Motor oil - Knowledge

1290:(ZDDP). Each new API category has placed successively lower phosphorus and zinc limits, and thus has created a controversial issue of obsolescent oils needed for older engines, especially engines with sliding (flat/cleave) tappets. API and ILSAC, which represents most of the world's major automobile/engine manufacturers, state API SM/ILSAC GF-4 is fully backwards compatible, and it is noted that one of the engine tests required for API SM, the Sequence IVA, is a sliding tappet design to test specifically for cam wear protection. Not everyone is in agreement with backwards compatibility, and in addition, there are special situations, such as "performance" engines or fully race built engines, where the engine protection requirements are above and beyond API/ILSAC requirements. Because of this, there are specialty oils out in the market place with higher than API allowed phosphorus levels. Most engines built before 1985 have the flat/cleave bearing style systems of construction, which is sensitive to reducing zinc and phosphorus. For example, in API SG rated oils, this was at the 1200–1300 ppm level for zinc and phosphorus, where the current SM is under 600 ppm. This reduction in anti-wear chemicals in oil has caused premature failures of camshafts and other high pressure bearings in many older automobiles and has been blamed for premature failure of the oil pump drive/cam position sensor gear that is meshed with camshaft gear in some modern engines. 1631:(Group IV). Higher purity and therefore better property control theoretically means synthetic oil has better mechanical properties at extremes of high and low temperatures. The molecules are made large and "soft" enough to retain good viscosity at higher temperatures, yet branched molecular structures interfere with solidification and therefore allow flow at lower temperatures. Thus, although the viscosity still decreases as temperature increases, these synthetic motor oils have a higher viscosity index over the traditional petroleum base. Their specially designed properties allow a wider temperature range at higher and lower temperatures and often include a lower pour point. With their improved viscosity index, synthetic oils need lower levels of viscosity index improvers, which are the oil components most vulnerable to thermal and mechanical degradation as the oil ages, and thus they do not degrade as quickly as traditional motor oils. However, they still fill up with particulate matter, although the matter better suspends within the oil, and the oil filter still fills and clogs up over time. So periodic oil and filter changes should still be done with synthetic oil, but some synthetic oil suppliers suggest that the intervals between oil changes can be longer, sometimes as long as 16,000–24,000 kilometres (9,900–14,900 mi) primarily due to reduced degradation by oxidation. 1571: US gal) per year, mostly from improper disposal. By far the greatest cause of motor-oil pollution in oceans comes from drains and urban street-runoff, much of it caused by improper disposal of engine oil. One US gallon (3.8 L) of used oil can generate a 32,000 m (8 acres) slick on surface water, threatening fish, waterfowl and other aquatic life. According to the U.S. EPA, films of oil on the surface of water prevent the replenishment of dissolved oxygen, impair photosynthetic processes, and block sunlight. Toxic effects of used oil on freshwater and marine organisms vary, but significant long-term effects have been found at concentrations of 310 ppm in several freshwater fish species and as low as 1 ppm in marine life forms. Motor oil can have an incredibly detrimental effect on the environment, particularly to plants that depend on healthy soil to grow. There are three main ways that motor oil affects plants: 1442:

which requires special additives in oils that were approved to meet that spec. BMW regularly develops new specs to meet the increasing demands of the EPA emission standards and MPG requirements as well as new engines. Failure to use the correct specification oil has been known to cause PCV (positive crankcase ventilation), VVT (variable valve timing) system, gasket and sealing system, and other internal combustion component premature clogging and other failures. Some of the additives in those specs are designed to aid in keeping systems lubricated and clean. Some examples of BMW's other specs are: LL-01, LL-01 fe, LL-12, LL-14+, LL-17 fe. European vehicle manufacturers have led the way for oil specs but Asian and American manufacturers have since joined in creating a need for oil change, repair shops and dealerships to carry many different oils to avoid damages both mechanical and monetarily.

1490:(ZDDP) and its alternatives due to phosphorus limits in some specifications. Calcium sulfonates additives are also added to protect motor oil from oxidative breakdown and to prevent the formation of sludge and varnish deposits. Both were the main basis of additive packages used by lubricant manufacturers up until the 1990s when the need for ashless additives arose. Main advantage was very low price and wide availability (sulfonates were originally waste byproducts). Currently there are ashless oil lubricants without these additives, which can only fulfill the qualities of the previous generation with more expensive basestock and more expensive organic or organometallic additive compounds. Some new oils are not formulated to provide the level of protection of previous generations to save manufacturing costs. 1648:

Biosynthetic Technologies has developed a high-performance "drop-in" biosynthetic oil using Estolide technology for use in motor oils and industrial lubricants. This biosynthetic oil American Petroleum Institute (API) has the potential to greatly reduce environmental challenges associated with petroleum. Independent testing not only shows biosynthetic oils to be among the highest-rated products for protecting engines and machinery; they are also bio-based, biodegradable, non-toxic and do not bioaccumulate in marine organisms. Also, motor oils and lubricants formulated with biosynthetic base oils can be recycled and re-refined with petroleum-based oils. The U.S.-based company Green Earth Technologies manufactures a bio-based motor oil, called G-Oil, made from animal oils.

1185:(API), SJ, SL, SM, SN, SP, CH-4, CI-4, CI-4 PLUS, CJ-4, CK, and FA, as well as International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) GF-3, GF-4, GF-5, GF-6A, GF-6B and Cummins, Mack and John Deere (and other Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM)) requirements. These evaluations include chemical and physical properties using bench test methods as well as actual running engine tests to quantify engine sludge, oxidation, component wear, oil consumption, piston deposits and fuel economy. Originally S for spark ignition and C for compression, as used with diesel engines. Many oil producers still refer these categories in their marketing. 1096:

the constraint of "severe" service requiring more frequent changes with less-than-ideal driving. This applies to short trips of under 15 kilometres (10 mi), where the oil does not get to full operating temperature long enough to boil off condensation, excess fuel, and other contamination that leads to "sludge", "varnish", "acids", or other deposits. Many manufacturers have engine computer calculations to estimate the oil's condition based on the factors which degrade it, such as RPM, temperature, and trip length; one system adds an optical sensor for determining the clarity of the oil in the engine. These systems are commonly known as

368:, at the bottom of the crankcase. In some small engines such as lawn mower engines, dippers on the bottoms of connecting rods dip into the oil at the bottom and splash it around the crankcase as needed to lubricate parts inside. In modern vehicle engines, the oil pump takes oil from the oil pan and sends it through the oil filter into oil galleries, from which the oil lubricates the main bearings holding the crankshaft up at the main journals and camshaft bearings operating the valves. In typical modern vehicles, oil pressure-fed from the oil galleries to the main bearings enters holes in the main journals of the crankshaft. 1081:

cycles the engine has been through, and how hard the engine has worked. The vehicle distance is intended to estimate the time at high temperature, while the time in service is supposed to correlate with the number of vehicle trips and capture the number of heating cycles. Oil does not degrade significantly just sitting in a cold engine. On the other hand, if a car is driven just for very short distances, the oil will not fully heat up, and it will accumulate contaminants such as water, due to lack of sufficient heat to boil off the water. Oil in this condition, just sitting in an engine, can cause problems.

1765: 436:

oil pre-mixed into the gasoline. The oil injection system is not used on small engines used in applications like snowblowers and trolling motors as the oil injection system is too expensive for small engines and would take up too much room on the equipment. The oil properties will vary according to the individual needs of these devices. Non-smoking two-stroke oils are composed of esters or polyglycols. Environmental legislation for leisure marine applications, especially in Europe, encouraged the use of ester-based two cycle oil.

956: 945: 48: 1872: 1612:, which caused petroleum-based lubricants to solidify owing to their higher wax content. The use of synthetic lubricants widened through the 1950s and 1960s owing to a property at the other end of the temperature spectrum – the ability to lubricate aviation engines at high temperatures that caused mineral-based lubricants to break down. In the mid-1970s, synthetic motor oils were formulated and commercially applied for the first time in automotive applications. The same SAE system for designating motor oil 1122:

use of even lower-viscosity oils without the risk of excessive metal-to-metal abrasion, principally in the cam and valve mechanism areas. In line with car manufacturers push towards these lower viscosities in search of better fuel economy, in April 2013 the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) introduced an SAE 16 viscosity rating, a break from its traditional "divisible by 10" numbering system for its high-temperature viscosity ratings that spanned from low-viscosity SAE 20 to high-viscosity SAE 60.

248: 1526:

that can not maintain reasonable lubricating conditions might benefit, while properly designed engine with oil film thick enough would not see any difference. PTFE is a very soft material, thus its friction coefficient becomes worse than that of hardened steel-to-steel mating surfaces under common loads. PTFE is used in composition of sliding bearings where it improves lubrication under relatively light load until the oil pressure builds up to full hydrodynamic lubricating conditions.

1711: 969: 40: 1644:

friendly products. Purdue University has funded a project to develop and test such oils. Test results indicate satisfactory performance from the oils tested. A review on the status of bio-based motor oils and base oils globally, as well as in the U.S, shows how bio-based lubricants show promise in augmenting the current petroleum-based supply of lubricating materials, as well as replacing it in many cases.

1547: 933: 1746: 1432:

Engine Oil Viscosity Classification document so as to express high-temperature viscosity of the various grades ... In the view of this writer, this redefinition did not occur because the automotive lubricant market knows of no field failures unambiguously attributable to insufficient HTHS oil viscosity.

