2002, the MNC defined 2674:

by 1880. This settlement eventually disintegrated, with most Métis leaving, or identifying more strongly either as "white" or "Indian".

7975: 7970: 2399:

The Métis National Council is currently composed of four provincial Métis organizations, though numbers have varied over time. namely,

2385: 3094: 2237:, Latin for "of the flock". The council debated issues ranging from military policy to local bylaws and theological issues. It met at 5786: 5405: 4335: 2839: 1638: 4175:

The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of Manitoba and the North West Territories Including the Negotiations on which They Were ...

2725:

Many Métis families are recorded in the U.S. Census for the historic Métis settlement areas along the Detroit and St. Clair rivers,

2670:

A large group of Métis from the Pembina region hunted in Montana in the 1860s, eventually forming an agricultural settlement in the

8686: 8068: 7706: 7580: 5132: 2715: 2351:(CAP) and its nine regional affiliates represent all Aboriginal people who are not part of the reserve system, including Métis and 1461: 943: 7668: 5894: 4544: 2511:

Métis people in the United States are a specific culture and community, who descend from unions between Native American and early

1816:

is one of the oldest patriotic flags originating in Canada. The Métis have two flags. Both flags use the same design of a central

8552: 8298: 7823: 6446: 5601: 5053: 4189: 4018: 2996:. UBC Press – Rupertsland Centre for Métis Research in the Faculty of Native Studies at the University of Alberta. p. 108. 2621:

Between 1795 and 1815, a network of Métis settlements and trading posts was established throughout what is now the US states of

8214: 2218: 1679: 1397: 8263: 7728: 6764:"The Métis-ization of Canada: The Process of Claiming Louis Riel, Métissage, and the Métis People as Canada's Mythical Origin" 4632: 1002:" (areas where Métis populations and culture developed as a distinct ethnicity historically) includes much of the present-day 300:. They have a shared history and culture, deriving from specific mixed European (primarily French, Scottish, and English) and 8164: 7420: 7402: 7362: 7261: 7241: 7181: 7160: 7111: 7047: 7028: 6936: 6886: 6847: 6788: 6669: 6614: 6592: 6576: 6524: 6509: 6494: 6186: 6152: 6051: 6016: 5709: 5441: 5288: 5251: 5021: 4987: 4844: 4701: 4667: 4433: 4398: 4363: 4289: 4058: 3902: 3757: 3001: 2936: 2852: 2622: 5814:

Ward, Dennis (2022-03-22) 3:16. "Métis National Council moving forward says MNO president". APTN News. Retrieved 2023-02-09.

3684: 898:

and other historic Indigenous communities. This viewpoint sees Métis as historically the children of French fur traders and

397:, with a population of approximately 5,000 people on 1.25 million acres (5,100 km) and the newer Metis lands near 8258: 8146: 7922: 6817:

Hogue, Michel (Winter 2002). "Disputing the Medicine Line: The Plains Crees and the Canadian-American Border, 1876- 1885".

5518: 2080:

A Métis flag. National symbols in settlements are common, such as the motto "Our People, Our Land, Our Culture, Our Future"

4094: 2323:, which provided immediate recognition of the MMF as the democratically elected Métis Government for the Red River Métis. 7945: 7011:. Treaties and Historical Research Centre, Research Branch, Corporate Policy. Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 5161:

Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls

3593:, p. 32: "Pour éviter la confusion, on a tendance à parler de métissage ou de métissé plutôt que de « métis »." 3534: 2781:

owe they will pay/! I am citizen". He spent the next four years working to improve the conditions of the Montana Métis.

2605:

The métis men in the northern tier typically worked in the fur trade and later hunting and as guides. The métis based in

2476:(MNO). MNO President Tony Belcourt said in 2005 that he did not know who OMAA members are, but that they are not Métis. 2378: 1146:

35. (1) The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the Aboriginal People of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed.

5877:"'You can't be us': Manitoba Metis Federation unanimously passes resolution to leave Metis National Council – APTN News" 4867: 4425:

From New Peoples to New Nations: Aspects of Metis History and Identity from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-first Centuries

1296:. It does not provide a definition of "Métis", but instead leaves each affiliate determine its own membership criteria. 9074: 8479: 7604: 5628: 1761: 895: 639: 301: 7818: 5700: 5354: 4566: 4466: 2286: 1878: 8406: 7293: 7220: 7140: 6982: 6959: 6913: 6868: 6807: 6752: 6685: 6558: 6539: 6456: 3337: 3195: 2531:

In the French colonies, people of mixed Indigenous and French ancestry were referred to by those who spoke French as

251: 9126: 8573: 8532: 8321: 6441:

Andersen, Chris (2014) "Metis": Race, Recognition and the Struggle for Indigenous Peoplehood. Vancouver: UBC Press.

2857: 846:, primarily the French, in the early decades of the colonization of Canada. Métis peoples are recognized as one of 7560: 7550: 6657: 3327: 2408: 2270:

in 1928 as the first stable Métis organization in Alberta that could advocate to the provincial government there.

2105:

have a unique history. Their fight for land is still evident today with the eight contemporary Métis settlements.

1683: 1324: 8336: 8253: 7997: 7516: 7494: 1068: 7380: 2280:, and Adrian Hope, as well as other Métis leaders, successfully lobbied the provincial government, In 1934, the 712:, responding in 2020 said he does not believe these new, self-identified individuals and communities are Métis, 361: 9043: 8326: 8243: 7955: 7655: 5543: 4900: 2348: 1285: 2765:

the American influence during the Red River Métis resistance and was an important milestone in Métis justice.

1253:

European forebears. The court was explicit that its ten-point test is not a comprehensive definition of Métis.

456:, and by settlers in general, to refer to people of mixed European and North-American Indigenous parentage in 9001: 8316: 7756: 7392: 7283: 7231: 7130: 7018: 6858: 6742: 4696:. The David J. Weber Series in the New Borderlands History. University of North Carolina Press. p. 124. 3250: 7798: 7650: 4956: 882:. In Canada, the population is 587,545 with 20.5 percent living in Ontario and 19.5 percent in Alberta. The 731:

mixed European and Aboriginal heritage. Some mixed-ancestry communities identify as Métis, others as Indian.

304:

ancestry (primarily Cree with strong kinship to Cree people and communities), which became distinct through

9131: 8679: 8516: 8224: 6905: 6583:

Bell, Gloria Jane (2013). "Oscillating Identities". In Adams, Christopher; Dahl, Gregg; Peach, Ian (eds.).

5519:"Office of the Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians (Mandate, Roles and Responsibilities)" 2711: 2628: 847: 535: 316: 7570: 2785: 2413: 2313: 1319: 1300: 709: 8852: 8278: 7468: 3988: 2797:

late 18th century, to early 19th century the Métis found that in times of conflict, they could cross the

2097:. (This legislation followed legal suits filed by the Métis Settlements against the Crown in the 1970s). 1725:

or an Indigenous language such as Cree, Anishinaabemowin, Denésoliné, etc. A few in some regions spoke a

518:

in the archaic sense of having a single, distant Indigenous ancestor or being in some other way "mixed".

196: 129: 7663: 6763: 6209: 2301: 1150:(2) In this Act, "Aboriginal Peoples of Canada" includes the Indian, Inuit, and Métis Peoples of Canada. 9084: 8421: 8126: 7075: 5106: 3962: 3711:> Daniels v. Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development), 2016 SCC 12 (CanLII), {2016} 1 SCR 99 3689: 2730: 2664: 1355: 7565: 7555: 2473: 2418: 2403: 2294: 2113:

the Crown in the Right of Alberta, restored land titles to the northern Métis communities through the

1903:

and therefore qualify as "Métis" for the purposes of Canadian law. Data from this section is from the

1656:. Due to the execution of Scott, Riel was charged with murder and fled to the United States in exile. 1329: 1314: 878:

Canadian Métis represent the majority of people who identify as Métis, although there are a number of

743:

communities in the Eastern part of Canada, along with recognized Métis leaders, do not agree with the

9048: 8615: 8442: 6974: 6075: 4194: 3746:

Lehnebach, Carlos A.; Regnault, Claire; Rice, Rebecca; Awa, Isaac Te; Yates, Rachel A. (2023-11-01).

3469: 3311: 2429: 1926: 1675: 1366: 1225: 7642: 5436:. Manitoba Series in Native Hist Series III Series. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 89. 4217: 2364: 2344: 2327: 1664: 1304: 1289: 689: 627: 380: 8925: 8509: 8437: 8389: 8025: 7915: 7833: 7699: 6928: 6451:. Oxford studies in anthrological linguistics. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press Inc. 3845: 2901: 2819: 2339: 2076: 1631: 1448: 1266: 1034: 851: 531: 453: 321: 315:

In Canada, the Métis, with a population of 624,220 as of 2021, are one of three legally recognized

309: 6448:

A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian Métis

4314: 3057: 1224:

of 1990. The Powley case involved a claim by Steven Powley and his son Rodney, two members of the

591:

as the people who originate from the historic homeland of the Métis Nation, which encompasses the

8672: 8620: 8248: 8219: 7992: 7192: 2367:

was formed in 1983, following the recognition of the Métis as "aboriginal peoples of Canada," in

2330:, due to that organization's failure to uphold the 2002 nationally accepted definition of Métis. 2304:

was founded to represent six local Métis communities in Alberta that had separated from the MNA.

1781: 1537: 1503: 1370: 1229: 1076: 839: 740: 668:

in 1816, while others argue that the ethnogenesis began prior to this battle, before fur traders

326: 7813: 6695:

Flanagan, T. (1990). "The History of Metis Aboriginal Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy".

