2152:
3646:
3656:
29:
3635:
3666:
591:
379:, which is also very nearly constant. Since the time lag is essentially the same, a single constant shift forward from the time coded in the signal can compensate for all long-wave signals received at any one location from the same time signal station.
566:. DXers attempt to listen in to far away transmissions, and they will often send a reception report to the sending station to let them know where they were heard. After receiving a report, the sending station may mail the listener a
496:
Many countries have stopped using LW for broadcasting because of low audience figures, a lack of LW on new consumer receivers, increasing interference levels, the energy inefficiency of AM and high electricity costs at transmitters.
523:
in
Germany, which retained its prior channel spacing until the long-wave service was terminated in 2019. Other exceptions are all Mongolian transmitters, which are 2 kHz above the internationally recognized channels.
422:
of FCC regulations allow unlicensed use of the 160â190 kHz band a transmitter / amplifier output power to the antenna of at most 1 watt, with an antenna at most 15 meters (49 feet) high; this is called
507:(UK) announced that it will stop distinct programming for LW broadcasts in 2024 in an effort to transition listeners to other means of listening. A closure date for LW broadcasts has not yet been announced.
64:
longer than what was originally called the medium-wave broadcasting band. The term is historic, dating from the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was considered to consist of longwave (LW),
375:(when the coded time was correct) and when the signal is received by the clock (when the coded time is slightly late) depends on the overland distance between the clock and the transmitter and the
3771:
156:, is the main mode in the longwave band. The attenuation of signal strength with distance by absorption in the ground is lower than at higher frequencies, and falls with frequency.
2061:
1799:
614:
164:
waves below 30 kHz can be used to communicate at transcontinental distances, can penetrate saltwater to depths of hundreds of feet, and are used by the military to
917:
590:
227:. They can occupy any frequency in the range 190â1750 kHz. In North America, they occupy 190â535 kHz. In ITU Region 1 the lower limit is 280 kHz.
387:
The militaries of the United
Kingdom, Russian Federation, United States, Germany, India and Sweden use frequencies below 50 kHz to communicate with submerged
1196:
3723:
2910:
336:, so the time delay correction for the signal travel time from the transmitting station to the receiver is always the same for any one receiving location.
79:
is not defined precisely, and its intended meaning varies. It may be used for radio wavelengths longer than 1,000 m i.e. frequencies up to 300
2097:
764:
Wave length and frequency are inversely related, with lower frequencies corresponding to longer wavelengths; 300 kHz corresponds to 1,000 m.
519:, long-wave carrier frequencies are exact multiples of 9 kHz; ranging from 153 to 279 kHz. One exception was a French-language station,
1020:
1235:
737:
823:
527:
Until the 1970s, some long-wave stations in northern and eastern Europe and the Soviet Union operated on frequencies as high as 433 kHz.
3618:
3590:
3585:
2610:
1262:
857:
103:
1078:
1564:
412:
685:
150:
over obstacles like mountain ranges and travel beyond the horizon, following the contour of the Earth. This mode of propagation, called
1314:
3702:
971:
1036:
332:, because long-wave signals from the transmitter to the receiver always travel along the same direct path across the surface of the
1846:
3612:
2090:
1603:
474:
Longwave is used for broadcasting only within ITU Region 1. The long-wave broadcasters are located in Europe, North Africa and
371:
paths can make the time lag different for every signal received. The delay between when the long-wave signal was sent from the
1053:
95:(VLF, 3â30 kHz) bands. Sometimes the upper limit is taken to be higher than 300 kHz, but not above the start of the
3607:
3597:
3577:
3379:
1574:
954:
880:
84:
72:(SW) radio bands. Most modern radio systems and devices use wavelengths which would then have been considered 'ultra-short'.
3785:
2744:
3757:
3669:
3602:
3448:
1623:
582:
503:
As of 2024 more than half of LW frequencies are unoccupied and some of the remaining services are scheduled for closure.
3374:
707:
235:
There are institutional broadcast stations in the range that transmit coded time signals to radio clocks. For example:
1141:
193:. Skywave signals can be detected at distances exceeding 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the transmitting antenna.
