281:, a state senator and civil rights activist, served as an attorney to Beulah Mae Donald and also encouraged the investigation. Two and a half years later in 1983, Henry Hays and James Knowles were arrested. Knowles confessed to Bodman in 1983, and additional evidence was revealed during the civil trial initiated by Donald's mother Beulah Mae Donald in 1984, leading to the indictment of Benjamin Franklin Cox Jr., a truck driver, as an accomplice in the criminal case. Henry's father Bennie Hays was also indicted.
355:
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211:'s second failure to reach a verdict. Following a meeting held together the same day, Henry Hays (aged 26) – Bennie Hays's son and the Exalted Cyclops of the UKA – along with James Llewellyn "Tiger" Knowles (aged 17), both drove around Mobile looking for a black person to attack, armed with a gun and equipped with a rope borrowed from Frank Cox, Hays's brother-in-law.
504:
33:
200:(UKA), Alabama Realm, complained that Anderson was not convicted since the jury had African-American members. Bennie Jack Hays, the second-highest-ranking official in the UKA, reportedly said: "If a black man can get away with killing a white man, we ought to be able to get away with killing a black man."
227:
While Hays and
Knowles were cruising through one of Mobile's mostly black neighborhoods, they spotted Michael Donald walking home after he bought a pack of cigarettes for his sister, at the nearby gas station. Without any link to the Anderson case or even a past criminal record, Donald was chosen at
235:
Donald attempted to escape, knocking away Hays's gun and trying to run into the woods. The men pursued Donald, attacked him and beat him with a tree limb. Hays wrapped a rope around Donald's neck and pulled on it to strangle him while
Knowles continued to beat Donald with a tree branch. Once Donald
390:
helped refine the legal theory of "agency," which held the Klan accountable for the acts of its members. This prevented the case from being dismissed before it could go to the jury. In 1987, an all-white jury had decided that rather than hold
Knowles, the elder and younger Hayses liable, it found
341:
Benjamin
Franklin Cox Jr., a truck driver from Mobile who provided the rope, was initially discharged by a trial judge in 1984, citing Alabama's 3-year statute of limitations for criminal conspiracy, but an Alabama grand jury reindicted Cox for murder in 1987. Initially resulting in a mistrial in
345:
The elder Hays was indicted for inciting the murder. Tried some years later, his case ended in a mistrial when he collapsed in court. Judge Zoghby said that because of the illness of the elder Hays, then 71, he had no choice but to declare a mistrial. Hays's lawyer was willing to go forward with
382:
suit in 1984 against the United Klans of
America in federal court in the Southern District of Alabama, according to the SPLC. The civil trial brought out evidence that enabled the criminal indictment and conviction of Cox as an accomplice, and of Bennie Jack Hays for inciting the murder.
236:
had stopped moving, Hays slit his throat three times to make sure he was dead. The men left Donald's lifeless body hanging from a tree on
Herndon Avenue across the street from Hays's house in Mobile, where it remained until the next morning. The same night, two other UKA members
104:
in 1997, while another, James
Knowles, was sentenced to life in prison after pleading guilty and testifying against Hays. A third man was convicted as an accomplice and also sentenced to life in prison, and a fourth was indicted, but died before his trial could be completed.
337:
in prison. Knowles avoided a death sentence by testifying against Hays, Cox, and other
Klansmen at the trial. He'd earlier testified that the slaying was done "to show Klan strength in Alabama." Knowles served 25 years in prison before being paroled in the mid-2000s.
394:
Payment of the judgment bankrupted the United Klans of
America. The group was forced to settle the suit by selling its two-story "national headquarters" building for $ 51,875, the proceeds going to Donald's mother. She died the following year on September 17, 1988.
228:
random for being black. The two UKA members lured him over to their car by asking him for directions to a local club and forced Donald into the car at gunpoint. The men then drove out to another county and took him to a secluded area in the woods near
391:
the entire UKA as a group to be at fault. The UKA was sentenced to damages of $ 7 million in the wrongful-death verdict in the case. The suit became a precedent for civil legal action against other racist hate groups in the United States.
342:
1988, a second trial held on May 18, 1989, led to Cox's conviction for being an accomplice in Donald's killing. Mobile County
Circuit Court judge Michael Zoghby sentenced the then 28-year-old Cox to life in prison. He was paroled in 2000.
