1258:). Typically various filtration systems remove particulates, additives, and oxidation products and recover the base oil. The oil may get refined during the process. This base oil is then treated much the same as virgin base oil however there is considerable reluctance to use recycled oils as they are generally considered inferior. Basestock fractionally vacuum distilled from used lubricants has superior properties to all-natural oils, but cost-effectiveness depends on many factors. Used lubricant may also be used as refinery feedstock to become part of crude oil. Again, there is considerable reluctance to this use as the additives, soot, and wear metals will seriously poison/deactivate the critical catalysts in the process. Cost prohibits carrying out both filtration (soot, additives removal) and re-refining (
971:. Typically the liquid lubricant is constantly circulated to and from a cooler part of the system, although lubricants may be used to warm as well as to cool when a regulated temperature is required. This circulating flow also determines the amount of heat that is carried away in any given unit of time. High flow systems can carry away a lot of heat and have the additional benefit of reducing the thermal stress on the lubricant. Thus lower cost liquid lubricants may be used. The primary drawback is that high flows typically require larger sumps and bigger cooling units. A secondary drawback is that a high flow system that relies on the flow rate to protect the lubricant from thermal stress is susceptible to catastrophic failure during sudden system shut downs. An automotive oil-cooled
760:, Al Muqarram stands out for its commitment to quality and innovation. Lubricants are essential for reducing friction, enhancing performance, and extending the lifespan of machinery. Whether it's for automotive, industrial, or marine applications, the demand for reliable lubricants is high. Al Muqarram meets these needs by offering a wide range of products tailored to different industry requirements. In addition to being a top lubricant oil manufacturer in the UAE, Al Muqarram also excels in producing lubricant additives. These additives enhance the performance of base oils, making them more effective in extreme conditions and providing additional protection against wear and corrosion. As one of the trusted
1345:
45:
989:
contain detergent and dispersant additives to assist in debris and contaminant transport to the filter and removal. Over time the filter will get clogged and require cleaning or replacement, hence the recommendation to change a car's oil filter at the same time as changing the oil. In closed systems such as gear boxes the filter may be supplemented by a magnet to attract any iron fines that get created.
1411:
931:
moving parts. This is analogous to hydroplaning, the loss of friction observed when a car tire is separated from the road surface by moving through standing water. This is termed hydrodynamic lubrication. In cases of high surface pressures or temperatures, the fluid film is much thinner and some of the forces are transmitted between the surfaces through the lubricant.
1733:
Bartels, Thorsten; Bock, Wolfgang; Braun, Jürgen; Busch, Christian; Buss, Wolfgang; Dresel, Wilfried; Freiler, Carmen; Harperscheid, Manfred; Heckler, Rolf-Peter; Hörner, Dietrich; Kubicki, Franz; Lingg, Georg; Losch, Achim; Luther, Rolf; Mang, Theo; Noll, Siegfried; Omeis, Jürgen (2003). "Lubricants
1246:
Burning the lubricant as fuel, typically to generate electricity, is also governed by regulations mainly on account of the relatively high level of additives present. Burning generates both airborne pollutants and ash rich in toxic materials, mainly heavy metal compounds. Thus lubricant burning takes
1242:
and discharge into water, though typically disposal in landfill and discharge into water are strictly regulated in most countries, as even small amount of lubricant can contaminate a large amount of water. Most regulations permit a threshold level of lubricant that may be present in waste streams and
1217:
formation. Such glazes are generated by sintering a compacted oxide layer. Such glazes are crystalline, in contrast to the amorphous glazes seen in pottery. The required high temperatures arise from metallic surfaces sliding against each other (or a metallic surface against a ceramic surface). Due to
992:
It is apparent that in a circulatory system the oil will only be as clean as the filter can make it, thus it is unfortunate that there are no industry standards by which consumers can readily assess the filtering ability of various automotive filters. Poor automotive filters significantly reduce the
468:
In 1999, an estimated 37,300,000 tons of lubricants were consumed worldwide. Automotive applications dominate, including electric vehicles but other industrial, marine, and metal working applications are also big consumers of lubricants. Although air and other gas-based lubricants are known (e.g., in
1250:
Unfortunately, most lubricant that ends up directly in the environment is due to the general public discharging it onto the ground, into drains, and directly into landfills as trash. Other direct contamination sources include runoff from roadways, accidental spillages, natural or man-made disasters,
988:
Lubricant circulation systems have the benefit of carrying away internally generated debris and external contaminants that get introduced into the system to a filter where they can be removed. Lubricants for machines that regularly generate debris or contaminants such as automotive engines typically
751:
such as PEG can serve as lubricants at liquid solid interfaces. By continuous rapid exchange of bound water with other free water molecules, these polymer films keep the surfaces separated while maintaining a high fluidity at the brush–brush interface at high compressions, thus leading to a very low
975:
is a typical example. Turbochargers get red hot during operation and the oil that is cooling them only survives as its residence time in the system is very short (i.e. high flow rate). If the system is shut down suddenly (pulling into a service area after a high-speed drive and stopping the engine)
943:
is much less than surface-to-surface friction in a system without any lubrication. Thus use of a lubricant reduces the overall system friction. Reduced friction has the benefit of reducing heat generation and reduced formation of wear particles as well as improved efficiency. Lubricants may contain
930:
in a system. This separation has the benefit of reducing friction, wear and surface fatigue, together with reduced heat generation, operating noise and vibrations. Lubricants achieve this in several ways. The most common is by forming a physical barrier i.e., a thin layer of lubricant separates the
1271:
Lubricants both fresh and used can cause considerable damage to the environment mainly due to their high potential of serious water pollution. Further, the additives typically contained in lubricant can be toxic to flora and fauna. In used fluids, the oxidation products can be toxic as well.
772:
dedication to quality and customer satisfaction makes it a leader in the UAE's lubricant industry. Whether you need high-performance lubricants or specialized additives, Al
Muqarram provides solutions that meet your exact needs, helping you maintain and enhance your machinery’s performance.
913:
are designed to reduce the adhesive condition (stickiness) of a given material. The rubber, hose, and wire and cable industries are the largest consumers of anti-tack products but virtually every industry uses some form of anti-sticking agent. Anti-sticking agents differ from
153:
between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as
976:
the oil that is in the turbo charger immediately oxidizes and will clog the oil ways with deposits. Over time these deposits can completely block the oil ways, reducing the cooling with the result that the turbo charger experiences total failure, typically with seized
1221:
As the "glaze" is already an oxide, it can survive to very high temperatures in air or oxidising environments. However, it is disadvantaged by it being necessary for the base metal (or ceramic) having to undergo some wear first to generate sufficient oxide debris.
1039:
Many lubricants are formulated with additives that form chemical bonds with surfaces or that exclude moisture, to prevent corrosion and rust. It reduces corrosion between two metallic surfaces and avoids contact between these surfaces to avoid immersed corrosion.
709:. Some retain their lubricity to very high temperatures. The use of some such materials is sometimes restricted by their poor resistance to oxidation (e.g., molybdenum disulfide degrades above 350 °C in air, but 1100 °C in reducing environments.
345:
such as graphite, molybdenum disulphide and tungsten disulphide also offer lubrication at temperatures (up to 350 °C) higher than liquid and oil-based lubricants are able to operate. Limited interest has been shown in low friction properties of
1118:
684:, where it can function both as a thickener and a lubricant. Under extreme pressures, PTFE powder or solids is of little value as it is soft and flows away from the area of contact. Ceramic or metal or alloy lubricants must be used then.
364:
A large number of additives are used to impart performance characteristics to the lubricants. Modern automotive lubricants contain as many as ten additives, comprising up to 20% of the lubricant, the main families of additives are:
764:, Al Muqarram ensures that its products deliver optimal efficiency and durability. Choosing the right supplier is crucial for maintaining the efficiency of your machinery. Al Muqarram is not just a manufacturer but also a reliable
1767:
Beyer, Monica; Brown, Gareth; Gahagan, Michael; Higuchi, Tomoya; Hunt, Gregory; Huston, Michael; Jayne, Doug; McFadden, Chris; Newcomb, Timothy; Patterson, Suzanne; Prengaman, Christopher; Shamszad, Mariam (12 December 2019).