4772: 2847: 8583: 8568: 8209: 8136: 8116: 8091: 8031: 7982: 7950: 7746: 7310: 7066: 4830: 4093:"Report of the Standing Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples, 41st Parliament, 1st Session". 3725:, Excerpted from Appendice, Dernier Mémoire de Louis Riel, Les Métis du Nord-Ouest, p. 434-435. 3196:"Métis National Council rejects idea of new Ontario Métis communities after 2nd identity forum" 2757:

On October 22, 1844, Louis Riel was born in the Red River settlement known as the territory of

2660: 2373: 2242: 1653: 1494: 1351: 1125: 1105: 1011: 504: 369: 125: 31: 7171: 5283:. Canadian plains studies. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. p. 26. 5241: 4746: 4691: 4388: 4353: 3560: 2991: 2974:

Métis villages sprang up along the riverways from the Great Lakes to the Mackenzie Delta. The

2535:, meaning "mixture." Being bilingual, these people were able to trade European goods, such as 1232:

outlined three broad factors to identify Métis who have Hunting Rights as Aboriginal peoples:

1220:(2003), there was no legal definition of Métis other than the legal requirements found in the 1051:

Métis in rural and northern parts that exist in close proximity to First Nations communities.

9136: 8798: 8588: 8499: 8484: 7716: 7694: 7150: 6176: 6142: 6041: 5465: 5431: 5278: 4834: 4804: 4657: 4588: 4423: 4048: 3420: 2926: 2453: 2432:

left over membership issues involving the Métis Nation of Ontario (MNO), with President

2238: 2036: 1417: 1196:

is to define their own identity, precluding the need for a government-sanctioned definition.

823: 616: 507:

Indian woman and Jean Nicollet de Belleborne (born about 1598, likely in Cherbourg, France).

7884: 6423:

Andersen, C. (2014). "More Than the Sum of Our Rebellions: Métis Histories Beyond Batoche".

2504: 2121:. Originally, the first Métis settlements in Alberta were called colonies and consisted of: 1557: 418:

itself is originally French for 'person of mixed parentage' and derives from the Latin word

9021: 9016: 8778: 8630: 8598: 8494: 8351: 8268: 8174: 7740: 7722: 7457: 7447: 6479: 5173: 5081: 4499: 2226: 1936: 1904: 1829: 1785: 1687: 1596: 1577: 1408:

Traditional markers of Métis culture include use of Aboriginal-European languages, such as

1101: 1064: 891: 665: 643:

identifies Métis people as one of three Canadian Indigenous peoples in the following terms:

553:

and organized politically in the 19th century, developing and dispersing outwards from the

84: 7096:

Digital Storytelling in Indigenous Education. A decolonizing journey for a Métis community

6626:"The Hard Case of Defining "The Métis People" and their Rights: A Comment on R. v. Powley" 4332: 3362:, p. 32 : "Selon le Petit Robert, une vieille acception de « métis » ... ." 3251:"Small northern Alberta community gets bigger with historic land purchase | Globalnews.ca" 3116: 2071: 1506:

discouraged unions between their fur traders and First Nations and Inuit women, while the

998:

While people of Métis culture or heritage are found across Canada, the traditional Métis "

394: 8: 8881: 8783: 8653: 8603: 8593: 8459: 8416: 8131: 8101: 8081: 8019: 7908: 7734: 7509: 6800:

Le Métis canadien / Marcel Giraud; introduction du professeur J.E. Foster avec Louise Zuk

6725: 4174: 4121: 2798: 1695: 1440: 1189: 1033:. These were areas in which there was considerable Aboriginal and European mixing due to 956:

was ceded to Great Britain's control in 1763, there was an important distinction between

744: 7791: 7585: 5140: 2389: 561:). Descendants of this community are therefore also often known as the Red River Métis. 9141: 9100: 8695: 8106: 8037: 7368: 7117: 7059: 6826: 6712: 6293: 6144:

The Boomerang Effect of Decolonization: Post-Orientalism and the Politics of Difference

5208: 4552: 3159:"The controversial rise of the eastern Metis: 'Where were these people all this time?'" 2784:

From 1880 to 1884, Riel concentrated his public life on improving the situation of the

2641: 2528:. They developed as an ethnic and cultural group from the descendants of these unions. 2517: 2512: 2457: 2352: 2258: 1634:. The Métis became more fearful when the Canadian government appointed the notoriously 1569: 1545: 1507: 1293: 995:, Black Scots and Jackatars, the latter term having meaning in a Newfoundland context. 906: 843: 8770: 7786: 7149:

Pritchard, James; Pritchard, James S.; Pritchard, Professor James (January 22, 2004).

5574: 3305: 2316:(MMF), founded in 1967, is the only officially recognized Métis Government in Canada. 9079: 8803: 8635: 8578: 8362: 8053: 7987: 7416: 7398: 7358: 7343: 7289: 7257: 7237: 7216: 7177: 7156: 7136: 7121: 7107: 7043: 7024: 6978: 6955: 6932: 6909: 6898: 6882: 6864: 6843: 6803: 6784: 6748: 6716: 6681: 6665: 6610: 6588: 6572: 6554: 6535: 6520: 6505: 6490: 6452: 6373:

Vrooman, Nicholas C. P. (Spring 2019). "The Persistence of the Little Shell People".

6339: 6285: 6276:

Giroux, Monique (2018). "New Directions and Revisionist Histories in Métis Studies".

6182: 6148: 6111: 6107: 6047: 6022: 6012: 5976: 5705: 5437: 5284: 5247: 5212: 4983: 4840: 4697: 4663: 4429: 4404: 4394: 4369: 4359: 4054: 3898: 3842:"What to Search: Topics – Genealogy and Family History – Library and Archives Canada" 3753: 3333: 2997: 2932: 2652: 2610: 2246: 2177: 1765: 1616: 1193: 1117: 1055: 1022: 1003: 868: 832: 592: 469: 297: 293: 147: 9121: 8096: 6077:

Where the Buffalo Roam: Migration of the French Red River Metis to Lewiston, Montana

4242: 2448:

The Ontario group had granted memberships to people from four disputed communities:

1825: 838:

Métis people in Canada are specific cultural communities who trace their descent to

340:(uppercase 'M') typically refers to the specific community of people defined as the 8865: 8625: 8504: 8454: 8394: 8194: 8184: 8043: 7808: 7751: 7490:

The MNO and "New" Historic Métis Communities – Darren O'Toole, University of Ottawa

7350: 7336:]. Translated by Maguet, Elizabeth. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications. p. ?. 7099: 6736:(3). Lincoln, NE: Center for Great Plains Studies, University of Nebraska: 185–202. 6704: 6569:

Circumstances Alter Photographs: Captain James Peters' Reports from the War of 1885

6432: 6412: 6331: 6256: 6103: 5852: 5200: 4265:"Trudeau pledges annual meetings with Indigenous leaders to advance reconciliation" 2975: 2718:(a federally recognized Tribe) identify as Métis or Michif rather than as strictly 2692: 2656: 2606: 2449: 2438: 2320: 2102: 2016: 1608: 1541: 1529: 1511: 1097: 1026: 988: 915: 863: 612: 554: 550: 527: 493: 349: 345: 222: 7524: 7381:

There are a Range of Identities with Being Little Shell, Just As the Wider America

6534:. Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications Inc. & Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute. 6255:

Vol. 11, No. 2 (Spring, 1987), pp. 159–161, University of Nebraska Press, Article

6236:

Old White Rice "The Great Chief" "Genesis of the Pembina/Turtle Mountain Chippewa"

5029: 4355:

Race and Ethnicity in America: From Pre-contact to the Present [4 volumes]

4293: 4050:

Aboriginal Consultation, Environmental Assessment, and Regulatory Review in Canada

8832: 8815: 8346: 8341: 7869: 4339: 4321: 2726: 2645: 2446:

and in fact we (MNO) went to court and the court concluded we were not suspended.

2433: 2185: 1817: 1797: 1789: 1754: 1730: 1712: 1583: 1573: 1457: 1185: 1030: 705: 282: 270: 264: 133: 121: 8169: 7879: 7864: 7526: 5522: 4980:

The North-West Is Our Mother: The Story of Louis Riel's People, the Métis Nation

2872:

for a person of mixed Indigenous American and European heritage in Latin America

2384:

In 1997 the Métis National Council was granted NGO Consultative Status with the

1722: 1421: 191: 8788: 8732: 8715: 8469: 8411: 8058: 7854: 7535: 7502: 6651:

Who Are Canada's Aboriginal Peoples?: Recognition, Definition, and Jurisdiction

5467:

Manitoba Law Journal: A Review of the Current Legal Landscape 2015 Volume 38(1)

5237: 2277: 2189: 1869: 1865: 1821: 1793: 1726: 1588: 760: 500: 7803: 7489: 6708: 6416: 6335: 5704:. National Council of Welfare, vol. 127. Ottawa: National Council of Welfare. 5672: 4408: 4373: 3924: 3221: 2962: 2425:

Locals or Community Councils, as well as provincial assemblies held annually.

1467: 971: 9115: 9038: 9033: 8756: 8747: 8742: 8384: 8204: 8179: 7889: 7040:

The Long Journey of a Forgotten People: Métis Identities and Family Histories

6994:

Metis pioneers: Marie Rose Delorme Smith and Isabella Clark Hardisty Lougheed

6948:"Le parcours identitaire des Métis du Canada: évolution, dynamisme et mythes" 6436: 6343: 6289: 6115: 6026: 5980: 3989:"'We know who we are': Inuit row raises questions over identity and ancestry" 2878:— Portuguese cognate for a person with one Indigenous and one European parent 2803: 2773:

Manitoba to obtain control. The American military rejected his proposition.

2205: 1956: 1777: 1498: 1258: 975:(known as "country born" or Mixed Bloods, for instance in the 1870 census of 939: 935: 931: 620: 461: 437: 151: 117: 38: 7874: 5651:"INAN – Section 35 of the Constitution Act 1982 – Background – Jan 28, 2021" 5602:"Manitoba Métis Federation - The National Government of the Red River Métis" 4836:

The Inconvenient Indian: A Curious Account of Native People in North America

3032: 2492: 1813: 70: 9006: 8189: 8048: 7849: 7711: 7689: 7443: 7233:

Native Chiefs and Famous Métis: Leadership and Bravery in the Canadian West

6473: 5513: 5511: 5160: 4574: 4471:

BCcampus Open Publishing – Open Textbooks Adapted and Created by BC Faculty

2707: 2671: 2575: 2540: 2230: 1996: 1873: 1833: 1801: 1716: 1648: 1635: 1522: 1413: 1173: 992: 673: 661: 600: 393:

is the only Canadian province with a recognized Métis land base: the eight

376:, making Manitoba the only province to be founded by an Indigenous person. 348:

and organized politically in the 19th century, radiating outwards from the

305: 7486:. Site includes interviews with legal and history experts on Métis issues. 7135:, Critical Studies in Native History, Minnesota Historical Society Press, 7103: 6216:. Pembina State Museum – History. State Historical Society of North Dakota 9028: 8938: 8827: 8821: 8793: 8710: 8610: 7763: 6553:. Métis Legacy Series. Vol. 2. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute. 6284:(2). Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region: 142–150. 5828:"MNO will present its case to determine future in Métis National Council" 5787:"Les Métis de l'Ontario tentent de s'entendre au sujet de la gouvernance" 2637: 2592: 2461: 1946: 1561: 1514:, bison hunters, and interpreters, and for their knowledge of the lands. 1279: 1216: 1054:

Over the past century, countless Métis have assimilated into the general

980: 961: 763:

says. "There was no such thing as a Metis community here in this region."