3468:
2083:
1211:
1123:
542:. Droitwich also broadcasts a low bit-rate data channel, using narrow-shift phase-shift keying of the carrier, for
3253:
2801:
2603:
1255:
1099:
3364:
1175:
573:
Reception of long-wave signals at distances in excess of 17,000 kilometres (11,000 mi) have been verified.
3359:
1736:
1006:
981:
894:
796:
531:
411:
In North
America during the 1970s, the frequencies 167, 179, and 191 kHz were assigned to the short-lived
36:
Merlin T.69 console radio receiver, showing LW wavelengths between 800 and 2000 metres (375â150 kHz)
3695:
3384:
1584:
921:
516:
165:
3659:
3420:
3317:
2860:
2655:
2627:
1839:
1511:
403:
worldwide, subject to a power limit of 1 watt EIRP. Many countries' regulators license amateurs to use it.
186:
324:
receive their time calibration signals with built-in long-wave receivers. They use long-wave, rather than
3649:
3156:
2596:
2198:
1917:
1809:
1248:
130:) is interested in "frequencies below the AM broadcast band" (i.e., all frequencies below 520 kHz).
632:: for other uses (military, commercial and amateur) of this part of the radio spectrum (30â300 kHz)
3508:
3430:
3369:
3076:
2193:
1782:
1751:
1496:
1406:
853:
697:
462:
long-wave transmitter. Although the station ended regular service in 1996, it has been maintained as a
185:
or "skip" propagation, is not as common as at higher frequencies. Reflection occurs at the ionospheric
481:
Typically, a larger geographic area can be covered by a long-wave broadcast transmitter compared to a
3280:
3241:
3086:
2986:
2915:
2848:
2675:
20:
160:
ground waves can be received up to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the transmitting antenna.
3688:
3639:
2881:
2816:
2769:
2729:
2493:
2106:
1902:
815:
636:
597:
247:
399:
In the ITU Radio
Regulations the band 135.7â137.8 kHz is allocated (on a secondary basis) to
3803:
3478:
3463:
3307:
3258:
3181:
3081:
2759:
2645:
2640:
2543:
1872:
1832:
1761:
1660:
1613:
1521:
459:
1070:
845:
786:
3400:
3186:
3001:
2946:
2941:
2754:
2719:
1655:
1569:
1411:
724:
693:
428:
216:
212:
207:
3302:
3106:
3071:
2991:
2971:
2893:
2781:
2702:
1756:
1579:
1559:
1115:
1014:
944:
455:
300:
2635:
3216:
3176:
3146:
2903:
2838:
2660:
2503:
2498:
2037:
1887:
1384:
1324:
1309:
1304:
376:
8:
3734:
3226:
3166:
2925:
2887:
2685:
2670:
2538:
2533:
2508:
2488:
2239:
2022:
1947:
1932:
1491:
1362:
677:
600:
Height diagram of the antenna towers and antenna masts of long-wave broadcasting stations
559:
490:
463:
272:
1240:
3834:
3453:
3410:
3341:
3211:
3141:
3116:
3051:
2898:
2619:
2528:
2376:
2349:
2259:
2244:
1962:
1628:
641:
539:
306:
276:
171:
Low frequency waves can also occasionally travel long distances by reflecting from the
161:
92:
3493:
3415:
3329:
3312:
3275:
3121:
2951:
2920:
2786:
2680:
2384:
2380:
2361:
2357:
2353:
1741:
1700:
1618:
1207:
1119:
977:
950:
890:
792:
715:
689:
368:
282:
122:
usually refers specifically to this broadcasting band, which falls wholly within the
3161:
1695:
1236:
List of long- and mediumwave transmitters with GoogleMap-Links to transmission sites
1033:
3498:
3458:
3438:
3405:
3334:
3292:
3206:
3061:
3046:
3021:
2996:
2956:
2806:
2665:
2650:
2518:
2289:
2264:
2132:
1992:
1777:
1721:
1690:
1535:
1346:
1271:
1048:
543:
69:
1680:
3126:
2981:
2749:
2724:
2712:
2567:
2480:
2322:
2254:
1746:
1716:
1352:
1145:
1057:
669:
348:
111:
434:
Frequencies from 472â479 kHz are available to licensed amateurs as the new
3324:
3196:
3171:
3131:
3101:
2976:
2811:
2764:
2739:
2697:
2513:
2297:
2007:
1855:
1356:
1138:
466:, and makes at least two demonstration transmissions yearly, on 17.2 kHz.
