Joseph Lyons - Knowledge

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Increases in Australia's defence budget in the years before World War II made him "the greatest peace-time rearmer in Australian history", and saw the military rebuilt after severe funding cuts during the Great Depression. Lyons had pacifist leanings and was keen to avoid a repeat of the First World War. These were rooted in his religious convictions, but also influenced by visits to the battlefields of Europe in which he viewed the graves of Australian soldiers. The appeasement aspect of his foreign policy was primarily directed at Italy and Japan, as it was likely that war between those countries and other major powers would affect the important trade routes in the Mediterranean and the Pacific upon which Australia relied. He was particularly concerned with

1338:, driving them into poverty. He had to sell the shop and resort to working as an unskilled labourer; his oldest children took part-time jobs to support the family. Lyons began working at the age of nine, as a printer's messenger boy. By the age of twelve, he was "cutting scrub" (clearing land) for local farmers. Lyons had begun his education at the Ulverstone State School in 1885, before switching to the local Catholic school in 1887. His early years of schooling were interrupted by his family's financial difficulties, and his attendance was sometimes irregular, though this was not uncommon in small rural schools at the time. In 1891, he moved back to Stanley to live with his aunts, Etty and Mary Carroll, and was enrolled at the Stanley State School. 1831:, cuts to public servants' wages, reductions in tariffs, reductions in budget deficits, and greater spending on work-relief programmes. Lyons's first budget in 1932 restricted maternity allowances, cut pensions, and cut public servants' wages. His second budget reversed wage cuts and offered tax cuts, which were followed by further tax cuts in the 1934 budget. By some measures Australia recovered from the Great Depression more rapidly than other similar countries, but the effect of the government's policies have been subject to debate, with some arguing they either slowed or had little effect on Australia's recovery. 1703: 1893: 1412: 52: 2048: 1635: 1788: 2070: 2059: 1946: 1503: 1286: 5396: 4784: 1979: 1752:, which stood for the UAP and Country Party in South Australia, joined the UAP party room, giving the UAP a bare majority of two seats. While Lyons was still willing to take the Country Party into his government (which would have commanded over 70 percent of the seats), negotiations stalled, and Lyons decided to govern alone. The new government was sworn in January 1932. Lyons became the third former federal or state Labor leader (after Hughes and 2403: 2326: 1970:, a view shared by his cabinet; it is unclear if he was initially aware how deep the king's feelings were. He later telegraphed the king asking him not to abdicate, and after the event gave a speech in parliament announcing his regret at the king's decision. Lyons is the only Australian prime minister to have held office during the reigns of three monarchs, and the only prime minister to serve throughout a monarch's entire reign. 2183: 2285: 1526:, leading a minority ALP government. He held office until 1928, also serving as Treasurer during the whole period of his premiership. Lyons's government was cautious and pragmatic, establishing good relations with business and the conservative government in Canberra, but attracting some criticism from unionists within his own party. Labor narrowly lost the 1928 state election to the 1925:, which visited seven Asian countries. The second was the 1935 appointment of Australian government representatives in China, the Dutch East Indies, Japan, and United States – albeit below the rank of ambassador – where previously Australia's interests had been represented solely by British officials. The third was Lyons's "Pacific Pact" proposal, which envisioned a 1690:, also split from the official Labor Party over the government's economic policies (for Lyons official Labor had been too radical, for the Langites they were not radical enough), forming a "Lang Labor" group on the cross-benches and costing the government its majority in the House of Representatives. Late in the year, the Langite MPs supported a UAP 1933:, discussions failed to progress. In Bird's opinion, "the Lyons years should thus be seen as a part of the evolution of Australian external policy from dependency towards autonomy it is perhaps the continuation and acceleration of the process of transition for which Lyons as Prime Minister ought to be best remembered". 2002:, a prominent figure in Victorian politics and an ally of Lyons. In April 1936, Lyons hand-wrote a letter to Menzies endorsing him as his successor. For various reasons, Menzies did not enjoy universal support within the UAP, and several other were seen as potential successors to Lyons. Within the parliamentary UAP, 1237:; he preferred orthodox financial policies. In early 1931, Lyons and his followers left Labor to sit as independents. His exact motivations for leaving the party have been subject to debate. A few months later his group merged with other opposition parties to form the United Australia Party; he was elected 2487:

Lyons wrote: "The day must come when, in the ordinary course of events, the leadership of the Party will devolve on you. For some time I have felt that the time had come for you to step into my shoes". In the same letter Lyons also referred to the fact that many in the UAP wished him to continue as

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Lyons adhered to the principles of "sound finance", opposing inflation and government debt and stressing the importance of balanced budgets and orderly loan repayments. Although he had been state treasurer for seven years, he portrayed himself as a relative outsider to economic policy who would take

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The unemployment rate in Australia fell from 29 percent in 1932 to 16 percent in 1935 and 9 percent in 1937. In the U.S., the figure was 21 percent in 1935 and 17 percent in 1937. Between 1929 and 1940, Australian real GDP grew by 16.6 percent, compared with 1.6 percent in the U.S. and 24.6 percent

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Lyons and the UAP offered stable, orthodox financial policies in response to what they branded as Scullin's poor stewardship of the economy. While Labor remained split between the official party and the Langites, the UAP projected an image of putting national unity above class conflict. The result

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and moving his youngest children away from Canberra to attend local schools. According to his wife, they discussed his future two weeks before his death and agreed that he would retire as soon as possible. However, UAP officials repeatedly pressured him to stay on until the most suitable successor

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for the duration of the trip. Despite the result of vote, the federal government viewed secession as unconstitutional and refused to allow Western Australia to leave the federation. The state's appeal to the British government to intervene was also unsuccessful. In July 1933, Lyons established the

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When Scullin returned in January 1931, he reappointed Theodore (as it had become clear Theodore would not be charged with corruption) to the Cabinet as Treasurer, which Lyons took as a rejection of his own policies. Lyons immediately resigned from the Cabinet, and then in mid–March from the Labor

1545:, despite having no express constitutional authority to do so. In November 1924, the council returned the government's budget to the Legislative Assembly with a series of proposed reductions in spending. Lyons chose to ignore the amendments, instead sending the bill directly to the Administrator, 1900:

Lyons had no previous experience in international relations or diplomacy, but as prime minister took a keen interest in foreign relations and exerted significant influence over the government's foreign policy. His government pursued what has been called a policy of "appeasement and rearmament".

