Métis flag - Knowledge

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was hoisted Polly, an old servant of the N.W.C. & their Batteau builders came over to Mr. Sutherland on a visit in a private manner, who asked him the meaning of the half-Breeds flag being hoisted, a thing he had never before seen, he very emphatically replied that "before he left the River he would know it" — he was shortly after acquainted in a private manner that the half-Breeds had been directed by the N.W.C. all to assemble at that place early in May, & that it was the intention of the N.W.C. not only to root up the Colony but to seize all the Pemmican &c. belonging to the HBC. — In consequence of hearing these alarming accounts M. Sutherland sent down an Express to the Colony sometime afterwards for a re-inforcement of armed men to assist in protecting the HBC. property, on their passage down the River when the Ice permitted the Navigation; & M. Pambrun & 10 men was sent up from the Forks, & 6 from Brandon House for that purpose. — Reports were also current that the Servants of the HBC. should all be driven from the Red River. — M. Cuthbert Grant, a Clerk to the N.W.C. at River Qu'Appelle, a half-Breed is appointed to act as Commander-in-Chief over all the half-Breeds.

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unfortunately for him his presents, which consisted for 6 Gallons of Shrub and forty pounds of Plug tobacco, excited such discontent, that one half of his audience left the room before the harangue was finished, and came over to my house. When things were in this state at Gibraltar, I sent over M MLean and Geo Yearns to claim some horses belonging to the Settlement. On M MLean's arrival he demanded an interview with M A. MDonnell and Seraphim, when he asked them if they had given away his two horses to Marcella's Son. M A. MDonnell turned around to Seraphim and asked him, did you ever hear Marcella's Son say that I gave him the Horses. Yes Oh! I remember says M MDonnell that I said to the Halfbreeds in general "my lads all the Horses are certainly yours". Cameron came forward, and said, he would take his Bible Oath that he never said so, but he presumed the Halfbreeds considered the Horses as free booty, however, it appeared clear to me that the North West Company had given the Colonial Horses, Dogs, &c to the Metifś as payment for the active part they took in the affairs of last spring, so I shall act upon this in my attempt to disunite the Metifś and the North West Company.

603:"You hear my friends, continued Cameron, what he says, who gave him a right to the soil? by and bye he will be claiming your private property? will you be slaves? will you allow this man who calls himself Governor to put his foot upon your neck? Join me, and resist such acts of Tyranny! I would beg to inform you that I am appointed commanding Officer of Red River by an order of Sir George Prevosts the Governor of Canada and I still expect higher promotion, but even at present I have authority to bring such Freemen to Montreal to be tried for disobedience of orders." A person of the name of Lavemdom observed "that if the Americans came to Red River and that he was commanded in the name of the King, he would certainly take up arms against them, but he conceived the Colonists to be British Subjects like himself and would not take up arms against them, indeed (continued this man) "before the Colonists came here I was clothed in leather, but now I am comfortable, and myself and family have plenty of both Cloth and Blankets." 733:

place over the river where they all stopped about two minutes, and instead of going down the Bank & riding acroſ the River, they all turned suddenly around and rode full speed into our yard — some of them tyed their horses, others loose fixed their flag at our Door, which they soon afterwards hoisted over our East Gate next to the Canadian House. Cuthbert Grant then came up to me in the yard & demanded of me to deliver to him all the keys of our Stores, Warehouses, &. I of course would not deliver them up — They then rushed into the House and broke open the Warehouse Door first, plundered the Warehouse of every article it contained, tore up part of the Cellar floor, & cut out the Parchment windows without saying for what this was done for or by whose Authority — Alex MDonell Seraphim, Bostonois, & Allan MDonell were at their house looking on the whole time

485:... Alexander MDonell partner of the N.W.C. arrived with a great parade of 40 or 50 Canadians, Freemen & Half-Breeds forming two distinct companies. MDonell led one of these consisting of Canadians with the Colours flying the other Company were Half Breeds headed by Cuthbert Grant a Half Breed who has been regularly educated at Canada and has acted for several years as Clerk & still continue to act as such, to the N.W.C. This Tribe had another Flag hoisted of what nation I know not it is red with a figure of 8 placed horizontally on the middle and it is said to be a present from the N.W.C. along with some Swords and a few pairs of Pistols to these deluded young men the Half Breeds as a recompence for their exertions against the Colony Spring 1815 and as an incentive to encourage them to further mischief this ensuing season ... 597:"My friends you are aware of the continuation of the war with America, and that an old Friend M W MKay is appointed a Colonel in the Army, he intends to attack the Americans at Prairie des Chien, should he not find them there, it is his intention to come here, for reinforcements. I therefore expect you will render him every aſsistance, but in the first place you must aſsist me in driving away the Colonists. If they are not driven away the consequences will be, that they will prevent you from hunting and by that means starve your families, for the truth of what I aſsert; here is a proclamation, forbidding you on pain of death to kill food for your children." 550:

company, a feast prepared for them, and a suit of clothes given to each, and swords to two (Bostonois and Antoine Houle) who are in the regular employment of the North West Company and chiefs of their own party. Amongst the partners present on this occasion at Fort William, the following only are named; viz. Simon MGillvray (of London), Archibald N. MLeod, Duncan Cameron, Alexander MDonnell, Alexander MKenzie, Kenneth MKenzie and John MDonald of Fort Dauphin, although probably many others were there at the time, as Daniel MKenzie acknowledges of himself in his letter before-mentioned.