435:
57:
33:
1230:
1100:
BBC Radio 4 begins information campaign to transition listeners from Long Wave
126:
band of the radio spectrum (30â300 kHz). The "Longwave Club of
America" (
3828:
3473:
3246:
3236:
3151:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3011:
2833:
2692:
2523:
2460:
2441:
2345:
2279:
2274:
2269:
1977:
1731:
1456:
1336:
1275:
628:
555:
400:
296:
157:
127:
123:
88:
2151:
3351:
3191:
3136:
3066:
3031:
2966:
2865:
2855:
2707:
2399:
2394:
2372:
2367:
2075:
2065:
1803:
1278:
619:
535:
1039:
7 April 2015 at
Wikiwix Radiostation Grimeton SAQ. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
3551:
3201:
3111:
3096:
3056:
3016:
2875:
2572:
2249:
2231:
2127:
1726:
1551:
1342:
1162:
1050:
Ground-wave propagation curves for frequencies between 10 kHz and 30 MHz.
733:
681:
673:
657:
649:
504:
486:
482:
443:
372:
321:
152:
147:
115:
96:
65:
1202:
Klawitter, G.; Oexner, M.; Herold, K. (2000). "8.2 Langwellenrundfunk".
1197:
Reception of long wave and very long wave with ferrite antennas 5â50 kHz
3765:
3556:
3263:
2961:
2870:
2826:
2796:
2774:
2553:
2221:
2216:
2170:
2147:
1824:
1608:
1594:
1296:
711:
364:
360:
344:
340:
329:
224:
176:
172:
143:
139:
61:
1222:
913:
500:
In 2014 and 2015 Russia closed all of its LW broadcast transmitters.
219:
in marine and aeronautical navigation. They identify themselves by a
28:
3779:
3541:
3006:
2821:
2588:
2562:
2409:
2185:
2163:
2142:
2117:
1671:
1530:
741:
645:
388:
325:
256:
80:
3813:
3536:
3526:
3443:
3268:
3091:
2337:
2137:
1421:
1374:
567:
520:
475:
286:
243:
220:
190:
3680:
351:. Those higher-frequency signals do not follow the surface of the
3531:
3516:
2734:
2446:
2432:
1461:
1416:
1370:
1201:
653:
439:
419:
356:
310:
260:
181:
3561:
3521:
2843:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2388:
2317:
1685:
1501:
1475:
1470:
1429:
1380:
1366:
1206:(in German). Meckenheim: Siebel Verlag GmbH. pp. 116â131.
886:
745:
554:
Because long-wave signals can travel very long distances, some
424:
314:
576:
3808:
3546:
3483:
2791:
2312:
2208:
2122:
1506:
1401:
1293:
663:
563:
352:
333:
290:
252:
106:), where a range of frequencies between 148.5 and 283.5
3729:
3488:
2307:
2302:
239:
1169:
485:
one. This is because ground-wave propagation suffers less
2327:
1270:
1191:
299:
time and 60 kHz frequency standard transmitted from
266:
107:
1231:
European and Asian
Longwave Stations â Medium Wave Radio
458:
facility in
Grimeton, is the last remaining operational
1186:
1181:
609:
534:
in the UK, derive their carrier frequencies from an
1192:
How to receive DRM from
Kalundborg longwave station
997:Alan Melia, G3NYK. "Understanding LF Propagation".