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His conservative economic approach won him support among business, but angered many in the Labor caucus, who wanted to expand the deficit to stimulate the economy, and were horrified at the prospect of cuts in salaries and government spending. Alienated by their attacks, Lyons began to consider

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as his deputy. The UAP realised that Lyons, an affable family man with the common touch, was a far more electorally appealing figure than the aloof Latham. Additionally, his Labor background and his Catholicism would allow him to win traditional Labor constituencies (working-class voters and

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until 1935 and oversaw Australia's recovery from the Great Depression. He faced a number of foreign-policy challenges, but accelerated Australia's transition towards an independent foreign policy. In the lead-up to World War II his government pursued a policy of appeasement and rearmament.

2474:(1970), considered Lyons an inconsequential figure regardless of policy outcomes, describing him as "an unexceptional treasurer. He possessed what in polite circles was described as a 'good grasp' of financial matters and an ability to present a difficult argument cogently, but he lacked 2146:

Lyons was the first Australian prime minister to die in office. There was no constitutional precedent as to who should be appointed as his successor, and the situation was further complicated by the UAP's lack of a deputy leader. When the seriousness of Lyons's condition became apparent,

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examined the Lyons government's foreign policy, there was a growing realisation in the 1930s that Australian interests would not be aligned with British interests in all cases. In order to differentiate the two, Lyons authorised three "Pacific initiatives". The first was the

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of 1936. He and the other Dominion leaders were only officially informed of the king's intention to abdicate a few weeks before it occurred, although he had found out about the situation earlier through unofficial channels. Lyons strongly opposed the proposed marriage to

1612:. Theodore was forced to resign over accusations of corruption in June 1930, and Scullin took over the Treasury portfolio in addition to the Prime Ministership. Lyons was acting Treasurer from August 1930 to January 1931, whilst Scullin was in Britain for the 1541:(the parliament's upper house). The Legislative Council had a limited franchise and was occupied mostly by conservative landowners, and was consequently opposed to much of the government's platform. Historically, it had claimed for itself the power to amend 1402:

on a number of occasions, often complaining about poor working conditions. His superiors also disapproved of his political activities, which together with his complaints probably contributed to his frequent transfers and failure to win desirable postings.

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during his time in Smithton, but was forced to resign his membership due to restrictions on the involvement of public servants in political activities. Those rules were later relaxed, and by 1908 he was spending most of his free time campaigning for the

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Tasmanian MPs did not get a pay rise until 1913, when their salary doubled to £200. Lyons was among those who argued for the amount to be increased, on the grounds that their remuneration was insufficient to cover the larger electorates introduced in

1322:. He had a reputation as a shrewd businessman, frequently buying and selling tracts of land and also dabbling in the hotel trade for a period. His sons followed him into farming, and the Lyons family was prominent in the small local community. 2478:'s incisive clarity. His thinking on financial and economic matters was barren of originality and there is almost nothing one can point to in the Lyons period in the form of new or improved organisation for the administration of the economy." 1616:. Lyons announced his plan for recovery in October 1930, insisting on the need to maintain a balanced budget and cut public spending and salaries, although also advising lower interest rates and the provision of greater credit for industry. 4304: 1778:

While campaigning, Lyons made extensive use of the new technologies of radio, film, and air travel. He held frequent press conferences and personally briefed journalists, editors, and newspaper proprietors to gain favourable publicity.

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had been premier of a colony before Federation). Lyons is also the only prime minister to have come from Tasmania. At the time of his death, he was the second-longest serving prime minister in Australia's history, behind only Hughes.

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Lyons died of a heart attack in April 1939, becoming the first Australian prime minister to die in office. He is the only prime minister from Tasmania and one of two state premiers who have become prime minister, along with

1358:, he remained at Stanley until early 1901, when he was given charge of two small "half-time" schools on the east coast, Apslawn and Apsley Meadows. During that period, he lived at "Apsley House", the family estate of Sir 1748:. While the two parties ran separate House campaigns, they presented a joint ticket for the Senate. The massive swing to the UAP left it only four seats short of a majority in its own right. The five MPs elected for the 1603:

struck in 1930, the Scullin government split over its response. Lyons became the leading advocate within the government of orthodox finance and deflationary economic policies, and an opponent of the inflationary,

1471:, Minister for Education, and Minister for Railways; it was common for ministers to hold more than one portfolio. He was somewhat inexperienced with economic matters, and often turned to his friend and colleague 2292:

Lyons was one of the most genuinely popular men to hold the office of prime minister, and his death caused widespread grief. His genial, laid-back appearance often led to his portrayal in cartoons as a sleepy

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suggestions from a group of his new business supporters, including influential members of the Melbourne Establishment, that he leave the government to take over the leadership of the conservative opposition.

4285: 1448:, although he was attacked with a horsewhip during one of his campaign speeches. The son of one of his political opponents was convicted of assault, and the incident received widespread media attention. 1354:. This allowed him to continue his own education while being paid to teach younger students, and eventually qualify as a full-time teacher himself. Apart from a three-month stint as a relief teacher at 1310:. Lyons was the first prime minister to have an Australian-born parent. His paternal grandfather, Michael Lyons Sr., had arrived in Tasmania in 1843 with his wife and an infant daughter. Initially an 1475:

for advice; they eventually renewed their relationship at federal level during the 1930s. Less than a month after taking office, Lyons announced that the government was moving its accounts from the

1248:. Nicknamed "Honest Joe", he was known as a masterful political campaigner and became popular with the general public. His personal popularity was a major factor in the government's re-election in 4787: 5530: 5455: 5450: 5440: 2247:

Several years after Lyons's death, his widow Enid also embarked on a political career, becoming the first woman elected to the House of Representatives and serving in cabinet in the post-war

2112:, in a critical condition. By the following day, he was unable to speak and was drifting in and out of consciousness. He soon fell into a coma, and died on the morning of 7 April, which was 2270:

in about 1902. He broke off their relationship for reasons unknown, but they remained firm friends; Bailey never married and kept the love letters they exchanged for the rest of her life.

