599:
421:, Lyons held a steadfast belief in "the need to balance budgets, lower costs to business and restore confidence" and the Lyons period gave Australia "stability and eventual growth" between the drama of the Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War. A lowering of wages was enforced and industry tariff protections maintained, which together with cheaper raw materials during the 1930s saw a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the chief employer of the Australian economy – a shift which was consolidated by increased investment by the commonwealth government into defence and armaments manufacture. Lyons saw restoration of Australia's exports as the key to economic recovery. A devalued Australian currency assisted in restoring a favourable balance of trade.
309:
37:
28:
626:, passed by the British Parliament on 11 December 1931, formalised legislative equality for the parliaments of the self-governing dominions of the British Empire with that of the United Kingdom and during the Lyons period, Australia remained a loyal autonomous member of the British Empire (not even seeing a need to ratify the Statute). The position of "minister without portfolio in London" was created for former prime minister
368:
441:
Australia agreed to the give tariff preference to
British Empire goods, following the 1932 Imperial economic conference. The Lyons government lowered interest rates to stimulate expenditure. In October 1933, James Fenton, co-founder of the United Australia Party, resigned from Cabinet over the lack of industry protection in the government's tariff schedules.
662:
to represent
Australia at the 1932 League of Nations Assembly in Geneva and in 1934 Hughes became Minister for Health and Repatriation. Hughes made a memorable speech in the portfolio in 1935 in which he argued that "Australia must... populate or perish". However Hughes was forced to resign in 1935
424:
A dramatic episode in
Australian history followed Lyons first electoral victory. NSW Premier Jack Lang refused to pay interest on overseas State debts, the Lyons government stepped in and paid the debts. The national Parliament then passed the Financial Agreement Enforcement Act to recover the money
348:
The UAP went on to win 28 seats to Labor's 18, Lang Labor's 9, and the
Country Party's 14, with 5 seats won by South Australia's Liberal and Country League at 15 September 1934 Australian Federal Election. The United Australia Party won 16 seats in the Senate, and the Country Party 2. Lyons took to
332:
and 4 for Lang Labor, with a further 6 won by the South
Australia 'Emergency Committee' and with 1 Independent. The United Australia Party won 15 seats in the Senate and Labor just 3. The new medium of radio was employed by the candidates, leading to the election being dubbed the 'radio election'.
382:
According to author Brian
Carroll, Lyons had been underestimated when he assumed office in 1932 and as leader he demonstrated: "a combination of honesty, native shrewdness, tact, administrative ability, common sense, good luck and good humour that kept him in the job longer than any previous prime
638:
in 1935 for the Silver
Jubilee celebrations of King George V and Queen Mary – a journey necessitating six months absence from Australia. Lyons faced anti-Catholic demonstrations in Edinburgh, visited his ancestral homeland of Ireland and had an audience with the Pope in Rome. Lyons returned to
440:
Tariffs had been a point of difference between the
Country Party and United Australia Party. The CP opposed high tariffs because they increased costs for farmers, while the UAP had support among manufacturers who supported tariffs. Lyons was therefore happy to be perceived as "protectionist".
463:
introduced the
National Insurance Bill in 1938 and it passed through the Parliament despite some opposition from Country Party members, however in the face of further criticisms over costs, the government repealed sections of the Act. This back-down led to the resignation of UAP Deputy leader
667:
exposed a lack of preparation in
Australia for what Hughes correctly supposed to be a coming war. Soon after, the Lyons government tripled the defence budget. In the book, Hughes described sanctions as "either an empty gesture, or war", contradicting Cabinet's decision to support the
408:
Australia recovered relatively quickly from the financial downturn of 1929–1930, with recovery beginning around 1932. Prime Minister Joseph Lyons was the leader responsible for stewarding Australia out of this difficult period. Lyons favoured the tough economic measures of the
687:
would prove insufficient to defend Australia from attack from the north. Billy Hughes was brought back into cabinet by Lyons in 1936 and appointed Minister for External Affairs in 1937. From 1938, Lyons used Hughes to head a recruitment drive for the Australian Defence Force.
700:
gathering in Europe and the Pacific, Joseph Lyons became the first Prime Minister of Australia to die in office. Driving from Canberra to Sydney, en route to his home in Tasmania for Easter, he suffered a heart attack, dying soon after in hospital in Sydney, on Good Friday.