838:
16:Radio transmission using wavelengths above 1000 m
3826:
1163:Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)
427:(LowFER). The 190â435 kHz band is used for
738:National Institute of Standards and Technology
104:International Telecommunication Union Region 1
3696:
2604:
2091:
1840:
1256:
996:
2105:
1139:http://www.classaxe.com/dx/ndb/rww/stats#top
102:In Europe, Africa, and large parts of Asia (
3619:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1019:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
810:
808:
577:List of long-wave broadcasting transmitters
413:Public Emergency Radio of the United States
367:at different times of day. These different
355:beyond a few kilometers, but can travel as
3703:
3689:
3655:
2611:
2597:
2167:
2098:
2084:
1847:
1833:
1263:
1249:
549:
382:
343:that hug the surface of the Earth, unlike
201:
942:
215:transmit continuously for the benefit of
1854:
1172:â The premier club for MW/LW enthusiasts
872:
805:
788:Modern Dictionary of Electronics, 7th Ed
269:in Japan, on 40 & 60 kHz, 50 kW
27:
976:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 55â58.
969:
778:
246:, United States, on 60 kHz, 70 kW
85:International Telecommunication Union's
3827:
2618:
963:
908:
906:
530:Some radio broadcasters, for instance
510:
3772:List of mediumwave radio broadcasters
3684:
2592:
2079:
1828:
1641:
1244:
1220:
1081:from the original on 23 February 2017
166:communicate with submerged submarines
3786:List of shortwave radio broadcasters
3665:
1221:Busch, Heinrich (14 November 2001).
878:
784:
454:Swedish station SAQ, located at the
196:
3758:List of longwave radio broadcasters
3710:
903:
860:from the original on 20 August 2016
826:from the original on 11 August 2016
686:Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française
583:List of longwave radio broadcasters
13:
2150:
1642:
1071:"Russia says 'So long, long-wave'"
708:Global navigation satellite system
14:
3846:
1154:
924:from the original on 27 June 2016
791:. Boston MA: Newnes. p. 23.
442:, but this is often considered a
3664:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3633:
3254:Free-space optical communication
2059:
1797:
1223:"Luftschiff Graf Zeppelin LZ127"
1178:â Published regularly since 1954
882:Modern Dictionary of Electronics
612:
589:
425:Low Frequency Experimental Radio
418:Nowadays, in the United States,
394:
179:), although this method, called
175:(the actual mechanism is one of
99:broadcast band at 520 kHz.
75:In contemporary usage, the term
1132:
1104:
1093:
1063:
1042:
1027:
570:to acknowledge this reception.
469:
230:
1737:Error detection and correction
1182:Euro-African Medium Wave Guide
1112:Guide to Broadcasting Stations
1007:Radio Society of Great Britain
990:
973:Introduction to RF Propagation
936:
758:
532:Droitwich transmitting station
377:speed of light through the air
363:' off different layers of the
133:
1:
946:Enter The World of Mass Media
771:
562:engage in an activity called
517:Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975
3640:Telecommunication portal
3421:Telecommunications equipment
1060:ITU-R Recommendation P.368-9
949:. Pustak Mahal. p. 21.
943:Barun Roy (September 2009).
146:in this frequency range can
7:
3157:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
2199:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
1810:Comparison of radio systems
850:Cambridge Online Dictionary
820:Macmillan Online Dictionary
605:
449:
52:, and commonly abbreviated
10:
3851:
2861:Telecommunications history
2194:Very-high-energy gamma ray
1783:International broadcasting
1752:FM extended band in Brazil
868:– via Cambridge.org.
854:Cambridge University Press
698:International broadcasting
580:
438:, part of the now-defunct
205:
91:(LF, 30â300 kHz) and
18:
3796:
3778:
3764:
3750:
3743:
3716:
3628:
3570:
3507:
3469:Public Switched Telephone
3429:
3393:
3350:
3291:
3281:telecommunication circuit
3242:Fiber-optic communication
3225:
2987:Francis Blake (telephone)
2934:
2782:Optical telecommunication
2626:
2552:
2479:
2408:
2336:
2288:
2230:
2207:
2184:
2113:
2055:
1863:
1791:
1770:
1709:
1669:
1648:
1637:
1593:
1550:
1520:
1484:
1449:
1442:
1394:
1323:
1292:
1285:
1204:Langwelle und LĂ€ngstwelle
970:Seybold, John S. (2005).
544:Radio Teleswitch Services
515:With the adoption of the
406:
317:, on 162 kHz, 800 kW
263:, on 77.5 kHz, 50 kW
56:, refers to parts of the
21:Longwave (disambiguation)
3380:Orbital angular-momentum
2817:Satellite communications
2656:Communications satellite
2107:Electromagnetic spectrum
1187:Longwave Club of America
1144:16 February 2016 at the
918:Longwave Club of America
879:Graf, Rudolf F. (1999).