5480: 1549:, who approved it. In 1926, the government amended the state constitution to codify the Legislative Council's powers over money bills, bringing them into line with the other states. 2162:—called a cabinet meeting, where it was agreed that he should serve as prime minister on an interim basis while the UAP elected a new leader. He was sworn in by Governor-General 1514:

out of the Labor party. Like most Australians of Irish Catholic background, Lyons was an anti-conscriptionist and stayed in the Labor Party, becoming its new leader in Tasmania.

4818: 1423:, but without any formal political involvement. Though widely read, he did not actively participate in politics until after leaving Stanley. Lyons helped found a branch of the 1444:. This required him to resign from the Education Department and give up his teaching career, which reduced his annual salary from £125 to £100. He was comfortably re-elected 4404: 5445: 1763:, Lyons was forced to invite the Country Party into his government in a full coalition, with Earle Page as Deputy Prime Minister. The government won a third term at the 2297:. A devout Catholic, he was the second Catholic to become prime minister, after his immediate predecessor Scullin, and the only non-Labor Catholic prime minister until 2273:

In 2018, a Jim Starkey who is married to Wendy Starkey, a great-granddaughter of another former prime minister Billy Hughes, claimed to be the great-grandson of Lyons.

2251:. Their sons Kevin and Brendan entered Tasmanian politics, becoming state government ministers several decades after their father's death. Their grandchildren include 2387:

for the same reason. Lyons's birthplace in Stanley ("Joe Lyons Cottage") and family home in Devonport ("Home Hill") are operated as heritage sites, the latter by the

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In March, at about the same time as Lyons led his group of defectors from the right of the Labor Party across the floor, five left-wing NSW Labor MPs, supporters of

2197:, the daughter of a family friend; she was almost 18 years his junior. He had begun courting her in 1912, when she was 15. The couple had twelve children together: 1651:, and four other right-wing Labor MPs, he crossed the floor to sit on the opposition benches. Soon afterward, Lyons and his supporters joined with the opposition 3242: 4566: 1302:, on 15 September 1879. He was the fifth of eight children born to Ellen (née Carroll) and Michael Henry Lyons, both of Irish descent. His mother was born in 2492:

writes that "it is most unlikely that he ever offered his position directly to Menzies at any point", as he believed it was a decision for the party to make.

1194:, before replacing Earle as party leader in 1916. After two elections that ended in hung parliaments, Lyons was appointed premier in 1923 at the head of a 5475: 4811: 1147: 41: 3040: 2470:, "arguably Australia was the first country to emerge from the depression, and Roosevelt asked Lyons how it was done". Carl Boris Schedvin, author of 4887: 2344:

in June 1932, a traditional honour for Australian prime ministers. He was formally sworn of the council when he visited London in March 1935. In the

2174:, Lyons's death "removed the only force that had held in check the smouldering animosities and barely suppressed rivalries which divided members". 3721: 1873: 3747: 3606: 2349: 2167: 2139:. His funeral was held at the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes on 13 April, and he was buried in the church grounds. He was re-interred in the new 5520: 5500: 5425: 5135: 4804: 3580: 1256:; he was the first prime minister to win three federal elections. The UAP initially governed alone but after 1934 formed a coalition with the 4450: 3628: 5525: 5430: 2309: 2096:

On 5 April 1939, Lyons suffered a heart attack while being driven from Melbourne to Sydney. It occurred shortly after he had stopped in at

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However, Starkey's claim of familial relations with Lyons has been disputed by the Lyons family and Lyons biographer Anne Henderson.

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of £100,000. The government faced a number of challenges during its two years in office, including a statewide drought, a series of

1182:, and before entering politics worked as a schoolteacher. He was active in the Labor Party from a young age and won election to the 5220: 5515: 4469: 3967: 557: 5175: 5165: 4278: 3982: 1749: 1510:

When the ALP split over conscription during the First World War in 1916, Earle, a pro-conscriptionist, followed Prime Minister

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as an inducement to leave the Labor Party, but Chifley declined. He appointed experienced assistant treasurers, initially

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to provide impartial advice about the distribution of federal government grants to the states; it remains in existence.

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Although the UAP was essentially an enlarged Nationalist Party, Lyons was chosen as leader of the party. He thus became

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On 15 July 1926, Lyons suffered severe leg injuries when his car—driven by a chauffeur—collided with a goods train near

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was a huge victory for the UAP, which took 34 seats against 18 seats for the two wings of the Labor Party combined.

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was held on 18 April and won by Robert Menzies, who replaced Page as prime minister on 26 April. According to

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service was held the following day, and then a procession bearing his coffin proceeded from the cathedral to

1962: 1584:, covering the same territory as his state seat. He was swept into office in Labor's landslide victory under 1538: 1496: 1445: 1437: 1334:, where he opened a combined bakery and butcher's shop. In 1887, he lost the family's savings betting on the 1234: 1230: 1203: 1199: 387: 383: 379: 375: 20: 3052: 2023: 2018:

all had supporters. There was also support for figures outside parliament, including former prime minister

1394:, teaching at the Glen Dhu and Wellington Square State Schools, as well as briefly acting as headmaster at 4575: 4350: 4140: 2988: 2388: 2266:

Before his marriage, Lyons had briefly been engaged to Pearl "Pib" Bailey, whom he met while teaching at

2152: 1741: 1476: 1433: 1257: 1198:. He pursued moderate reforms and successfully negotiated a constitutional crisis over the powers of the 1183: 1152: 910: 67: 1306:

and arrived in Australia in 1857, aged eleven, while his father was born in Tasmania to immigrants from

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he led Labor to its first majority government in Tasmania, but the party lost office three years later.