481:, Saskatchewan built in 1864). In his account, Sutherland reported that the flag was said to be a gift from the North West Company given in early 1815, but provided no evidence to confirm this origin story for the flag nor did he state that it was a gift from Alexander Macdonell of Greenfield. The events reported in this account happened prior to Sutherland's arrival at Qu'Appelle on December 8, 1815, so were conveyed to him by Hudson's Bay Company Officer John Richards McKay and his party, who had arrived there in early October 1815 and had witnessed the events described. 630:

winter 1815, assembled as usual at that season for the collection of provisions, against whom Miles MDonell marched with a body of armed men, intending to possess himself of the produce of their hunt; but on his near approach, they called in their stragglers, and put themselves in a posture to receive the Governor, which astonished the party, and caused him to retreat to his government-house at Fort Daer; and to this attempt, may principally be attributed to the part which the Bois-brulés in general afterwards took against him and the Colonists.

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appeared to be a good meaning and rather an intelligent fellow, gave me the heads of Cameron's speech on his arrive in the Fall of 1814. when the destruction of the Colony was resolved on at Fort Williams, after his arrival he sent for all of the Freemen and Metifś, within one or two days march of his Fort, some of the most credulous of them, he ordered in the name of the King, when he had aſsembled them in his Hall at Fort Gibraltar, he placed before them a Keg of Rum and half a roll of Tobacco, and addressed them in the following terms:

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hoisting the Half Breed flag he said I would know that before Summer came, that every thing bad against us & the Colony were in agitation. The flag was flying in honour of Cuthbert Grant having been appointed Captain General of all the Half Breeds in the Country and likewise as a rejoicing for the news brought by Swan River MDonald that the Half Breeds in Athabasca English River, Saskatchewan & Swan River were collecting under their several chiefs & had sent information that they would all join

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red, and blue. Teillet asserts that as a matter of practicality, the Métis would have used the material that was available to them for making flags. When they needed to make a new flag, they purchased the material that was available, and if red was not available, they might have chosen to use blue instead. Rather than being a strategic ideological decision to align colours with particular trading companies, her assertion is that the colour was a reaction to what was practical in that time and location.

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there was a historic Métis flag that they should be using. A consultant was tasked by the Métis Society of Saskatchewan board of directors to research and present on historic flags used by Métis. There was debate about which flag to adopt, and especially the red or blue infinity flag, and the Métis Society of Saskatchewan board chose the blue version. The red and blue versions were subsequently adopted by other Métis governments across Western Canada.

303: 673:, and said that it had been see the previous fall, which corroborated Sutherland's account of John McDonald's visit to Qu'Appelle. Fidler reported a rumour that he had heard that the North West Company was trying to direct the Métis to action against the Hudson's Bay Company and the newly established Red River Colony (the support was not unanimous among the Métis), but he did not attribute the flag to being a gift to the Métis. 2190: 2199: 30: 76: 822:

on one side and an inscription at the bottom that lists family members and a poem to Our Lady, and the reverse side contained poetry of a similar theme. The Roman Catholic priests expressed concern during the Battle of Batoche that if they raised a white peace flag to signal to the Canadian forces to

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About the 12th of March, the Canadian Northern Express arrived at River Qu'Appelle, accompanied by M. Jn. MDonald a partner of the N.W.C. of the Swan River Department,— The Canadian and half-Breeds were liberally supplied with rum & was kept in a state of intoxication for two days — The day after

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Cameron felt extremely indignant at his remark, Lavemdom then took up his hat and left the room, he was soon followed by a number of others, who refused the presents which Cameron had laid out for them. I am greatly astonished that these proceedings of Cameron did not put Capt MDonnell on his guard,

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However, we heard no more of the business for two or three days at this time the Canadians were in a state of intoxication. One old Canadian who was attached to us came to our house in this state. I put many Questions to him concerning what was going on at the N.W. House & what was the reason for

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Soon after Cameron returned to the Forks John MDonald of Swan River came on a visit & on his arrival two Flags were hoisted that is the N.W.Cos. Flag as the Flag Staff & the Half Breeds flag on a pole errected the top of their Bastion this was the first time they had shown the Half Breed Flag

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During the Battle of Batoche, Gabriel Dumont reported "on Baker's house ... flew a flag of the Blessed Virgin. Another flag of Our Lord was in the midst of , on the Council's house." It was reported by witnesses that a flag was flying above a small building at the centre of Batoche that was used as