1807:

Today, motor oil in the US is generally sold in bottles of one U.S. quart (950 mL) and on a rarity in one-liter (33.8 U.S. fl oz) as well as in larger plastic containers ranging from approximately 4.4 to 5 liters (4.6 to 5.3 U.S. qt) due to most small to mid-size engines

1121:

By the mid-1980s, recommended viscosities had moved down to 5W-30, primarily to improve fuel efficiency. A typical modern application would be Honda motor's use of 5W-20 (and in their newest vehicles, 0W-20) viscosity oil for 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi). Engine designs are evolving to allow the

403:

Continued operation of an internal combustion engine without adequate engine oil can cause damage to the engine, first by wear and tear, and in extreme cases by "engine seizure" where the lack of lubrication and cooling causes the engine to cease operation suddenly. Engine seizure can cause extensive

1521:

particles were available, e.g., "Slick50", to consumers to increase motor oil's ability to coat and protect metal surfaces. There is controversy as to the actual effectiveness of these products, as they can coagulate and clog the oil filter and tiny oil passages in the engine. It is supposed to work

1403:

For four-stroke gasoline engines, the JASO T904 standard is used, and is particularly relevant to motorcycle engines. The JASO T904-MA and MA2 standards are designed to distinguish oils that are approved for wet clutch use, with MA2 lubricants delivering higher friction performance. The JASO T904-MB

1387:

Popular categories include A3/B3 and A3/B4 which are defined as "Stable, stay-in-grade Engine Oil intended for use in Passenger Car & Light Duty Van Gasoline& Diesel Engines with extended drain intervals" A3/B5 is suitable only for engines designed to use low viscosities. Category C oils are

1353:

The IIIG test is about 50% more difficult than the previous IIIF test, used in GF-3 and API SL oils. Engine oils bearing the API starburst symbol since 2005 are ILSAC GF-4 compliant. To help consumers recognize that an oil meets the ILSAC requirements, API developed a "starburst" certification mark.

1297:

service categories are API CK-4, CJ-4, CI-4 PLUS, CI-4, CH-4, and FA-4. The previous service categories such as API CC or CD are obsolete. API solved problems with API CI-4 by creating a separate API CI-4 PLUS category that contains some additional requirements – this marking is located in the lower

1285:

All the current gasoline categories (including the obsolete SH) have placed limitations on the phosphorus content for certain SAE viscosity grades (the xW-20, xW-30) due to the chemical poisoning that phosphorus has on catalytic converters. Phosphorus is a key anti-wear component in motor oil and is

1281:

The latest API service category is API SP for gasoline automobile and light-truck engines. The SP standard refers to a group of laboratory and engine tests, including the latest series for control of high-temperature deposits. Current API service categories include SP, SN, SM, SL and SJ for gasoline

1095:

Time-based intervals account for the short-trip drivers who drive short distances, which build up more contaminants. Manufacturers advise to not exceed their time or distance-driven interval for a motor oil change. Many modern cars now list somewhat higher intervals for changing oil and filter, with

1060:

The motor oil and especially the additives also undergo thermal and mechanical degradation, which reduces the viscosity and reserve alkalinity of the oil. At reduced viscosity, the oil is not as capable of lubricating the engine, thus increasing wear and the chance of overheating. Reserve alkalinity

1675:

Biodegradable motor oils based on esters or hydrocarbon-ester blends appeared in the 1990s followed by formulations beginning in 2000 which respond to the bio-no-tox-criteria of the European preparations directive (EC/1999/45). This means, that they not only are biodegradable according to OECD 301x

1431:

The rapid growth of non-Newtonian multigraded oils has rendered kinematic viscosity as a nearly useless parameter for characterising "real" viscosity in critical zones of an engine... There are those who are disappointed that the twelve-year effort has not resulted in a redefinition of the SAE J300

3268:

Directive 1999/45/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the member states relating to the classification, packaging and labeling of dangerous preparations, Official Journal of the European Communities

2324:

It could appear from this data, then, that there is no validity to the constantly-used argument that motorcycle-specific oils provide superior lubrication to automotive oils when used in a motorcycle. If the viscosity drop is the only criterion, then there is certainly no reason to spend the extra

1560:

Due to its chemical composition, worldwide dispersion and effects on the environment, used motor oil is considered a serious environmental problem. Most current motor-oil lubricants contain petroleum base stocks, which are toxic to the environment and difficult to dispose of after use. Over 40% of

1525:

Many patents proposed use perfluoropolymers to reduce friction between metal parts, such as PTFE (Teflon), or micronized PTFE. However, the application obstacle of PTFE is insolubility in lubricant oils. Their application is questionable and depends mainly on the engine design – one

1414:

These standards, especially JASO-MA (for motorcycles) and JASO-FC, are designed to address oil-requirement issues not addressed by the API service categories. One element of the JASO-MA standard is a friction test designed to determine suitability for wet clutch usage. An oil that meets JASO-MA is

1337:

The International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) also has standards for motor oil. Introduced in 2004, GF-4 applies to SAE 0W-20, 5W-20, 0W-30, 5W-30, and 10W-30 viscosity grade oils. In general, ILSAC works with API in creating the newest gasoline oil specification, with

1080:

Motor oil changes are usually scheduled based on the time in service or the distance that the vehicle has traveled. These are rough indications of the real factors that control when an oil change is appropriate, which include how long the oil has been run at elevated temperatures, how many heating

1072:

grade of oil should be used, but different viscosity motor oil may perform better based on the operating environment. Many manufacturers have varying requirements and have designations for motor oil they require to be used. This is driven by the EPA requirement that the same viscosity grade of oil

435:

In small two-stroke engines, the oil may be pre-mixed with the gasoline or fuel, often in a rich gasoline: oil ratio of 25:1, 40:1 or 50:1, and burned in use along with the gasoline. Larger two-stroke engines used in boats and motorcycles may have a more economical oil injection system rather than

1441:

Some current engine or vehicle manufacturers require a specific oil formula, known as oil specs, be used to add extra levels of protection for special engine designs, materials and operating conditions. Starting in the late 1990s, BMW for example came out with a spec called LL-98 (Long Life 1998)

371:

From these holes in the main journals, the oil moves through passageways inside the crankshaft to exit holes in the rod journals to lubricate the rod bearings and connecting rods. Some simpler designs relied on these rapidly moving parts to splash and lubricate the contacting surfaces between the

1693:

The oil in a motor oil product does break down and burns as it is used in an engine – it also gets contaminated with particles and chemicals that make it a less effective lubricant. Re-refining cleans the contaminants and used additives out of the dirty oil. From there, this clean

1309:). To achieve that, they are SAE xW-30 oils blended to a high temperature high shear viscosity from 2.9 cP to 3.2 cP. They are not suitable for all engines thus their use depends on the decision of each engine manufacturer. They cannot be used with diesel fuel containing more than 15 ppm sulfur. 1238:

to further refine and purify it. Group III base stocks have similar characteristics to Group II base stocks, except that Group III base stocks have higher viscosity indexes. Group III base stocks are produced by further hydrocracking of either Group II base stocks or hydroisomerized slack wax (a

1643:

Bio-based oils existed prior to the development of petroleum-based oils in the 19th century. They have become the subject of renewed interest with the advent of bio-fuels and the push for green products. The development of canola-based motor oils began in 1996 in order to pursue environmentally

1634:

Tests show that fully synthetic oil is superior in extreme service conditions to conventional oil, and may perform better for longer under standard conditions. But in the vast majority of vehicle applications, mineral oil-based lubricants, fortified with additives and with the benefit of over a

1324:

The API oil classification structure has eliminated specific support for wet-clutch motorcycle applications in their descriptors, and API SJ and newer oils are referred to be specific to automobile and light truck use. Accordingly, motorcycle oils are subject to their own unique standards. See

1315:

While engine oils are formulated to meet a specific API service category, they in fact conform closely enough to both the gasoline and diesel categories. Thus diesel rated engine oils usually carry the relevant gasoline categories, e.g. an API CJ-4 oil could show either API SL or API SM on the

1076:

In general, unless specified by the manufacturer, thicker oils are not necessarily better than thinner oils; heavy oils tend to stick longer to parts between two moving surfaces, and this degrades the oil faster than a lighter oil that flows better, allowing fresh oil in its place sooner. Cold

1360:

After nearly a decade of GF-5, ILSAC released final GF-6 specifications in 2019, with licensed sales to oil manufacturers and re-branders to begin in May 2020. There are two GF6 standards; GF-6A being a progression and fully backwards compatible with GF-5, and GF-6B specifically for SAE 0W-16

1037:. While there is an entire industry surrounding regular oil changes and maintenance, an oil change is a relatively simple car maintenance operation that many car owners can do themselves. It involves draining the oil from the engine into a drip pan, replacing the filter, and adding fresh oil. 1345:

at 125 hp (93 kW), 3,600 rpm, and 150 °C (302 °F) oil temperature for 100 hours. These are much more severe conditions than any API-specified oil was designed for: cars which typically push their oil temperature consistently above 100 °C (212 °F) are most

1647:

The USDA National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research developed an Estolide lubricant technology made from vegetable and animal oils. Estolides have shown great promise in a wide range of applications, including engine lubricants. Working with the USDA, a California-based company

1161:. The grades include single grades, such as SAE 30, and also multi-grades such as SAE 15W-30. A multi-grade consists of a winter grade specifying the viscosity at cold temperatures and a non-winter grade specifying the viscosity at operating temperatures. An engine oil using a polymeric 159:. While studying the possible healing powers of crude oil, Dr. Ellis was disappointed to find no real medicinal value, but was intrigued by its potential lubricating properties. He eventually abandoned the medical practice to devote his time to the development of an all-petroleum, high- 372:

piston rings and interior surfaces of the cylinders. However, in modern designs, there are also passageways through the rods which carry oil from the rod bearings to the rod-piston connections and lubricate the contacting surfaces between the piston rings and interior surfaces of the

163:

lubricant for steam engines – which at the time were using inefficient combinations of petroleum and animal and vegetable fats. He made his breakthrough when he developed an oil that worked effectively at high temperatures. This meant fewer gummed up valves and corroded cylinders.