5340: 5315: 5245: 4977: 4932: 4387: 3925: 3759: 3722:"Joseph Lyons biographer rubbishes state United Australia Party candidate Jim Starkey's ancestry claim" 3130: 2334: 2003: 1991: 1918: 1881: 1817: 1706: 1441: 1420: 1363: 778: 496: 3284: 1318:

after completing his term of service, and eventually saved enough to purchase land at Stanley, on the

2978: 2384: 2140: 2097: 1467:, who had previously held office for one week in October 1909. In the new government, Lyons was made 1034: 931: 3584: 5285: 3656: 1930: 1843: 1800:, the first non-Labor prime minister to do so and the first incoming prime minister to do so since 1768: 1710: 1452: 1909:, where his goal was to "influence British policy in a manner conducive to Australian interests". 4153: 4060: 3990: 3873: 3238: 2872: 1950:

Newsreel footage of Joseph Lyons visiting England for the Silver Jubilee of King George V in 1935

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to secede from the rest of the country. Lyons spent two weeks campaigning for the "No" vote with

1691: 1568:, was also a passenger in the car, and lingered for several months before dying of his injuries. 3151: 5355: 4896: 4828: 4526: 4377: 4323: 4121: 3078: 2330: 1797: 1660: 1488: 1429: 1261: 1229:. In 1930, he was acting treasurer while Scullin was overseas, and came into conflict with the 1160: 1156: 1058: 1053: 1048: 449: 293: 3932:. Australian Biographical Monographs. Vol. 1. Redland Bay, Qld: Connor Court Publishing. 3699: 2431: 2421: 2383:

in 1984, in joint honour of him and his wife Enid. The state seat of Wilmot was also renamed

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proved politically controversial and was never enacted. Political controversies included the

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were held, relating to aviation and the marketing of agricultural products; both failed.

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Lyons as an adult standing outside his birthplace and childhood home in Stanley, Tasmania

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Other legislative accomplishments of the Lyons government include the creation of the

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to attend the newly opened Hobart Teachers' College for a year. He was then posted to

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Lyons led the Labor opposition in the Tasmanian Parliament until 1923 when he became

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William Morris Hughes: A Political Biography / Vol. II: The Little Digger, 1914–1952

1366:. In March 1902, Lyons transferred to the Midlands, taking charge of the schools at 1209:

In 1929, Lyons resigned from state parliament to enter federal politics, winning an

5200: 4771: 4761: 4267: 4064: 3101: 2408: 2267: 1846:. The state's isolation at the time was such that he had to appoint John Latham as 1828: 1718: 1656: 1600: 1546: 1472: 1375: 1367: 1038: 242: 106: 2804: 1151:(15 September 1879 – 7 April 1939) was an Australian politician who was the tenth 51: 5385: 5300: 5195: 5097: 5007: 4711: 4136: 3949:

J. A. Lyons, The Tame Tasmanian: Appeasement and Rearmament in Australia, 1932–39

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between the major powers in the Pacific. Although he championed the pact at the

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Lyons is the only person in Australian history to have been prime minister,

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By 1938, Lyons was making concrete plans to retire, renovating his house in

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in early 1915, and labour shortages due to the ongoing war. As Labor was in

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When Lyons was four years old, his father moved the family from Stanley to

484: 4865: 1502: 1285: 1155:, in office from 1932 until his death in 1939. He began his career in the 5360: 5350: 5230: 5210: 5185: 5082: 5047: 5037: 5027: 5002: 4997: 4947: 4756: 4736: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4631: 4606: 2353: 2313: 2298: 2252: 2219: 2113: 2101: 1805: 1772: 1753: 1647:

Party. Accompanied by another senior minister in the Scullin government,

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Hart, Philip R. (1969). "Lyons: Labor Minister—Leader of the U.A.P.".

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They Loved Him To Death: Australian Prime Minister 'Honest Joe' Lyons

3105: 1557: 1484: 96: 2325: 2132:. Lyons's body was transported to his home town of Devonport aboard 1217:. He was immediately appointed to cabinet by the new prime minister 5012: 1179: 369: 88: 1827:

which had split the Labor Party. It called for devaluation of the

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Bust of Joseph Lyons by sculptor Wallace Anderson located in the

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in both the Federal Parliament and a state parliament (although

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It was initially assumed Lyons would be succeeded by his deputy

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became the first woman elected to the House of Representatives.

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The Lyons government's plan for recovery was a reprise of the

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Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom

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United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia

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Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia

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Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wilmot

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Lyons came from a family that was broadly sympathetic to the

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and brought the government down, forcing an early election.

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Labor came to power in Tasmania in 1914, after the existing

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Australian Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour

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Prime Minister in Premiership Football Team 28 Years Ago,

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by two seats, despite increasing its share of the vote.

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Mr Prime Minister. Australian Prime Ministers 1901–1972

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in 1914. He had earlier offered the treasurership to

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At the outset, the UAP did not renew the traditional