736: 473: 465: 8873: 7454:"Metis Firsts in North America: Many Little Known Facts About the Metis" 7076:"Y a-t-il des communautés métisses au Québec? Une perspective juridique" 6297: 5508: 5204: 3274: 1691: 1615:

During this time the Canadian government signed treaties (known as the "

1432: 1393:

Cultural definitions of Métis identity inform legal and political ones.

8537: 8199: 7931: 7859: 7372: 6830: 6248: 5137:

Gabriel Dumont Institute (Métis Culture & Heritage Resource Centre)

4870:. Manitoba Government, Indigenous Reconciliation and Northern Relations 3391: 2758: 2222: 2210: 2089: 1659: 1627: 1452: 1416:(Cree-Ojibwa-English); distinctive clothing, such as the arrowed sash ( 1272: 1199:

Alberta is the only province to have defined the term in law under the

1180: 1129: 984: 953: 872: 828: 752: 669: 481: 457: 398: 365: 9053: 8892: 8489: 7483: 7250:

St-Onge, Nicole; Podruchny, Carolyn; Macdougall, Brenda, eds. (2012).

5761:"Métis leaders raise concerns about national council, call for reform" 4589:"Canada A Country by Consent: Manitoba Joins Confederation: The Métis" 4096:

The People Who Own Themselves, Recognition of Métis Identity in Canada

3657:"Métis leaders raise concerns about national council, call for reform" 2875: 2284:

was formed to investigate Métis issues, which in turn resulted in the

8886: 8858: 8764: 8727: 8664: 8547: 8542: 8449: 8399: 8368: 8331: 7622: 6996:(First ed.). Edmonton, Alberta: The University of Alberta Press. 6043:

New Histories for Old: Changing Perspectives on Canada's Native Pasts

5311: 3777: 2710:,. A number of self-identified Métis live in North Dakota, mostly in 2699: 2571: 2549: 2496: 2234: 1850:

National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls

1604: 1517: 1489: 1359: 1284:

Two main advocacy groups claim to speak for the Métis in Canada: the

965: 923: 887: 8984: 7354: 7251: 6840:

Métis and the Medicine Line: Creating a Border and Dividing a People

6726:""Just Following the Buffalo": Origins of a Montana Métis Community" 6260: 4693:

Metis and the Medicine Line: Creating a Border and Dividing a People

2993:

Métis: Race, Recognition, and the Struggle for Indigenous Peoplehood

2613:

as a distinct ethnic group with its own culture known as the Métis.

1132:, resulted in a specific use of the term "Métis" throughout Canada. 8973: 8965: 8837: 8464: 7394:

The Alberta Métis letters, 1930–1940: policy review and annotations

7334:

Hold High Your Heads: History of the Metis Nation in Western Canada

6925:

The Métis of Senegal: Urban Life and Politics in French West Africa

6879:

Children of the Fur Trade: Forgotten Métis of the Pacific Northwest

6605:

Binnema, Theodore; Ens, Gerhard J.; Macleod, Rod (April 30, 2001).

4351: 2563: 2559: 1986: 1668: 1565: 1549: 1540:, which now administered a monopoly over the territory then called 1533: 1262: 1164:

but identify primarily by the tribal nation, rather than as Métis.

1080: 1007: 999: 976: 883: 596: 558: 499:

The first documented "métis" child was a girl born about 1628 near

373: 353: 288: 276: 3398:(in French). Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales 1772:

The 19th-century community of Anglo-Métis, more commonly known as

1757:

a strong second language, as well as numerous Aboriginal tongues.

914:

developed. The women in the unions in eastern Canada were usually

9011: 8978: 8958: 8943: 8911: 8905: 8737: 8356: 6530:

Barkwell, Lawrence J.; Dorion, Leah; Préfontaine, Darren (2001).

6322:

Bumsted, J. M. (March 1999). "Louis Riel and the United States".

5463: 2869: 2865: 2807: 2703: 2595: 2579: 2262: 2046: 2006: 1976: 1721:

A majority of the Métis once spoke, and many still speak, either

899: 793:, which means "mixed"; it expresses well the idea it represents. 608: 604: 489: 485: 477: 390: 8897: 8809: 7098:(1st ed.). New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 7020:

Walking a Tightrope: Aboriginal People and their Representations

6607:

From Rupert's Land to Canada: Essays in Honour of John E. Foster

4659:

Rooster Town: The History of an Urban Métis Community, 1901–1961

4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 3332:(1989 ed.). Les Dictionnaires Robert-Canada. p. 1228. 3095:"Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census" 8013: 7173:

Aboriginal Rights Claims and the Making and Remaking of History

6781:

Hunting for Empire Narrative of Sport in Rupert's Land, 1840–70

5191:

Sprague, D. N. (1980). "The Manitoba Land Question 1870–1882".

4811:. Vol. 11 (1881–1890). University of Toronto / Université Laval 4352:

Russell M. Lawson; Benjamin A. Lawson, eds. (11 October 2019).

2814: 2813:

Métis experience in the U.S. is largely coloured by unratified

2719: 2536: 2521: 2229:(Resistance) of 1885 in what is today the Canadian province of 1966: 1409: 1121: 919: 664:

of the Métis began when the Métis organized politically at the

186: 113: 7303:

The North-West Is Our Mother: The Story of Louis Riel's People

5721: 5674:

Founding Meeting of the American Council of Indigenous Peoples

2268:

Association des Métis Alberta et les Territoires du Nord-Ouest

1111:

This was not the only place where some degree of intermixing (

237: 8951: 8918: 8720: 7900: 7473: 7463: 7437: 6549:

Barkwell, Lawrence J.; Dorion, Leah; Hourie, Audreen (2006).

5744: 5701:

First Nations, Métis and Inuit Children and Youth Time to Act

4067: 2026: 1876:, to deal with land claims The Alberta government passed the 1820:, but are different colours. The first red flag was flown by 1753:. The Métis today predominantly speak Canadian English, with 1228:

Métis community who were asserting Métis hunting rights. The

858: 534:

to the west, some of the settlers made unions with different

503:, given the first name Marguerite, who was the daughter of a 330: 56: 6971:

Algeria & France, 1800–2000: Identity, Memory, Nostalgia

5280:

The Government and Politics of the Alberta Metis Settlements

3710: 587:

The majority of Indigenous groups and legal scholars define

584:

as inclusive of persons of both English and French descent.

65: 8845: 7315:(in French). Montreal: Éditions Albert Lévesque. pp. ? 7148: 6625: 4146: 3800: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2567: 2525: 2245:. The provisional government collapsed that year after the 1560:, pemmican and fur traders, and "tripmen" in the York boat 1377:(TRC) which examined abuses at Indian Residential Schools. 927: 539: 228: 7249: 7152:

In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670-1730

7132:

The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America

5521:. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 2009. Archived from 5464:

Darcy L. MacPherson, et; MacPherson, D.L.; Schwartz, B.P.

5433:

The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America

3685:"Becoming Indigenous: The rise of Eastern Métis in Canada" 3605: 1698:. Riel appealed but he was executed on November 16, 1885. 1553:

extend its reach farther from its main posts to get furs.

803:

A little observation in passing without offending anyone.

723:

Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development)

7478: 7253:

Contours of a People: Metis family, mobility, and history

7129:

Peterson, Jacqueline; Brown, Jennifer S.H., eds. (1985),

7061:

Reflections on Native-newcomer Relations: Selected Essays

7005:

Select Annotaded Bibliography on Métis History and Claims

6954:. Québec: Presses de l'Université Laval. pp. 75–94. 6744:

We Know Who We Are: Métis Identity in a Montana Community

6532:

Métis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography

6529: 6178:

We Know Who We Are: Métis Identity in a Montana Community

5629:"Manitoba Métis Federation leaves Métis National Council" 5052:, Chapter 1 Introduction, The Problem of Michif, pp. 3–4 4421: 3948:

1 (Lincoln, Nebraska: J. and L. Reprint Co., Reprints in

3817: 3115:

Gaudry, Adam; Welch, Mary Agnes; Gallant, David (2020) .

2428:

There used to be five groups, but in September 2021, the

1760:

Michif is most used in the United States, notably in the

1733:

which is composed of Plains Cree verbs and French nouns.

1612:

predominately European, Canadian or American background.

3745: 2888: 2333: 1674:

In March 1885, the Métis heard that a contingent of 500

1240:

ancestral connection to an historic Métis community; and

1128:, demonstrated during armed resistance movements led by 7413:

Quiet Revolution West: The Rebirth of Métis Nationalism

7345:

Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670–1870

6551:

Métis Legacy II: Michif Culture, Heritage, and Folkways

4957:"The 1885 Northwest Resistance: Causes to the Conflict" 3747: 3683:

Leroux, Darryl R. J.; Gaudry, Adam (October 25, 2017).

3476:. Vol. 1. University of Toronto / Université Laval 3374:

E. Foster, "The Métis: The People and the Term" (1978)

2623:

Michigan and to a lesser extent in Illinois and Indiana

2467: 2209:

Councillors of the Métis Provisional Government, 1870.

1796:

spoken by Orcadians and other Scots became part of the

1464:

or marriage according to the "custom of the country."