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Louis Riel raised the standard the day before St. Joseph's Day , calling the revolt the holiest of actions and placing it under the protection of St. Joseph and Our Lady of Lourdes. As a flag he chose the white flag of ancient France , saying that he was called to renew its ancient glories. On it he

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displayed to the view of HBC people last fall on the arrival of Mr. Alex MDonell from the Forks, followed by the halfbreeds & freemen; at the same time the N.W.C. flag was hoisted & followed by MDonell and all the Canadian Servants on their arrival at River qu'appelle house. The day after it

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As respects the partners of the North West Company, whatever doubt may exist as to their being accessaries to the present and other offences before the fact, there can be little or none of many of them having become so afterwards; as also that they were thanked publicly for the services rendered the

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had a green background, and on the flag was a ring of alternating shamrocks and fleur-de-lys around a bison. However, there was friction due to difference of opinions between the Métis Society of Saskatchewan and the Native Council of Canada, and this friction helped to spur the debate about whether

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Goulburn, Henry, ed. (12 July 1819). "No. 37.—Copy of a Letter from Lieut. General Sir John C. Sherbrooke to the Earl Bathurst, K. G.; dated Quebec, 20th July 1818:—One Inclosure; viz. A general Statement and Report relative to the disturbances in the Indian Territories of British North America, by

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past noon about 48 Half Breed, Canadians, Freemen & Indians came all riding on horseback, with their Flag flying blue about 4 feet square & a figure of 8 horizontally in the middle one Beating an Indian Drum, and many of them singing Indian Songs, they all rode directly to the usual croſing

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However, the assertion that the flag was a gift for the Métis from Alexander Macdonell of Greenfield and the North West Company is potentially contradicted by other accounts of gifts being given to the Métis by the North West Company and people they employed, in which the accounts do not mention of

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Another explanation for the colours of the flags is that they depend on how the flag is being used. Some argue that the red flag is the Métis Hunting Flag, letting the people around know that they were a hunting party and not a group going to war, and the guide for the day would be the flag-bearer.

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At the succeeding general meeting at Fort William, Mr. Cameron was, unfortunately for himself, reinstated in his joint charge of the Red River district; but he had positive injunctions from his Partners to be guarded, cautious, and prudent, and to avoid all collision with his Lordship's Agents and

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It has been falsely asserted, that the Bois-brulés were paraded and exercised in arms under the immediate inspection of Duncan Cameron. Mr. Cameron had only two Bois-brulés, Bostonnois Pangman and a boy, wintering with him: but there was a Camp of Bois-brulés and Canadian hunters at Pembina River,

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Rode out this morning with Meſs. Pambrun et Nolin, met with Cameron in his uniform, attended by Seraphim & Pangman. The Captain wished to be polite, but I mean to keep him at arms length until I bring him to a sense of his duty, a few of the Freemen called on me to day, and one of the them who

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The Metifś and Freemen were called into the Hall of the North West Company's Fort, commonly termed Gibraltar or Forks, where Cameron made a long speech praising their values and independent spirit, in driving away those that came to enslave them, and threw out some sarcastic remarks on myself, but

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In 1815, popular fabrics in tradings posts that were available were calico, corduroy, plaid, and stroud. Stroud, a woollen, felt-like, broadcloth commonly used in making coats, was the only suitable material available for making flags. The common colours that were available at the time were green,

392:, based on rumours that he was told, and she argues for an exercise of caution in taking it as fact. Teillet and others argue that the Métis had a more active role in the origin of the flag, rather than being passive recipients of the flag or being manipulated by the North West Company. 400:

Until somebody shows me evidence of it I will stand firmly on my line, which is don't repeat that story. Just don't repeat it and have some faith in your own people that they have the intelligence enough to come up with their own ideas and don't attribute everything to everybody else.

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Further to potential contradictions of Sutherland's account of the flag being a gift is a dismissal of rumours about Duncan Cameron's gifts to the Métis and the use of the Métis as a militia of the North West Company that was written by Alexander Macdonell of Greenfield in his book

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And yet others have said that the red flag is for Manitoba and the Northwest Territory Métis, and the blue is for the Saskatchewan Métis (despite the first recorded sighting of the red flag in what is now Saskatchewan and the blue flag first being recorded in what is now

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The difficulty in knowing the accurate history of the origin of the flag and potential interpretations of the symbolism is that there are no known records that accurately describe the origin of the flag in a first-hand account or other written records of its creation.

844:" (literally translated, this means "homes, altars, above all liberty"). This flag was said to have been created by the Métis women at Batoche to encourage the men in the battle. However, the earliest known reference to this flag is a hand-drawn picture from 1975. 237:

Some claim that the red background represents the colours of the Hudson's Bay Company and that the blue background represents the North West Company, (though both the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company flew red flags that were a modification of the

567:(then employed by the Hudson's Bay Company) describes gifts being given to the Métis at Fort Gibraltar in his journal entry from September 15, 1815 at Fort Douglas, but there is no mention of a flag being given by Macdonnell among the other presents given by 283:

Some have also suggested that the flag started out as someone's attempt to design a flag for the Métis, and was putting out feelers to trial a design, which is why there are both red and blue flags with the common feature being the white infinity

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Fidler, Peter. "A Narrative of the re-establishment, progress and total destruction of the Colony in Red River 1816, with a concise account of the conduct and proceedings of the N.W.Co. in their effecting it, by P. Fidler".