1723: 3243:"Joseph Lyons—Australia's Depression Prime Minister" 2398: 3581:"Australia's PMs > Joseph Lyons > Enid Lyons" 3369: 1623: 5446:Members of the Australian House of Representatives 3692:"Prime ministers' descendants descend on Canberra" 3357: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3131:"Australia's PMs > Joseph Lyons > Elections" 2143:in 1969, where he was joined by his wife in 1981. 1759:After the UAP suffered an eight-seat swing in the 2352:(CH), one of only four such appointments made by 2207:Enid Veronica (1919–1988) – married army officer 1820:, who eventually succeeded as Treasurer in 1935. 1415:Lyons as a state government minister (c. 1914–16) 5407: 3583:. National Archives of Australia. Archived from 3407:. National Archives of Australia. Archived from 3249:. No. 58. Australian Parliamentary Library. 3074:The Companion to Tasmanian History: Joseph Lyons 1346:In 1895, aged fifteen, Lyons began working as a 1244:Lyons led the UAP to a landslide victory at the 2350:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour 2168:1939 United Australia Party leadership election 1896:Lyons with the National Defence Council in 1938 1796:the advice of experts. Lyons appointed himself 3820:. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2488:leader, making no definite promise to retire. 1767:, with 44 of 74 seats and 50.6 percent of the 1293: 5129: 4881: 4812: 4560: 3231: 2186:The Lyons family in the 1930s on the lawn of 2108:for the Easter holidays. Lyons was rushed to 1791:Undated photograph of Lyons as prime minister 1159:(ALP), but became the founding leader of the 16:Prime Minister of Australia from 1932 to 1939 3930:Joseph Lyons and the management of adversity 3540: 3125: 3123: 2359:After Lyons's death, the Canberra suburb of 401:2 November 1916 – 16 September 1929 4895: 1374:. He was transferred again in July 1905 to 1273:. Several years after his death, his widow 5476:Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly 5136: 5122: 4888: 4874: 4819: 4805: 4567: 4553: 4036:Joe and Enid Lyons: A Political Love Story 3609:. Parliament of Australia. 9 November 2015 2881:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 1566:Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly 923:30 April 1909 – 13 September 1929 624:22 October 1929 – 4 February 1931 570:22 October 1929 – 4 February 1931 50: 4059: 3995:Joseph Lyons: The People's Prime Minister 3989: 3800: 3677: 3567: 3555: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3456: 3444: 3429: 3387: 3271: 3259: 3237: 3183: 3120: 3020: 3008: 2964: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2870: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2715: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2526: 2514: 2489: 2379:. His old seat of Wilmot was renamed the 1213:seat in Labor's landslide victory at the 19:For other people named Joseph Lyons, see 5143: 3780: 2363:was named in his honour, located in the 2324: 2283: 2181: 1977: 1891: 1786: 1756:) to become a non-Labor Prime Minister. 1701: 1633: 1501: 1410: 1284: 516:6 January 1932 – 2 October 1935 462:6 January 1932 – 2 October 1935 4470:Vice-President of the Executive Council 3968:"Joseph Lyons: the Tasmanian treasurer" 3965: 3924: 3225: 3210: 3198: 3171: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 2467: 870:12 October 1929 – 7 April 1939 701:25 October 1923 – 15 June 1928 233:25 October 1923 – 15 June 1928 5408: 4137:Newspaper clippings about Joseph Lyons 4085: 3719: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 1771:against a reunited Labor Party led by 1750:Emergency Committee of South Australia 1517: 1233:over the government's response to the 80:6 January 1932 – 7 April 1939 5521:Leaders of the United Australia Party 5501:Leaders of the Opposition in Tasmania 5426:Leaders of the Opposition (Australia) 5117: 4869: 4800: 4548: 4033: 4011: 3918: 3740: 3689: 3152:Page, Sir Earle Christmas (1880–1961) 2166:a few hours after Lyons's death. The 1921:of 1934 led by Deputy Prime Minister 798:6 April 1914 – 15 April 1916 746:6 April 1914 – 15 April 1916 4258:Leader of the Opposition of Tasmania 4203:Leader of the Opposition of Tasmania 4063:(2000). "Joseph Aloysius Lyons". In 3946: 3375: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3091: 3085: 3026: 2979:"Lyons, Joseph Aloysius (1879–1939)" 2873:"Lyons, Joseph Aloysius (1879–1939)" 2802: 2466:in the United Kingdom. According to 2437:List of prime ministers of Australia 1961:Lyons was prime minister during the 1912:According to David Bird, whose book 1630:Australian Labor Party split of 1931 1165:Australian Labor Party split of 1931 168:7 May 1931 – 6 January 1932 5526:20th-century Australian politicians 5431:Members of the Cabinet of Australia 3951:. Australian Scholarly Publishing. 3713: 3683: 2970: 2847: 2342:Privy Council of the United Kingdom 2110:St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst 1973: 1571: 1560:was acting premier in his absence. 1211:Australian House of Representatives 858:Australian House of Representatives 13: 5466:Australian people of Irish descent 4053: 3913: 3157:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2984:Dictionary of Australian Biography 2878:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2871:Hart, P. R.; Lloyd, C. J. (1986). 2810:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2472:Australia and the Great Depression 1870:landmark national insurance scheme 1860:Australian Broadcasting Commission 1782: 1724:Elections and government formation 1580:Lyons ran for the federal seat of 1341: 321:7 May 1931 – 7 April 1939 14: 5552: 5536:Ministers for health of Australia 4108: 4071:. New Holland. pp. 152–167. 2976: 2225:Garnet Philip Burnell (1924–1925) 1887: 1834:In April 1933, Western Australia 1697: 1670:, with former Nationalist leader 1406: 1398:. He came into conflict with the 5394: 4783: 4782: 3309:. National Archives of Australia 3133:. National Archives of Australia 2705:, (Thursday, 30 May 1935), p.16. 