1226:

which is further refined with solvent extraction processes to improve certain properties such as oxidation resistance and to remove wax. Poorly refined mineral oils that fail to meet the minimum VI of 80 required in group I fit into Group V. Group II base stocks are composed of

3278:

M. Woydt, No /Low SAP and Alternative Engine Oil Development and Testing, Journal of ASTM International, 2007, Vol. 4, No.10, online ISSN 1546-962X or in ASTM STP 1501 "Automotive Lubricants – Testing and Additive Development", 03.-05. December 2006, Orlando,

1859:

can occur. If exposed to an open flame motor oil could ignite. In recent times, motor oil has also been used to texture hair (popularised by Jack Wheal) but upon application, users may feel irritation to the scalp and possible long-lasting damage to the scalp and follicles.

1301:

API CK-4 and FA-4 have been introduced for 2017 model American engines. API CK-4 is backward compatible that means API CK-4 oils are assumed to provide superior performance to oils made to previous categories and could be used without problems in all previous model engines.

1379:

are arguably more stringent than the API and ILSAC standards. CEC (The Co-ordinating European Council) is the development body for fuel and lubricant testing in Europe and beyond, setting the standards via their European Industry groups; ACEA, ATIEL, ATC and CONCAWE.

1698:(EPA) defines re-refined products as containing at least 25% re-refined base stock, but other standards are significantly higher. The California State public contract code defines a re-refined motor oil as one that contains at least 70% re-refined base stock. 478:. The viscosity of a liquid can be thought of as its "thickness" or a measure of its resistance to flow. The viscosity must be high enough to maintain a lubricating film, but low enough that the oil can flow around the engine parts under all conditions. The 1404:

standard denotes oils not suitable for wet clutch use, and are therefore used in scooters equipped with continuously variable transmissions. The addition of friction modifiers to JASO MB oils can contribute to greater fuel economy in these applications.

558:(ASTM D-5800) determines the physical evaporation loss of lubricants in high temperature service. A maximum of 14% evaporation loss is allowable to meet API SL and ILSAC GF-3 specifications. Some automotive OEM oil specifications require lower than 10%. 1476:. Another aspect for after-treatment devices is the deposition of oil ash, which increases the exhaust back pressure and reduces fuel economy over time. The so-called "chemical box" limits today the concentrations of sulfur, ash and phosphorus (SAP). 1383:

ACEA does not certify oils, nor license, nor register, compliance certificates. Oil manufacturers are themselves responsible for carrying out all oil testing and evaluation according to recognised engine lubricant industry standards and practices.

1804:, which began to appear in the early 1980s. Reusable spouts were made separately from the cans; with a piercing point like that of a can opener, these spouts could be used to puncture the top of the can and to provide an easy way to pour the oil. 1048:

accumulate in the oil during operation. Also, the rubbing of metal engine parts produces some microscopic metallic particles from the wearing of the surfaces. Such particles could circulate in the oil and grind against the part surfaces causing

1073:

used in the MPG test must be recommended to the customer. This exclusive recommendation led to the elimination of informative charts depicting climate temperature range along with several corresponding oil viscosity grades being suggested.

223:

Lubricating oil creates a separating film between surfaces of adjacent moving parts to minimize direct contact between them, decreasing frictional heat and reducing wear, thus protecting the engine. In use, motor oil transfers heat through

1603:

Synthetic lubricants were first made in significant quantities as replacements for mineral lubricants (and fuels) by German scientists in the late 1930s and early 1940s, because of their insufficient quantities of crude needed to fight in

1172:

may share lubricating oil with the motor. For this reason, motorcycle-specific oil is sometimes recommended. The necessity of higher-priced motorcycle-specific oil has also been challenged by at least one consumer organization.

387:

Motor oil may also serve as a cooling agent. In some engines oil is sprayed through a nozzle inside the crankcase onto the piston to provide cooling of specific parts that undergo high-temperature strain. On the other hand, the

1259:, group III is typically referred to as synthetic (except in Germany and Japan, where they must not be called synthetic) and group IV is a synthetic oil. Group V base oils are so diverse that there is no catch-all description. 1509:

for example). They were used in World War II in flight engines and became commercial after World War II until the 1990s. They were commercialized in the 1970s (ELF ANTAR Molygraphite) and are today still available (Liqui Moly

2625: 396: – water or mixtures thereof – up to its operating temperature. In order to inform the driver about the oil temperature, some older and most high-performance or racing engines feature an oil 306:

build-up. The oil is able to trap soot from combustion in itself, rather than leaving it deposited on the internal surfaces. It is a combination of this and some singeing that turns used oil black after some running.

1427:(ASTM) report stated that its 12-year effort to come up with a new high-temperature, high-shear (HTHS) standard was not successful. Referring to SAE J300, the basis for current grading standards, the report stated: 1522:

under boundary lubricating conditions, which good engine designs tend to avoid anyway. Also, Teflon alone has little to no ability to firmly stick on a sheared surface, unlike molybdenum disulfide, for example.

1105:

Some quick oil change shops recommend intervals of 5,000 kilometres (3,000 mi), or every three months; this is not necessary, according to many automobile manufacturers. This has led to a campaign by the

1117:

The engine user can, in replacing the oil, adjust the viscosity for the ambient temperature change, thicker for summer heat and thinner for the winter cold. Lower-viscosity oils are common in newer vehicles.

1514:

10 W-40). Main disadvantage of molybdenum disulfide is anthracite black color, so oil treated with it is hard to distinguish from a soot filled engine oil with metal shavings from spun crankshaft bearing.

117:

In addition to the aforementioned basic constituents, almost all lubricating oils contain corrosion and oxidation inhibitors. Motor oil may be composed of only a lubricant base stock in the case of non-

2528: 1338:

ILSAC adding an extra requirement of fuel economy testing to their specification. For GF-4, a Sequence VIB Fuel Economy Test (ASTM D6837) is required that is not required in API service category SM.

1312:

Cummins reacted to the introduction of API CK-4 and API FA-4 by issuing its CES 20086 list of API CK-4 registered oils and CES 20087 list of API FA-4 registered oils. Valvoline oils are preferred.

1278:

equipment). Engine oil which has been tested and meets the API standards may display the API Service Symbol (also known as the "Donut") with the service categories on containers sold to oil users.

485:

Motor oil must be able to flow adequately at the lowest temperature it is expected to experience in order to minimize metal to metal contact between moving parts upon starting up the engine. The

263:

can expose the motor oil to temperatures of 160 °C (320 °F). In diesel engines, the top ring can expose the oil to temperatures over 315 °C (600 °F). Motor oils with higher

1694:"base stock" is blended with some virgin base stock and a new additives package to make a finished lubricant product that can be just as effective as lubricants made with all-virgin oil. The 392:

of the oil pool has to be filled, i.e. the oil has to reach its designed temperature range before it can protect the engine under high load. This typically takes longer than heating the main

2325:

money on oil specifically designed for motorcycles. There does, however, appear to be a legitimate argument for using synthetic and synthetic-blend oils over the petroleum-based products.

1357:

A new set of specifications, GF-5, took effect in October 2010. The industry had one year to convert their oils to GF-5 and in September 2011, ILSAC no longer offered licensing for GF-4.

482:

is a measure of how much the oil's viscosity changes as temperature changes. A higher viscosity index indicates the viscosity changes less with temperature than a lower viscosity index.

3028: 516:

separates a motor oil fraction from other crude oil fractions, removing the more volatile components, and therefore increasing the oil's flash point (reducing its tendency to burn).

1608:. A significant factor in their gain in popularity was the ability of synthetic-based lubricants to remain fluid in very low temperatures, such as those encountered on Germany's 1316:

container. The rule is that the first mentioned category is fully met and the second one is fully met except where its requirements clash with the requirements of the first one.

508:, the lowest temperature at which the oil gives off vapors which can ignite. It is dangerous for the oil in a motor to ignite and burn, so a high flash point is desirable. At a 1808:

requiring around 3.6 to 5.2 liters (3.8 to 5.5 U.S. qt) of engine oil. In the rest of the world, it is most commonly available in 1L, 3L, 4L, and 5L retail packages.

1561:

the pollution in America's waterways is from used motor oil. Used oil is considered the largest source of oil pollution in the U.S. harbors and waterways, at 1,460 ML (385

1668:. The plastic is melted and then pumped into a furnace. The heat of the furnace breaks down the molecular chains of polyethylene into wax. Finally, the wax is subjected to a 1084:

Also important is the quality of the oil used, especially with synthetics (synthetics are more stable than conventional oils). Some manufacturers address this (for example,

1158: 3189: 1962: 489:

defined first this property of motor oil, as defined by ASTM D97 as "...an index of the lowest temperature of its utility..." for a given application, but the

432:

and soil cultivators. Often, these motors are not exposed to as wide of service temperature ranges as in vehicles, so these oils may be single viscosity oils.