755:
Comprehensive Guide to
Lubricant and Additive Manufacturers in the UAE The UAE is a key player in the global lubricant industry, with a growing demand for high-quality products across various sectors. As a leading name among
680:(PTFE) is typically used as a coating layer on, for example, cooking utensils to provide a non-stick surface. Its usable temperature range up to 350 °C and chemical inertness make it a useful additive in special
217:
with the accompanying use of metal-based machinery. Relying initially on natural oils, needs for such machinery shifted toward petroleum-based materials early in the 1900s. A breakthrough came with the development of
1113:
532:
Manufactured by hydrocracking and solvent or catalytic dewaxing processes. Group II base oil has superior anti-oxidation properties since virtually all hydrocarbon molecules are saturated. It has water-white
480:
plus a variety of additives to impart desirable characteristics. Although generally lubricants are based on one type of base oil, mixtures of the base oils also are used to meet performance requirements.
809:
from tree sources. Many vegetable oils are often hydrolyzed to yield the acids which are subsequently combined selectively to form specialist synthetic esters. Other naturally derived lubricants include
1262:, isomerization, hydrocrack, etc.) however the primary hindrance to recycling still remains the collection of fluids as refineries need continuous supply in amounts measured in cisterns, rail tanks.
951:
known as friction modifiers that chemically bind to metal surfaces to reduce surface friction even when there is insufficient bulk lubricant present for hydrodynamic lubrication, e.g. protecting the
2080:
API 1509, Engine Oil
Licensing and Certification System, 15th Edition, 2002. Appendix E, API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils (revised)
2030:
1265:
Occasionally, unused lubricant requires disposal. The best course of action in such situations is to return it to the manufacturer where it can be processed as a part of fresh batches.
1031:
Lubricants prevent wear by reducing friction between two parts. Lubricants may also contain anti-wear or extreme pressure additives to boost their performance against wear and fatigue.
1708:
656:
189:), ultrasound examination, medical examination, and sexual intercourse. It is mainly used to reduce friction and to contribute to a better, more efficient functioning of a mechanism.
522:
Manufactured by solvent extraction, solvent or catalytic dewaxing, and hydro-finishing processes. Common Group I base oil are 150SN (solvent neutral), 500SN, and 150BS (brightstock)
2114:
410:
suppress the rate of oxidative degradation of the hydrocarbon molecules within the lubricant. At low temperatures, free radical inhibitors such as hindered phenols are used, e.g.
1247:
place in specialized facilities that have incorporated special scrubbers to remove airborne pollutants and have access to landfill sites with permits to handle the toxic ash.
1327:
2055:
980:. Non-flowing lubricants such as greases and pastes are not effective at heat transfer although they do contribute by reducing the generation of heat in the first place.
1048:
Lubricants will occupy the clearance between moving parts through the capillary force, thus sealing the clearance. This effect can be used to seal pistons and shafts.
918:
in that they are designed to reduce the inherently adhesive qualities of a given compound while lubricants are designed to reduce friction between any two surfaces.
768:. They offer consistent supply, expert guidance, and excellent after-sales support, ensuring that you always have the right products when you need them. In summary,
1272:
Lubricant persistence in the environment largely depends upon the base fluid, however if very toxic additives are used they may negatively affect the persistence.
350:
formed at several hundred degrees
Celsius in metallic sliding systems, however, practical use is still many years away due to their physically unstable nature.
623:
1218:
the elimination of metallic contact and adhesion by the generation of oxide, friction and wear is reduced. Effectively, such a surface is self-lubricating.
785:
esters (fats obtained from plants and animals). For lubricant base oil use, the vegetable derived materials are preferred. Common ones include high oleic
1931:
Duan, Zhenjing; Li, Changhe; Zhang, Yanbin; Yang, Min; Gao, Teng; Liu, Xin; Li, Runze; Said, Zafar; Debnath, Sujan; Sharma, Shubham (20 February 2023).
201:
have been identified on the axles of chariots dated to 1400 BC. Building stones were slid on oil-impregnated lumber in the time of the pyramids. In the
2091:
Compacted Oxide Layer
Formation under Conditions of Limited Debris Retention at the Wear Interface during High Temperature Sliding Wear of Superalloys
1793:
1291:
646:
2109:
955:
in a car engine at startup. The base oil itself might also be polar in nature and as a result inherently able to bind to metal surfaces, as with
198:
1906:
2027:
1309:
651:
2088:
1659:
1315:
458:(anti-scuffing) additives form protective films on sliding metal parts. These agents are often sulfur compounds, such as dithiophosphates.
