526:
Department of
Agriculture (USDA) has three food-grade designations: H1, H2 and H3. H1 lubricants are food-grade lubricants used in food-processing environments where there is the possibility of incidental food contact. H2 lubricants are industrial lubricants used on equipment and machine parts in locations with no possibility of contact. H3 lubricants are food-grade lubricants, typically edible oils, used to prevent rust on hooks, trolleys and similar equipment.
324:
131:
462:
1068:
243:". Under high pressure or shock loading, normal grease can be compressed to the extent that the greased parts come into physical contact, causing friction and wear. EP greases have increased resistance to film breakdown, form sacrificial coatings on the metal surface to protect if the film does break down, or include
401:, establishes a detailed classification of greases used for the lubrication of equipment, components of machines, vehicles, etc. It assigns a single multi-part code to each grease based on its operational properties (including temperature range, effects of water, load, etc.) and its NLGI consistency number.
525:
Food-grade greases are those greases that may come in contact with food and as such are required to be safe to digest. Food-grade lubricant base oil are generally low sulfur petrochemical, less easily oxidized and emulsified. Another commonly used poly-α olefin base oil as well. The United States
501:
Silicone-based greases are cheaper than fluoroether-based greases. They are relatively inert and generally do not affect reactions, though reaction mixtures often get contaminated (detected through NMR near δ 0). Silicone-based greases are not easily removed with solvent, but they are removed
538:, or CMC, is one popular material used to create a water-based analog of greases. CMC serves to both thicken the solution and add a lubricating effect, and often silicone-based lubricants are added for additional lubrication. The most familiar example of this type of lubricant, used as a
485:
and ground glass joints. The grease helps to prevent joints from "freezing", as well as ensuring high vacuum systems are properly sealed. Apiezon or similar hydrocarbon based greases are the cheapest, and most suitable for high vacuum applications. However, they dissolve in many organic
66:
Greases are applied to mechanisms that can be lubricated only infrequently and where a lubricating oil would not stay in position. They also act as sealants to prevent the ingress of water and incompressible materials. Grease-lubricated bearings have greater
55:. Grease is sometimes used to describe lubricating materials that are simply soft solids or high viscosity liquids, but these materials do not exhibit the shear-thinning properties characteristic of the classical grease. For example,
350:
was first published in 1989 by ASTM International. It categorizes greases suitable for the lubrication of chassis components and wheel bearings of vehicles, based on performance requirements, using codes adopted from the NLGI's
303:
that comprises oil to give a calcium grease. In the middle of the 19th century, soaps were intentionally added as thickeners to oils. Over the centuries, all manner of materials have been employed as greases. For example,
106:. After sufficient force to shear the grease has been applied, the viscosity drops and approaches that of the base lubricant, such as mineral oil. This sudden drop in shear force means that grease is considered a
270:
powder (most often hBN) are added to some greases for static high pressure and/or high temperature applications, or where corrosion could prevent dis-assembly of components later in their service life. These
51:, which upon the application of shear, drop to give the effect of an oil-lubricated bearing of approximately the same viscosity as the base oil used in the grease. This change in viscosity is called
439:
containing C-O-C (ether) with fluorine (F) bonded to the carbon. They are more flexible and often used in demanding environments due to their inertness. Fomblin by Solvay
Solexis and
220:. Lithium-based grease has a dropping point at 190 to 220 °C (374 to 428 °F). However the maximum usable temperature for lithium-based grease is 120 °C.
161:. The nature of the soaps influences the temperature resistance (relating to the viscosity), water resistance, and chemical stability of the resulting grease.
1043:
162:
1094:
1126:
1109:
107:
534:
In some cases, the lubrication and high viscosity of a grease are desired in situations where non-toxic, non-oil based materials are required.
398:
843:
How to be Handy [hairy bottom not required]: Build Money Saving DIY Skills, Create a Unique Home and
Properly Look After Your Stuff
115:
826:
1008:
Gottlieb, Hugo E.; Kotlyar, Vadim; Nudelman, Abraham (1997). "NMR Chemical Shifts of Common
Laboratory Solvents as Trace Impurities".
141:
are the most common emulsifying agent used, and the selection of the type of soap is determined by the application. Soaps include
122:, which applies the grease to the part being lubricated under pressure, forcing the solid grease into the spaces in the part.
992:
965:
851:
778:
751:
671:
644:
336:
134:
An inverse micelle formed when a soap is dispersed in an oil. This structure is broken reversibly upon shearing the grease.
795:
890:
Thorsten
Bartels et al. "Lubricants and Lubrication" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Weinheim.