1479:

There are other additives available commercially which can be added to the oil by the user for purported additional benefit. Some of these additives include:

2844: 2525: 3747: 1679:

Another class of base oils suited for engine oil are the polyalkylene glycols. They offer zero-ash, bio-no-tox properties, and lean burn characteristics.

228:

as it flows through the engine. In an engine with a recirculating oil pump, this heat is transferred by means of airflow over the exterior surface of the

1995:

Piston Cooling | Hannu Jääskeläinen | DieselNet Technology Guide » Combustion Systems | piston Bowl rim (diesel engine, direct injection) 350–400°C

2378: 2429: 1061:

is the ability of the oil to resist the formation of acids. Should the reserve alkalinity decline to zero, those acids form and corrode the engine.

3255: 1077:

weather has a thickening effect on conventional oil, and this is one reason thinner oils are manufacturer recommended in places with cold winters.

416:

or four-cycle internal combustion engines such as those used in portable electricity generators and "walk behind" lawn mowers. Another example is

2205: 2715: 3444: 2652: 2545: 1695: 1371: 1341:

A key new test for GF-4, which is also required for API SM, is the Sequence IIIG, which involves running a 3.8 litres (230 cu in),

1472:

and other compounds in case of metal to metal contact. The quantity of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate is limited to minimize adverse effect on

2339: 2244: 1623:

Synthetic oils are derived from either Group III, Group IV, or some Group V bases. Synthetics include classes of lubricants like synthetic

2600: 2770:

Motorcycle Four Cycle Gasoline Engine Oil (JASO T 903:2011) Application Manual. JASO Engine Oil Standards Implementation Panel. May 2011.

2676: 240:(PCV) system. While modern recirculating pumps are typically provided in passenger cars and other engines of similar or larger in size, 1424: 1397: 2287: 527:

of an oil, meaning its ability to neutralize acids. The resulting quantity is determined as mg KOH/ (gram of lubricant). Analogously,

1948:

R.H. Schlosberg, J.W. Chu, G.A. Knudsen, E.N. Suciu and H.S. Aldrich, "High stability esters for synthetic lubricant applications",

3740: 1411:(FA, FB, FC, FD) standard is used, and this refers particularly to low ash, lubricity, detergency, low smoke and exhaust blocking. 1585:

Used motor-oil dumped on land reduces soil productivity. Improperly disposed used oil ends up in landfills, sewers, backyards, or

1243:(PAOs). Group V is a catch-all group for any base stock not described by Groups I to IV. Examples of group V base stocks include 1057:

removes many of the particles and sludge, but eventually, the oil filter can become clogged, if used for extremely long periods.

2513: 2664: 4315: 3284: 2118: 323: 1200:

oil, or a lubricant base stock plus additives to improve the oil's detergency, extreme pressure performance, and ability to

121:

oil, or a lubricant base stock plus additives to improve the oil's detergency, extreme pressure performance, and ability to

3476: 1835:

Human ingestion of motor oil is considered dangerous. Ingestion of small amounts unused motor oil will generally result in

1464:, and alkaline additives to neutralize acidic oxidation products of the oil. Most commercial oils have a minimal amount of 2447: 4414: 3733: 2479: 1904: 1773: 1497:

containing additives to lubricating oils are claimed to reduce friction, bond to metal, or have anti-wear properties. MoS

3449: 504:

Oil is largely composed of hydrocarbons which can burn if ignited. Still another important property of motor oil is its

4254: 2049: 1553:

and yellow fish symbol used by the UK Environment Agency to raise awareness of the ecological impacts of contaminating

3099: 3038: 2791: 2189: 2164: 2031: 1969: 1937: 1415:

considered appropriate for wet clutch operations. Oils marketed as motorcycle-specific will carry the JASO-MA label.

1016: 1282:

engines. All earlier service categories are obsolete. Motorcycle oils commonly still use the SF/SG standard though.

1114:", promoting vehicle manufacturer's recommendations for oil change intervals over those of the oil change industry. 998: 1635:

century of development, continue to be the predominant lubricant for most internal combustion engine applications.

1811:

Distribution to larger users (such as drive-through oil change shops) is often in bulk, by tanker truck or in one

497:(MRV, see ASTM D3829-02(2007), ASTM D4684-08) are today the properties required in motor oil specs and define the 474:. One of the most important properties of motor oil in maintaining a lubricating film between moving parts is its 3600: 3435: 2269: 1350:

engines, along with most engines of European or Japanese origin, particularly small capacity, high power output.

1142: 1065: 498: 156: 3932: 994: 237: 4171: 3297: 4409: 4229: 3356: 2851: 1400:(JASO) has created their own set of performance and quality standards for petrol engines of Japanese origin. 2783:

High-Temperature, High-Shear Oil Viscosity: Measurement and Relationship to Engine Operation (ASTM STP 1068)

1456:

In addition to the viscosity index improvers, motor oil manufacturers often include other additives such as

3813: 3671: 3605: 3172: 2342: 1609: 1182: 1154: 330:

1665: 1487: 1465: 106:) and varnish (detergents). It also neutralizes acids that originate from fuel and from oxidation of the 3756: 3595: 3567: 3228:

Miller, S.J., N. Shan, and G.P. Huffman (2005). "Conversion of waste plastic to lubricating base oil".

2404: 1219:

Lubricant base stocks are categorized into five groups by the API. Group I base stocks are composed of

1193: 990: 177: 71: 3522: 1153:. This standard is commonly used throughout the world, and standards organizations that do so include 4365: 4279: 4244: 4224: 4176: 4084: 1388:

designated for use with catalysts and particulate filters while Category E is for heavy duty diesel.

3336:"Article 4. Recycled Materials, Goods, and Supplies – California Public Contract Code Section 12209" 2955: 2723: 2180:

Incropera 1 Dewitt 2 Bergman 3 Lavigne 4, Frank P. 1 David P. 2 Theodore L. 3 Adrienne S. 4 (2007).

1501:

particles can be shear-welded on steel surface and some engine components were even treated with MoS

4360: 4201: 3910: 3580: 3469: 2357: 2318: 1688: 1676:

test methods, but also the aquatic toxicities (fish, algae, daphnia) are each above 100 mg/L.

1306: 1162: 979: 241: 87: 3322: 2552: 1040:

In engines, there is some exposure of the oil to products of internal combustion, and microscopic

376:. This oil film also serves as a seal between the piston rings and cylinder walls to separate the 4135: 3686: 3630: 3610: 1228: 1220: 1169: 983: 513: 490: 1722: 3957: 3537: 2927:

The no waste anthology : a teacher's guide to environmental activities K-12 in SearchWorks

2061: 926: 922: 494: 310:

Rubbing of metal engine parts inevitably produces some microscopic metallic particles from the

3335: 3060: 2845:"To the Greatest Extent Possible": Do-it-yourselfers and the Recovery of Used Oil and Filters" 2076: 1664:

with the correct molecular properties for conversion into a lubricant, avoiding the expensive

1329:

below. As discussed above, motorcycle oils commonly still use the obsolescent SF/SG standard.

1196:. Motor oil may be composed of only a lubricant base stock in the case of mostly obsolete non- 196:, and many other machines. In engines, there are parts which move against each other, and the 4074: 3915: 3249: 2689: 555: 279: 216:

away those parts, which could lead to lower efficiency and degradation of the engine. Proper

4069: 3841: 2997: 2877: 2295: 1844: 1554: 1531: 1494: 1287: 1248: 314:

of the surfaces. Such particles could circulate in the oil and grind against moving parts,

2577: 8: 4404: 4219: 4117: 3847: 3462: 1856: 1473: 1461: 1201: 428:, chain saws, model airplanes, gasoline-powered gardening equipment like hedge trimmers, 291: 122: 3408: 3124: 2881: 1993: 1812: 1145:(SAE) has established a numerical code system for grading motor oils according to their 4419: 4140: 3937: 3590: 3048: 2943: 2199: 1777: 413: 377: 225: 143:(PAO), or their mixtures in various proportions, sometimes with up to 20% by weight of 2972: 3942: 3882: 3833: 3645: 3625: 3585: 3280: 3154: 3034: 2893: 2889: 2787: 2185: 2160: 2114: 2105:. Methods in Biotechnology. Vol. 23. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. pp. 99–108. 2101:

Collins, Chris D. (2007). "Implementing Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons".

1933: 1628: 1483: 1255:(PFPAEs) and poorly refined mineral oil. Groups I and II are commonly referred to as 1188:

The API sets minimum performance standards for lubricants. Motor oil is used for the

528: 520: 421: 373: 110:(detergents), improves the sealing of piston rings, and cools the engine by carrying 79: 2868:

Vazquez-Duhalt, Rafael (1 February 1989). "Environmental impact of used motor oil".

2050:

https://www.sgi.sk.ca/motorcycle/-/knowledge_base/motorcycle-handbook/engine-seizure

955: 220:

decreases fuel consumption, decreases wasted power, and increases engine longevity.

4234: 4191: 4150: 4099: 4064: 3985: 3972: 3709: 3527: 3381: 3237: 3146: 3137:

Vijayendran, Bhima (24 March 2014). "Biobased Motor Oils Are Ready for Primetime".