1066:
1819:
1321:
1970:
Salimon, Jumat; Salih, Nadia; Yousif, Emad (2010). "Biolubricants: raw materials, chemical modifications and environmental benefits".
1254:
Improvement in filtration technologies and processes has now made recycling a viable option (with the rising price of base stock and
715:
Metal alloys, composites and pure metals can be used as grease additives or the sole constituents of sliding surfaces and bearings.
1213:
A further phenomenon that has undergone investigation in relation to high-temperature wear prevention and lubrication is that of a
543:
Manufactured by special processes such as isohydromerization. Can be manufactured from base oil or slax wax from dewaxing process.
2047:
434:(rust inhibitors) are usually alkaline materials, such as alkylsulfonate salts, that absorb acids that would corrode metal parts.
2084:
Boughton and
Horvath, 2003, Environmental Assessment of Used Oil Management Methods, Environmental Science and Technology, V38
967:
Both gas and liquid lubricants can transfer heat. However, liquid lubricants are much more effective on account of their high
2131:
1602:
1590:
1297:
428:
ensure the cleanliness of engine components by preventing the formation of deposits on contact surfaces at high temperatures.
1015:
in hydrostatic power transmission. Hydraulic fluids comprise a large portion of all lubricants produced in the world. The
831:
In 2008, the biolubricant market was around 1% of UK lubricant sales in a total lubricant market of 840,000 tonnes/year.
820:
was a historically important lubricant, with some uses up to the latter part of the 20th century as a friction modifier
109:
1933:"Mechanical behavior and semiempirical force model of aerospace aluminum alloy milling using nano biological lubricant"
1841:
Donnet, C.; Erdemir, A. (2004). "Historical developments and new trends in tribological and solid lubricant coatings".
1751:
81:
2099:
2008:
1392:
1276:
lubricants are non-toxic making them the environmental alternative which is safe for both users and the environment.
1243:
companies spend hundreds of millions of dollars annually in treating their waste waters to get to acceptable levels.
862:-growers trialling the product have welcomed the innovation, with one describing it as needing very little refining,
128:
1998:
1374:
1230:
It is estimated that about 50% of all lubricants are released into the environment. Common disposal methods include
878:, creating a variety that produces up to 93% of oil, the highest currently available from any plant. Researchers at
600:
Petroleum-derived lubricant can also be produced using synthetic hydrocarbons (derived ultimately from petroleum), "
444:. They come in two classes depending on the strength with which they bind to the surface. Popular examples include
464:
reduce friction and wear, particularly in the boundary lubrication regime where surfaces come into direct contact.
1303:
510:
226:. This technology allowed the purification of very non-volatile substances, which are common in many lubricants.
161:
In addition to industrial applications, lubricants are used for many other purposes. Other uses include cooking (
88:
2083:
2023:
1370:
66:
418:
the oxidation process, dithiophosphates are more useful. In the latter application the additives are called
2104:
1769:
1285:
825:
498:
95:
2152:
2167:
1214:
1102:
347:
310:
and many others are sometimes used as base oils. Additives deliver reduced friction and wear, increased
1366:
899:
62:
31:
17:
1866:"Macrotribological Studies of Poly(L-lysine)-graft-Poly(ethylene glycol) in Aqueous Glycerol Mixtures"
739:
alloys are used as sliding bearings, or their powder can be used to lubricate sliding surfaces alone.
396:(VIIs) are compounds that allow lubricants to remain viscous at higher temperatures. Typical VIIs are
77:
1865:
2147:
2048:"Safflower oil hailed by scientists as possible recyclable, biodegradable replacement for petroleum"
761:
757:
1355:
879:
411:
393:
1359:
723:
are used for plating surfaces which gives them good corrosion resistance and sliding properties,
677:
330:
55:
765:
747:
Aqueous lubrication is of interest in a number of technological applications. Strongly hydrated
1080:
1016:
968:
640:
555:
Group V – All others not included above, such as naphthenics, polyalkylene glycols (PAG), and
1815:
334:
214:
781:
Biolubricants are derived from vegetable oils and other renewable sources. They usually are
269:
Pour Point (the minimum temperature at which oil will flow under prescribed test conditions)
977:
698:
449:
8:
2172:
1628:
527:
Group II – Saturates > 90% and sulfur < 0.03%, and SAE viscosity index of 80 to 120
431:
338:
219:
1864:
Nalam, Prathima C.; Clasohm, Jarred N.; Mashaghi, Alireza; Spencer, Nicholas D. (2010).