633:
Like around one fifth of his Australian countrymen, Joseph Lyons himself was devoutly Catholic and proudly of Irish heritage. He had led Labor's anti-conscription campaign in Tasmania during World War I. As prime minister, he travelled to London with wife
505:
In December 1938, the government announced that 15,000 European refugees would be admitted to Australia over the following three years. However, only a small number of Jewish refugees were accepted due to anti-semitism within the immigration office.
297:, the last leader of the Nationalists, as his deputy. The presence of the working-class Lyons as leader allowed the UAP to portray itself as the party of national unity, even though it was mostly an upper- and middle-class conservative party.
716:
to succeed Lyons and Menzies was sworn in as prime minister for the first time on 26 April 1939. Page refused to serve under Menzies and the UAP entered a period of minority government. On 3 September 1939, Australia entered World War II.
391:. She had a busy official role from 1932 to 1939 and, following her husband's death, stood for Parliament herself, becoming Australia's first female Member of the House of Representatives, and later first woman in Cabinet, joining the
704:
The UAP's Deputy leader, Robert Menzies, had resigned in March, citing the coalition's failure to implement a plan for national insurance as the cause for his resignation. In the absence of a UAP deputy, the Governor-General,
413:, pursued an orthodox fiscal policy and refused to accept NSW Premier Jack Lang's proposals to default on overseas debt repayments. Australia entered the Depression with a debt crisis and a credit crisis. According to author
243:. With Scullin temporarily absent in London, Lyons and acting Prime Minister James Fenton clashed with the Labor Cabinet and Caucus over economic policy, and grappled with the differing proposals of the Premier's Plan,
268:
against the more radical proposals of the Labor movement to deal the Depression had attracted the support of prominent Australian conservatives, known as "the Group", whose number included future prime minister
341:, the UAP had come up only four seats short of a majority in its own right. Nonetheless, Lyons' position was strong enough that on 6 January 1932, he was sworn in at the head of a UAP minority government with
255:
Jack Lang's bid to default on debt repayments, Lyons advocated orthodox fiscal management. When Labor reinstated the more radical Ted Theodore as Treasurer in 1931, Lyons and Fenton resigned from Cabinet.
300:
In November 1931, Lang Labor dissidents chose to challenge the Scullin Labor government and align with the United Australia Party Opposition to pass a 'no confidence' and the government fell.
360:
At 23 October 1937 Election, the Coalition was returned to office with 28 seats for the UAP, one for an 'Independent UAP' candidate and 16 for the Country Party. The Labor Party under
425:
it had paid. In an effort to frustrate this move, Lang ordered State departments to pay all receipts directly to the Treasury instead of into Government bank accounts. The
1057:
459:, which the CP saw as aiding urban dwellers over country people and a stretch on the national finances during a time of increased defence spending. Treasurer
1101:
969:
774:
Ross, A. T. (1990). "Australian Overseas Trade and National Development Policy 1932–1939: a story of colonial larrikins or Australian statesmen?".
487:
345:
support from the Country Party. To date, this is the last time that the Country/National Party has not had any seats in a non-Labor cabinet.
1334:
1344:
349:
the air at the 1934 election campaign – becoming the first Prime Minister to fly – piloted around Australia in the "Faith of Australia" by
706:
598:
683:
in Asia. Scarred by the experiences of World War I, Australia reluctantly prepared for a new war, in which the primacy of the British
1339:
614:
c. 1933. Hughes opposed the policy of "appeasement" favoured by the Western powers and warned of an Australia ill-prepared for the
709:, appointed Country Party leader Earle Page as his temporary replacement, pending the selection of Lyons' successor by the UAP.
1094:
494:
from Australia, but lost a series of legal challenges and was widely seen as having embarrassed itself. In 1936, British woman
239:'s Labor cabinet. Lyons became acting Treasurer in 1930 and helped negotiate the government's strategies for dealing with the
924:
290:
325:
208:
468:
in March 1939, who supported the plan and was by now openly antipathetic to Country Party members – notably Earle Page.
1209:
1189:
1035:
751:
522:
392:
98:
1324:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1126:
1087:
853:
1061:
828:
364:
made gains, winning 29 seats. Labor also won 16 seats in the Senate, against just 3 for the United Australia Party.
224:
The background to the Lyons government saw Australia grappling with the immense challenges of the Great Depression.
478:
353:. Following this election, having suffered an eight-seat swing, Lyons was forced to take the Country Party, led by
313:
502:
publicly defaming her character. The Freer case became a cause celebre and led to Paterson's resignation in 1937.