214:
Anderson would ultimately have a third mistrial before being convicted of capital murder at his fourth trial, albeit the jury spared him from execution. Anderson was sentenced to life in prison without parole. He died in the
261:
gone wrong; Donald's mother insisted that her son had not been involved in drugs. The police released the suspects at the conclusion of their investigation. Beulah Mae Donald contacted national civil rights activist Rev.
461:
television program about US civil rights history that aired in October 2008. It centered on the murder of Michael Donald, the criminal prosecution of his killers, and the civil suit against the UKA. The
325:
reported that Hays was Alabama's first execution since 1913 for a white-on-black crime. Hays is the only known KKK member to have been executed in the 20th century for the murder of an African American.
887:
132:(UKA), to which the attackers belonged. In 1987 a jury awarded her damages of $ 7 million, which bankrupted the organization. This set a precedent for civil legal action for damages against other
155:
and David Donald. He was the youngest of six children. He attended local schools while growing up. In 1981, he was studying at a technical college, while working at the local newspaper, the
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992:
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James Llewellyn "Tiger" Knowles was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1985 for violating the civil rights of Michael Donald, and pleaded guilty to civil rights violations in the
3979:
1044:
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532:
1110:
277:, the Assistant U.S. Attorney in Mobile, asked the Dept. of Justice to authorize a second investigation. He worked closely with FBI agent James Bodman. His brother
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960:
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1508:
411:
In 2006, Mobile commemorated Michael Donald by renaming Herndon Avenue, where the murderers had hanged Donald's body, after Donald. Mobile's first black mayor,
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3743:
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100:(KKK) members beat and killed Michael Donald, a 19-year-old African-American, and hung his body from a tree. One perpetrator, Henry Hays, was executed by
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979:(12 of 132) on March 3, 2011. "His son, Henry Hays, was sentenced to death for the Donald murder. He awaits an execution date at Holman Prison."
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The first trial of Anderson ended with a deadlock of the mixed white-black jury. Anderson's case was retried, which resulted in a second
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and provided for federal oversight and enforcement of voting rights. African Americans could again participate in politics in the
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911:
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219:– coincidentally, the same location where Henry Hays was executed – where he was still serving his sentence, in March 2021.
3934:
639:"Alabama case shows how father's sins were visited on son: Whites execution for killing black didn't end inherited racism"
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2008:
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Henry Francis Hays (November 10, 1954 – June 6, 1997) was convicted of capital murder. The jury voted in favor of
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2699:
418:
Donald's murder has been the subject of several works of fiction and nonfiction. The Texan political commentator
270:
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since 1913 for a white-on-black crime. It was the only execution of a KKK member during the 20th century for the
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1861:
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told the story of the Donald family in her essay, "Beulah Mae Donald," which appeared in her 1991 anthology,
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333:. By the end of the trial, he was 21 years old. U.S. District Court Judge W. Brevard Hand sentenced him to
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declared on all four counts on Friday March 20, 1981. At 10 p.m., local media started to report the
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1984:
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196:. At a meeting held in Mobile while the jury was still deliberating, members of Unit 900 of the
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In 1981, Josephus Anderson, an African American charged with the murder of a white policeman in
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3259:
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415:, presided over a small gathering of Donald's family and local leaders at the commemoration.
157:
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1917:
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754:
495:
321:, on June 6, 1997. Among the witnesses to the execution was Michael Donald's brother. The
8:
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971:
371:
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Officers first took three suspects into custody based on their possible involvement in a
185:
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Donald grew up in a city and state influenced by the passage in the mid-1960s of federal
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808:
509:
358:
Memorial marker at the murder site by the African-American Heritage Trail of Mobile
322:
176:; their ability to register to vote also meant that they were selected for juries.
266:, who organized a protest march in the city and demanded answers from the police.