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in 1815, but no other surviving accounts confirm this. Both the red and blue versions of the flag have been used to represent the political and military force of the Métis since that time. The Métis flag predates the

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the Council's chamber and located next to Xavier Letendre dit Batoche's house that was used as a headquarters, but these reports did not provide a description of this flag other than it was white and emblazoned.

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The first flag of the Métis was long forgotten among the other flags adopted and flown by the Métis at various points of their political and national growth. In the mid 1970s, the Métis flag being flown by the

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stop firing on the church and rectory that the white flag would be confused for Riel's white emblazoned flag and would attract shots and shelling from the troops, but white flag was recognized and respected.

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that happened on June 19, 1816. The reason for the change in the colour of the flag is not known, and Fidler did not provide information about the origin of the flag. In his narrative of the events to

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Another possible interpretation of the infinity symbol is that it relates to traditional Métis and French Canadian dances, such as the quadrille, in which dancers move in a figure-eight pattern.

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A potential contradiction of Sutherland's suggestion that the flag may have been a gift is found in an account of gifts being given to the Métis by the North West Company on June 28, 1815, at

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Sutherland's account of these events was written sometime after the events and based on his memory, as he had destroyed his papers to prevent them from being taken by the North West Company.

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Sutherland would also describe his first time seeing the flag at the arrival of John McDonald from Swan River in early 1816, though he did not provide an additional description of the flag.

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Sutherland, James. "Report or a narrative of outrages committed against The Hudson's Bay Company's Servants by the North West Company at Qu'Appelle House during winter 1815–1816.".

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Sutherland, James. "Report or a narrative of outrages committed against The Hudson's Bay Company's Servants by the North West Company at Qu'Appelle House during winter 1815–1816.".

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Sutherland, James. "Report or a narrative of outrages committed against The Hudson's Bay Company's Servants by the North West Company at Qu'Appelle House during winter 1815–1816.".

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The provisional government was established by Louis Riel at Batoche on March 19, 1885. There were at least two flags used by the provisional government. The first was described as:

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Riel also flew a personal banner at Batoche, which some sources say was the main flag of the Métis at Batoche and used as a battle standard. The flag consisted of an image of

545:. The gifts, which included two swords, were given for the actions of the Métis against the Red River Colony, but there is no mention of a flag being gifted to the Métis. 760:, established by the Métis under Louis Riel on December 8, 1869, flew a flag. There are numerous descriptions of the flag that was flown by the provisional government: 2432: 2276: 589:

Robertson also recorded details reported to him of a speech and gifts by Cameron upon Cameron's arrival in the Fall of 1814, and the gifts did not include a flag.

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to the Métis for their activity against the Colony in Spring 1815 (Macdonell and Cameron had arrived at Fort Gibraltar on two days before on September 13, 1815).

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the N.W.C. Express arrived their flag was hoisted on the flag-staff, & a flag of the half-Breeds on the new Bastion. — The flag of the half-Breeds is about 4

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W. B. Coltman, Special Commissioner for inquiring into the Offences committed in the said Indian Territories, and the circumstances attending the same.".

208:, an ancient symbol that depicts a serpent or dragon eating its own tail, represented either in a circle or figure eight, symbolizing renewal and rebirth. 656:, A Narrative of Transactions in the Red River Country: From the commencement of the operations of the Earl of Selkirk, till the summer of the year 1816. 638:, A Narrative of Transactions in the Red River Country: From the commencement of the operations of the Earl of Selkirk, till the summer of the year 1816. 428: 1541:

Narrative of Transactions in the Red River Country: From the commencement of the operations of the Earl of Selkirk, till the summer of the year 1816

1516:

Narrative of Transactions in the Red River Country: From the commencement of the operations of the Earl of Selkirk, till the summer of the year 1816

1058:

Gaudry, Adam (Spring 2018). "Communing with the Dead: The "New Métis," Métis Identity Appropriation, and the Displacement of Living Métis Culture".

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Macdonell also mentioned a general meeting that occurred at Fort William in 1815, but again he did not discuss a flag being given to the Métis.

229:), with the symbol for cart being formed by joining the thumb and forefingers on each hand with the hands held together to form two circles. 788:

Three crosses: a large scarlet-coloured cross in the centre, flanked by two smaller gold crosses; on a white background with a gold border

710:, were flying the blue flag with an infinity symbol when they attacked the Hudson's Bay Company's Brandon House, mere weeks before the 990: 2369: 2243: 2331: 2486: 1359:(in English and Michif). Translated by Fleury, Norman. Illustrated by Mauvieux, Sheldon. Saskatoon, SK: Gabriel Dumont Institute. 2016:(Rev. ed.). Ottawa, ON, Canada: National Historic Parks and Sites, Canadian Parks Service, Environment Canada. p. 43. 461:

Nation, but there are no records that directly confirm this version of events, and some that potentially contradict this story.