2885: 2649: 2106: 1816: 389: 349: 345:

of a vehicle engine, motor oil lubricates rotating or sliding surfaces between the

193: 944: 47: 4345: 4056: 3905: 3862: 3714: 3696: 3620: 2781: 2532: 1661: 1660:, a common plastic product found in many consumer containers, converts it into a 1627:(Group V) as well as "others" like GTL (methane gas-to-liquid) (Group III +) and 1267: 1240: 1168:

Breakdown of VIIs under shear is a concern in motorcycle applications, where the

1111: 918: 479: 318:. Because particles accumulate in the oil, it is typically circulated through an 264: 201: 2925: 2110: 4211: 4181: 4036: 3803: 3640: 3557: 3075:"FAQs – Used Motor Oil Collection and Recycling – American Petroleum Institute" 3074: 2911: 2690:"Understanding JASO MA and MB: Specific Performance for the Right Applications" 2626:"Knowledge Centre | Penrite Oil: Specifications | ACEA Service Classifications" 2454: 1801: 1342: 1107: 914: 417: 393: 353: 247: 205: 2749: 2486: 4398: 4383: 4274: 4267: 4089: 4021: 4016: 3980: 3897: 3837: 3798: 3788: 3725: 3485: 3158: 1764: 1617: 1598: 1305:

API FA-4 oils are formulated for enhanced fuel economy (presented as reduced

1294: 1275: 1235: 381: 1460:

and dispersants to help keep the engine clean by minimizing sludge buildup,

1266:

for "service/spark ignition" (typical passenger cars and light trucks using

4000: 3995: 3962: 3867: 3857: 3793: 3777: 3635: 3575: 3552: 2912:"Oxidation and low temperature stability of vegetable oil-based lubricants" 2601:"THE IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES IN OIL SPECIFICATIONS— EUROPEAN VERSUS DOMESTIC" 2159:(9th ed.). New York, NY: cGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 600–606. 2005: 1836: 1798: 1794: 1657: 1605: 1451: 1347: 509: 459:

to improve certain properties. The bulk of a typical motor oil consists of

456: 99: 3150: 2897: 4378: 4262: 4079: 4031: 3990: 3947: 3877: 3676: 3517: 3507: 2184:(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 941–950. 2135:"ASTM D97 – 12 Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products" 1877: 1797:, metal cans, and metal-cardboard cans, before the advent of the current 1586: 1550: 1256: 1244: 1189: 1041: 505: 460: 448: 429: 425: 397: 260: 233: 217: 136: 67: 2179: 2134: 1710: 1672:

process that alters the wax's molecular structure, leaving a clear oil.

244:

is a design option that remains popular in small and miniature engines.

4350: 4310: 4289: 4284: 4186: 4094: 4026: 3952: 3892: 3823: 3666: 3227: 1535: 1089: 1054: 1030: 561:

Table of thermal and physical properties of typical unused engine oil:

540: 524: 346: 319: 303: 299: 185: 140: 103: 83: 31: 24: 3325:, EPA Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines: Re-refined Lubricating Oil 3241: 4046: 4041: 3828: 3808: 3704: 3512: 1885: 1669: 1613: 1457: 1408: 1239:

Group I and II dewaxing process by-product). Group IV base stock are

1231: 1223: 1204: 1197: 1146: 1069: 475: 452: 445: 342: 327: 315: 295: 287: 275: 189: 173: 160: 132: 125: 118: 107: 2825: 1855:, or trouble breathing. If the skin comes in contact with motor oil 1589:

where soil, groundwater and drinking water may become contaminated.

968: 4328: 4324: 4196: 3927: 3852: 3818: 3681: 3542: 3532: 3502: 3409:"Is motor oil flammable? Find out safetest way to handle motor oil" 3301: 1840: 1468:

as an anti-wear additive to protect contacting metal surfaces with

1150: 1136: 471: 384:

from the crankcase. The oil then drips back down into the oil pan.

270:

Coating metal parts with oil also keeps them from being exposed to

197: 91: 75: 20: 4355: 4239: 3615: 3547: 3439: 2219: 1506: 1092:

with their respective long-life standards), while others do not.

532: 361: 229: 3382:"What does aspiration mean? Symptoms, causes, and complications" 3203: 39: 4166: 4145: 3922: 3872: 1852: 1750: 1624: 1376: 1252: 1211: 544: 464: 357: 271: 252: 3454: 1546: 1534:

containing oils may be unsuitable for motorcycles which share

932: 294:

may also be added to the motor oil. Many motor oils also have

2799: 1848: 1824: 1820: 1745: 144: 102:

and to clean the engine from sludge (one of the functions of

16:

Lubricant used for lubrication of internal combustion engines

4320: 3488: 1781: 1518: 1469: 1050: 1045: 1033:

need to be periodically replaced; the process is called an

937: 548: 536: 467: 365: 311: 283: 213: 209: 111: 95: 1375:) performance/quality classifications A3/A5 tests used in 1262:

The API service classes have two general classifications:

3767: 2842: 2352: 2350: 1085: 181: 51:

Quart containers of branded bottled motor oil at a store

2347: 1505:

layer during manufacture, namely liners in engines. (

1372:

Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles

1176: 155:

On 6 September 1866, American John Ellis founded the

1867: 131:Motor oils are blended using base oils composed of 424:or two-cycle internal combustion engines found in 30:"Pcmo" redirects here. For the designer drug, see 3030:How to Set Up a Local Program to Recycle Used Oil 2716:"Two-stroke motorcycle oils – JASO M345 standard" 2514:ILSAC GF-4 STANDARD FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS 2245:"Motor oil matters - Which oil is right for you?" 1517:In the 1980s and 1990s, additives with suspended 959:A truck's oil being drained at an oil change shop 519:Another manipulated property of motor oil is its 444:Most motor oils are made from a heavier, thicker 302:added to help keep the engine clean and minimize 4396: 2850:. San Francisco State University. Archived from 2779: 2526:Development of the Sequence IIIG Engine Oil Test 2405:"The Definitive Guide To Motorcycle Engine Oil" 2220:"SAE codifies new oil viscosity grade (SAE 16)" 1274:for "commercial/compression ignition" (typical 3755: 2867: 1436: 90:. The main function of motor oil is to reduce 78:enhanced with various additives, particularly 66:is any one of various substances used for the 3741: 3470: 2747: 1696:United States Environmental Protection Agency 523:(TBN), which is a measurement of the reserve 3254:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2826:"Motor Lubricant Oil Duration Rate Modeling" 1181:Engine lubricants are evaluated against the 1130: 3406: 3136: 2204:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1298:portion of the API Service Symbol "Donut". 997:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3748: 3734: 3477: 3463: 3450:Measuring free radicals in used engine oil 3027:Company, DIANE Publishing (1 April 1994). 2843:Public Research Institute (October 2005). 2722:. The Lubrizol Corporation. Archived from 2546:"GF-5 Brings Opportunities and Challenges" 1753:in obsolete cardboard cans with steel lids 1425:American Society for Testing and Materials 1398:Japanese Automotive Standards Organization 1286:usually found in motor oil in the form of 360:to the crankshaft. The oil collects in an 200:between the parts wastes otherwise useful 2743: 2741: 2598: 2480:"Cummins CES 20087 list of API FA-4 oils" 2448:"Cummins CES 20086 list of API CK-4 oils" 2285: 1963:"Heat Transfer Properties of Engine Oils" 1165:(VII) must be classified as multi-grade. 1017:Learn how and when to remove this message 407: 352:(main bearings and big-end bearings) and 236:, and through oil gases evacuated by the 3814:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve) 3357:"My Child Just Took A Swig of Motor Oil" 2773: 2509: 2507: 1827:(16 US gal) drums are common. 1784:; used for getting the fire going; 1940 1744: 1545: 1541: 1064:Some engine manufacturers specify which 954: 943: 931: 267:thin less at these higher temperatures. 246: 46: 38: 3445:Table of SAE and ISO viscosity gradings 3026: 2402: 2316:"Motorcycle Oils vs. Automotive Oils", 2100: 1682: 4397: 3100:"Base Stocks - Synthetics gain ground" 2738: 2535: – ASTM Research Report 2335: 2333: 2182:Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer 2154: 936:A woman checking a car's oil level in 531:(TAN) is the measure of a lubricant's 259:In petrol (gasoline) engines, the top 43:Pouring fresh motor oil into an engine 3729: 3458: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2967: 2965: 2814:Trabant user maintenance manual, 1972 2504: 2074: 1407:For two-stroke gasoline engines, the 913:"Oil change" redirects here. For the 147:for better dissolution of additives. 3269:L200/1, 30 July 1999, ISSN 0376-9461 2764: 2250:. American Petroleum Institute. 2013 1705: 995:adding citations to reliable sources 962: 948:Oil being drained from a car into a 3127: – Purdue University 2823: 2330: 2288:"Oil's Well That Ends Well, Part 2" 547:content, and testing for excessive 13: 3204:"G-OIL – Green Earth Technologies" 3015: 2962: 1793:Motor oils were sold at retail in 1749:Range of motor oils on display in 1445: 1177:American Petroleum Institute (API) 412:An example is lubricating oil for 14: 4431: 3436:How to change the oil in your car 3429: 1905:"What is engine oil composed of?" 1638: 1592: 1319: 404:damage to the engine mechanisms. 255:to assist with a motor oil refill 2870:Science of the Total Environment 2599:Steinmetz, Josh (14 June 2023). 1870: 1763: 1709: 967: 322:to remove harmful particles. An 3916:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout 3601:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol 3484: 3400: 3374: 3349: 3328: 3316: 3290: 3272: 3262: 3221: 3196: 3182: 3165: 3130: 3118: 3092: 3067: 2990: 2918: 2904: 2861: 2836: 2817: 2808: 2748:Mark Lawrence (24 April 2011). 2708: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2643: 2618: 2592: 2578:"Get Ready For GF-6 Motor OilL" 2570: 2538: 2519: 2472: 2440: 2422: 2396: 2371: 2309: 2279: 2262: 2237: 2212: 2173: 2148: 2127: 2094: 2068: 2062:"Can a Seized Engine be Fixed?" 1930:Lubricants and Related Products 1776:Metal can of motor oil next to 1143:Society of Automotive Engineers 1066:Society of Automotive Engineers 499:Society of Automotive Engineers 157:Continuous Oil Refining Company 3407:Safetyfirst (8 January 2023). 3173:"US Department of Agriculture" 3104:Infineum International Limited 2780:James A. Spearot, ed. (1989), 2403:Henning, Ari (14 March 2020). 2054: 2042: 2032:"Types of Lubricating Systems" 2024: 1998: 1987: 1955: 1942: 1922: 1897: 908: 238:positive crankcase ventilation 1: 2805:Oilspecifications.org/bmw.php 2270:"ACEA European Oil Sequences" 1891: 1823:(55 US gal) and 60 1538:lubrication with the engine. 493:(CCS, see ASTM D5293-08) and 439: 86:, and, for multi-grade oils, 3672:Automatic transmission fluid 3606:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid 3558:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead) 2890:10.1016/0048-9697(89)90049-1 2379:"Latest Oil Classifications" 2075:Rigan, Joe (24 March 2017). 2036:constructionmanuals.tpub.com 1701: 1656:A new process to break down 1575:contaminating water supplies 1183:American Petroleum Institute 1125: 74:. They typically consist of 7: 2677:ACEA EUROPEAN OIL SEQUENCES 2665:ACEA EUROPEAN OIL SEQUENCES 2286:Don Smith (February 2009), 2111:10.1007/978-1-59745-098-0_8 1863: 1843:. The motor oil could also 1488:zinc dialkyldithiophosphate 1466:zinc dialkyldithiophosphate 1437:Manufacturer Specifications 1194:internal combustion engines 1192:, cooling, and cleaning of 178:internal combustion engines 72:internal combustion engines 10: 4438: 4415:Engine lubrication systems 3757:Internal combustion engine 3596:Dimethyl methylphosphonate 2973:"All the Way to the Ocean" 2696:. The Lubrizol Corporation 2667:ACEA 2016 update 1/12/2018 1952:, February 2001, pp. 21–26 1830: 1686: 1596: 1449: 1209: 1134: 912: 150: 29: 18: 4374: 4338: 4298: 4253: 4225:Diesel particulate filter 4210: 4177:Idle air control actuator 4159: 4126: 4118:Engine control unit (ECU) 4108: 4055: 4009: 3971: 3891: 3776: 3763: 3695: 3654: 3566: 3495: 3287:, eds.: Tung/Kinker/Woydt 2679:ACEA 2016 update 1/7/2020 2531:12 September 2006 at the 1651: 1326: 1149:characteristics known as 1131:SAE J300 viscosity grades 88:viscosity index improvers 4290:Viscous fan (fan clutch) 4202:Throttle position sensor 3911:Overhead camshaft layout 3581:Butylated hydroxytoluene 3438:, a how-to article from 3386:www.medicalnewstoday.com 3139:Industrial Biotechnology 2319:Motorcycle Consumer News 2155:Holman, Jack P. (2002). 1689:Automotive oil recycling 1332: 1253:perfluoropolyalkylethers 1163:viscosity index improver 451:base stock derived from 114:away from moving parts. 19:Not to be confused with 3829:Core plug (freeze plug) 3687:Windshield washer fluid 3631:Methyl tert-butyl ether 3611:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol 3523:Lead Replacement Petrol 3125:Canola-based Motor Oils 2977:allthewaytotheocean.com 2752:. California Scientific 2580:. motor.com. 8 May 2019 2430:"Latest Oil Categories" 1950:Lubrication Engineering 1932:, Verlag Chemie, 1984, 1666:Fischer–Tropsch process 1418: 1391: 1364: 1307:greenhouse gas emission 514:fractional distillation 501:(SAE) classifications. 491:cold-cranking simulator 463:with between 18 and 34 3538:Compressed natural gas 2006:"How Car Engines Work" 1754: 1557: 1434: 1229:fractionally distilled 1221:fractionally distilled 960: 952: 941: 927:Oil Change (TV series) 923:National Hockey League 535:. Other tests include 495:mini-rotary viscometer 408:Non-vehicle motor oils 280:operating temperatures 256: 167: 52: 44: 3151:10.1089/ind.2014.1505 2750:"All About Motor Oil" 1748: 1549: 1542:Environmental effects 1429: 1044:particles from black 958: 947: 935: 646:Thermal diffusivity ( 608:Kinematic viscosity ( 556:Noack volatility test 250: 232:, airflow through an 50: 42: 4410:Automotive chemicals 4070:Compression ignition 3033:. DIANE Publishing. 2857:on 22 December 2016. 2358:"Service Categories" 1683:Re-refined motor oil 1532:molybdenum disulfide 1495:molybdenum disulfide 1474:catalytic converters 1462:corrosion inhibitors 1288:zinc dithiophosphate 1249:polyalkylene glycols 991:improve this section 292:Corrosion inhibitors 4220:Catalytic converter 3413:Fire safety support 3304:on 1 September 2013 2882:1989ScTEn..79....1V 2786:, ASTM, p. 1, 420:for lubrication of 4346:Knocking / pinging 3938:Combustion chamber 3591:1,2-Dichloroethane 3298:"fleetsuserro.org" 3230:Energy & Fuels 3059:has generic name ( 2726:on 21 October 2013 2492:on 9 December 2017 2460:on 9 December 2017 2081:Jiffy Lube coupons 1847:. This can cause: 1778:wood burning stove 1755: 1721:. You can help by 1578:contaminating soil 1558: 1484:Antiwear additives 961: 953: 942: 510:petroleum refinery 378:combustion chamber 257: 80:antiwear additives 53: 45: 4392: 4391: 4361:Stratified charge 4128:Electrical system 4110:Engine management 3943:Compression ratio 3883:Starter ring gear 3782:rotating assembly 3723: 3722: 3646:Tetranitromethane 3626:Metal deactivator 3586:1,2-Dibromoethane 3285:978-0-8031-4505-4 3242:10.1021/ef049696y 2998:"Toxic Pollution" 2824:Journal, Ijesrt. 2322:, February 1994, 2120:978-1-58829-541-5 1928:Klamman, Dieter, 1791: 1790: 1739: 1738: 1662:paraffin-like wax 1629:polyalpha-olefins 1207:of engine parts. 1027: 1026: 1019: 906: 905: 668:Bulk modulus (K) 567:Temperature (°C) 529:total acid number 521:total base number 265:viscosity indices 242:total-loss oiling 194:engine-generators 128:of engine parts. 