1424:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
2177:
2105:
Mercedes-Benz oil recommendations, extracted from factory manuals and personal research
1898:
1785:
1700:
1640:
798:
702:
681:
634:
581:
Can also be classified into three categories depending on the prevailing compositions:
445:
379:
223:
182:
102:
886:, comparing it with conventional oil, have described the results as a "game-changer".
2127:
2095:
2004:
1952:
1902:
1789:
1747:
1704:
1692:
1632:
1598:
1586:
945:
461:
419:
186:
1979:
1944:
1888:
1880:
1850:
1846:
1777:
1739:
1682:
1674:
1644:
1624:
1543: – Laboratory analysis of an oil based lubricant's properties and contaminants
1020:
611:
549:
538:
Group III – Saturates > 90%, sulfur < 0.03%, and SAE viscosity index over 120
842:
oil as an engine lubricant, finding superior performance and lower emissions than
2121:
2034:
1546:
1097:
1008:
706:
629:
568:
514:
387:
246:
1425:
1147:
1128:
875:
1948:
1893:
1884:
1678:
2161:
1956:
1743:
1696:
1636:
1178:
1072:
1012:
883:
863:
748:
694:
669:
601:
470:
342:
291:
1932:
882:’s Advanced Fuel Centre in the US studying the oil’s performance in a large
372:
depressants are compounds that prevent crystallization of waxes. Long chain
1983:
1687:
1580:
1540:
1531: – The presence of a material to reduce friction between two surfaces.
972:
948:
927:
821:
802:
782:
563:
The lubricant industry commonly extends this group terminology to include:
397:
373:
359:
307:
287:
210:
202:
1555: – Science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion
27:
Substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact
2028:
NNFCC Conference Poster. Improved winter rape varieties for biolubricants
1528:
1172:
1092:
1023:
is another important application for power transmission with lubricants.
956:
490:
455:
437:
407:
283:
1781:
473:), liquid lubricants dominate the market, followed by solid lubricants.
173:
and baking to prevent food sticking), to reduce rusting and friction in
1259:
1002:
952:
851:
790:
786:
369:
295:
213:, as well as animal fats. The growth of lubrication accelerated in the
170:
1969:
1208:
1552:
1537: – Lubricant used for lubrication of internal combustion engines
1534:
1255:
1231:
1193:
1060:
993:
life of the machine (engine) as well as make the system inefficient.
895:
867:
843:
839:
817:
556:
494:
425:
415:
401:
319:
315:
311:
279:
264:
206:
178:
174:
155:
1770:"Lubricant Concepts for Electrified Vehicle Transmissions and Axles"
1344:
234:
A good lubricant generally possesses the following characteristics:
44:
1615:
Spikes, H. (1 October 2004). "The
History and Mechanisms of ZDDP".
1239:
1153:
940:
855:
806:
794:
690:
440:
additives form protective 'tribofilms' on metal parts, suppressing
383:
326:
303:
150:
1422:
about basic details, e.g. publisher, website, publication period.
1273:
1235:
1086:
871:
811:
716:
30:
This article is about industrial lubricants. For other uses, see
1410:
894:
One of the largest applications for lubricants, in the form of
847:
736:
618:
506:
376:
adhere to small crystallites of wax, preventing crystal growth.
239:
2110:
Measuring reserve alkalinity and evaluation of wear dependence
238:
A high boiling point and low freezing point (in order to stay
859:
835:
341:, etc.), PTFE tape used in plumbing, air cushion and others.
299:
1863:
1585:(Third Edition, Revised and Expanded ed.). CRC Press.
732:
724:
720:
441:
728:
493:" is used to refer to lubricating base oils derived from
477:
197:
Lubricants have been in some use for thousands of years.
166:
162:
1766:
1581:
Don M. Pirro; Martin
Webster; Ekkehard Daschner (2016).