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that is described as being a blue background, with a wolf's head and hand (palm outward) in the middle, and a banner with the

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There might also be a connection to Celtic knotwork and Scottish influences that include Celtic knots, figure of eight in

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The flag was first reported by James Sutherland in 1815 as red with an infinity symbol, and that it was being flown by

388:. Of the first three historic accounts of the Métis flag, only James Sutherland attributed the flag as a gift from the 2481: 1622: 225:

for Métis (reported as the symbol for "cart" combined with the symbol for "Man" in reference to the Métis' use of the

2598: 2021: 1733: 1140: 653: 635: 454: 367: 1858:(in French). Saint-Boniface MB: Société historique de Saint-Boniface et le Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface. 2223: 2213: 1127: 688:

feet square, red & in the middle is a large figure of Eight horizontally of a different colour. This flag was

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in the Qu'Appelle area when a Hudson's Bay Company crew were rebuilding Fort Qu'Appelle (not to be confused with

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Settlers; and it was found expedient that I should conduct the provision posts of Upper Red River as usual.

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This theory does not follow established publications and is based on one person's opinion not peer-reviewed.

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On June 1, 1816, Peter Fidler recorded in his Brandon House Journal that the Métis, under the leadership of

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Métis oral tradition tells that the Métis developed the infinity flag for themselves, and called the flag

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Women of Red River; being a book written from the recollections of women surviving from the Red River era

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Three fleur-de-lis across the top and a shamrock in the centre of the bottom edge on a white background

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on a field of either blue or red. There are many interpretations of what the colours and symbol mean.

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James Sutherland, Selkirk Papers, Narrative of James Sutherland, P.A.C., MG19E1, vol. 5, pp. 1946–47.

2305: 963:"One Flag, Two Flags, Red Flag, Blue: Métis flag not a gift from North West Company, says historian" 930:"One Flag, Two Flags, Red Flag, Blue: Métis flag not a gift from North West Company, says historian" 315:"One Flag, Two Flags, Red Flag, Blue: Métis flag not a gift from North West Company, says historian" 146: 2583: 2496: 2362: 1667:

A Critical History of the Red River Insurrection, after official documents and non-Catholic sources

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James Sutherland, Selkirk Papers, Narrative of James Sutherland, P.A.C., MG19E1, vol. 5, pp. 1951.

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James Sutherland, Selkirk Papers, Narrative of James Sutherland, P.A.C., MG19E1, vol. 5, pp. 1950.

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The Material Culture of Hudson's Bay Company Servants at Edmonton House in the Early 19th Century

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in 1819. In this book, Macdonell does not mention himself or others gifting a flag to the Métis.

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Others argue that the blue flag represents the francophone Métis and the red flag represents the

198: 2476: 2409: 215: 194: 2008: 1079: 2379: 2357: 556: 542: 83: 37: 2547: 1335:

Hamilton, Gwain (6 November 1965). "What's One More New Flag? Manitoba has had 14 of them".

853: 269: 2403: 2385: 1929:

The Free People - Li Gens Libres: A History of the Métis Community of Batoche, Saskatchewan

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A blue fleur-de-lis with a green harp and shamrock on a white background with a gold border

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gifted the Métis employed by the North West Company a flag in 1814, helping to create the

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There is debate about the historical interpretations of the colours of the Métis flags.

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as the official flag of the Métis Nation. In 2013, the Métis National Council secured an

133:. According to only one contemporary account, the flag was "said to be" a gift from the 2454: 2248: 1750: 1665: 1459: 779:

A fleur-de-lis and a shamrock with a large bison on the lower part on a white background

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first reported a red Métis flag with an infinity symbol around March 12, 1816, on the

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by at least 150 years, and is the oldest patriotic flag that is indigenous to Canada.

2017: 1932: 1874: 1804: 1729: 1136: 1087: 831: 2101: 718:, Fidler did not report the changed colour, stating only that the flag was present. 474: 2471: 2414: 1071: 1067: 794:

A ring of fleur-de-lis and shamrocks arranged around a bison on a green background.

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A ring of fleur-de-lis and shamrocks arranged around a bison on a white background.

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or induce him to take some steps to counter the views of the North West Company.

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Potential contradictions of James Sutherland's account of the Métis flag as a gift

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Sutherland also discussed what he had been told about why the flag was flying.

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Several origins and meanings have been suggested for the infinity symbol flag:

139: 2466: 1927:

Payment, Diane P (February 2009). "A National Feast Day, a Flag, and Anthem".

701:, Selkirk Papers, Narrative of Peter Fidler, P.A.C., MG19E1, vol. 6, pp. 2515. 246: 201:

peoples, with the two conjoined circles symbolizing the unity of two cultures.