4427: 4235:Exhaust manifold 4100:Spark plug wires 3986:Boost controller 3973:Forced induction 3750: 3743: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3710:MTBE controversy 3479: 3472: 3465: 3456: 3455: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3300:. Archived from 3294: 3288: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3245: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3024: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2953: 2949: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2930:. The Unit. 1991 2922: 2916: 2915: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2849: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2558:on 25 April 2012 2557: 2551:. Archived from 2550: 2542: 2536: 2523: 2517: 2516:January 14, 2004 2511: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2491: 2485:. Archived from 2484: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2459: 2453:. Archived from 2452: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2354: 2345: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2298:on 15 March 2013 2294:, archived from 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2249: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2203: 2195: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2103:Phytoremediation 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2002: 1996: 1991: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1974: 1968:. Archived from 1967: 1959: 1953: 1946: 1940: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1901: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1819:, in Europe 208 1767: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1713: 1706: 1616:also applies to 1581:poisoning plants 1567: 1566: 1555:surface drainage 1268:gasoline engines 1241:polyalphaolefins 1101: 1100: 1099:oil life monitor 1029:The oil and the 1022: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1002: 971: 963: 661: 659: 658: 655: 652: 642: 640: 639: 636: 633: 623: 621: 620: 617: 614: 604: 602: 601: 598: 595: 585: 583: 582: 579: 576: 564: 563: 390:thermal capacity 350:journal bearings 141:polyalphaolefins 64:engine lubricant 4437: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4370: 4366:Top dead centre 4334: 4294: 4249: 4206: 4155: 4129: 4122: 4111: 4104: 4051: 4005: 3967: 3923:Tappet / lifter 3906:Flathead layout 3896: 3887: 3781: 3772: 3759: 3754: 3724: 3719: 3715:Pay at the pump 3691: 3650: 3621:Ethylenediamine 3562: 3503:Gasoline/petrol 3491: 3483: 3432: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3247: 3246: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3106:. 15 April 2015 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3056: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3025: 3016: 3006: 3004: 3002:see-the-sea.org 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2971: 2970: 2963: 2951: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2533:Wayback Machine 2524: 2520: 2512: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2401: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2338: 2331: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2301: 2299: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2073: 2069: 2064:. 30 July 2019. 2060: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1975:on 24 July 2021 1972: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1947: 1943: 1927: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1833: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1735: 1729: 1726: 1719:needs expansion 1704: 1691: 1685: 1654: 1641: 1601: 1595: 1564: 1562: 1544: 1513: 1504: 1500: 1454: 1448: 1446:Other additives 1439: 1421: 1394: 1367: 1361:viscosity oil. 1335: 1322: 1214: 1179: 1139: 1133: 1128: 1112:3,000-mile myth 1098: 1097: 1023: 1012: 1006: 1003: 988: 972: 930: 919:Edmonton Oilers 917:focused on the 911: 665:Prandtl Number 656: 653: 650: 649: 647: 637: 634: 631: 630: 628: 618: 615: 612: 611: 609: 599: 596: 593: 592: 590: 589:Specific heat ( 580: 577: 574: 573: 571: 480:viscosity index 442: 410: 356:connecting the 172:Motor oil is a 170: 153: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4435: 4434: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4259: 4257: 4255:Cooling system 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4212:Exhaust system 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4182:Inlet manifold 4179: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4037:Fuel injection 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3804:Connecting rod 3801: 3796: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3641:Tetraethyllead 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3570: 3568:Fuel additives 3564: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3431: 3430:External links 3428: 3426: 3425: 3399: 3388:. 4 March 2019 3373: 3361:www.poison.org 3348: 3327: 3315: 3289: 3271: 3261: 3220: 3195: 3190:"Businesswire" 3181: 3164: 3129: 3117: 3091: 3079:recycleoil.org 3066: 3039: 3014: 2989: 2961: 2952:|website= 2917: 2903: 2860: 2835: 2830:IJESRT Journal 2816: 2807: 2798: 2792: 2772: 2763: 2737: 2707: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2642: 2617: 2591: 2569: 2537: 2518: 2503: 2471: 2439: 2421: 2395: 2370: 2346: 2340:Oil Categories 2329: 2308: 2278: 2261: 2236: 2211: 2190: 2172: 2165: 2147: 2126: 2119: 2093: 2067: 2053: 2041: 2023: 2012:. 5 April 2000 1997: 1986: 1954: 1941: 1921: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1882: 1881: 1865: 1862: 1832: 1829: 1802:plastic bottle 1789: 1788: 1772: 1771: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1737: 1736: 1730:September 2010 1716: 1714: 1703: 1700: 1687:Main article: 1684: 1681: 1653: 1650: 1640: 1639:Bio-based oils 1637: 1618:synthetic oils 1597:Main article: 1594: 1593:Synthetic oils 1591: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1543: 1540: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1450:Main article: 1447: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1420: 1417: 1393: 1390: 1366: 1363: 1334: 1331: 1321: 1320:Motorcycle oil 1318: 1234:that has been 1178: 1175: 1135:Main article: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1108:California EPA 1025: 1024: 975: 973: 966: 915:TV documentary 910: 907: 904: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 878: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 852: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 826: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 800: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 774: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 748: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 722: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 696: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 670: 669: 666: 663: 644: 627:Conductivity ( 625: 606: 587: 568: 441: 438: 418:two-stroke oil 409: 406: 206:kinetic energy 204:by converting 180:, which power 169: 166: 152: 149: 82:, detergents, 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4433: 4432: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4268:Water cooling 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4245:Oxygen sensor 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160:Intake system 4158: 4152: 4151:Starter motor 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090:Ignition coil 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4022:Petrol engine 4020: 4018: 4017:Diesel engine 4015: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3981:Blowoff valve 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3898:Cylinder head 3894: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3789:Balance shaft 3787: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3769: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3337: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3236:(4): 1580–6. 3235: 3231: 3224: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3191: 3185: 3174: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3062: 3050: 3042: 3040:9780788106576 3036: 3032: 3031: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2945: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2795: 2793:9780803112803 2789: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2767: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2579: 2573: 2554: 2547: 2541: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2488: 2481: 2475: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2275:. ACEA. 2016. 2271: 2265: 2246: 2240: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2207: 2201: 2193: 2191:9780471457282 2187: 2183: 2176: 2168: 2166:9780072406559 2162: 2158: 2157:Heat Transfer 2151: 2136: 2130: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2082: 2078: 2077:"Car tune up" 2071: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2045: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2011: 2010:HowStuffWorks 2007: 2001: 1994: 1990: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1938:0-89573-177-0 1935: 1931: 1925: 1910: 1909:TotalEnergies 1906: 1900: 1896: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1815:(160 L) 1814: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1795:glass bottles 1783: 1779: 1774: 1766: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1720: 1717:This section 1715: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1699: 1697: 1690: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:eastern front 1607: 1600: 1599:Synthetic oil 1590: 1588: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1443: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1330: 1328: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1295:diesel engine 1291: 1289: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1110:against the " 1109: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1021: 1018: 1010: 1000: 996: 992: 986: 985: 981: 976:This section 974: 970: 965: 964: 957: 951: 946: 940:, West Africa 939: 934: 928: 924: 920: 916: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 879: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 853: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 827: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 801: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 775: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 749: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 723: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 697: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 671: 667: 664: 645: 626: 607: 588: 569: 566: 565: 562: 559: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 447: 437: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 405: 401: 399: 395: 394:cooling agent 391: 385: 383: 382:cylinder head 379: 375: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 348: 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 274:, inhibiting 273: 268: 266: 262: 254: 249: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 165: 162: 158: 148: 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 127: 124: 120: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 49: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 4305: 4275:Electric fan 4075:Coil-on-plug 4001:Turbocharger 3996:Supercharger 3868:Main bearing 3858:Firing order 3848:Displacement 3794:Block heater 3778:Engine block 3766:Part of the 3765: 3661: 3636:Nitromethane 3576:Butyl rubber 3553:Butanol fuel 3416:. Retrieved 3412: 3402: 3390:. Retrieved 3385: 3376: 3364:. Retrieved 3360: 3351: 3341:25 September 3339:. Retrieved 3330: 3318: 3308:25 September 3306:. Retrieved 3302:the original 3292: 3274: 3264: 3250:cite journal 3233: 3229: 3223: 3211:. Retrieved 3207: 3198: 3184: 3167: 3145:(2): 64–68. 