3819:
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3288:
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125:
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3495:
3417:
3200:
3082:
2982:
2811:
2739:
2280:
1944:
1589:
1573:
1256:
Dixie Emporium: Tourism, Foodways, and Consumer Culture in the American South
820:
354:
334:
263:
237:
189:
3841:
3529:
3517:
3422:
3368:
3023:
2937:
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1757:
1621:
863:
97:
32:
470:
series explored Donald's murder in a 2008 episode about the KKK. In 2021,
3636:
3501:
2941:
2779:
2747:
2707:
1597:
1311:
1060:
1002:
976:
419:
363:
314:
258:
1369:
878:"1979 Birmingham murder leads to Mobile lynching and end of Alabama KKK"
3814:
3264:
3017:
2803:
2675:
2416:
2384:
1725:
1613:
828:
454:
273:
investigated the case and it was ready to close its investigation, but
229:
204:
136:
386:
The original complaint was considered too vague to hold up, but Judge
3166:
3070:
3005:
2208:
751:"They Killed Her Son. So Michael Donald's Mother Went After the Klan"
346:
proceedings. Hays died of a heart attack before he could be retried.
310:
208:
812:
719:
A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930
3407:
76:
440:
The Lynching: The Epic Courtroom Battle That Brought Down the Klan
1529:
403:
331:
United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama
109:
1456:
Thirteen Loops: Race, Violence, and the Last Lynching in America
1075:"How a Detective Who Was Blamed for One Lynching Solved Another"
882:
478:, that focused on Beulah Mae Donald's lawsuit against the UKA.
133:
113:
1428:"'The People v. The Klan': How to watch and what to read next"
3507:
929:"Alabama Judge Overrules Jury, Sentences A Klansman To Death"
3476:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
533:
List of white defendants executed for killing a black victim
147:
Michael Donald (July 24, 1961 – March 21, 1981) was born in
1231:
The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties: A - F, Index
192:, was tried in Mobile, where the case had been moved in a
1343:
1198:"Alex Howard, former federal judge, dies in Mobile at 86"
797:"Lynching Ethics: Toward a Theory of Racialized Defenses"
471:
247:
3693:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1253:
94:
one of the last reported lynchings in the United States
453:) depicts the civil court case related to the murder.
3980:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
1162:
1160:
1397:"Michael Donald clip on KKK: Inside American Terror"
1101:"Is It Progress For Alabama To Execute A White Man?"
485:
1157:
1045:Ex-Klansman sentenced to life in prison for murder
841:"Suit Filed Against KKK In Death Of Black Youth,"
1516:
851:, July 9, 1984. Vol. 66, No. 18. ISSN 0021-5996.
3916:
3137:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
538:Race and capital punishment in the United States
3975:Race-related controversies in the United States
1340:"Novelist Ravi Howard on 'Like Trees, Walking'"
1258:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 181–2.
1154:. February 6, 1988. Retrieved on March 3, 2011.
1228:
1222:
987:
985:
721:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–2.
588:
432:Ernest J. Gaines Award for Literary Excellence
1531:List of lynching victims in the United States
1502:
1247:
3945:Deaths by strangulation in the United States
1474:Beulah Mae Donald v. United Klans of America
876:Sher, David; Glass, Jay (October 10, 2021).
557:"The 'Last Lynching': How Far Have We Come?"
362:Acting at the request of Beulah Mae Donald,
3567:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
1017:"'There's Still Hate in the American Soul'"
982:
717:Tolnay, Stewart Emory; Beck, E. M. (1995).
591:"In the Bad Old Days, Not So Very Long Ago"
3538:
3383:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3113:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
1509:
1495:
716:
31:
3859:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3319:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2097:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1233:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1502–4.
975:. September 25, 1994. 8B. Retrieved from
902:
875:
748:
666:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
244:courthouse lawn to celebrate the murder.
1014:
993:Klansman sentenced for killing black man
430:(2007), based on the murder. He won the
402:
353:
3940:Deaths by stabbing in the United States
3688:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
794:
523:Capital punishment in the United States
37:Michael Donald in an undated photograph
3960:March 1981 events in the United States
3917:
1378:from the original on November 17, 2016
961:Alabama pays Ohio for holding Klansman
761:from the original on December 23, 2014
749:Kornbluth, Jesse (November 12, 2014).
681:from the original on February 18, 2015
613:
601:from the original on February 24, 2012
584:
582:
445:In film and television, the 1991 film
248:Investigation and criminal proceedings
3325:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3231:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
2922:
1528:
1490:
1310:
1190:
1098:
1059:. June 24, 1989, B-3. Retrieved from
1039:
1037:
1001:. April 12, 1985. 6A. Retrieved from
744:
742:
740:
738:
667:Kornbluth, Jesse (November 1, 1987).