2567: 2552: 2050:. Vol. 1. Archives de l’Archevêché de Saint-Boniface. pp. 5085–5086 150: 1238: 252:

Still others argue that the blue and white combination is based on both the

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A fleur-de-lis, shamrock, and small bison on the fly on a white background

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Charette, Guillaume; De Tremaudan, Auguste-Henri. "La Nation Métisse".

439: 385: 239: 157:, and ensure its collective ownership by citizens of the Métis Nation. 2285: 782:

A fleur-de-lis with a small bison in one corner on a white background

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There is a claim that there was a Métis Battle Standard used at the

615:, Colin Robertson diary, 1 July 1815 – 30 November 1815 pp. 218–220. 292: 277: 104: 58: 2193: 2007:

Hildebrandt, Walter (1989). "9 May: Firefight for Mission Ridge".

584:, Colin Robertson diary, 1 July 1815 – 30 November 1815 pp. 211–2. 458: 122: 2010:

The Battle of Batoche: British small warfare and entrenched Métis

1289:ᐊᔨᓯᔨᓂᐘᐠ — ayisiyiniwak: A Community Guide — kâ-isi-pîkiskwâtoyahk 1988:. Montreal, QC, Canada: Witness Printing House. 1885. p. 29 1931:(2 ed.). Calgary, AB, Canada: University of Calgary Press. 464: 835: 770:

A golden fleur-de-lis with a black border on a white background

450: 257: 2062: 1803:. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education Press. 600:

Here Seraphim, read that unfortunate edict of Capt MDonnells

29: 1295:(2 ed.). City of Saskatoon. September 2019. p. 59. 661: 519:

Early in the Spring to sweep Red River of all the English.

384:

argues that the story of the origin of the Métis flag is an

75: 1828:. Toronto ON: McClelland and Stewart Limited. p. 205. 993:. Métis National Council. 21 December 2018. Archived from 221:

Others have suggested that the symbol is derived from the

2142: 2089: 798: 406:

Jean Teillet, Windspeaker.com, Battlefords News-Optimist

1573:. Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk. pp. 2515–16 1424: 1422: 1393: 1391: 902:. Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk. pp. 1946–47 268:

Due to the potential for skirmishes and battles on the

160: 888: 886: 884: 751: 1755:. Ottawa: MacLean, Roger & Co. pp. 371, 378 1690:. Winnipeg: Russell, Lang & Co. Ltd. p. 229 1419: 1388: 623:

A Narrative of Transactions in the Red River Country

416:

Originally, the flags that would have been flown in

342:

and explaining the responses to the fringe theories.