2401: 2257:Workplace Gender Equality Agency 2193:On 28 April 1915, Lyons married 2177: 2068: 2057: 2046: 1944: 1624:Resignation from the Labor Party 1578:1929 Australian federal election 4305:Minister for Works and Railways 3888: 3866: 3852: 3832: 3806: 3774: 3649: 3621: 3599: 3573: 3534: 3393: 3299: 3277: 3145: 3067: 2796: 2694: 2481: 2459: 2449: 2116:. Lyons's body lay in state at 1594:Minister for Works and Railways 1227:Minister for Works and Railways 1223:Postmaster-General of Australia 1080: 612:Minister for Works and Railways 5516:Defence ministers of Australia 3756:National Archives of Australia 3657:"Appointment – Kevin Lyons QC" 3287:. National Museum of Australia 3049:National Archives of Australia 2883:Australian National University 2815:Australian National University 2237:Rosemary Josephine (1929–1999) 2026:, premier of New South Wales. 1865:Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 1853:Commonwealth Grants Commission 1537:relating to the powers of the 1506:Caricature of Lyons as premier 1: 3898:. National Trust of Australia 3790:. 10 June 1932. p. 3766. 3690:Brown, Andrew (9 June 2018). 3634:The Australian Women's Weekly 3541:Fitzhardinge, Laurie (1979). 2499: 2213:Kathleen Patricia (1920–2012) 2204:Sheila Mary Norma (1918–2000) 2082:(3) Coffin being loaded onto 1963:Edward VIII abdication crisis 1539:Tasmanian Legislative Council 1440:, standing in the six-member 1378:, then a few months later to 1280: 21:Joseph Lyons (disambiguation) 5416:Prime ministers of Australia 4576:Prime ministers of Australia 3728:. Australian Community Media 3659:. Victorian Bar. 22 May 2018 1882:two simultaneous referendums 1382:, and then in April 1906 to 1325: 7: 4141:20th Century Press Archives 4093:. Oxford University Press. 3840:"Two areas of Woden Valley" 3752:Australia's Prime Ministers 3405:Australia's Prime Ministers 3045:Australia's Prime Ministers 2989:Project Gutenberg Australia 2394: 2389:National Trust of Australia 2340:Lyons was appointed to the 2077:St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney 1477:Commercial Bank of Tasmania 1434:Tasmanian House of Assembly 1294:Birth and family background 1184:Tasmanian House of Assembly 1167:. He had earlier been 26th 1153:prime minister of Australia 911:Tasmanian House of Assembly 68:prime minister of Australia 10: 5557: 5461:Australian Roman Catholics 4069:Australian Prime Ministers 3983:Department of the Treasury 3814:"Mr Joseph Aloysius LYONS" 3720:Inglis, Rob (3 May 2019). 2335:Ballarat Botanical Gardens 2320: 2308:of a state, treasurer and 2201:Gerald Desmond (1916–2000) 1992:Chief Justice of Australia 1919:Australian Eastern Mission 1716: 1627: 1533:As premier, Lyons faced a 1421:Australian labour movement 1386:. In 1907, Lyons moved to 1364:Premier of New South Wales 278:Party leadership positions 18: 5541:Abdication of Edward VIII 5471:Australian schoolteachers 5392: 5151: 4903: 4835: 4780: 4587: 4533: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4503: 4494: 4486: 4476: 4467: 4459: 4451:Minister for Repatriation 4448: 4438: 4429: 4421: 4411: 4402: 4394: 4384: 4375: 4367: 4357: 4348: 4340: 4330: 4321: 4313: 4302: 4292: 4283: 4275: 4264: 4255: 4247: 4237: 4228: 4220: 4209: 4200: 4192: 4187: 4177: 4167: 4159: 4152: 3748:"Joseph Lyons, in office" 2805:"Earle, John (1865–1932)" 2279: 2141:Mersey Vale Memorial Park 2089:for transport to Tasmania 1994:. His replacement in the 1943: 1938: 1874:Egon Kisch affair of 1934 1425:Workers' Political League 1137: 1129: 1121: 1106: 1090: 1065: 1044: 1035:Mersey Vale Memorial Park 1030: 1022: 1001: 974: 969: 965: 949: 937: 927: 916: 908: 898: 886: 874: 863: 855: 851: 844: 840: 824: 812: 802: 791: 784: 772: 760: 750: 739: 727: 715: 705: 694: 687: 683: 679: 672: 668: 652: 640: 628: 617: 610: 598: 586: 574: 563: 556: 544: 532: 520: 509: 502: 490: 478: 466: 455: 448: 444: 437: 433: 417: 405: 394: 363: 351: 339: 325: 314: 291: 287: 283: 276: 272: 260: 248: 237: 226: 218: 206: 194: 184: 172: 161: 154: 142: 130: 116: 102: 84: 73: 65: 61: 49: 30: 4514:Party political offices 4324:Leader of the Opposition 4089:(1976). "Joseph Lyons". 3307:"Timeline: Joseph Lyons" 3082:. Retrieved 20 June 2018 2442: 2348:, he was appointed as a 2310:leader of the opposition 2240:Peter Julian (1931–2021) 2234:Barry Joseph (1928–2015) 2037: 1931:1937 Imperial Conference 1907:Anglo-Japanese relations 1769:two-party-preferred vote 1711:William Beckwith McInnes 1668:Leader of the Opposition 1239:Leader of the Opposition 1125:Hobart Teachers' College 1023:Cause of death 156:Leader of the Opposition 103:Governors‑General 5496:Farrer Medal recipients 5421:Treasurers of Australia 4897:Treasurers of Australia 4154:Parliament of Australia 2356:before his abdication. 2243:Janice Mary (1933–2020) 2080:(2) Funeral procession 1878:Dalfram dispute of 1938 1692:motion of no confidence 1642:, the deputy UAP leader 1400:Department of Education 5506:Treasurers of Tasmania 4829:United Australia Party 4527:United Australia Party 4122:Parliament of Tasmania 3966:Hawkins, John (2010). 3079:University of Tasmania 3041:"Joseph Lyons, before" 2803:Lake, Marilyn (1981). 2337: 2331:Prime Ministers Avenue 2289: 2216:Moira Rose (1922–1991) 2190: 2075:(1) Lying in state at 1983: 1897: 1862:(ABC) in 1932 and the 1798:Treasurer of Australia 1792: 1714: 1661:United Australia Party 1643: 1608:policies of Treasurer 1507: 1463:. The new premier was 1416: 1290: 1161:United Australia Party 1157:Australian Labor Party 786:Minister for Education 450:Treasurer of Australia 294:United Australia Party 4405:Minister for Commerce 3700:Sydney Morning Herald 2432:Fourth Lyons Ministry 2422:Second Lyons Ministry 2346:1936 Birthday Honours 2328: 2288:Enid and Joseph Lyons 2287: 2185: 2160:deputy prime minister 1981: 1895: 1848:acting prime minister 1790: 1717:Further information: 1709:portrait of Lyons by 1705: 1637: 1628:Further information: 1535:constitutional crisis 1505: 1414: 1288: 1188:Treasurer of Tasmania 1144:Joseph Aloysius Lyons 979:Joseph Aloysius Lyons 689:Treasurer of Tasmania 504:Minister for Commerce 439:Federal cabinet posts 5511:People from Tasmania 5436:Premiers of Tasmania 5145:Premiers of Tasmania 4497:Minister for Defence 4034:White, Kate (1987). 