308:

by the mid-18th century, during the early years of the

6517:

Veterans and Families of the 1885 Northwest Resistance

5955: 5953: 5005:"Michif Language Resources: An Annotated Bibliography" 4102:(10th ed.). Canada. Parliament. Senate. June 2013 3586: 3584: 3582: 2900:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-09-21).

2347:. The Native Council of Canada continues today as the 1280:

Definitions used by Métis representative organizations

1018: 879: 657: 368:

negotiated the entry of the Red River Settlement into

7330:

l'Histoire de la nation métisse dans l'ouest canadien

7312:

l'Histoire de la nation métisse dans l'ouest canadien

5920:

Supreme Court of Canada, Queen vs Powley & Powley

5333:"Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census – Canada" 3946:

University of South Dakota Museum Anthropology Papers

2791: 2182:

Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development

2174:

Federal Interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians

1745:

is a phonetic spelling of the Métis pronunciation of

1341:

The MNA adopted the following "Definition of Métis":

252: 243: 6900:

Mother Imagery in the Novels of Afro-Caribbean Women

6802:(in French). Saint-Boniface, Man.: Éditions du Blé. 6585:

Métis in Canada: history, identity, law and politics

6548: 6238:. Belcourt, North Dakota: Self published. p. 5. 5895:"OMAA names MNO in legal action against governments" 5785:

Lachance, Miguel; Pilion, Didier (August 23, 2019).

5272: 5270: 5068: 4147:

R. v. Powley, 2003 SCC 43 (CanLII), {2003} 2 SCR 207

4122:"Part II: Rights of the Aboriginal People of Canada" 2899: 2829: 2602:

to acquire education for their mixed-race children.

2487: 401:, purchased from the Government of Alberta in 2017. 234: 7057:Miller, James Rodger (2017). "From Riel to Métis". 7042:. Waterloo, Ont: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 6860:

Proclaiming the Gospel to the Indians and the Métis

6009:

The Metis homeland: its settlements and communities

5950: 5379: 3579: 2748: 2307: 1595:In 1869, two years after Canadian Confederacy, the 875:as the only criterion to determine Metis identity. 775:

Histoire de la nation métisse dans l'ouest canadien

231: 225: 7342: 7058: 6897: 3329:Le petit robert, vol. 1: dictionnaire alphabetique 3304: 3114: 688:Objections to this standard have been made to the 356:). Descendants of this community are known as the 296:whose historical homelands include Canada's three 27:Mixed Indigenous ethnic group of Canada and the US 6604: 5822: 5820: 5267: 5079: 4655: 4528: 4500:"Paulet Paul: Métis or "House Indian" Folk-Hero?" 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 2481: 2252: 1088:with continuity to the historic Métis community. 1045: 871:are 'Indians' under s. 91(24)," but excluded the 726:, the Supreme Court of Canada stated in par. 17: 9113: 7674:Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba 7213:France and "Indochina": Cultural Representations 6317: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 5755: 5753: 5064: 5062: 4449: 4447: 4445: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3504: 3502: 2358: 2326:In September of 2021, the MMF withdrew from the 2225:to the independent state he declared during the 1678:was heading west. They organized and formed the 1643:Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories 861:. On April 8, 2014, the Supreme Court of Canada 6895: 6648: 6147:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 26. 5922:(Report). December 2002. C28533. Archived from 5003:Barkwell, Lawrence J.; Fleury, Normand (2017). 4422:Gerhard J. Ens; Joe Sawchuk (27 January 2016). 4128:. Canadian Department of Justice. 7 August 2020 3771: 3769: 3627: 3416: 3303: 2924: 2472:The Woodland Métis are not affiliated with the 2388:. The MNC's first ambassador to this group was 2065: 679: 7446:– "Métis Political Organizations" compiled by 6952:Aspects de la nouvelle francophonie canadienne 6357: 6355: 6353: 5817: 5784: 5002: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4390:Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia 4190:"Métis are a People, not a historical process" 4019:"Métis Are a People, Not a Historical Process" 3963:"Aboriginal identity population, Canada, 2016" 3678: 3676: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3601: 3599: 3370: 3368: 3245: 3243: 3177: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 1460:. These marriages are commonly referred to as 448:Starting in the 17th century, the French word 8680: 7916: 7510: 7305:, Patrick Crean Editions. ISBN 978-1443450126 7128: 7093: 6636:(3). Centre for Constitutional Studies: 84–93 6487:The Battle of Seven Oaks: a Métis perspective 6304: 6128: 6039: 5959: 5944: 5750: 5429: 5059: 4442: 4428:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 45–. 4386: 3982: 3980: 3806: 3499: 3467: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 2241:, and exercised real authority only over the 1310:In 2003, MNC had five provincial affiliates: 1167: 576:; currently the most agreed-upon spelling is 452:was initially used as a noun by those in the 7256:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 7037: 7016: 6489:. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Louis Riel Institute. 6233: 6181:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 23. 5623: 5621: 5243:Domestic Colonies: The Turn Inward to Colony 5026:Métis Culture & Heritage Resource Centre 4662:. University of Manitoba Press. p. 32. 4539: 4537: 4161: 3879: 3766: 3682: 2931:. University of Manitoba Press. p. 45. 2158:Peavine (Big Prairie, north of High Prairie) 2140:Gift Lake (Ma-cha-cho-wi-se) or Utikuma Lake 1663:Copy of the "Warrant to Apprehend" Riel and 949:("according to the custom of the country"). 9059:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories 7073: 6350: 6093: 6083:(Masters thesis). Montana State University. 5276: 4791: 4484: 4258: 4256: 3868:American Buffalo: In Search of A Lost Icon. 3673: 3643: 3596: 3590: 3386: 3384: 3365: 3359: 3240: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3014: 2928:Daniels v. Canada: In and Beyond the Courts 2290:and the creation of the Metis Settlements. 1332:(formerly the Métis Association of Alberta) 905:While the Métis initially developed as the 886:of eastern Canada, some of whom have mixed 653: 419: 8687: 8673: 7923: 7909: 7517: 7503: 7460:, Manitoba Métis Federation; Canada, 2011. 7327: 7308: 6950:. In Langlois, S.; Létourneau, J. (eds.). 4656:Peters, E.; Stock, M.; Werner, A. (2018). 4315:Aboriginal Canada Portal – Métis Card 4053:. University of Regina Press. p. 31. 3977: 3734: 3722: 3101: 2386:United Nations Economic and Social Council 2195: 2176:was created in 1985 as a portfolio in the 1257:Questions remain as to whether Métis have 1237:self-identification as a Métis individual; 1021:, primarily those in border areas such as 902:women of western and west central Canada. 568:have been used interchangeably, including 64: 55: 7410: 7210: 7094:Poitras Pratt, Yvonne (August 25, 2019). 6991: 6778: 6623: 6387: 5618: 4961:HPS History and Political Science Journal 4888: 4723: 4534: 4046: 3897:. Oxford University Press. January 2004. 3801:Pritchard, Pritchard & Pritchard 2004 3638: 3455: 2840:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 2131:East Prairie (south of Lesser Slave Lake) 1682:, with Pierre Parenteau as president and 911: 818: 7581:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians 7450:, Louis Riel Institute; Manitoba, Canada 7340: 7190: 7065:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 6819:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 6694: 6402: 6006: 5490:"History of Métis Settlements in Canada" 5374: 5372: 5225: 4868:"The Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia" 4453: 4253: 4157: 4155: 3616: 3606:St-Onge, Podruchny & Macdougall 2012 3508: 3468:Hamelin, Jean; Gagnon, Jacques (1979) . 3381: 3134: 3082: 2989: 2818:to settlers and some communities set up 2716:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians 2698:Métis or their descendants also live in 2663:. By the late 1830s only in the area of 2627: 2616: 2491: 2204: 2075: 1769:after at least a generation of decline. 1658: 1622:In the late 19th century, following the 1582: 1516: 1466: 1431: 822: 275: 9147:Western (genre) staples and terminology 7829:Metis Child and Family Services Society 7474:Métis Museum (Gabriel Dumont Institute) 7281: 7211:Robson, Kathryn; Yee, Jennifer (2005). 6876: 6842:. Reigina: University of Regina Press. 6740: 6724:Foster, Martha Harroun (Summer 2006a). 6723: 6675: 6653:. Saskatoon: Purich. pp. 268–294?. 6519:. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute. 6372: 6321: 6210:"The Métis: A Blending of Two Cultures" 6140: 6073: 5596: 5594: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5404:Alberta, Government of (Sep 17, 2012). 5403: 5190: 4977: 4954: 4734: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4464: 3818:Barkwell, Dorion & Préfontaine 2001 3775: 3535:"The confusing world of Métis identity" 3532: 3055: 1388: 1188:for all (Status) First Nations people, 427: 14: 9114: 8694: 7328:Tremaudan, Auguste-Henri de (1936b) . 7056: 7001: 6968: 6881:. Corvallis: Oregon State Univ Press. 6797: 6761: 6469:Paperback. Book preview link provided. 6444: 6275: 6174: 6011:. Winnipeg, MB: Louis Riel Institute. 5973:American Indian Family History Project 5853:"Métis Nation of Ontario | Harvesting" 5544:"Métis > 1885 Northwest Resistance" 5236: 5049: 4802: 4497: 4465:Belshaw, John Douglas (Apr 13, 2015). 4215: 4187: 4016: 3828: 3749:Flora: Celebrating our Botanical World 3654: 3494: 3443: 3299: 3297: 3295: 2648:was elected as delegate to Congress. 2507:on the prairies of Dakota in June 1846 2394:American Council of Indigenous Peoples 2293:The MAA would later be renamed as the 2233:. The governing council was named the 2219:Provisional Government of Saskatchewan 1680:Provisional Government of Saskatchewan 1603:, children of First Nations women and 1398:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples 460:(which at that time extended from the 287: 8668: 8165:List of French forts in North America 7904: 7669:Vancouver Métis Community Association 7498: 7479:Milan Métis Healing Art Project—MMHAP 7309:Tremaudan, Auguste-Henri de (1936a). 6945: 6922: 6837: 6816: 6680:. Toronto: Toronto University Press. 6361: 5369: 4982:. HarperCollins. pp. 576 pages. 4689: 4510:. Manitoba Historical Society: Spring 4467:"8.8 Fur Trade Society and the Métis" 4152: 3986: 3431: 2853:Little Shell Band of Chippewa Indians 2685: 2334:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples (1971) 2125:Buffalo Lake (Caslan) or Beaver River 1764:of North Dakota. There Michif is the 789:is derived from the Latin participle 607:and extends into contiguous parts of 263: 7390: 7288:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 7229: 6857:Huel, Raymond Joseph Armand (1996), 6856: 6783:. Vancouver, BC, Canada: UBC Press. 6630:Constitutional Forum Constitutionnel 6582: 6096:International Social Science Journal 5994: 5591: 5562: 5430:Peterson, J.; Brown, J.S.H. (2001). 4829: 4611: 4262: 3713:, par. 17, retrieved on 2022-03-17.; 3533:Teillet, Jean (September 13, 2019). 3520: 3325: 3062:Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia 2468:Ontario Métis Aboriginal Association 1839: 1422:fiddle music, jigs and square dances 894:origins, are not Métis according to 773:Quoting Louis Riel from Tremaudan's 7946:French colonization of the Americas 7729:The National Committee of the Métis 7415:. Calgary: Fifth House Publishers. 7176:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 7169: 7038:McNab, David; Lischke, Ute (2007). 7017:McNab, David; Lischke, Ute (2005). 6896:James Alexander, Simone A. (2001). 6697:Canadian Journal of Law and Society 6587:. The University of Alberta Press. 6482:(2013) Accessed September 1, 2019. 6324:American Review of Canadian Studies 5312:"History – Fort McKay Metis Nation" 5171: 4978:Teillet, Jean (17 September 2019). 4930:Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan 4605: 4126:The Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982 3292: 2682:benefitted the fur trade business. 2379:World Council of Indigenous Peoples 2184:is officially responsible only for 1919:Percentage of self-identified Métis 1652:and that province's entry into the 1521:Rupert's Land, showing location of 1427: 1375:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 1091: 672:from the Great Lakes region to the 24: 7605:Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia 6504:, Winnipeg: Louis Riel Institute. 5970: 5548:Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada 5470:. Manitoba Law Journal. p. 57 5111:Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada 5069:Barkwell, Dorion & Hourie 2006 3565:Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada 2925:Kermoal, N.; Andersen, C. (2021). 2792:Medicine Line (Canada–U.S. border) 2609:eventually settled throughout the 2558:As of 2018, Métis people lived in 2392:. MNC is a founding member of the 1762:Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation 922:, and in western Canada they were 896:Indian and Northern Affairs Canada 640:Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada 344:, which originated largely in the 25: 9158: 7586:Métis Settlements General Council 7431: 5010:. Winnipeg: Louis Riel Institute. 4777:Government of Canada Publications 3776:Malette, Sébastien (2018-04-19). 2488:Métis people in the United States 2188:and largely with those living on 2086:Métis Settlements General Council 1855: 685:community over many generations. 8649: 8648: 8574:Military history of the Acadians 8322:Seigneurial system of New France 7576:Northwest Territory Métis Nation 7534: 7525: 7349:. University of Oklahoma Press. 6747:. University of Oklahoma Press. 6741:Foster, Martha Harroun (2006b). 6381: 6366: 6269: 6242: 6227: 6202: 6168: 6134: 6122: 6108:10.1111/j.0020-8701.2005.00534.x 6087: 6067: 6040:Binnema, T.; Neylan, S. (2011). 6033: 6000: 5988: 5964: 5938: 5912: 5887: 5869: 5845: 5808: 5778: 5738: 5714: 5692: 5665: 5643: 5536: 5482: 5457: 5423: 5397: 5347: 5325: 5304: 5230: 5219: 5184: 5165: 5154: 4839:. Doubleday Canada. p. 21. 4809:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 4178:Belfords, Clarke & Co., 1880 3844:. 6 October 2014. Archived from 3474:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 2832: 2749:Louis Riel and the United States 2308:Manitoba Métis Federation (1967) 1336:Métis Nation of British Columbia 1243:acceptance by a Métis community. 521: 492:in North Africa; and the former 464:through southern Quebec and the 443: 221: 7998:History of the French-Americans 7819:Métis Population Betterment Act 7285:Canada and the Métis, 1869–1885 7191:Rea, J. E.; Scott, J. (2017) . 7023:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. 6969:Lorcin, Patricia M. E. (2006). 6863:, University of Alberta Press, 6395: 5125: 5099: 5073: 5043: 5014: 4996: 4971: 4948: 4918: 4893: 4882: 4860: 4823: 4765: 4739: 4728: 4717: 4683: 4649: 4599: 4581: 4559: 4529:Binnema, Ens & Macleod 2001 4522: 4458: 4415: 4380: 4345: 4342:, Métis Nation of Alberta Metis 4326: 4308: 4292:. 