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
3900:Lynching deaths in the United States
3030:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
2923:
1425:
1316:Molly Ivins Can't Say That, Can She?
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
474:produced a four-episode miniseries,
424:Molly Ivins Can't Say That, Can She?
349:
3561:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3337:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3119:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
1371:Line of Fire: The Morris Dees Story
1350:from the original on April 14, 2015
1292:from the original on April 18, 2015
1280:"Beulah Mae Donald; Sued Klan, Won"
1168:"Donald v. United Klans of America"
1072:
589:Daniel M. Gold (October 12, 2008).
579:
13:
1210:from the original on March 4, 2012
1113:from the original on March 4, 2016
1034:
937:. February 3, 1984. Archived from
735:
649:
528:List of people executed in Alabama
108:Hays's execution was the first in
16:Murder by the KKK in Alabama, 1981
14:
3991:
3930:1981 murders in the United States
3461:American Crusade Against Lynching
3107:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
1448:
1015:Popovici, Alice (June 23, 2016).
890:from the original on June 8, 2023
773:
693:
636:
567:from the original on May 27, 2012
3965:Murdered African-American people
3673:America's Black Holocaust Museum
3456:American anti-lynching activists
3428:Nadir of American race relations
3018:Steve Long and two half-brothers
2954:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
1426:Hare, Breeanna (April 9, 2021).
1254:Anthony Joseph Stanonis (2008).
502:
488:
398:
3879:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3513:National Conference on Lynching
3071:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
2948:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2289:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1419:
1389:
1362:
1332:
1304:
1272:
1125:
1092:
1066:
1008:
953:
921:
457:created "The Last Lynching", a
3950:Ku Klux Klan crimes in Alabama
2995:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1099:Lewis, Claude (June 9, 1997).
869:
835:
549:
442:(2016), chronicling the case.
284:
1:
3895:Lynching in the United States
3196:Springfield race riot of 1908
1614:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
1518:Lynching in the United States
1477:, Southern Poverty Law Center
1318:. Vintage. pp. 255–262.
1314:(1991). "Beulah Mae Donald".
1073:Lee, Kevin (March 21, 2021).
1063:(13 of 109) on March 3, 2011.
1005:(96 of 140) on March 3, 2011.
669:"The Woman Who Beat The Klan"
543:
518:Capital punishment in Alabama
426:. Ravi Howard wrote a novel,
301:. He was incarcerated in the
179:
168:legislation that ended legal
3789:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
3720:And you are lynching Negroes
3572:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3307:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3213:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3155:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
3001:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1133:Mistrial for Former Klansmen
795:Alfieri, Anthony V. (1997).
643:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
303:Holman Correctional Facility
295:overruled the jury's verdict
217:Holman Correctional Facility
153:Beulah Mae (Greggory) Donald
7:
3935:Deaths by person in Alabama
3698:Southern Poverty Law Center
3343:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
2971:? Lachenais and four others
2409:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
1726:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1468:University of Alabama Press
1172:Southern Poverty Law Center
561:NPR (National Public Radio)
481:
368:Southern Poverty Law Center
124:, brought a civil suit for
10:
3996:
3970:People murdered in Alabama
3955:Lynching deaths in Alabama
3179:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3149:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3125:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3077:Benjamin and Mollie French
858:November 29, 2016, at the
849:Johnson Publishing Company
252:
86:lynching of Michael Donald
3887:
3706:
3665:
3584:
3486:William O'Connell Bradley
3446:
3400:
3396:
3225:East St. Louis, IL, riots
2977:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
2960:New York City draft riots
2929:
2918:
2667:
1936:
1541:
1537:
1524:
1466:, 2011, by B.J. Hollars,
1462:October 25, 2011, at the
1106:The Philadelphia Inquirer
222:
142:
92:, on March 21, 1981, was
72:
57:
42:
30:
23:
3750:Deaths in police custody
3237:Jenkins County, GA, riot
3048:Chinese massacre of 1871
2966:Detroit race riot (1863)
2601:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2393:Dick Rowland (attempted)
1481:Murder of Michael Donald
914:August 10, 2014, at the
645:(newspaper). p. A4.