3947:Bird, David (2008). 3762:on 26 September 2011 3247:Papers on Parliament 2427:Third Lyons Ministry 2417:First Lyons Ministry 2106:St Patrick's College 1836:voted overwhelmingly 1260:. Lyons was his own 346:Position Established 33:The Right Honourable 4520:New political party 4432:Minister for Health 4231:Premier of Tasmania 3876:. Discover Tasmania 3874:"Joe Lyons Cottage" 3390:, pp. 383–388. 3262:, pp. 343–344. 3011:, pp. 159–163. 2172:Laurie Fitzhardinge 2151:—the leader of the 2118:St Mary's Cathedral 2100:to collect his son 1996:Division of Kooyong 1927:non-aggression pact 1868:. The government's 1814:Walter Massy-Greene 1738:non-Labor Coalition 1614:Imperial Conference 1588:. He was appointed 1524:Premier of Tasmania 1518:Premier of Tasmania 1497:1916 state election 1438:1909 state election 1312:indentured labourer 1200:Legislative Council 1196:minority government 1171:from 1923 to 1928. 1169:premier of Tasmania 674:State cabinet posts 221:Premier of Tasmania 4286:Postmaster-General 4188:Political offices 4163:Llewellyn Atkinson 4019:. self-published. 3919:Biographical works 3860:"Australian stamp" 3848:. 12 January 1980. 3845:The Canberra Times 3787:The London Gazette 2338: 2290: 2255:, director of the 2249:Menzies Government 2191: 1984: 1914:The Tame Tasmanian 1898: 1793: 1744:, then led by Sir 1715: 1644: 1590:Postmaster-General 1508: 1459:was defeated on a 1442:Division of Wilmot 1417: 1298:Lyons was born in 1291: 1190:(1914–1916) under 1174:Lyons was born in 996:Colony of Tasmania 956:William Shoobridge 881:Llewellyn Atkinson 558:Postmaster-General 56:Lyons in the 1930s 5403: 5402: 5111: 5110: 4863: 4862: 4794: 4793: 4543: 4542: 4534:Succeeded by 4504:Succeeded by 4490:Archdale Parkhill 4477:Succeeded by 4439:Succeeded by 4415:Frederick Stewart 4412:Succeeded by 4385:Succeeded by 4358:Succeeded by 4331:Succeeded by 4293:Succeeded by 4265:Succeeded by 4238:Succeeded by 4210:Succeeded by 4178:Succeeded by 3680:, pp. 35–41. 2977:Serle, Percival. 2892:978-0-522-84459-7 2824:978-0-522-84459-7 2793:, pp. 75–76. 2381:Division of Lyons 2016:Archdale Parkhill 1959: 1958: 1653:Nationalist Party 1528:Nationalist Party 1481:Commonwealth Bank 1461:confidence motion 1352:monitorial system 1300:Stanley, Tasmania 1141: 1140: 989:15 September 1879 961: 960: 836: 835: 664: 663: 551:Frederick Stewart 429: 428: 390: 310: 5548: 5398: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5115: 5114: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4867: 4866: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4786: 4785: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4487:Preceded by 4460:Preceded by 4422:Preceded by 4395:Preceded by 4368:Preceded by 4341:Preceded by 4314:Preceded by 4276:Preceded by 4268:Benjamin Watkins 4248:Preceded by 4221:Preceded by 4193:Preceded by 4160:Preceded by 4150: 4149: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4104: 4082: 4065:Michelle Grattan 4049: 4030: 4008: 3986: 3975:Economic Roundup 3972: 3962: 3943: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3758:. Archived from 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3411:on 4 August 2017 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3106:10.2307/27507952 3089: 3083: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3055:on 20 March 2020 3051:. 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He was 1163:(UAP) after the 1150: 1084: 1082: 1008: 988: 986: 970:Personal details 952: 940: 921: 889: 877: 868: 842: 841: 827: 815: 796: 775: 763: 744: 730: 718: 699: 670: 669: 655: 643: 631: 622: 601: 589: 577: 568: 547: 535: 523: 514: 493: 481: 469: 460: 435: 434: 420: 408: 399: 373: 354: 342: 319: 297: 274: 273: 263: 251: 231: 209: 197: 175: 166: 145: 133: 107:Sir Isaac Isaacs 78: 54: 44: 28: 27: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5390: 5147: 5142: 5112: 5107: 4899: 4894: 4864: 4859: 4831: 4827:Leaders of the 4825: 4795: 4790: 4776: 4583: 4573: 4539: 4530: 4509: 4500: 4492: 4482: 4473: 4465: 4454: 4444: 4435: 4427: 4417: 4408: 4400: 4390: 4381: 4373: 4363: 4354: 4346: 4336: 4327: 4319: 4308: 4298: 4289: 4281: 4271: 4261: 4253: 4243: 4234: 4226: 4216: 4206: 4198: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4127: 4125: 4120:Members of the 4116:"Lyons, Joseph" 4114: 4111: 4101: 4079: 4061:Henderson, Anne 4056: 4054:In compilations 4046: 4027: 4005: 3991:Henderson, Anne 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4342: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4329: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4282: 4279:William Gibson 4277: 4273: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4236: 4227: 4224:Sir Walter Lee 4222: 4218: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4181:Lancelot Spurr 4179: 4176: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4147: 4134: 4110: 4109:External links 4107: 4106: 4105: 4099: 4083: 4077: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4031: 4025: 4013:Lyons, Brendan 4009: 4004:978-1742240992 4003: 3997:. UNSW Press. 3987: 3963: 3957: 3944: 3938: 3926:Andrews, Kevin 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3887: 3865: 3851: 3831: 3818:It's An Honour 3805: 3803:, p. 381. 3801:Henderson 2011 3793: 3773: 3739: 3712: 3682: 3678:Henderson 2011 3670: 3648: 3620: 3598: 3572: 3568:Henderson 2011 3560: 3556:Henderson 2011 3548: 3533: 3531:, p. 430. 3529:Henderson 2011 3521: 3519:, p. 429. 