822:. Macmillan Publishers.
785:Graf, Rudolf F. (1999).
751:
637:Electromagnetic spectrum
538:, allowing their use as
3804:World Radio TV Handbook
3259:Molecular communication
3082:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2911:Undersea telegraph line
2646:Cable protection system
1762:Shortwave relay station
1661:Audio signal processing
550:Long-distance reception
460:Alexanderson alternator
383:Submarine communication
322:Radio-controlled clocks
217:radio direction finders
213:Non-directional beacons
202:Non-directional beacons
3401:Communication protocol
3187:Charles Sumner Tainter
3002:Walter Houser Brattain
2947:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2755:Information revolution
2155:
1656:Audio data compression
1170:The Medium Wave Circle
1056:24 August 2012 at the
725:Index of wave articles
694:Digital Radio Mondiale
493:at lower frequencies.
293:, 68.5 kHz, 90 kW
208:Non-directional beacon
138:Because of their long
37:
3375:Polarization-division
3107:Narinder Singh Kapany
3072:Erna Schneider Hoover
2992:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2972:Alexander Graham Bell
2703:online video platform
2154:
1757:Multipath propagation
1580:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
1450:Frequency allocations
1325:Frequency allocations
1166:". IK1QFK Home Page.
456:Varberg Radio Station
303:in the UK, 17 kW ERP.
83:(kHz), including the
31:
3217:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3177:Almon Brown Strowger
3147:Charles Grafton Page
2802:Prepaid mobile phone
2730:Electrical telegraph
1710:Technical (emission)
1118:. 1973. p. 18.
429:navigational beacons
339:Longwaves travel by
32:Tuning dial on 1946
19:For other uses, see
3735:Shortwave listening
3167:Johann Philipp Reis
2926:Wireless revolution
2888:The Telephone Cases
2745:Hydraulic telegraph
2240:Extreme ultraviolet
678:BBC Light Programme
560:shortwave listeners
540:frequency standards
511:Carrier frequencies
491:ground conductivity
464:World Heritage Site
114:in addition to the
3724:Broadcast listener
3365:Frequency-division
3342:Telephone exchange
3212:Charles Wheatstone
3142:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3117:Innocenzo Manzetti
3052:Reginald Fessenden
2787:Optical telegraphy
2620:Telecommunications
2245:Vacuum ultraviolet
2156:
1160:Tomislav Stimac, "
1005:(9). Bedford, UK:
642:Very low frequency
277:Taldom transmitter
275:66.66 kHz in
162:Very low frequency
93:very low frequency
38:
3822:
3821:
3792:
3791:
3678:
3677:
3416:Store and forward
3411:Data transmission
3325:Network switching
3276:Transmission line
3122:Guglielmo Marconi
3087:Internet pioneers
2952:Mohamed M. Atalla
2921:Whistled language
2586:
2585:
2290:Visible (optical)
2073:
2072:
2050:
2049:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1742:FM broadcast band
1649:Technical (audio)
1546:
1545:
1438:
1437:
1114:(17th ed.).
1034:SAQ Transmission.
956:978-81-223-1080-1
716:Shipping Forecast
690:Warsaw radio mast
197:Non-broadcast use
3842:
3748:
3747:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3509:Notable networks
3499:Wireless network
3439:Cellular network
3431:Types of network
3406:Computer network
3293:Network topology
3207:Thomas A. Watson
3062:Oliver Heaviside
3047:Philo Farnsworth
3022:Daniel Davis Jr.
2997:Charles Bourseul
2957:John Logie Baird
2666:Data compression
2661:Computer network
2613:
2606:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2066:Radio portal
2064:
2063:
2062:
1866:
1865:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1804:Radio portal
1802:
1801:
1800:
1778:History of radio
1722:AM expanded band
1639:
1638:
1522:Commercial radio
1447:
1446:
1290:
1289:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1217:
1176:Medium Wave News
1148:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1067:
1061:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1010:
994:
988:
987:
967:
961:
960:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
910:
901:
900:
885:(7th ed.).