1329:
1254:
498:
was refused entry to Australia due to her relationship with a married Australian man, with immigration minister
908:
576:
560:
551:
456:
450:
286:
277:
against the Scullin Labor government. He resigned from the ALP soon afterward, along with Trade Minister
673:
623:
426:
338:
203:
after the 1934 Australian federal election. The Lyons government stewarded Australia's recovery from the
200:
135:
82:
607:
593:
460:
252:
1013:
679:
Defence issues became increasingly dominant in public affairs with the rise of fascism in Europe and
265:
455:
A further point of difference between the Country Party and UAP had been the issue of establishing
643:, conducting a diplomatic mission to Italy en route on behalf of the British Government, visiting
995:
951:
763:
581:
414:
324:
won a landslide victory at 19 December 1931 Australian Federal Election, winning 34 seats in the
199:
from January 1932 until the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939. Lyons negotiated a coalition with the
1264:
483:
329:
321:
320:
With Australia still suffering the effects of the Great Depression, Joseph Lyons' newly formed
282:
228:
192:
129:
235:. Lyons was elected to the Australian Federal Parliament in 1929 and served in Prime Minister
1110:
741:
731:
434:
433:, intervened on the basis that Lang had acted illegally in breach of the state Audit Act and
342:
334:
196:
54:
746:
736:
726:
274:
8:
1284:
1279:
1274:
294:
232:
106:
308:
1259:
1244:
1229:
1224:
1204:
787:
1058:"After office - William Morris Hughes - Australia's PMS - Australia's Prime Ministers"
357:, into his government in a full-fledged Coalition. Page became Minister for Commerce.
273:. In parliament on 13 March 1931, though still a member of the ALP, Lyons supported a
1269:
1249:
1234:
1219:
1199:
1194:
1171:
1131:
1121:
904:
669:
569:
410:
1239:
1176:
783:
697:
644:
476:
The Lyons government became involved in multiple controversies over its use of the
418:
240:
204:
1214:
1161:
1136:
680:
499:
713:
465:
289:, and several citizens' groups. Lyons became the new party's leader, and hence
270:
36:
1318:
627:
611:
532:
248:
236:
165:
437:, who then suffered a landslide loss at the consequent 1932 state election.
27:
1079:
659:
652:
615:
603:
384:
371:
278:
188:
91:
285:
was then formed from a merger of the six Labor dissidents, the opposition
1304:
1300:
648:
495:
430:
387:". Lyons was assisted in his campaigning by his politically active wife,
361:
350:
316:; Lyons became the first Australian prime minister to win three elections
67:
482:
for political purposes, rather than its stated purpose of enforcing the
187:
was the federal executive government of Australia led by Prime Minister
1296:
684:
635:
491:
388:
375:
354:
244:
175:
112:
640:
536:
72:
333:
Although the UAP had fought the election as part of the traditional
544:, granted £1,800,000 to the states for unemployment relief programs
62:
367:
529:
Beaches, Fishing Grounds and Sea Routes Protection Act 1932
312:
Poster promoting the return of the Lyons government at the
1307:(1967–1968), see their respective biographical articles.
1295:
For information about the caretaker governments led by
259:
970:"Dictating to One of 'Us': the Migration of Mrs Freer"
901:
From Barton to Fraser: Every Australian Prime Minister
514:
Notable acts passed by the Lyons government include:
602:
UAP Minister and veteran World War I Prime Minister
580:(ITAA36), new primary statute for the collection of
403:
548:Australian Antarctic Territory Acceptance Act 1933
444:
1316:
251:. While Health Minister Frank Anstey supported
696:On 7 April 1939, with the storm clouds of the
658:Lyons sent veteran World War I Prime Minister
264:The stance of Joseph Lyons and Trade Minister
227:Joseph Lyons began his political career as an
1095:
1109:
776:Australian Journal of Politics & History
247:, the Commonwealth Bank and British adviser
947:
945:
519:Australian Broadcasting Commission Act 1932
457:a national system of unemployment insurance
1102:
1088:
967:
956:Joseph Lyons: The People's Prime Minister
768:Joseph Lyons: The People's Prime Minister
542:Loan (Unemployment Relief Works) Act 1932
996:"Garrett, Thomas Hugh (Tom) (1890–1943)"
942:
691:
597:
366:
307:
281:and four other right-wing ALP MPs. The
993:
898:
651:of Europe's Fascists in the lead up to
557:Commonwealth Grants Commission Act 1933
1317:
639:Britain in 1937 for the coronation of
509:
1083:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
773:
672:policy of sanctions after Italy had
260:Foundation of United Australia Party