3517:Henderson 2011 3509: 3507:, p. 428. 3505:Henderson 2011 3497: 3495:, p. 427. 3493:Henderson 2011 3485: 3483:, p. 423. 3481:Henderson 2011 3473: 3471:, p. 413. 3469:Henderson 2011 3461: 3459:, p. 319. 3457:Henderson 2011 3449: 3447:, p. 326. 3445:Henderson 2011 3434: 3432:, p. 325. 3430:Henderson 2011 3422: 3392: 3388:Henderson 2011 3380: 3378:, p. 336. 3368: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3320: 3298: 3285:"Joseph Lyons" 3276: 3274:, p. 329. 3272:Henderson 2011 3264: 3260:Henderson 2011 3252: 3230: 3215: 3203: 3188: 3186:, p. 316. 3184:Henderson 2011 3176: 3161: 3144: 3119: 3094:Labour History 3084: 3066: 3025: 3023:, p. 177. 3021:Henderson 2011 3013: 3009:Henderson 2011 3001: 2969: 2967:, p. 104. 2965:Henderson 2011 2957: 2955:, p. 103. 2953:Henderson 2011 2945: 2941:Henderson 2011 2933: 2931:, p. 101. 2929:Henderson 2011 2921: 2891: 2846: 2823: 2795: 2791:Henderson 2011 2783: 2779:Henderson 2011 2771: 2767:Henderson 2011 2759: 2755:Henderson 2011 2747: 2743:Henderson 2011 2735: 2731:Henderson 2011 2720: 2716:Henderson 2011 2708: 2693: 2689:Henderson 2011 2681: 2677:Henderson 2011 2669: 2665:Henderson 2011 2657: 2653:Henderson 2011 2645: 2641:Henderson 2011 2633: 2629:Henderson 2011 2621: 2617:Henderson 2011 2609: 2605:Henderson 2011 2594: 2590:Henderson 2011 2582: 2578:Henderson 2011 2570: 2566:Henderson 2011 2558: 2554:Henderson 2011 2546: 2542:Henderson 2011 2531: 2527:Henderson 2011 2519: 2515:Henderson 2011 2503: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2480: 2468:Hawkins (2010) 2458: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2396: 2393: 2377:Australia Post 2322: 2319: 2281: 2278: 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884: 883: 878: 872: 871: 861: 860: 856:Member of the 853: 852: 849: 848: 846:Constituencies 845: 838: 837: 834: 833: 828: 822: 821: 819:Albert Solomon 816: 810: 809: 804: 800: 799: 789: 788: 782: 781: 776: 770: 769: 764: 758: 757: 752: 748: 747: 737: 736: 731: 725: 724: 719: 713: 712: 707: 703: 702: 692: 691: 685: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 673: 666: 665: 662: 661: 656: 650: 649: 647:William Gibson 644: 638: 637: 632: 630:Prime Minister 626: 625: 615: 614: 608: 607: 602: 596: 595: 593:William Gibson 590: 584: 583: 578: 576:Prime Minister 572: 571: 561: 560: 554: 553: 548: 542: 541: 539:Charles Hawker 536: 530: 529: 524: 522:Prime Minister 518: 517: 507: 506: 500: 499: 494: 488: 487: 482: 476: 475: 470: 468:Prime Minister 464: 463: 453: 452: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 431: 430: 427: 426: 424:Albert Ogilvie 421: 415: 414: 409: 403: 402: 392: 391: 364:Leader of the 361: 360: 358:Robert Menzies 355: 349: 348: 343: 337: 336: 334:Robert Menzies 327: 323: 322: 312: 311: 292:Leader of the 289: 288: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 255:Sir Walter Lee 252: 246: 245: 239: 235: 234: 224: 223: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 198: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 174:Prime Minister 170: 169: 159: 158: 152: 151: 146: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 118: 114: 113: 104: 100: 99: 86: 82: 81: 71: 70: 63: 62: 59: 58: 55: 47: 46: 39: 36: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5553: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5397: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 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4186: 4182: 4173: 4172: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4135: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4100:0-19-550471-2 4096: 4092: 4088: 4087:Hughes, Colin 4084: 4080: 4078:1-86436-756-3 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4026:9780958517478 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3958:9781740971577 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3939:9781925501339 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3897: 3891: 3875: 3869: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3658: 3652: 3637:. 23 May 2018 3636: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3608: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3570:, p. 85. 3569: 3564: 3558:, p. 95. 3557: 3552: 3544: 3537: 3530: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3453: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3431: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3372: 3366:, p. 25. 3365: 3360: 3354:, p. 26. 3353: 3348: 3342:, p. 31. 3341: 3336: 3330:, p. 23. 3329: 3324: 3308: 3302: 3286: 3280: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3228:, p. 94. 3227: 3222: 3220: 3213:, p. 93. 3212: 3207: 3201:, p. 92. 3200: 3195: 3193: 3185: 3180: 3174:, p. 91. 3173: 3168: 3166: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3100:(17): 37–51. 3099: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2943:, p. 99. 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2781:, p. 59. 2780: 2775: 2769:, p. 64. 2768: 2763: 2757:, p. 54. 2756: 2751: 2745:, p. 45. 2744: 2739: 2733:, p. 51. 2732: 2727: 2725: 2718:, p. 50. 2717: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2697: 2691:, p. 47. 2690: 2685: 2679:, p. 46. 2678: 2673: 2667:, p. 44. 2666: 2661: 2655:, p. 43. 2654: 2649: 2643:, p. 30. 2642: 2637: 2631:, p. 25. 2630: 2625: 2619:, p. 19. 2618: 2613: 2607:, p. 22. 2606: 2601: 2599: 2592:, p. 21. 2591: 2586: 2580:, p. 18. 2579: 2574: 2568:, p. 16. 2567: 2562: 2556:, p. 15. 2555: 2550: 2544:, p. 14. 2543: 2538: 2536: 2529:, p. 13. 2528: 2523: 2517:, p. 11. 2516: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2220:Kevin Orchard 2218: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2189: 2184: 2178:Personal life 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2153:Country Party 2150: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2130:Circular Quay 2127: 2123: 2122:Easter Monday 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