1670:. Winnipeg: Canadian Publishers. pp. 193, 195. 1602:. Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk. p. 2521 1438:. Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk. p. 1951 1407:. Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk. p. 1951 881: 2107: 1982: 190:The faith that Métis culture shall live on forever 145:The blue background flag has been accepted by the 2124:"Batoche 125th Anniversary Commemorative Program" 1896:The Red River insurrection: Its causes and events 1262:"Colour Adds a Whole New Meaning: The Métis Sash" 1167:. Saskatoon, SK, Canada: Gabriel Dumont Institute 1036:. Saskatoon, SK, Canada: Gabriel Dumont Institute 808:placed a large image of Mary's immaculate heart. 764:A fleur-de-lis and shamrock on a white background 293:Alternative hypothesis on the colours of the flag 2565: 2337:Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba 1898:. Gardenvale, QC: Garden City Press. p. 50. 1853: 1711:Remember Butler: The Story of Sir William Butler 1241:. Indigenous Corporate Training Inc. 22 May 2012 746: 2083:La vérité sur la question métisse au nord-ouest 1777:Strange empire: Louis Riel and the Métis people 1184: 1182: 956: 954: 952: 950: 1801:The Metis of Canada: An Annotated Bibliography 1749:Gunn, Donald; Tuttle, Charles Richard (1880). 1464:. London: The House of Commons. pp. 172–3 1370:Cole, John (25 September 2018). "Appendix I". 559:, Papers Relating to the Red River Settlement. 380:Prominent Métis lawyer, historian, and author 153:for the flag to protect it as a symbol of the 2173: 1951: 1856:Un Nation, un Leader de la naissance au gibet 1780:. Toronto: J. Lewis & Samuel. p. 169 1713:. McClelland and Stewart Limited. p. 49. 923: 921: 919: 917: 465:James Sutherland's accounts of the Métis flag 1893: 1798: 1726:A History of Irish Flags from Earliest Times 1483: 1481: 1479: 1179: 947: 839: 2006: 1723: 1649:Begg, Alexander. "The Red River Troubles". 1630:. Hudson's Bay Company Archives. p. 36 1461:Papers Relating to the Red River Settlement 1350: 1348: 1346: 1330: 1328: 1195:Virtual Museum of Métis History and Culture 1155: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 767:A golden fleur-de-lis on a white background 2180: 2166: 2148: 2095: 2068: 1922: 1920: 1868: 1843:. Niagara, ON: Niagara Historical Society. 1841:Diary of a prisoner in Red River Rebellion 1838: 1748: 1121: 1119: 1117: 985: 983: 914: 1537: 1512: 1476: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1097: 662:Peter Fidler's accounts of the Métis flag 368:Learn how and when to remove this message 2244:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians 2128:Métis Nation of Ontario Veterans Council 2043: 1456: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1259: 1053: 1051: 1024: 1009: 538:the flag among other gifts being given. 453:language. Some people tell a story that 2492:Metis Child and Family Services Society 1926: 1917: 1873:. New Canada Publications. p. 42. 1799:Friesen, John W.; Lusty, Terry (1980). 1728:. Ireland: Academy Press. p. 187. 1708: 1354: 1125: 980: 174: 2566: 2085:. Montreal, QC, Canada: . p. 137. 2080: 1952:Flanagan, Thomas; Rocan, C.M. (1980). 1773: 1663: 1620: 1428: 1397: 1268:. Vol. 33, no. 2. p. 20 1094: 1057: 960: 927: 892: 841:maisons ... autels ... Surtout Liberté 799:Provisional government of Saskatchewan 500:since my arrival indicated something. 312: 2332:Vancouver Métis Community Association 2161: 1908: 1823: 1680: 1487: 1260:Gardiner, Jessee (March–April 2004). 1156:Préfontaine, Darren R (Winter 2007). 1048: 1724:Hayes-McCoy, Gerard Anthony (1979). 1369: 1357:The Métis Alphabet Book Study Prints 1188: 296: 161:Adoption of the flag in modern times 2392:The National Committee of the Métis 204:There might be a connection to the 13: 2268:Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia 1954:"A Guide to the Louis Riel Papers" 1911:The Man Who Had to Hang Louis Riel 1894:Kreutzweiser, Erwin Elgin (1936). 1591: 1562: 1376:(MA thesis). University of Alberta 758:Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia 752:Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia 223:Plains First Nations Sign Language 14: 2610: 2249:Métis Settlements General Council 654:Alexander Macdonell of Greenfield 636:Alexander Macdonell of Greenfield 455:Alexander Macdonell of Greenfield 256:, and the traditional colours of 2239:Northwest Territory Métis Nation 2197: 2188: 2130:. Back to Batoche. July 18, 2010 1648: 1158:"Flying the Flag: Editor's Note" 1025:Hamilton, Murray (Winter 2007). 756:The provisional government, the 301: 276:, the red flag could serve as a 74: 28: 2482:Métis Population Betterment Act 2116: 2074: 2037: 2000: 1976: 1945: 1902: 1887: 1862: 1847: 1832: 1826:The Taming of the Canadian West 1817: 1792: 1767: 1742: 1717: 1702: 1674: 1664:Morice, Adrien Gabriel (1935). 1657: 1642: 1614: 1585: 1556: 1531: 1506: 1494:. pp. 211–2 (fo. 109d–110) 1450: 1363: 1313:. Manitoba Metis Federation Inc 1299: 1280: 1253: 1231: 1209: 2487:List of settlements in Alberta 2319:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 1774:Howard, Joseph Kinsey (1952). 1149: 1080:10.5250/amerindiquar.42.2.0162 1072:10.5250/amerindiquar.42.2.0162 961:Narine, Shari (29 July 2020). 928:Narine, Shari (29 July 2020). 313:Narine, Shari (29 July 2020). 1: 2574:1815 establishments in Canada 2420:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation 2214:Métis Nation British Columbia 1913:. Longmans Green. p. 69. 1621:Fidler, Peter (1 June 1816). 1600:(MG19-E1, microfilm reel C-3) 1571:(MG19-E1, microfilm reel C-3) 1538:Macdonell, Alexander (1819). 1513:Macdonell, Alexander (1819). 1436:(MG19-E1, microfilm reel C-2) 1405:(MG19-E1, microfilm reel C-2) 1355:Fauchon, Joseph Jean (2007). 900:(MG19-E1, microfilm reel C-2) 874: 747:Other flags used by the Métis 741:, Brandon House post journal. 1544:. B. McMillan. pp. 41–2 1519:. B. McMillan. pp. 33–4 1135:. Gabriel Dumont Institute. 348:or discuss the issue on the 7: 1909:Osler, Edmund Boyd (1961). 847: 61:symbol on a blue background 10: 2615: 2314:North Slave Métis Alliance 2047:Journal de l'abbé Cloutier 2044:Cloutier, Gabriel (1886). 