20 April 2017. Archived from 4282: 4235: 4209: 4181: 4166: 4140: 4114: 4040: 4010: 3955: 3938: 3917: 3884: 3873: 3860: 3834: 3822: 3794: 3739: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3632: 3621: 3610: 3553: 3526: 3514: 3488: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3410: 3353: 3319: 3267: 3214: 2806:. Because of the importance of 2287:Métis Population Betterment Act 2164:Wolf Lake (north of Bonnyville) 1911:Canadians identifying as Métis 1889: 1879:Métis Population Betterment Act 857:, along with First Nations and 768: 9044:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa 8327:Criminal justice in New France 7956:Timeline of New France history 7930: 7824:List of settlements in Alberta 7656:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 7469:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 7155:. Cambridge University Press. 7083:Nouveaux Cahiers du socialisme 6515:Barkwell, Lawrence J. (2011). 6500:Barkwell, Lawrence J. (2010). 6485:Barkwell, Lawrence J. (2010). 6234:White Weasel, Charlie (1989). 6007:Barkwell, Lawrence J. (2016). 5380:"Metis Settlements of Alberta" 4249:. The Métis Nation of Alberta. 4017:Gaudry, Adam (June 21, 2016). 3394:[Etymology of Métis]. 3087: 3076: 3049: 2983: 2955: 2918: 2539:, for the furs and hides at a 2377:. The MNC was a member of the 2349:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 2253:Métis Nation of Alberta (1928) 2200: 1286:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 1194:rights of an Indigenous people 1046:Self-identity and legal status 580:; however, some prefer to use 13: 1: 9002:Cherokee freedmen controversy 8317:Custom of Paris in New France 7757:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation 7551:Métis Nation British Columbia 6571:. Vancouver, BC: Talonbooks. 6567:Barnholden, Michael. (2009). 6474:Metis Political Organizations 3987:Cecco, Leland (24 Oct 2021). 3752:. Te Papa Press. p. 65. 3655:Wright, Teresa (2020-01-26). 3470:"Jean Nicollet de Belleborne" 2409:Métis Nation British Columbia 2359:Metis National Council (1983) 2155:Paddle Prairie (or Keg River) 2134:Elizabeth (east of Elk Point) 1832:, "La Grenouillère" in 1816, 1120:among the mostly French- and 404: 6906:University of Missouri Press 6624:Chartrand, Paul LAH (2002). 4290:"Canada-Metis Nation Accord" 3392:"Métis: Etymologie de Métis" 3064:. University of Saskatchewan 2882: 2585: 2482:Other groups and individuals 2137:Fishing Lake (Packechawanis) 2066:Métis settlements of Alberta 867:appeal held that "Métis and 680:Other groups and individuals 409: 146:Predominantly Christianity ( 136:, other Indigenous languages 18:Métis people (United States) 7: 7385:Distinctly Montana Magazine 7282:Sprague, Douglas N (1988), 6375:Distinctly Montana Magazine 6074:Annette, Travis R. (2010). 5246:. OUP Oxford. p. 118. 5193:Journal of Canadian Studies 5080:Eleanor M. Blaine (2017) . 4926:"The North-West Resistance" 4901:"1885 Northwest Resistance" 4626:"Riel and the Métis people" 4593:www.canadahistoryproject.ca 4393:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 241–. 4358:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 127–. 4047:Lambrecht, Kirk N. (2013). 3628:Chartrand & Giokas 2002 3279:Online Etymology Dictionary 3097:. StatCan. 25 October 2017. 2825: 2501:Half-Breeds Running Buffalo 2257:In the 1920s, Métis in the 1844:In 2019, the final report, 1706: 1462:marriage à la façon du pays 1040: 848:Canada's Indigenous peoples 735:Indigenous elders from the 10: 9163: 9075:Contemporary ethnic groups 8264:Governor of Trois-Rivières 7651:North Slave Métis Alliance 5698:Mann, Michelle M. (2007). 5357:. StatCan. 25 October 2017 5277:Pocklington, T.C. (1991). 4803:Thomas, Lewis H. (2016) . 3965:. StatCan. 25 October 2017 2731:Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 2069: 1921:(out of total population) 1846:Reclaiming Power and Place 1710: 1701: 1171: 1168:Lack of a legal definition 1124:-speaking Métis along the 1069:Algonquins of Pikwàkanagàn 1035:the 19th-century fur trade 1019:Métis in the United States 880:Métis in the United States 658:Métis of the United States 36: 29: 9093: 9067: 8994: 8703: 8644: 8616:Expulsion of the Acadians 8561: 8525: 8430: 8407:Company of 100 Associates 8377: 8309: 8233: 8220:Fort St. Louis (Illinois) 8157: 8067: 8006: 7938: 7842: 7779: 7682: 7635: 7597: 7571:Manitoba Métis Federation 7561:Métis Nation—Saskatchewan 7543: 7438:The Rupertsland Institute 7341:Van Kirk, Sylvia (1983). 7272:American Indian Quarterly 7197:The Canadian Encyclopedia 6992:MacKinnon, D. J. (2018). 6975:Syracuse University Press 6877:Jackson, John C. (2007). 6768:Aboriginal Policy Studies 6709:10.1017/S0829320100001721 6609:. University of Alberta. 6502:Women of the Métis Nation 6417:10.1215/00141801-2010-063 6336:10.1080/02722019909481620 6253:American Indian Quarterly 6129:Peterson & Brown 1985 6046:. UBC Press. p. 51. 5945:Peterson & Brown 1985 5606:Manitoba Métis Federation 5494:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5174:"Métis Lands in Manitoba" 5086:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4751:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4222:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4195:The Canadian Encyclopedia 4149:, retrieved on 2022-03-17 4023:The Canadian Encyclopedia 3312:Oxford English Dictionary 3121:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2430:Manitoba Metis Federation 2414:Métis Nation-Saskatchewan 2314:Manitoba Métis Federation 2055: 2045: 2035: 2025: 2015: 2005: 1995: 1985: 1975: 1965: 1955: 1945: 1935: 1927:Newfoundland and Labrador 1925: 1918: 1915: 1788:, etc.) and English. The 1676:North-West Mounted Police 1624:British North America Act 1471:Métis fur trader, c. 1870 1447:During the height of the 1367:Assembly of First Nations 1356:comprehensive settlements 1325:Métis Nation—Saskatchewan 1320:Manitoba Métis Federation 1301:Manitoba Métis Federation 1226:Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario 710:Manitoba Métis Federation 545:In this regard, the term 205: 179: 169: 162: 145: 140: 112: 107: 99: 91: 82: 77: 63: 54: 8611:French and Iroquois Wars 7834:Gabriel Dumont Institute 7664:Alberta Métis Federation 7627:(Southbranch Settlement) 7618:(Southbranch Settlement) 7411:Weinstein, John (2007). 7002:Madill, D. (July 1983). 6929:Indiana University Press 6779:Gillespie, Greg (2007). 6676:Friesen, Gerald (1987). 6437:10.1215/00141801-2717795 5832:stcatharinesstandard.com 5722:"Métis National Council" 5406:"Alberta King's Printer" 4498:Foster, John E. (1985). 4162:McNab & Lischke 2007 3880:McNab & Lischke 2005 3033:"Métis National Council" 2777:hospitalized in Quebec. 2340:Native Council of Canada 2302:Alberta Métis Federation 1632:Saint Boniface Cathedral 1449:North American fur trade 1420:); a rich repertoire of 1267:Robinson Superior Treaty 1017:Closely related are the 532:North American fur trade 454:North American fur trade 322:Constitution Act of 1982 310:North American fur trade 37:Not to be confused with 9127:Ethnic groups in Canada 8621:Great Peace of Montreal 8422:Compagnie de l'Occident 7993:History of the Acadians 7566:Métis Nation of Ontario 7556:Métis Nation of Alberta 7170:Ray, Arthur J. (2016). 6798:Giraud, Marcel (1984). 6264:(subscription required) 5857:Métis Nation of Ontario 5579:Métis Nation of Alberta 5335:. StatCan. 21 June 2018 4955:Thistle, Jesse (2014). 4805:"Riel, Louis (1844–85)" 4216:Gagnon, Denis (2018) . 3927:. Rupertsland Institute 3866:Rinella, Steven. 2008. 3056:Préfontaine, Darren R. 2965:. Rupertsland Institute 2820:road allowance villages 2474:Métis Nation of Ontario 2419:Métis Nation of Ontario 2404:Métis Nation of Alberta 2295:Métis Nation of Alberta 2196:Organizations in Canada 1807: 1412:(French-Cree-Dene) and 1396:The 1996 Report of the 1371:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami 1330:Métis Nation of Alberta 1315:Métis Nation of Ontario 1230:Supreme Court of Canada 1106:Southbranch Settlements 1104:(now Manitoba) and the 8569:Military of New France 8495:Gens de couleur libres 8225:Fort St. Louis (Texas) 8210:Fortress of Louisbourg 8034:(1682–1763, 1801–1803) 7951:French colonial empire 7747:Southbranch Settlement 7643:Métis National Council 7614:Council of St. Laurent 7301:Teillet, Jean (2019). 6946:LeBel, Sylvie (2003). 6923:Jones, Hilary (2013). 6838:Hogue, Michel (2015). 6730:Great Plains Quarterly 6445:Bakker, Peter (1997). 6266:, accessed 12 May 2015 6141:Labelle, M.J. (2023). 5745:Métis National Council 4571:Métis National Council 4387:James Minahan (2013). 2714:. Many members of the 2661:Southbranch Settlement 2633: 2508: 2374:Constitution Act, 1982 2365:Métis National Council 2345:Métis National Council 2328:Métis National Council 2300:In February 2020, the 2243:Southbranch Settlement 2221:was the name given by 2214: 2081: 1907:by Statistics Canada. 1671: 1654:Canadian Confederation 1592: 1525: 1472: 1444: 1406: 1354:process. Three of the 1352:Aboriginal land claims 1347: 1305:Métis National Council 1290:Métis National Council 1255: 1246: 1161: 1157:Constitution Act, 1982 1139:Constitution Act, 1982 1085:Constitution Act, 1982 1073: 1012:Red River of the North 835: 819:Métis people in Canada 815: 766: 765: 733: 718: 703: 690:Métis National Council 650: 637:Canadian Geographic's 628:Métis National Council 564:Numerous spellings of 472:, thence southward to 420: 381:Métis National Council 362:Provisional Government 126:North American English 7717:Pemmican Proclamation 7104:10.4324/9781315265544 6762:Gaudry, Adam (2013). 6678:The Canadian Prairies 6662:Gabriel Dumont Speaks 6472:Barkwell, L. (n.d.). 6175:Foster, M.H. (2016). 5550:. Canadian Geographic 5172:Ens, Gerhard (1983). 5022:"Fast Facts on Métis" 4188:Gaudry, Adam (2016). 3870:NY: Spiegel and Grau. 3567:. Canadian Geographic 3561:"Métis > Identity" 3456:Robson & Yee 2005 3326:Paul, Robert (1986). 3228:. Province of Alberta 2990:Andersen, C. (2014). 2631: 2617:United States history 2495: 2239:Batoche, Saskatchewan 2208: 2095:Métis Settlements Act 2079: 2037:Northwest Territories 1916:Province / territory 1711:Further information: 1688:North-West Resistance 1662: 1586: 1580:valleys to the west. 1520: 1470: 1435: 1402: 1343: 1250: 1234: 1222:Métis Settlements Act 1205:Alberta v. Cunningham 1201:Métis Settlements Act 1172:Further information: 1144: 1061: 826: 780: 757: 749: 728: 714: 698: 645: 617:Northwest Territories 538:women, including the 360:. In 1870, the Métis 9022:Interracial marriage 9017:Interethnic marriage 8799:Eurasian Singaporean 8269:Governor of Montreal 8175:Fort Michilimackinac 7983:1763 Treaty of Paris 7741:North-West Rebellion 7723:Battle of Seven Oaks 7598:Historic Governments 7391:Wall, Denis (2008), 7379:Vrooman, N. (2019). 7230:Quan, Holly (2009), 7074:O'Toole, D. (2017). 6664:. Talonbooks, 2009. 5793:(in Canadian French) 4567:"Who are the Métis?" 4296:on November 15, 2018 4243:"The Métis, History" 3778:"Who are the Métis?" 3417:James Alexander 2001 3083:Rea & Scott 2017 2848:List of Métis people 2642:territorial Michigan 2227:North-West Rebellion 2119:Métis Betterment Act 2115:Métis Settlement Act 1937:Prince Edward Island 1905:2016 Canadian Census 1830:Battle of Seven Oaks 1786:Assiniboine language 1597:Government of Canada 1538:Hudson's Bay Company 1504:Hudson's Bay Company 1389:Cultural definitions 1102:Red River Settlement 1065:University of Ottawa 720:In a 2016 decision, 666:Battle of Seven Oaks 555:Red River Settlement 510:Today, the spelling 428:Semantic definitions 374:Province of Manitoba 350:Red River Settlement 30:For other uses, see 9132:Multiracial affairs 8417:Mississippi Company 7735:Red River Rebellion 7484:Métis in the Courts 7215:. Lexington Books. 5926:on January 20, 2020 5205:10.3138/jcs.15.3.74 5107:"Early Nationalism" 4936:on 5 September 2022 4905:Canadian Geographic 4218:"The "Other" Métis" 3782:sebastienmalette.ca 2906:www12.statcan.gc.ca 2799:49th parallel north 2369:Section Thirty-five 2213:sits in the centre. 1912: 1587:Métis drivers with 1564:among the men; the 1441:Alfred Jacob Miller 1437:The Trapper's Bride 1184:, which creates an 1178:In contrast to the 1100:, primarily in the 755:in Western Canada. 708:, president of the 630:, in 2002, defined 619:, and the northern 496:in Southeast Asia. 51: 9101:Race of the future 9085:luk khrueng people 8589:King William's War 8584:Intercolonial Wars 7885:Métis buffalo hunt 7609:(Red River Colony) 7544:Modern Governments 7236:, Heritage House, 6480:Barkwell, Lawrence 5960:Poitras Pratt 2019 5726:www.metisnation.ca 4690:Hogue, M. (2015). 4608:, pp. 210–212 4545:"The Métis Nation" 4531:, pp. ix–xxii 4338:2013-11-06 at the 4320:2013-02-05 at the 4269:The Globe and Mail 4263:Galloway, Gloria. 4172:Morris, Alexander. 4025:. Historica Canada 3458:, pp. 210–211 3446:, pp. 210–211 3037:www.metisnation.ca 2860:à la façon du pays 2686:Current population 2634: 2509: 2505:Métis buffalo hunt 2353:non-Status Indians 2215: 2082: 1910: 1782:Saulteaux language 1672: 1593: 1546:North West Company 1526: 1508:North West Company 1473: 1445: 1294:non-Status Indians 1067:and member of the 946:à la façon du pays 869:non status Indians 836: 484:in the Caribbean; 462:Maritime provinces 317:Indigenous peoples 289:[mɪˈt͡ʃɪf] 277:[meˈt͡sɪs] 47: 9109: 9108: 8662: 8661: 8599:King George's War 8579:Acadian Civil War 8526:Missionary groups 8517:Intellectual life 8254:Sovereign Council 7988:History of Quebec 7898: 7897: 7660: 7647: 7628: 7619: 7610: 7590: 7458:Lawrence Barkwell 7448:Lawrence Barkwell 7422:978-1-897252-21-5 7404:978-0-9809026-2-4 7387:, pp 68–69 of 98. 