769:
476:
Lubricants are generally composed of a majority of base
2115:
Testing used oil quality, list of possible measurements
501:(API) designates several types of lubricant base oil:
278:
Typically lubricants contain 90% base oil (most often
1840:
1732:
983:
1225:
1119:
Super
Tractor Oil Universal – STOU – includes engine
874:. The scientists have reengineered the plant using
414:. At temperatures >90 °C, where the metals
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
905:
185:, bioapplications on humans (e.g., lubricants for
2119:
2054:. Landline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
1292:Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
577:Group III+ with a viscosity index of at least 140
2159:
1972:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology
1279:
1034:
2123:Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications
1930:
1736:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1576:
1574:
1310:Independent Lubricant Manufacturer Association
2093:, Ph.D. Thesis (2003), Northumbria University
1316:European Automobile Manufacturers Association
766:lubricant supplier and distributor in the UAE
762:lubricant additives manufacturers in the UAE
1571:
1373:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
574:Group II+ with a viscosity index of 113–119
325:Non-liquid lubricants include powders (dry
1322:Japanese Automotive Standards Organization
926:Lubricants are typically used to separate
921:
889:
846:-based lubricants in applications such as
814:(wool grease, a natural water repellent).
314:, improved viscosity index, resistance to
294:or synthetic liquids such as hydrogenated
2153:Chart of API Gravity and Specific gravity
1892:
1686:
1393:Learn how and when to remove this message
1209:"Glaze" formation (high-temperature wear)
1114:Universal Tractor Transmission Oil – UTTO
902:in motor vehicles and powered equipment.
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1996:
1110:Tractor (one lubricant for all systems)
2148:SAE-ISO-AGMA viscosity conversion chart
1026:
834:As of 2020, researchers at Australia's
14:
2160:
1714:from the original on 22 September 2017
1657:
1614:
742:
390:in order to discourage foam formation.
149:) is a substance that helps to reduce
1796:from the original on 17 February 2020
1334:
1298:National Lubricating Grease Institute
1485:Tribology and Lubrication Technology
1404:
1371:adding citations to reliable sources
1338:
505:Group I – Saturates < 90% and/or
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
2045:
1937:Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering
1158:Bearing and circulating system oils
939:Typically the lubricant-to-surface
758:lubricants manufacturers in the UAE
663:
242:within a wide range of temperature)
24:
2000:The Turbo Hydra-Matic 350 Handbook
1912:from the original on 27 April 2019
1776:. Vol. 14. pp. 428–437.
1629:10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044495.26882.b5
984:Carry away contaminants and debris
934:
858:and other agricultural equipment.
222:of petroleum, as described by the
25:
2189:
2141:
1226:Disposal and environmental impact
1043:
996:
595:
2058:from the original on 7 June 2020
1822:from the original on 1 July 2010
1409:
1343:
962:
911:Anti-tack or anti-stick coatings
657:Multiply alkylated cyclopentanes
43:
2039:
2017:
1990:
1963:
1843:Surface and Coatings Technology
1658:Spikes, Hugh (1 October 2015).
1490:Fuels & Lubes International
1465:Journal of Synthetic Lubricants
1304:Society of Automotive Engineers
906:Lubricant vs. anti-tack coating
776:
511:Society of Automotive Engineers
322:, aging or contamination, etc.
54:needs additional citations for
2024:National Non-Food Crops Centre
1924:
1857:
1851:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2003.10.022
1834:
1808:
1760:
1726:
1651:
1608:
1051:
484:
273:
13:
1:
1660:"Friction Modifier Additives"
1559:
1280:Societies and industry bodies
1035:Prevent corrosion and rusting
229:
1286:American Petroleum Institute
1161:Refrigerator compressor oils
826:automatic transmission fluid
499:American Petroleum Institute
353:
348:compacted oxide glaze layers
7:
1522:
1328:Petroleum Packaging Council
1215:compacted oxide layer glaze
1103:Air conditioning compressor
900:internal combustion engines
205:, lubricants were based on
10:
2194:
2120:Leslie R. Rudnick (2003).