1345:1939 disestablishments in Australia
925:"Joseph Lyons' partner: Enid Lyons"
326:Australian House of Representatives
219:
209:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
191:. It was made up of members of the
16:Government of Australia (1932–1939)
13:
1000:Australian Dictionary of Biography
788:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1990.tb00652.x
757:
523:Australian Broadcasting Commission
398:
14:
1356:
871:
802:
587:
490:Communist and anti-Nazi activist
374:with his politically active wife
1340:1932 establishments in Australia
1335:History of Australia (1901–1945)
1038:. National Archives of Australia
479:Immigration Restriction Act 1901
404:Response to the Great Depression
35:
26:
1050:
445:National unemployment insurance
1028:
1016:. National Museum of Australia
1006:
987:
961:
929:National Archives of Australia
917:
858:National Archives of Australia
846:
833:National Archives of Australia
752:Menzies government (1939–1941)
577:Income Tax Assessment Act 1936
561:Commonwealth Grants Commission
552:Australian Antarctic Territory
471:
451:National Insurance (Australia)
287:Nationalist Party of Australia
1:
795:
328:against 16 Country Party, 14
214:
49:6 January 1932 – 7 April 1939
303:
7:
720:
665:Australia and the War Today
624:Statute of Westminster 1931
572:on international air travel
10:
1361:
594:Australian Eastern Mission
591:
486:. In 1934, the government
448:
435:sacked the Lang Government
1293:
1117:
231:politician and served as
171:
161:
153:
145:
122:
97:
81:
53:
48:
43:
34:
23:
1325:Governments of Australia
1111:Governments of Australia
1036:"Timeline: Joseph Lyons"
566:Carriage by Air Act 1935
427:New South Wales Governor
291:Leader of the Opposition
968:Robertson, Kel (2005).
899:Carroll, Brian (1978).
582:income tax in Australia
1330:United Australia Party
619:
484:White Australia policy
379:
330:Australian Labor Party
322:United Australia Party
317:
283:United Australia Party
229:Australian Labor Party
193:United Australia Party
994:Carnell, Ian (1996).
977:Macquarie Law Journal
742:Fourth Lyons Ministry
732:Second Lyons Ministry
692:Death of Joseph Lyons
647:during the period of
601:
592:Further information:
568:, gave effect to the
449:Further information:
370:
343:confidence and supply
314:1937 federal election
311:
197:Australian Parliament
747:History of Australia
737:Third Lyons Ministry
727:First Lyons Ministry
275:no confidence motion
207:and established the
630:in September 1932.
510:Notable legislation
335:non-Labor Coalition
233:Premier of Tasmania
620:
521:, established the
380:
318:
166:Scullin government
1312:
1311:
958:; NewSouth; 2011.
770:; NewSouth; 2011.
712:The UAP selected
674:invaded Abyssinia
670:League of Nations
570:Warsaw Convention
488:sought to exclude
181:
180:
149:Won 1931 election
1352:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1060:. Archived from
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1010:
1004:
1003:
991:
985:
984:
974:
965:
959:
949:
940:
939:
937:
935:
921:
915:
914:
896:
869:
868:
866:
864:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
825:
791:
698:Second World War
645:Benito Mussolini
419:Sydney Institute
383:minister except
241:Great Depression
220:Great Depression
205:Great Depression
185:Lyons government
86:
39:
30:
24:Lyons government
21:
20:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1289:
1113:
1108:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1064:on 26 June 2012
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1002:. Vol. 14.
992:
988:
972:
966:
962:
950:
943:
933:
931:
923:
922:
918:
911:
897:
872:
862:
860:
854:"James Scullin"
852:
851:
847:
837:
835:
827:
826:
803:
798:
760:
758:Further reading
723:
694:
663:after his book
596:
590:
512:
500:Thomas Paterson
474:
453:
447:
406:
401:
399:Domestic policy
393:Menzies Cabinet
306:
262:
222:
217:
176:Page government
141:
118:
84:
77:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1358:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1310:
1309:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
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1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
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1187:
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1124:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1049:
1027:
1014:"Joseph Lyons"
1005:
986:
960:
952:Anne Henderson
941:
916:
909:
870:
845:
829:"Joseph Lyons"
800:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
782:(2): 184–204.