691:
1047:
567:
is a lubricant used to lubricate cork, for example in musical wind instruments. It is usually applied using small
931:
908:
256:
481:
Apiezon, silicone-based, and fluoroether-based greases are all used commonly in laboratories for lubricating
1079:
1123:
395:“lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L) — classification — part 9: family X (greases)”
1115:
158:
291:
Grease from the early
Egyptian or Roman eras is thought to have been prepared by combining lime with
240:
29:
formed as a dispersion of thickening agents in a liquid lubricant. Grease generally consists of a
917:
535:
370:
83:
grease consists of an oil or other fluid lubricant that is mixed with a thickener, typically a
982:
955:
841:
741:
726:
661:
768:
714:
362:
GA, GB and GC: wheel-bearings (suitability up to mild, moderate and severe duty respectively)
581:
456:
280:
252:
957:
Fuels and lubricants handbook: technology, properties, performance, and testing (volume 1)
8:
465:
Grease is used to lubricate glass stopcocks and joints. Some laboratories fill them into
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543:
539:
332:
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988:
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because of tight tolerances. Solid additives will cause increased wear in bearings.
1145:
1017:
960:. “ASTM manual” series, volume 37 (7th ed.). ASTM International. p. 560.
926:
891:
632:
510:
359:
LA and LB: chassis lubricants (suitability up to mild and severe duty respectively)
142:
987:. “ASTM manual” series, volume 1 (7th ed.). ASTM International. p. 166.
913:) as grease: a case study of technical use of Gastropods in Pre-industrial Sweden"
1130:
636:
596:
415:
244:
193:
180:. Fatty oil-based greases have also been prepared with other thickeners, such as
146:
118:, meaning they become more viscous when worked. Grease is often applied using a
92:
56:
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802:
739:
606:
380:
and NLGI's consistency classification are reproduced and described in standard
296:
213:
52:
1139:
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473:, a fluoroether-based grease; Right - a silicone-based high vacuum grease by
436:
366:
A given performance category may include greases of different consistencies.
276:
41:
1029:
699:
505:
Fluoroether-based greases are inert to many substances including solvents,
425:
421:
300:
209:
150:
103:
348:“standard classification and specification for automotive service greases”
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564:
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111:
37:
23:
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Powdered solids may also be used as thickeners, especially as absorbent
954:
Totten, George E.; Westbrook, Steven R.; Shah, Rajesh J., eds. (2003).
323:
305:
224:
169:
are increasingly common grease thickeners not based on metallic soaps.
154:
1021:
793:
Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories. TemaNord 2003:516.
498:
trivial, but also easily leads to contamination of reaction mixtures.
461:
369:
The measure of the consistency of grease is commonly expressed by its
689:
547:
292:
177:
130:
99:
48:
26:
216:) than calcium-based greases but are not resistant to the action of
1071: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
568:
514:
482:
248:
185:
166:
68:
60:
33:
517:. They are, however, expensive, and are not easily cleaned away.
495:
491:
487:
466:
267:
228:
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444:
440:
263:
259:(hBN) to provide protection even without any grease remaining.
197:
47:
A common feature of greases is that they possess high initial
1102:
217:
208:
Lithium-based greases are the most commonly used; sodium and
95:
740:
Arthur J. Caines; Roger F. Haycock; John E. Hillier (2004).
601:
506:
315:-grease to lubricate wooden axle-trees or carts in Sweden.
312:
189:
173:
157:
derivatives other than stearates are also used, especially
138:
30:
932:
10.2993/0278-0771(2006)26[299:BSAAAG]2.0.CO;2
353:“chassis and wheel bearing service classification system”
181:
223:
The amount of grease in a sample can be determined in a
1007:
203:
110:, and the reduction of shear force with time makes it
327:
Red wheel bearing grease for automotive applications.
192:, which also increase the durability of the grease.
690:
Richard L. Nailen, Engineering Editor (April 2002).
87:, to form a solid or semisolid. Greases are usually
1077:Ward, Artemas (1911). "The Grocer's Encyclopedia".
953:
469:for easy application. Two typical examples: Left -
71:characteristics because of their high viscosities.
1112:grease definition and application guide (PDF file)
1097:grease definition and application guide (PDF file)
602:Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
1137:
733:
627:Dresel, Wilfried (2014). "Lubricating Greases".
239:Some greases are labeled "EP", which indicates "
529:
318:
399:International Organization for Standardization
900:
773:. Trans Tech Publications Ltd. pp. 83–.
984:Significance of tests for petroleum products
839:
231:followed by e.g. gravimetric determination.
833:
431:
153:, as well as mixtures of these components.
629:Encyclopedia of Lubricants and Lubrication
930:
659:
63:are not generally classified as greases.
906:
746:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 300–.
685:
683:
653:
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322:
129:
766:
502:efficiently by soaking in a base bath.