7364:978-0-8061-1847-5 7263:978-0-8061-4279-1 7243:978-1-894974-74-5 7183:978-0-7735-4743-8 7162:978-0-521-82742-3 7113:978-1-315-26554-4 7049:978-0-88920-523-9 7030:978-0-88920-460-7 6938:978-0-253-00705-6 6888:978-0-87071-194-7 6849:978-0-88977-380-6 6790:978-0-7748-1354-9 6670:978-0-88922-625-8 6616:978-0-88864-363-6 6594:978-0-88864-722-1 6577:978-0-88922-621-0 6525:978-1-926795-03-4 6510:978-0-9809912-5-3 6495:978-0-9809912-9-1 6188:978-0-8061-8234-6 6154:978-0-2280-1543-7 6053:978-0-7748-4012-5 6018:978-1-927531-12-9 5971:Lapier, Rosalyn. 5710:978-0-662-46640-6 5443:978-0-87351-408-8 5290:978-0-88977-060-7 5253:978-0-19-252512-3 4989:978-1-4434-5014-0 4846:978-0-385-67405-8 4703:978-1-4696-2106-7 4669:978-0-88755-566-4 4435:978-1-4426-2150-3 4400:978-1-61069-163-5 4365:978-1-4408-5097-4 4060:978-0-88977-298-4 3904:978-0-19-541559-9 3894:The term jackatar 3848:on 6 October 2014 3759:978-1-9911509-1-2 3222:"Métis Relations" 3003:978-0-7748-2723-2 2938:978-0-88755-931-0 2653:Canadian Prairies 2611:Canadian Prairies 2513:European colonist 2247:Battle of Batoche 2072:Métis Settlements 2063: 2062: 1840:Cultural genocide 1766:official language 1696:sentenced to hang 1639:William McDougall 1617:Numbered Treaties 1118:national identity 1056:European Canadian 1023:Northern Michigan 1004:Canadian Prairies 844:European settlers 833:Battle of Batoche 593:Prairie Provinces 470:Mississippi River 395:Métis settlements 325:, along with the 298:Prairie Provinces 294:Indigenous people 213: 212: 158: 157: 148:Roman Catholicism 16:(Redirected from 9154: 8804:Filipino Mestizo 8689: 8682: 8675: 8666: 8665: 8652: 8651: 8631:Schenectady Raid 8604:Seven Years' War 8594:Queen Anne's War 8460:King's Daughters 8412:Crozat's Company 8395:Coureur des bois 8337:Superior Council 8259:Bishop of Quebec 8244:Governor General 8185:Fort de Chartres 8044:Illinois Country 7925: 7918: 7911: 7902: 7901: 7752:Half-Breed Tract 7658: 7645: 7626: 7617: 7608: 7588: 7538: 7529: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7444:The Métis Museum 7426: 7407: 7376: 7348: 7337: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7298: 7267: 7246: 7226: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7187: 7166: 7145: 7125: 7090: 7080: 7070: 7064: 7053: 7034: 7012: 7010: 6997: 6988: 6965: 6942: 6919: 6903: 6892: 6873: 6853: 6834: 6813: 6794: 6775: 6758: 6737: 6720: 6691: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6620: 6601: 6564: 6545: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6420: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6359: 6348: 6347: 6319: 6302: 6301: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6138: 6132: 6131:, pp. 41–67 6126: 6120: 6119: 6102:(183): 103–112. 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5968: 5962: 5957: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5879:. Archived from 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5824: 5815: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5757: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5718: 5712: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5679: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5598: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5571: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5376: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5274: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5234: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5178:Manitoba History 5169: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5139:. Archived from 5133:"The Métis flag" 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5077: 5071: 5066: 5057: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5028:. Archived from 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4932:. Archived from 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4897: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4800: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4743: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4630: 4622: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4573:. Archived from 4563: 4557: 4556: 4551:. Archived from 4541: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4504:Manitoba History 4495: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4451: 4440: 4439: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4349: 4343: 4333:"MNA membership" 4330: 4324: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4247:albertametis.com 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4185: 4179: 4170: 4164: 4159: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4101: 4090: 4065: 4064: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3959: 3953: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3925:"Métis Homeland" 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3888: 3882: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3815: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3743: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3690:The Conversation 3680: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3652: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3511:, pp. 71–94 3506: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3388: 3379: 3378:79, at 86–87.107 3372: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3301: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3192: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3155: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3112: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3029: 3012: 3011: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2963:"Métis Homeland" 2959: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2897: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2665:Sault Ste. Marie 2657:Red River Colony 2655:, including the 2607:Red River Colony 2499:'s oil painting 2390:Clément Chartier 2321:Upper Fort Garry 2282:Ewing Commission 2178:Canadian Cabinet 2172:The position of 2117:, replacing the 2103:Northern Alberta 2017:British Columbia 1913: 1909: 1800:referred to as " 1530:Red River Valley 1428:Canadian history 1418:ceinture flêchée 1190:settler-colonial 1159: 1142:, which states: 1092:View of identity 1027:Red River Valley 969:fathers and the 864:Daniels v Canada 853:Constitution Act 785:The French word 745:settler-colonial 613:British Columbia 551:Red River Valley 528:French Canadians 494:French Indochina 488:in West Africa; 423: 346:Red River Valley 291: 286: 279: 274: 267: 262: 256: 250: 249: 246: 245: 240: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 160: 159: 78:Total population 68: 59: 52: 46: 21: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9089: 9063: 8990: 8699: 8693: 8663: 8658: 8640: 8557: 8533:Jesuit missions 8521: 8470:Casquette girls 8426: 8373: 8342:Admiralty court 8305: 8229: 8153: 8070: 8063: 8002: 7961:Beginnings–1533 7934: 7929: 7899: 7894: 7838: 7775: 7678: 7631: 7593: 7539: 7523: 7434: 7429: 7423: 7405: 7365: 7355:10.2307/3346234 7318: 7316: 7296: 7264: 7244: 7223: 7201: 7199: 7184: 7163: 7143: 7114: 7078: 7050: 7031: 7008: 6985: 6962: 6939: 6916: 6889: 6871: 6850: 6810: 6791: 6755: 6688: 6658:Dumont, Gabriel 6645:CanLIIDocs 376. 6639: 6637: 6617: 6595: 6561: 6542: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6398: 6393: 6386: 6382: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6351: 6320: 6305: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6261:10.2307/1183704 6247: 6243: 6232: 6228: 6219: 6217: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6019: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5903: 5901: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5837: 5835: 5826: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5796: 5794: 5783: 5779: 5770: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5730: 5728: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5608: 5600: 5599: 5592: 5583: 5581: 5573: 5572: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5528: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5499: 5497: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5462: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5412: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5275: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5220: 5189: 5185: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5155: 5146: 5144: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5078: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5048: 5044: 5035: 5033: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4976: 4972: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4801: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4496: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4401: 4385: 4381: 4366: 4350: 4346: 4340:Wayback Machine 4331: 4327: 4322:Wayback Machine 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4261: 4254: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4186: 4182: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4091: 4068: 4061: 4045: 4041: 4028: 4026: 4015: 4011: 3997: 3995: 3985: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3744: 3740: 3735:Tremaudan 1936b 3733: 3729: 3723:Tremaudan 1936a 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3681: 3674: 3665: 3663: 3653: 3644: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3382: 3376:3 Prairie Forum 3373: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3302: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3257: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3157: 3156: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3113: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3058:"Métis History" 3054: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3015: 3004: 2988: 2984: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2794: 2751: 2727:Mackinac Island 2688: 2646:Gabriel Richard 2619: 2588: 2490: 2470: 2434:David Chartrand 2361: 2336: 2310: 2255: 2203: 2198: 2190:Indian reserves 2074: 2068: 1920: 1892: 1858: 1842: 1818:infinity symbol 1810: 1798:creole language 1755:Canadian French 1749:, a variant of 1719: 1713:Michif language 1709: 1704: 1589:Red River carts 1558:buffalo hunters 1532:in present-day 1430: 1391: 1282: 1265:. Another, the 1186:Indian Register 1176: 1170: 1160: 1155: 1094: 1048: 1043: 1031:Eastern Montana 821: 816: 771: 706:David Chartrand 682: 654:Métis of Canada 524: 446: 440:denominations. 430: 412: 407: 358:Red River Métis 281: 271:Canadian French 269: 265:[metis] 260: 254: 242: 224: 220: 201: 122:Canadian French 73: 49: 45: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9160: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9019: 9009: 9004: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8988: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8970: 8969: 8962: 8948: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8922: 8915: 8903: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8849: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8818: 8813: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8759: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8733:Cape Coloureds 8725: 8718: 8716:Amazonian Jews 8713: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8692: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8669: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8656: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8636:Deerfield Raid 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8434: 8432: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8397: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8161: 8159: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8097:Trois-Rivières 8094: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8075: 8073: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8059:Domaine du roy 8056: 8054:Pays d'en Haut 8051: 8046: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8010: 8008: 8004: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7953: 7948: 7942: 7940: 7936: 7935: 7928: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7855:Chinook Jargon 7852: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7787:Canadian Métis 7783: 7781: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7770:Daniels ruling 7767: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7653: 7648: 7639: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7620: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7522: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7451: 7441: 7433: 7432:External links 7430: 7428: 7427: 7421: 7408: 7403: 7397:, DWRG Press, 7388: 7377: 7363: 7338: 7325: 7306: 7299: 7294: 7279: 7268: 7262: 7247: 7242: 7227: 7221: 7208: 7193:"Manitoba Act" 7188: 7182: 7167: 7161: 7146: 7141: 7126: 7112: 7091: 7071: 7054: 7048: 7035: 7029: 7014: 6999: 6989: 6983: 6966: 6960: 6943: 6937: 6920: 6914: 6893: 6887: 6874: 6869: 6854: 6848: 6835: 6814: 6808: 6795: 6789: 6776: 6759: 6753: 6738: 6721: 6692: 6686: 6673: 6655: 6646: 6621: 6615: 6602: 6593: 6580: 6565: 6559: 6546: 6540: 6527: 6513: 6498: 6483: 6477: 6470: 6457: 6442: 6439: 6431:(4), 619–633. 