313:. Hays was executed in "
61:March 21, 1981 (aged 19)
3731:Battle of Liberty Place
3726:Attack on John Shillady
3714:James Allen (collector)
3547:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3331:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3255:Omaha race riot of 1919
3243:Longview, TX, race riot
3219:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3161:Julia and Frazier Baker
3143:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3095:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3053:Meridian, MS, race riot
3036:Opelousas, LA, massacre
2009:Paul Reed and Will Cato
1694:Big Nose George Parrott
1229:Paul Finkelman (2006).
198:United Klans of America
130:United Klans of America
3865:United States v. Shipp
3617:Rebecca Latimer Felton
3448:Anti-lynching movement
3365:Freedom Summer Murders
3295:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3260:Knoxville riot of 1919
2129:Laura and L. D. Nelson
1403:. 2008. Archived from
1288:. September 20, 1988.
1174:. 1988. Archived from
476:The People v. The Klan
468:Inside American Terror
408:
359:
297:and sentenced Hays to
3836:Summer in Mississippi
3783:Mississippi Cold Case
3737:The Birth of a Nation
3678:Civil Rights Memorial
3607:Sidney Johnston Catts
3585:Defenders of lynching
3271:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3249:Elaine, AR, race riot
3207:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3173:Watkinsville lynching
3131:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3089:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3065:Election riot of 1874
3012:Camilla, GA, massacre
2934:Death of Joseph Smith
1558:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1206:. February 10, 2011.
407:Michael Donald Avenue
406:
357:
158:Mobile Press Register
3554:Costigan-Wagner Bill
3491:Ella Barksdale Brown
3289:Perry, FL, race riot
3201:Slocum, TX, massacre
3101:Mart and Tom Horrell
3059:Colfax, LA, massacre
3042:Bear River City riot
2892:James Craig Anderson
2692:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2297:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
918:, Spartacus website]
755:The Good Men Project
563:. October 13, 2008.
496:United States portal
3796:The Ox-Bow Incident
3776:Mississippi Burning
3627:John Trotwood Moore
3283:Tulsa race massacre
3277:Ocoee, FL, massacre
2772:Mack Charles Parker
2700:Willie James Howard
1407:on October 30, 2008
1401:National Geographic
1178:on February 6, 2006
972:The Tuscaloosa News
941:on October 22, 2023
801:Michigan Law Review
464:National Geographic
428:Like Trees, Walking
186:Birmingham, Alabama
120:. Donald's mother,
73:Cause of death
3810:Reconstruction era
3622:John Temple Graves
3466:Jessie Daniel Ames
3413:Indiana White Caps
3083:Ellenton, SC, riot
3006:Reno Brothers Gang
2756:Judge Edward Aaron
1953:Ballie Crutchfield
1138:2017-02-04 at the
934:The New York Times
674:The New York Times
595:The New York Times
409:
388:Alex T. Howard Jr.
360:
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3853:They Won't Forget
3770:Lynching postcard
3683:The Legacy Museum
3652:James K. Vardaman
3592:Theodore G. Bilbo
3580:
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3471:Martin C. Ansorge
3392:
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3377:Michael Schwerner
3184:Kemper County, MS
3024:Pulaski, TN, riot
2914:
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2617:Shedrick Thompson
2497:Bernice Raspberry
2217:Name unknown (MS)
2121:Name unknown (TX)
1742:Joseph Vermillion
1710:John Wesley Heath
1346:. March 7, 2007.
1285:Los Angeles Times
1265:978-0-8203-3169-0
1240:978-0-415-94342-0
1151:Los Angeles Times
1056:Observer-Reporter
866:on March 3, 2011.
862:. Retrieved from
728:978-0-252-06413-5
459:Discovery Channel
434:in 2008 for it.