2074:
1164:Steam and gas turbine oils
1000:
667:
357:
192:
32:Lubricant (disambiguation)
29:
1949:10.1007/s11465-022-0720-4
1885:10.1007/s11249-009-9549-9
1816:"Engine Oil Publications"
1679:10.1007/s11249-015-0589-z
1549: – Low-viscosity oil
1450:ASME Journal of Tribology
752:coefficient of friction.
394:Viscosity index improvers
386:compounds which increase
2046:Lee, Tim (7 June 2020).
1744:10.1002/14356007.a15_423
1583:Lubrication Fundamentals
1564:
1199:Trunk piston engine oils
880:Montana State University
412:butylated hydroxytoluene
145:(sometimes shortened to
2033:4 February 2015 at the
1455:Tribology International
1251:and pipeline leakages.
1189:Crosshead cylinder oils
922:Keep moving parts apart
890:Functions of lubricants
678:polytetrafluoroethylene
1997:Sessions, Ron (1985).
1984:10.1002/ejlt.200900205
1510:Chemical Market Review
1460:Tribology Transactions
1420:is missing information
1081:Automatic transmission
1017:automatic transmission
969:specific heat capacity
641:Alkylated naphthalenes
1515:Machinery lubrication
1202:Stern tube lubricants
1144:Food Grade lubricants
450:zinc dithiophosphates
335:molybdenum disulphide
263:A high resistance to
215:Industrial Revolution
177:, through the use of
1367:improve this section
1129:2-stroke engine oils
1027:Protect against wear
1007:Lubricants known as
898:, is protecting the
805:from vegetable, and
699:molybdenum disulfide
624:Polyalkylene glycols
432:Corrosion inhibitors
286:) and less than 10%
260:Corrosion prevention
63:improve this article
1782:10.2474/trol.14.428
1475:Lubrication Science
1141:Air compressor oils
838:have been studying
743:Aqueous lubrication
735:alloys and various
380:Anti-foaming agents
339:tungsten disulphide
254:Hydraulic stability
220:vacuum distillation
2168:Petroleum products
1894:20.500.11850/17055
1845:. 180–181: 76–84.
1734:and Lubrication".
1481:Trade periodicals
1335:Major publications
799:sunflower seed oil
703:tungsten disulfide
635:Perfluoropolyether
462:Friction modifiers
420:metal deactivators
282:fractions, called
224:Vacuum Oil Company
2133:978-0-8247-4740-4
1873:Tribology Letters
1667:Tribology Letters
1617:Tribology Letters
1603:978-1-4987-5291-6
1592:978-1-4987-5290-9
1470:Tribology Letters
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688:Inorganic solids:
517:(VI) of 80 to 120
251:Thermal stability
187:artificial joints
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707:solid lubricants
705:are examples of
664:Solid lubricants
630:Phosphate esters
612:Polyalpha-olefin
567:Group I+ with a
550:Polyalphaolefins
509:> 0.03%, and
456:Extreme pressure
446:phosphate esters
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68:
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52:This article
50:
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41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2122:
2090:
2089:I.A. Inman.
2060:. Retrieved
2051:
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1940:
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1914:. Retrieved
1876:
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1824:. Retrieved
1810:
1798:. Retrieved
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1728:
1718:23 September
1716:. Retrieved
1670:
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1541:Oil analysis
1514:
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1505:Compoundings
1504:
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1365:Please help
1353:
1269:Environment:
1268:
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1245:
1229:
1220:
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1093:Brake fluids
1047:
1038:
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973:turbocharger
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928:moving parts
925:
915:
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909:
893:
833:
830:
816:
803:rapeseed oil
783:triglyceride
780:
777:Biolubricant
754:
746:
713:Metal/alloy:
712:
711:
693:, hexagonal
687:
686:
674:
673:
652:Ionic fluids
606:
599:
580:
562:
488:
475:
467:
408:Antioxidants
363:
360:Oil additive
324:
284:mineral oils
277:
233:
211:rapeseed oil
196:
160:
146:
142:
140:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
1800:17 February
1529:Lubrication
1434:August 2019
1383:August 2019
1175:engine oils
1173:Gas turbine
1135:Industrial
1057:Automotive
1052:Fluid types
957:polyolester
953:valve train
852:lawn mowers
548:Group IV –
491:mineral oil
485:Mineral oil
296:polyolefins
274:Formulation
171:frying pans
78:"Lubricant"
2173:Lubricants
2162:Categories
1560:References
1260:distilling
1192:Crosshead
1061:Motor oils
1003:Hydraulics
916:lubricants
791:castor oil
787:canola oil
617:Synthetic
588:Naphthenic
585:Paraffinic
571:of 103–108
557:polyesters
489:The term "
426:Detergents
370:Pour point
230:Properties
169:in use in
119:March 2023
89:newspapers
18:Lubricants
2178:Tribology
1957:2095-0241
1903:109928127
1826:30 August
1790:210160024
1705:137884697
1697:1023-8883
1637:1023-8883
1553:Tribology
1535:Motor oil
1495:Oiltrends
1426:talk page
1354:does not
1256:crude oil
1232:recycling
1194:Crankcase
1169:Aviation
1154:Gear oils
1067:Gasolines
949:additives
896:motor oil
868:bioenergy
856:chainsaws
844:petroleum
840:safflower
818:Whale oil
495:crude oil
438:Anti-wear
402:butadiene
354:Additives
320:oxidation
316:corrosion
312:viscosity
304:silicones
288:additives
280:petroleum
265:oxidation
207:olive oil
203:Roman era
179:Motor oil
175:machinery
156:lubricity
143:lubricant
2056:Archived
2052:ABC News
2031:Archived
1943:(1): 4.
1907:Archived
1820:Archived
1794:Archived
1709:Archived
1673:(1): 5.
1597:(print)
1523:See also
1240:landfill
1065:Petrol (
978:bearings
941:friction
850:-driven
822:additive
807:tall oil
795:palm oil
691:Graphite
591:Aromatic
416:catalyze
384:silicone
327:graphite
151:friction
2075:Sources
1916:13 July
1645:7163944
1605:(eBook)
1375:removed
1360:sources
1274:Lanolin
1236:burning
1186:Marine
1087:Gearbox
872:biofuel
812:lanolin
717:Cadmium
682:greases
245:A high
193:History
103:scholar
2130:
2098:
2062:7 June
2007:
1955:
1901:
1788:
1750:
1703:
1695:
1643:
1635:
1601:
1589:
1324:(JASO)
1318:(ACEA)
1312:(ILMA)
1300:(NLGI)
1294:(STLE)
1089:fluids
959:oils.
848:engine
737:bronze
637:(PFPE)
619:esters
533:color.
513:(SAE)
507:sulfur
497:. The
300:esters
240:liquid
183:grease
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
1910:(PDF)
1899:S2CID
1869:(PDF)
1786:S2CID
1712:(PDF)
1701:S2CID
1663:(PDF)
1641:S2CID
1565:Notes
1330:(PPC)
1306:(SAE)
1288:(API)
1083:fluid
946:polar
860:Grain
836:CSIRO
675:PTFE:
659:(MAC)
626:(PAG)
614:(PAO)
552:(PAO)
110:JSTOR
96:books
2128:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2064:2020
2005:ISBN
1953:ISSN
1918:2019
1828:2007
1802:2020
1748:ISBN
1720:2019
1693:ISSN
1633:ISSN
1599:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1358:any
1356:cite
1196:oils
1181:oils
1150:oils
1105:oils
1075:oils
870:and
866:, a
824:for
801:and
733:zinc
725:Lead
721:gold
719:and
701:and
643:(AN)
448:and
442:wear
400:and
331:PTFE
318:and
209:and
181:and
167:fats
165:and
163:oils
147:lube
82:news
1980:doi
1976:112
1945:doi
1889:hdl
1881:doi
1847:doi
1778:doi
1740:doi
1683:hdl
1675:doi
1625:doi
1369:by
1019:'s
729:tin
604:".
478:oil
65:by
2164::
2050:.
2026:.
1974:.
1951:.
1941:18
1939:.
1935:.
1905:.
1897:.
1887:.
1877:37
1875:.
1871:.
1818:.
1792:.
1784:.
1772:.
1746:.
1738:.
1707:.
1699:.
1691:.
1681:.
1671:60
1669:.
1665:.
1639:.
1631:.
1621:17
1619:.
1573:^
1238:,
1234:,
854:,
828:.
797:,
793:,
789:,
731:,
727:,
697:,
337:,
333:,
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