6421: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6391: 6388:MacKinnon 2018 6380: 6365: 6349: 6303: 6268: 6241: 6226: 6214:history.nd.gov 6201: 6187: 6167: 6153: 6133: 6121: 6086: 6066: 6052: 6032: 6017: 5999: 5987: 5963: 5949: 5937: 5911: 5886: 5883:on 2020-10-28. 5868: 5844: 5816: 5807: 5777: 5749: 5737: 5713: 5691: 5680:. Apr 18, 2018 5664: 5642: 5631:. Sep 29, 2021 5617: 5590: 5561: 5535: 5507: 5496:. Apr 21, 2022 5481: 5456: 5442: 5422: 5396: 5368: 5346: 5324: 5303: 5289: 5266: 5252: 5229: 5218: 5183: 5164: 5153: 5124: 5098: 5072: 5058: 5042: 5013: 4995: 4988: 4970: 4947: 4917: 4892: 4889:Weinstein 2007 4881: 4859: 4845: 4822: 4790: 4764: 4753:. Aug 29, 2016 4738: 4727: 4724:Gillespie 2007 4716: 4702: 4682: 4668: 4648: 4610: 4598: 4580: 4577:on 2010-02-26. 4558: 4555:on 2009-08-01. 4533: 4521: 4483: 4457: 4441: 4434: 4414: 4399: 4379: 4364: 4344: 4325: 4307: 4281: 4252: 4234: 4208: 4180: 4165: 4151: 4139: 4113: 4066: 4059: 4039: 4009: 3976: 3954: 3937: 3916: 3903: 3883: 3872: 3859: 3833: 3821: 3805: 3793: 3765: 3758: 3738: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3672: 3642: 3639:Chartrand 2002 3631: 3620: 3609: 3595: 3578: 3552: 3539:Globe and Mail 3525: 3513: 3498: 3487: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3409: 3380: 3364: 3352: 3338: 3318: 3291: 3266: 3239: 3213: 3198:. Mar 27, 2021 3176: 3165:. May 27, 2018 3133: 3100: 3086: 3075: 3048: 3013: 3002: 2982: 2954: 2937: 2917: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2863: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2827: 2824: 2793: 2790: 2750: 2747: 2712:Pembina County 2687: 2684: 2618: 2615: 2587: 2584: 2503:, depicting a 2489: 2486: 2469: 2466: 2441:specifically. 2439:Red River area 2422: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2360: 2357: 2335: 2332: 2309: 2306: 2278:Malcolm Norris 2254: 2251: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2186:Status Indians 2166: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2070:Main article: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1917: 1891: 1888: 1870:Malcolm Norris 1866:James P. Brady 1857: 1856:Land ownership 1854: 1841: 1838: 1826:Fort Espérance 1822:Cuthbert Grant 1809: 1806: 1727:mixed language 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1684:Gabriel Dumont 1609:Anglo-Canadian 1429: 1426: 1390: 1387: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1288:(CAP) and the 1281: 1278: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1169: 1166: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1093: 1090: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 820: 817: 779: 770: 767: 681: 678: 674:Western plains 523: 520: 501:Lake Nipissing 445: 442: 429: 426: 411: 408: 406: 403: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 200: 199: 194: 189: 183: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 156: 155: 143: 142: 138: 137: 110: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 80: 79: 75: 74: 69: 61: 60: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9159: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9102: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9092: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9039:One-drop rule 9037: 9035: 9034:Miscegenation 9032: 9030: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8968: 8967: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8927: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8779:Anglo-Burmese 8777: 8773: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8723: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8690: 8685: 8683: 8678: 8676: 8671: 8670: 8667: 8655: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8524: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8385:Chemin du Roy 8383: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8300: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8205:Fort Duquesne 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8195:Fort Carillon 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8180:Fort de Buade 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8005: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7933: 7926: 7921: 7919: 7914: 7912: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7891: 7890:Red River Jig 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7764:Powley ruling 7762: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7659:(Canada-wide) 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7646:(Canada-wide) 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636:Organizations 7634: 7624: 7621: 7615: 7612: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7520: 7515: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7424: 7418: 7414: 7409: 7406: 7400: 7396: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7346: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7314: 7313: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7295:0-88920-958-8 7291: 7287: 7286: 7280: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7248: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7228: 7224: 7222:0-7391-0840-9 7218: 7214: 7209: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7142:0-87351-408-4 7138: 7134: 7133: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7062: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7015: 7007: 7006: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6986: 6984:0-8156-3074-3 6980: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6961:2-7637-8083-0 6957: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6917: 6915:0-8262-6316-X 6911: 6907: 6902: 6901: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6872: 6870:0-88864-267-9 6866: 6862: 6861: 6855: 6851: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6809:0-920640-45-1 6805: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6754:0-8061-3705-3 6750: 6746: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6687:0-8020-6648-8 6683: 6679: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6560:0-920915-80-9 6556: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6541:1-894717-03-1 6537: 6533: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6460: 6458:0-19-509712-2 6454: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6400: 6389: 6384: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6237: 6230: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6171: 6156: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6079: 6078: 6070: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5996: 5991: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5946: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5811: 5804: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5746: 5741: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5695: 5676: 5675: 5668: 5653:. 13 May 2021 5652: 5646: 5630: 5624: 5622: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5525:on 2010-01-28 5524: 5520: 5514: 5512: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5469: 5468: 5460: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5426: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5356: 5350: 5334: 5328: 5313: 5307: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5273: 5271: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5226:Barkwell 2016 5222: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5162: 5157: 5143:on 2009-03-04 5142: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5113:. Jun 5, 2018 5112: 5108: 5102: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5032:on 2010-01-10 5031: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4885: 4869: 4863: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4779:. Jul 1, 2002 4778: 4774: 4768: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4720: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4652: 4638:on 2008-11-22 4634: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4607: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4455: 4454:Van Kirk 1983 4450: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4348: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4257: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4148: 4143: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4098: 4097: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4036: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4006: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3981: 3964: 3958: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3926: 3920: 3906: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3891:"Jackatars". 3887: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3802: 3797: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3617:Andersen 2011 3613: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3509:Flanagan 1990 3505: 3503: 3496: 3491: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3452: 3445: 3440: 3434:, p. 296 3433: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3361: 3356: 3341: 3339:0-00-433514-7 3335: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3244: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3210: 3197: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3079: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2976:Rupert's Land 2964: 2958: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2921: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2789: 2787: 2786:Montana Metis 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2693:Rupert's Land 2683: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2207: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2143:Goodfish Lake 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2073: 2058: 2056:Canada total 2054: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1957:New Brunswick 1954: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1824:in 1815 near 1823: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778:Cree language 1775: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542:Rupert's Land 1539: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1499:Fort Edmonton 1496: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1259:treaty rights 1254: 1249: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1165: 1158: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1098:Rupert's Land 1089: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:First Nations 1075:Unlike among 1072: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 973: 968: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 947: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912:Métis culture 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 865: 860: 856: 854: 849: 845: 841: 840:First Nations 834: 830: 827:Contemporary 825: 814: 811: 807: 804: 801: 798: 794: 792: 788: 783: 778: 776: 764: 762: 756: 754: 748: 746: 742: 741:First Nations 738: 732: 727: 725: 724: 717: 713: 711: 707: 702: 697: 695: 694:Eastern Metis 691: 686: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 649: 644: 642: 641: 635: 633: 629: 624: 622: 621:United States 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 530:followed the 529: 522:Uppercase 'M' 519: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 444:Lowercase 'm' 441: 439: 433: 425: 422: 417: 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 370:Confederation 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 327:First Nations 324: 323: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 284: 278: 272: 266: 258: 257: 248: 218: 208: 204: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 182: 178: 175: 172: 168: 165: 161: 153: 152:Protestantism 149: 144: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 102: 100:United States 98: 94: 90: 86: 81: 76: 72: 67: 62: 58: 53: 40: 39:Meitei people 33: 19: 9137:Pemmican War 9007:Ethnogenesis 8983: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8944: 8933: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8898: 8891: 8872: 8866: 8851: 8844: 8820: 8808: 8784:Anglo-Indian 8769: 8721: 8626:Lachine Raid 8474: 8363:Maréchaussée 8361: 8285:Terre-Neuve 8190:Fort Detroit 8170:Fort Rouillé 8143:Terre-Neuve 8049:Ohio Country 7880:Métis fiddle 7865:Métis French 7712:Pemmican War 7690:Indian trade 7616:(1873–1878) 7530: 7464:Métis Nation 7456:compiled by 7412: 7393: 7384: 7344: 7333: 7329: 7317:. Retrieved 7311: 7302: 7284: 7275: 7271: 7252: 7232: 7212: 7202:November 29, 7200:. Retrieved 7196: 7172: 7151: 7131: 7095: 7086: 7082: 7060: 7039: 7019: 7004: 6993: 6970: 6951: 6924: 6899: 6878: 6859: 6839: 6822: 6818: 6799: 6780: 6771: 6767: 6743: 6733: 6729: 6700: 6696: 6677: 6661: 6650: 6638:. Retrieved 6633: 6629: 6606: 6598: 6584: 6568: 6550: 6531: 6516: 6501: 6486: 6462:. Retrieved 6447: 6428: 6425:Ethnohistory 6424: 6411:(1): 37–63. 6408: 6405:Ethnohistory 6404: 6396:Bibliography 6383: 6374: 6368: 6330:(1): 17–41. 6327: 6323: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6252: 6244: 6235: 6229: 6218:. Retrieved 6213: 6204: 6192:. Retrieved 6177: 6170: 6158:. Retrieved 6143: 6136: 6124: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6076: 6069: 6057:. Retrieved 6042: 6035: 6008: 6002: 5990: 5972: 5966: 5940: 5930:November 15, 5928:. Retrieved 5924:the original 5914: 5904:November 15, 5902:. Retrieved 5898: 5889: 5881:the original 5871: 5860:. Retrieved 5856: 5847: 5836:. Retrieved 5834:. 2021-10-06 5831: 5810: 5801: 5795:. 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