771:
764:Anne Henderson
759:
756:
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
722:
719:
714:Robert Menzies
693:
690:
681:militant Japan
641:King George VI
589:
588:Foreign policy
586:
585:
584:
573:
563:
559:, created the
554:
550:, created the
545:
539:
526:
511:
508:
473:
470:
466:Robert Menzies
446:
443:
415:Anne Henderson
411:Premiers' Plan
405:
402:
400:
397:
305:
302:
271:Robert Menzies
261:
258:
221:
218:
216:
213:
179:
178:
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51:
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41:
40:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1015:
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1001:
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982:
978:
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926:
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906:
902:
895:
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789:
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772:
769:
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750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
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733:
730:
728:
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724:
718:
715:
710:
708:
702:
699:
689:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
666:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
631:
629:
628:Stanley Bruce
625:
617:
613:
612:John Lavarack
609:
608:Richard Casey
605:
600:
595:
583:
579:
578:
574:
571:
567:
564:
562:
558:
555:
553:
549:
546:
543:
540:
538:
534:
533:ocean dumping
531:, restricted
530:
527:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
480:
469:
467:
462:
461:Richard Casey
458:
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438:
436:
432:
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396:
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339:Country Party
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249:Otto Niemeyer
246:
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237:James Scullin
234:
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206:
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201:Country Party
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52:
47:
42:
38:
33:
29:
22:
19:
1184:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1008:
999:
989:
980:
976:
963:
955:
932:. Retrieved
928:
919:
900:
861:. Retrieved
857:
848:
836:. Retrieved
832:
779:
775:
767:
711:
703:
695:
678:
664:
660:Billy Hughes
657:
653:World War II
632:
621:
606:(left) with
604:Billy Hughes
575:
565:
556:
547:
541:
528:
518:
513:
504:
477:
475:
454:
439:
423:
407:
381:
372:Joseph Lyons
359:
347:
319:
299:
279:James Fenton
266:James Fenton
263:
226:
223:
189:Joseph Lyons
184:
182:
157:Lyons' death
92:Joseph Lyons
18:
1305:John McEwen
1303:(1945) and
1301:Frank Forde
1042:27 November
1020:27 November
707:Lord Gowrie
649:appeasement
496:Mabel Freer
472:Immigration
431:Philip Game
362:John Curtin
351:Charles Ulm
295:John Latham
253:NSW Premier
162:Predecessor
138:(1934–1939)
132:(1932–1939)
115:(1934-1939)
109:(1932-1934)
107:John Latham
68:Edward VIII
1319:Categories
1297:Earle Page
1210:Menzies II
1167:Fisher III
1152:Deakin III
983:: 241–275.
910:0726913790
796:References
685:Royal Navy
636:Enid Lyons
616:coming war
492:Egon Kisch
389:Enid Lyons
376:Enid Lyons
355:Earle Page
245:Lang Labor
215:Background
113:Earle Page
1190:Menzies I
1157:Fisher II
1142:Deakin II
1068:6 October
934:12 August
863:12 August
838:12 August
537:scuttling
395:in 1951.
337:with the
304:Elections
172:Successor
73:George VI
44:In office
1299:(1939),
1285:Albanese
1280:Morrison
1275:Turnbull
1147:Fisher I
1127:Deakin I
721:See also
87:Minister
63:George V
1265:Rudd II
1260:Gillard
1245:Keating
1230:Whitlam
1225:McMahon
1205:Chifley
1181:Scullin
417:of the
293:, with
195:in the
136:Country
123:Parties
55:Monarch
1270:Abbott
1255:Rudd I
1250:Howard
1235:Fraser
1220:Gorton
1200:Curtin
1195:Fadden
1172:Hughes
1132:Watson
1122:Barton
907:
429:, Sir
385:Hughes
154:Demise
146:Origin
99:Deputy
85:
1240:Hawke
1185:Lyons
1177:Bruce
973:(PDF)
525:(ABC)
83:Prime
1215:Holt
1162:Cook
1137:Reid
1070:2011
1044:2018
1022:2018
936:2022
905:ISBN
865:2022
840:2022
622:The
610:and
535:and
183:The
784:doi
130:UAP
1321::
998:.
979:.
975:.
954:;
944:^
927:.
903:.
873:^
856:.
831:.
804:^
780:36
778:.
766:;
676:.
655:.
211:.
1103:e
1096:t
1089:v
1072:.
1046:.
1024:.
981:5
938:.
913:.
867:.
842:.
790:.
786::
618:.
378:.
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