366:, founder of the
350:Civil proceedings
291:life imprisonment
122:Beulah Mae Donald
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3647:Benjamin Tillman
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449:(also called
448:
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399:Commemoration
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317:", Alabama's
316:
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304:
300:
296:
292:
282:
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264:Jesse Jackson
260:
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242:Mobile County
239:
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46:July 24, 1961
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3871:
3863:
3851:
3842:Sundown town
3834:
3802:
3794:
3781:
3774:
3762:
3755:
3744:The Clansman
3742:
3735:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3530:Ida B. Wells
3518:Paul Robeson
3423:Ku Klux Klan
3369:James Chaney
3359:Anniston, AL
2983:Plummer Gang
2938:Joseph Smith
2867:
2836:Henry Marrow
2796:Frank Morris
2724:Willie Earle
2633:Cordie Cheek
2561:Henry Choate
2481:Dan Anderson
2441:Raymond Byrd
2425:Samuel Smith
2377:Willie Baird
2257:Frank Little
2249:Paulo Boleta
2177:Robert Perry
2153:Mary Jackson
2113:King Johnson
2065:James Hodges
1985:George White
1969:Walker Davis
1870:Jacob Henson
1798:Robert Lewis
1758:Ellen Watson
1646:Jim Williams
1622:Wyatt Outlaw
1473:
1455:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1421:
1411:November 18,
1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1391:
1380:, retrieved
1370:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1334:
1315:
1312:Ivins, Molly
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1255:
1249:
1230:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1201:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1149:
1143:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1104:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:
1068:
1054:
1048:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:
1010:
996:
970:
964:
955:
943:. Retrieved
939:the original
932:
923:
904:
892:. Retrieved
881:
871:
864:Google Books
842:
837:
804:
800:
763:. Retrieved
718:
683:. Retrieved
672:
642:
603:. Retrieved
594:
569:. Retrieved
560:
551:
475:
467:
450:
447:Line of Fire
446:
444:
439:
427:
423:
417:
410:
393:
385:
361:
344:
340:
328:
288:
268:
256:
234:
226:
213:
202:
188:, during an
183:
166:civil rights
163:
156:
146:
128:against the
107:
98:Ku Klux Klan
85:
83:
18:
3874:(1999 film)
3758:(1936 film)
3637:James Rolph
3539:Legislation
3502:Flag Salute
2942:Hyrum Smith
2788:Lemuel Penn
2780:Louis Allen
2748:Emmett Till
2732:Lamar Smith
2708:Recy Taylor
2641:Claude Neal
2489:Will Sherod
2473:John Carter
2449:James Clark
2401:Henry Lowry
2273:Ell Persons
2161:Rob Edwards
2137:Will Porter
1993:David Wyatt
1961:George Ward
1838:Henry Smith
1734:Amos Miller
1718:Eliza Woods
1654:David Jones
1598:Bill Sketoe
1582:Joshua Boyd
1542:Before 1900
1483:, Spartacus
1382:October 12,
1061:Google News
1003:Google News
977:Google News
945:October 22,
420:Molly Ivins
364:Morris Dees
315:Yellow Mama
309:, while on
285:Convictions
170:segregation
137:hate groups
3919:Categories
3888:Categories
3815:Red Summer
3508:N.A.A.C.P.
3433:Red Shirts
3265:Red Summer
2804:James Reeb
2676:Felix Hall
2668:After 1940
2417:Joe Pullen
2385:Roy Belton
2337:Will Brown
2241:Jeff Brown
2201:John Evans
2185:? Anderson
2089:"Pie" Hill
2057:Jim Miller
2033:Slab Pitts
2025:Ed Johnson
1862:Amos Hicks
1782:Dick Lundy
1774:Jim Taylor
1354:January 5,
1296:January 4,
1117:January 4,
765:January 4,
685:January 4,
544:References
455:Ted Koppel
451:Blind Hate
378:brought a
372:Montgomery
230:Mobile Bay
180:Background
96:. Several
3805:(musical)
2521:Joe Smith
2465:Tom Payne
2433:L. Q. Ivy
2361:Jay Lynch