1869:Charlebois, Peter (1975). 1839:Woodington, Henry (1913). 1681:Healy, William J. (1923). 1624:Brandon House post journal 1596:Selkirk collection, Vol. 6 1567:Selkirk collection, Vol. 6 1432:Selkirk collection, Vol. 5 1401:Selkirk collection, Vol. 5 1197:. Gabriel Dumont Institute 896:Selkirk collection, Vol. 5 864:Métis in the United States 411: 107:symbol on a red background 2505: 2442: 2345: 2298: 2260: 2234:Manitoba Métis Federation 2224:Métis Nation—Saskatchewan 2206: 2081:Ouimet, Alphonse (1889). 1964:(Winter 1980/81): 135–169 1311:Manitoba Metis Federation 1191:"The Metis Infinity Flag" 1060:American Indian Quarterly 967:Battlefords News-Optimist 111: 100: 92: 82: 73: 69: 65: 54: 46: 36: 27: 23: 2599:Flags introduced in 1815 2497:Gabriel Dumont Institute 2327:Alberta Métis Federation 2290:(Southbranch Settlement) 2281:(Southbranch Settlement) 1985:The Riel Rebellion, 1885 1709:McCourt, Edward (1967). 1126:Racette, Calvin (1987). 438:, respectively, and the 168:Native Council of Canada 2229:Métis Nation of Ontario 2219:Métis Nation of Alberta 1653:(Letter to the Editor). 991:"The Métis Nation Flag" 840: 813:Father Vital Fourmond, 555:Lieutenant General Sir 422:North-Western Territory 179:The flag shows a white 125:resistance fighters in 2410:Southbranch Settlement 2306:Métis National Council 2277:Council of St. Laurent 1871:The Life of Louis Riel 1219:. Louis Riel Institute 1189:Barkwell, Lawrence J. 816: 744: 704: 659: 641: 618: 587: 562: 527: 508: 493: 447:Li Paviiyoon di Michif 409: 340:to the mainstream view 274:Battle of Grand Coteau 216:Scottish country dance 147:Métis National Council 2589:Native American flags 2380:Pemmican Proclamation 1824:Rasky, Frank (1967). 1491:Colin Robertson diary 820:Notre Dame de Lourdes 805: 720: 675: 645: 627: 591: 573: 557:John Coape Sherbrooke 547: 512: 497: 483: 398: 2404:North-West Rebellion 2386:Battle of Seven Oaks 2261:Historic Governments 712:Battle of Seven Oaks 426:Hudson's Bay Company 175:Design and symbolism 131:Battle of Seven Oaks 2594:Red and white flags 2398:Red River Rebellion 2071:, pp. 194–195. 1752:History of Manitoba 1337:Winnipeg Free Press 270:bison hunting trips 197:immigrants and the 20: 2548:Métis buffalo hunt 2272:(Red River Colony) 2207:Modern Governments 2109:The Riel Rebellion 1488:Robertson, Colin. 1266:New Breed Magazine 1165:New Breed Magazine 1129:Flags of the Métis 1034:New Breed Magazine 854:Métis buffalo hunt 433:North West Company 390:North West Company 338:appropriate weight 193:The mixing of the 135:North West Company 121:was first used by 18: 2561: 2560: 2323: 2310: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2253: 1938:978-1-55238-239-4 1027:"Flying the Flag" 869:Métis in Manitoba 832:Battle of Batoche 378: 377: 370: 336:, without giving 330: 218:, jewellery, etc. 115: 114: 2606: 2415:Half-Breed Tract 2321: 2308: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2251: 2201: 2192: 2182: 2175: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2120: 2114: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2015: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1695: 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327: 325: 311: 305: 304: 297: 254:Flag of Scotland 247:anglophone Métis 129:before the 1816 78: 32: 21: 17: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2584:Flags of Canada 2579:Métis in Canada 2564: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2501: 2438: 2341: 2294: 2256: 2202: 2186: 2156: 2155: 2149:Charlebois 1975 2147: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2106: 2102: 2096:Charlebois 1975 2094: 2090: 2079: 2075: 2069:Charlebois 1975 2067: 2063: 2053: 2051: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1925: 1918: 1907: 1903: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1867: 1863: 1852: 1848: 1837: 1833: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1797: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1722: 1718: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1675: 1662: 1658: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1590: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1536: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1427: 1420: 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2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2518:Chinook Jargon 2515: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2450:Canadian Métis 2446: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2433:Daniels ruling 2430: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2412: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2316: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2151:, p. 196. 2141: 2115: 2100: 2098:, p. 193. 2088: 2073: 2061: 2036: 2022: 1999: 1975: 1944: 1937: 1916: 1901: 1886: 1879: 1861: 1846: 1831: 1816: 1809: 1791: 1766: 1741: 1734: 1716: 1701: 1673: 1656: 1641: 1613: 1584: 1555: 1530: 1505: 1475: 1449: 1418: 1387: 1362: 1342: 1324: 1298: 1279: 1252: 1230: 1208: 1178: 1148: 1141: 1093: 1066:(2): 162–190. 1047: 1008: 979: 946: 913: 879: 878: 876: 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2428: 2427:Powley ruling 2425: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2322:(Canada-wide) 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2309:(Canada-wide) 2307: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2299:Organizations 2297: 2287: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2150: 2145: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2113:, p. 25. 2112: 2110: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2084: 2077: 2070: 2065: 2049: 2048: 2040: 2025: 2023:0-660-13105-6 2019: 2012: 2011: 2003: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1921: 1912: 1905: 1897: 1890: 1882: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1857: 1850: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1820: 1812: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1779: 1778: 1770: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1737: 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