3142: 3138: 3132: 3120: 3108:. Retrieved 3103: 3094: 3082:. Retrieved 3078: 3069: 3029: 3005:. Retrieved 3001: 2992: 2980:. Retrieved 2976: 2932:. Retrieved 2926: 2920: 2906: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2852:the original 2838: 2829: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2782: 2775: 2766: 2754:. Retrieved 2728:. Retrieved 2724:the original 2719: 2710: 2698:. Retrieved 2693: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2645: 2633:. Retrieved 2629: 2620: 2608:. Retrieved 2604: 2594: 2582:. Retrieved 2572: 2562:25 September 2560:. Retrieved 2553:the original 2540: 2521: 2494:. Retrieved 2487:the original 2474: 2462:. Retrieved 2455:the original 2442: 2433: 2424: 2412:. Retrieved 2409:Motorcyclist 2408: 2398: 2386:. Retrieved 2382: 2373: 2363:25 September 2361:. Retrieved 2323: 2317: 2311: 2300:, retrieved 2296:the original 2291: 2281: 2264: 2252:. Retrieved 2239: 2227:. Retrieved 2223: 2214: 2181: 2175: 2156: 2150: 2140:25 September 2138:. Retrieved 2129: 2102: 2096: 2084:. Retrieved 2080: 2070: 2056: 2044: 2035: 2026: 2016:25 September 2014:. Retrieved 2009: 2000: 1989: 1977:. Retrieved 1970:the original 1957: 1949: 1944: 1929: 1924: 1912:. Retrieved 1908: 1899: 1837:loose stools 1834: 1810: 1806: 1799:polyethylene 1792: 1727: 1723:adding to it 1718: 1692: 1678: 1674: 1658:polyethylene 1655: 1646: 1642: 1633: 1622: 1606:World War II 1602: 1587:storm drains 1584: 1568: 1559: 1529: 1478: 1455: 1452:Oil additive 1440: 1430: 1422: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1395: 1386: 1382: 1370: 1368: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348:turbocharged 1343:GM 3.8 L V-6 1340: 1336: 1323: 1314: 1311: 1304: 1300: 1293:The current 1292: 1284: 1280: 1271: 1263: 1261: 1257:mineral oils 1245:polyolesters 1236:hydrocracked 1216: 1215: 1187: 1180: 1170:transmission 1167: 1140: 1120: 1116: 1104: 1094: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1063: 1059: 1039: 1034: 1028: 1013: 1004: 989:Please help 977: 949: 560: 553: 518: 503: 486: 484: 461:hydrocarbons 443: 434: 430:leaf blowers 426:snow blowers 411: 402: 386: 370: 340: 335: 331: 326:, a vane or 316:causing wear 309: 278:at elevated 269: 258: 222: 171: 154: 137:hydrocarbons 130: 116: 100:moving parts 63: 59: 55: 54: 36: 4299:Lubrication 4263:Air cooling 4080:Distributor 4032:Fuel filter 4010:Fuel system 3991:Intercooler 3958:Timing belt 3948:Head gasket 3878:Piston ring 3677:Brake fluid 3528:Electricity 3518:Biogasoline 3110:14 February 3057:|last= 2876:(1): 1–23. 2630:Penrite Oil 2292:Sport Rider 2229:11 December 1878:Cars portal 1251:(PAG), and 1190:lubrication 1102:s or OLMs. 909:Maintenance 506:flash point 449:hydrocarbon 414:four-stroke 398:thermometer 300:dispersants 282:preventing 261:piston ring 218:lubrication 186:motorcycles 104:dispersants 84:dispersants 68:lubrication 4405:Motor oils 4399:Categories 4351:Power band 4311:Oil filter 4285:Thermostat 4230:EGT sensor 4192:MAF sensor 4187:MAP sensor 4172:Air filter 4136:Alternator 4095:Spark plug 4027:Carburetor 3953:Rocker arm 3893:Valvetrain 3824:Crankshaft 3768:Automobile 3667:Antifreeze 3496:Fuel types 3418:9 November 3392:9 November 3366:9 November 3213:28 October 3084:28 October 3007:28 October 2982:28 October 2934:28 October 2730:23 January 2700:6 November 2655:28/11/2016 2650:Lubricants 2584:20 January 2388:18 October 2086:7 December 1892:References 1551:Blue drain 1536:wet clutch 1458:detergents 1369:The ACEA ( 1210:See also: 1055:oil filter 1035:oil change 1031:oil filter 1007:March 2013 541:phosphorus 525:alkalinity 487:pour point 440:Properties 422:two-stroke 347:crankshaft 320:oil filter 304:oil sludge 296:detergents 234:oil cooler 226:conduction 212:. It also 190:lawnmowers 60:engine oil 32:3-MeO-PCMo 25:motor fuel 4420:Tribology 4085:Glow plug 4047:Fuel tank 4042:Fuel pump 3809:Crankcase 3705:Fuel card 3662:Motor oil 3513:Biodiesel 3159:1550-9087 3049:cite book 2954:ignored ( 2944:cite book 2605:motor.com 2200:cite book 1886:Waste oil 1857:defatting 1702:Packaging 1670:catalytic 1614:viscosity 1409:JASO M345 1232:petroleum 1224:petroleum 1205:corrosion 1198:detergent 1147:viscosity 1126:Standards 1070:viscosity 978:does not 902:7.00E-04 896:6.63E-08 890:5.60E-06 876:7.00E-04 870:6.86E-08 864:8.00E-06 850:7.00E-04 844:7.10E-08 838:1.24E-05 824:7.00E-04 818:7.38E-08 812:2.03E-05 798:7.00E-04 792:7.69E-08 786:3.75E-05 772:7.00E-04 766:8.00E-08 760:8.39E-05 746:7.00E-04 740:8.34E-08 734:2.40E-04 720:7.00E-04 714:8.72E-08 708:9.00E-04 694:7.00E-04 688:9.11E-08 682:4.28E-03 570:Density ( 476:viscosity 457:additives 453:crude oil 446:petroleum 374:cylinders 343:crankcase 332:full flow 328:gear pump 288:corrosion 276:oxidation 174:lubricant 161:viscosity 133:petroleum 126:corrosion 119:detergent 108:lubricant 76:base oils 56:Motor oil 21:fuel oils 4384:Category 4329:Dry sump 4325:Wet sump 4316:Oil pump 4280:Radiator 4197:Throttle 4057:Ignition 3928:Camshaft 3853:Flywheel 3834:Cylinder 3819:Crankpin 3682:Gear oil 3543:Hydrogen 3533:Kerosene 3208:getg.com 2756:20 March 2720:mceo.com 2694:mceo.com 2529:Archived 2302:20 March 2254:18 March 1979:2 August 1864:See also 1853:wheezing 1849:coughing 1845:aspirate 1841:diarrhea 1151:SAE J300 1137:SAE J300 950:drip pan 472:molecule 324:oil pump 251:Using a 198:friction 176:used in 92:friction 23:used as 4356:Redline 4240:Muffler 4141:Battery 4065:Magneto 3616:Ecalene 3548:Ethanol 3440:wikiHow 3323:epa.gov 2898:2648567 2878:Bibcode 2635:30 June 2610:30 June 2496:23 July 2464:23 July 2434:api.org 2414:30 June 2383:api.org 2224:SAE.org 1914:30 June 1831:Dangers 1507:Trabant 1486:, like 1423:A 1989 1270:), and 1247:(POE), 1217:Groups: 1202:inhibit 999:removed 984:sources 921:of the 884:805.89 858:816.94 832:828.96 806:840.01 780:852.02 754:864.04 728:876.05 702:888.23 676:899.12 660:⁠ 648:⁠ 641:⁠ 629:⁠ 622:⁠ 610:⁠ 603:⁠ 591:⁠ 584:⁠ 572:⁠ 549:foaming 533:acidity 455:, with 380:in the 362:oil pan 358:pistons 341:In the 312:wearing 230:oil pan 151:History 135:-based 123:inhibit 4379:Portal 4167:Airbox 4146:Dynamo 3873:Piston 3863:Stroke 3842:layout 3770:series 3697:Retail 3655:Fluids 3508:Diesel 3283: 3157: 3037: 2896: 2790: 2188: 2163: 2117: 1936: 1825:litres 1821:litres 1813:barrel 1751:Kuwait 1652:Future 1625:esters 1377:Europe 1276:diesel 1212:API-TC 1068:(SAE) 1053:. The 925:, see 893:0.132 887:2.483 867:0.133 861:2.395 841:0.135 835:2.307 815:0.137 809:2.219 789:0.138 783:2.131 757:2.047 737:0.144 731:1.964 717:10400 711:0.145 691:47100 685:0.147 679:1.796 545:sulfur 465:carbon 338:type. 336:bypass 272:oxygen 253:funnel 145:esters 4339:Other 3963:Valve 3933:Chest 3489:fuels 3486:Motor 3176:(PDF) 2855:(PDF) 2848:(PDF) 2556:(PDF) 2549:(PDF) 2490:(PDF) 2483:(PDF) 2458:(PDF) 2451:(PDF) 2273:(PDF) 2248:(PDF) 1973:(PDF) 1966:(PDF) 1817:drums 1530:Some 1493:Some 1333:ILSAC 769:1050 763:0.14 743:2870 705:1.88 543:, or 468:atoms 364:, or 214:wears 208:into 202:power 62:, or 4321:Sump 3838:bank 3799:Bore 3420:2023 3394:2023 3368:2023 3343:2015 3310:2015 3281:ISBN 3256:link 3215:2015 3155:ISSN 3112:2020 3086:2015 3061:help 3035:ISBN 3009:2015 2984:2015 2956:help 2936:2015 2894:PMID 2788:ISBN 2758:2013 2732:2014 2702:2015 2653:ACEA 2637:2024 2612:2024 2586:2020 2564:2015 2498:2017 2466:2017 2416:2024 2390:2019 2365:2015 2304:2013 2256:2018 2231:2016 2206:link 2186:ISBN 2161:ISBN 2142:2015 2115:ISBN 2088:2019 2018:2015 1981:2018 1934:ISBN 1916:2024 1782:oven 1780:and 1519:PTFE 1470:zinc 1419:ASTM 1396:The 1392:JASO 1365:ACEA 1327:JASO 1159:ACEA 1157:and 1141:The 1088:and 1051:wear 1046:soot 1042:coke 982:any 980:cite 938:Togo 881:160 873:116 855:140 847:175 829:120 821:276 803:100 795:490 600:kg⋅K 554:The 537:zinc 470:per 366:sump 354:rods 298:and 284:rust 210:heat 182:cars 112:heat 96:wear 94:and 4306:Oil 3895:and 3780:and 3238:doi 3147:doi 2886:doi 2343:API 2107:doi 1839:or 1725:. 1510:MoS 1155:API 1086:BMW 993:by 899:84 777:80 751:60 725:40 699:20 638:m⋅K 334:or 286:or 168:Use 98:on 70:of 4401:: 4327:, 3840:, 3411:. 3384:. 3359:. 3252:}} 3248:{{ 3234:19 3232:. 3206:. 3153:. 3143:10 3141:. 3102:. 3077:. 3053:: 3051:}} 3047:{{ 3017:^ 3000:. 2975:. 2964:^ 2948:: 2946:}} 2942:{{ 2892:. 2884:. 2874:79 2872:. 2828:. 2740:^ 2718:. 2692:. 2628:. 2603:. 2506:^ 2432:. 2407:. 2381:. 2349:^ 2332:^ 2290:, 2222:. 2202:}} 2198:{{ 2113:. 2079:. 2034:. 2008:. 1907:. 1851:, 1620:. 1565:10 1090:VW 673:0 662:) 643:) 624:) 605:) 594:kJ 586:) 575:kg 551:. 539:, 512:, 400:. 290:. 192:, 188:, 184:, 139:, 58:, 4331:) 4323:( 3844:) 3836:( 3749:e 3742:t 3735:v 3478:e 3471:t 3464:v 3422:. 3396:. 3370:. 3345:. 3312:. 3258:) 3244:. 3240:: 3217:. 3192:. 3178:. 3161:. 3149:: 3114:. 3088:. 3063:) 3043:. 3011:. 2986:. 2958:) 2938:. 2914:. 2900:. 2888:: 2880:: 2832:. 2760:. 2734:. 2704:. 2639:. 2614:. 2588:. 2566:. 2500:. 2468:. 2436:. 2418:. 2392:. 2367:. 2258:. 2233:. 2208:) 2194:. 2169:. 2144:. 2123:. 2109:: 2090:. 2048:" 2038:. 2020:. 1983:. 1918:. 1732:) 1728:( 1569:^ 1563:× 1512:2 1503:2 1499:2 1272:C 1264:S 1020:) 1014:( 1009:) 1005:( 1001:. 987:. 929:. 657:s 654:/ 651:m 635:/ 632:W 619:s 616:/ 613:m 597:/ 581:m 578:/ 34:. 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index