2209:Leo Frank
1937:1900–1940
1084:March 12,
1026:March 12,
821:0026-2234
413:Sam Jones
311:death row
259:drug deal
209:hung jury
3872:Vendetta
3408:Lynching
3379:) (1964)
2944:) (1844)
1918:Sam Hose
1460:Archived
1437:June 26,
1376:archived
1374:, 1991,
1348:Archived
1290:Archived
1214:June 24,
1208:Archived
1136:Archived
1111:Archived
912:Archived
888:Archived
856:Archived
759:Archived
679:Archived
605:July 24,
599:Archived
571:July 23,
565:Archived
482:See also
205:mistrial
77:Lynching
3401:General
1790:Joe Coe
1662:Jo Reed
1148:at the
1053:at the
894:June 8,
829:1290053
253:Arrests
240:on the
110:Alabama
3803:Parade
3791:(1965)
3666:Memory
3385:(1964)
3361:(1961)
3355:(1952)
3345:(1946)
3339:(1945)
3333:(1943)
3327:(1937)
3321:(1933)
3315:(1932)
3309:(1930)
3303:(1927)
3297:(1923)
3291:(1922)
3285:(1921)
3279:(1920)
3273:(1920)
3267:(1919)
3251:(1919)
3245:(1919)
3239:(1919)
3233:(1918)
3227:(1917)
3221:(1916)
3215:(1912)
3209:(1911)
3203:(1910)
3192:(1908)
3186:(1906)
3175:(1905)
3169:(1899)
3163:(1898)
3157:(1898)
3151:(1898)
3145:(1897)
3139:(1892)
3133:(1892)
3127:(1891)
3121:(1880)
3115:(1879)
3109:(1879)
3103:(1878)
3097:(1878)
3091:(1876)
3085:(1876)
3079:(1876)
3073:(1874)
3061:(1873)
3055:(1871)
3044:(1868)
3038:(1868)
3032:(1868)
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3020:(1868)
3014:(1868)
3008:(1868)
2997:(1866)
2991:(1866)
2985:(1864)
2979:(1864)
2973:(1863)
2962:(1863)
2956:(1862)
2950:(1858)
2902:(2020)
2894:(2011)
2886:(1998)
2878:(1989)
2870:(1981)
2862:(1979)
2854:(1978)
2846:(1975)
2838:(1970)
2830:(1968)
2822:(1967)
2814:(1966)
2806:(1965)
2798:(1964)
2790:(1964)
2782:(1964)
2774:(1959)
2766:(1957)
2758:(1957)
2750:(1955)
2742:(1955)
2734:(1955)
2726:(1947)
2718:(1946)
2710:(1944)
2702:(1944)
2694:(1943)
2686:(1943)
2678:(1941)
2659:(1940)
2651:(1940)
2643:(1934)
2635:(1933)
2627:(1933)
2619:(1932)
2611:(1931)
2603:(1931)
2595:(1930)
2587:(1930)
2579:(1928)
2571:(1927)
2563:(1927)
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2539:(1927)
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2427:(1924)
2419:(1923)
2411:(1922)
2403:(1921)
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2371:(1919)
2363:(1919)
2355:(1919)
2347:(1919)
2339:(1919)
2331:(1919)
2323:(1918)
2315:(1918)
2307:(1918)
2299:(1918)
2291:(1918)
2283:(1918)
2275:(1917)
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2259:(1917)
2251:(1916)
2243:(1916)
2235:(1916)
2227:(1916)
2219:(1915)
2211:(1915)
2203:(1914)
2195:(1914)
2187:(1913)
2179:(1913)
2171:(1912)
2163:(1912)
2155:(1912)
2147:(1911)
2139:(1911)
2131:(1911)
2123:(1911)
2115:(1911)
2107:(1910)
2099:(1909)
2091:(1909)
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2075:(1909)
2067:(1909)
2059:(1909)
2051:(1907)
2043:(1907)
2035:(1906)
2027:(1906)
2019:(1906)
2011:(1904)
2003:(1904)
1995:(1903)
1987:(1903)
1979:(1903)
1971:(1903)
1963:(1901)
1955:(1901)
1947:(1901)
1928:(1899)
1920:(1899)
1912:(1898)
1904:(1898)
1896:(1898)
1888:(1897)
1880:(1897)
1872:(1896)
1864:(1894)
1856:(1894)
1848:(1894)
1840:(1893)
1832:(1893)
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1800:(1892)
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1688:(1879)
1680:(1878)
1672:(1877)
1664:(1875)
1656:(1872)
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1632:(1870)
1624:(1870)
1616:(1868)
1608:(1864)
1600:(1864)
1592:(1864)
1584:(1863)
1576:(1858)
1568:(1851)
1560:(1837)
1552:(1836)
1322:
1262:
1237:
883:AL.com
827:
819:
725:
374:, and
223:Murder
143:Victim
134:racist
116:of an
114:murder
67:, U.S.
52:, U.S.
3349:Harry
825:JSTOR
299:death
174:South
3846:list
3756:Fury
3438:Jews
3351:and
3067:(AL)
1439:2021
1413:2008
1384:2016
1356:2015
1320:ISBN
1298:2015
1260:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1216:2012
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