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825:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
760:
626:
770:Engineering Materials and Application
680:
620:
337:National Lubricating Grease Institute
279:. Solid additives cannot be used in
1076:
980:
743:Automotive Lubricants Reference Book
663:Shaft Seals for Dynamic Applications
520:
450:
846:. handycrowd media. pp. 204–.
490:. This quality makes clean-up with
424:, usually thickened with amorphous
204:Engineering assessment and analysis
13:
692:"Grease: What it is; How it Works"
409:
14:
1162:
1088:
1066:
1010:The Journal of Organic Chemistry
981:Rand, Salvatore J., ed. (2003).
397:, first released in 1987 by the
387:published by SAE International.
385:“automotive lubricating greases”
1036:
1001:
974:
947:
840:Ian Anderson (20 August 2017).
884:
860:
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420:Silicone grease is based on a
404:
376:The main elements of standard
102:of the fluid is reduced under
1:
613:
571:/lip-stick like applicators.
196:are generally thickened with
125:
74:
1110:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1095:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
666:. CRC Press. pp. 449–.
637:10.1007/978-3-642-22647-2_16
530:Water-soluble grease analogs
319:Classification and standards
234:
16:Solid or semisolid lubricant
7:
767:Tan Jin (25 January 2013).
574:
212:have higher melting point (
10:
1167:
1101:New location: Navigate to
660:Les Horve (12 June 1996).
557:
454:
413:
286:
159:lithium 12-hydroxystearate
1117:The Grocer's Encyclopedia
1080:The Grocer's Encyclopedia
896:10.1002/14356007.a15_423
447:are prominent examples.
432:Fluoroether-based grease
262:Solid additives such as
918:Journal of Ethnobiology
536:Carboxymethyl cellulose
371:NLGI consistency number
257:hexagonal boron nitride
98:, which means that the
631:. pp. 1076–1096.
478:
328:
135:
464:
331:Jointly developed by
326:
227:by extraction with a
210:lithium-based greases
133:
696:Electrical Apparatus
582:Bearing (mechanical)
457:Laboratory glassware
253:molybdenum disulfide
114:. A few greases are
907:Svanberg I (2006).
163:Calcium sulphonates
1129:2019-11-07 at the
1105:> > >
725:has generic name (
592:Lubrication theory
544:personal lubricant
479:
333:ASTM International
329:
136:
1044:"Cork Lubricants"
1022:10.1021/jo971176v
1016:(21): 7512–7515.
994:978-0-8031-2097-6
967:978-0-8031-2096-9
853:978-82-93249-05-4
780:978-3-03813-994-2
753:978-1-86058-471-8
673:978-1-4398-2255-5
646:978-3-642-22646-5
521:Food-grade grease
451:Laboratory grease
341:SAE International
275:are working as a
57:petroleum jellies
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868:"Ceramic Grease"
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801:. Archived from
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245:solid lubricants
241:extreme pressure
194:Silicone greases
151:lithium stearate
143:calcium stearate
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587:Lubrication
565:Cork grease
560:Cork grease
554:Cork grease
475:Dow Corning
405:Other types
343:, standard
339:(NLGI) and
306:black slugs
295:. The lime
155:Fatty acids
112:thixotropic
49:viscosities
1140:Categories
1103:USACE Home
1054:2017-03-25
911:Arion ater
877:2020-11-15
812:2011-03-28
706:2008-10-23
614:References
455:See also:
392:ISO 6743-9
378:ATSM D4950
345:ASTM D4950
309:Arion ater
297:saponifies
225:laboratory
126:Thickeners
120:grease gun
116:rheotropic
75:Properties
69:frictional
34:emulsified
1151:Tribology
597:Penetrant
548:K-Y Jelly
515:oxidizers
483:stopcocks
390:Standard
293:olive oil
273:compounds
235:Additives
178:bentonite
167:polyureas
100:viscosity
27:lubricant
24:semisolid
1127:Archived
1030:11671879
941:62814828
821:cite web
575:See also
569:lip-balm
540:surgical
488:solvents
467:syringes
382:SAE J310
281:bearings
249:graphite
247:such as
186:graphite
61:Vaseline
59:such as
1146:Greases
1120:online.
1075::
872:Powatec
496:hexanes
492:pentane
287:History
268:ceramic
229:solvent
38:mineral
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513:, and
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264:copper
198:silica
96:fluids
20:Grease
937:S2CID
806:(PDF)
799:(PDF)
546:, is
511:bases
507:acids
218:water
188:, or
176:like
174:clays
139:Soaps
36:with
1026:PMID
989:ISBN
962:ISBN
848:ISBN
827:link
775:ISBN
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727:help
668:ISBN
641:ISBN
542:and
313:axle
190:mica
165:and
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81:true
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