876:
870:
869:
867:
865:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
812:
803:
802:
782:
765:
762:
622:
617:
616:
615:
593:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3788:
3774:
3760:
3739:
3712:
3711:Radio listening
3709:
3679:
3674:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3566:
3503:
3425:
3389:
3346:
3295:
3287:
3228:
3221:
3127:Robert Metcalfe
2982:Tim Berners-Lee
2930:
2750:Information Age
2622:
2617:
2587:
2582:
2548:
2475:
2450:
2436:
2404:
2332:
2284:
2226:
2203:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2109:
2104:
2074:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2042:300 MHz/1 m
2041:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2001:
1998:
1997:300 kHz/1 km
1996:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1956:
1953:
1952:300 Hz/1 Mm
1951:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1922:300 GHz/1 mm
1921:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1859:
1853:
1823:
1814:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1766:
1747:FM broadcasting
1717:AM broadcasting
1705:
1665:
1644:
1633:
1589:
1542:
1516:
1485:Digital systems
1480:
1465:
1434:
1395:Digital systems
1390:
1319:
1281:
1269:
1214:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1146:Wayback Machine
1137:
1133:
1126:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1058:Wayback Machine
1047:
1043:
1032:
1028:
1012:
1011:
995:
991:
984:
968:
964:
957:
941:
937:
927:
925:
912:
911:
904:
897:
889:. p. 437.
877:
873:
863:
861:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
814:
813:
806:
799:
783:
779:
774:
769:
768:
763:
759:
754:
670:AM broadcasting
618:
613:
611:
608:
603:
602:
601:
599:
594:
585:
579:
552:
513:
472:
452:
436:630 m band
409:
397:
385:
279:, Russia, 10 kW
233:
210:
204:
199:
136:
118:band, the term
112:AM broadcasting
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3360:Space-division
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Camille Tissot
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:Claude Shannon
3169:
3164:
3162:Tivadar PuskĂĄs
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3132:Antonio Meucci
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Charles K. Kao
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3077:Harold Hopkins
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:Emile Berliner
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Videotelephony
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2814:
2812:Radiotelephone
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:Internet video
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
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2496:
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2477:
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2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
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2439:
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2425:
2420:
2414:
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2397:
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2370:
2365:
2342:
2340:
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2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2034:
2032:
2027:30 MHz/10 m
2019:
2017:
2004:
2002:
1989:
1987:
1982:30 kHz/10 km
1974:
1972:
1959:
1957:
1944:
1942:
1937:30 Hz/10 Mm
1929:
1927:
1914:
1912:
1907:30 GHz/10 mm
1899:
1897:
1884:
1882:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:Radio spectrum
1852:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1792:
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1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1696:Kahn-Hazeltine
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:Related topics
1635:
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1621:
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1600:
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1199:
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1189:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1156:
1155:External links
1153:
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1149:
1131:
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1103:
1092:
1077:. 7 May 2018.
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586:
578:
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556:radio amateurs
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408:
405:
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206:Main article:
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58:radio spectrum
15:
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2:
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3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3385:Code-division
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Time-division
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:and switching
3294:
3290:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3247:optical fiber
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Coaxial cable
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Radia Perlman
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
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3115:
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3110:
3108:
3105:
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3100:
3098:
3095:
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3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Lee de Forest
3040:
3038:
3037:Thomas Edison
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Donald Davies
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Claude Chappe
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
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2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Smoke signals
2854:
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2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:Semiconductor
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2693:Digital media
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2096:
2094:
2089:
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2082:
2081:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2054:
2045:
2044:3 GHz/100 mm
2040:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2012:3 MHz/100 m
2010:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1984:300 kHz/1 km
1980:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1969:30 kHz/10 km
1967:3 kHz/100 km
1965:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1954:3 kHz/100 km
1950:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1924:3 THz/0.1 mm
1920:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1909:300 GHz/1 mm
1905:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1894:30 GHz/10 mm
1892:3 GHz/100 mm
1890:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1877:3 Hz/100 Mm
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1838:
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1276:digital audio
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1234:
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1213:3-89632-043-2
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1125:0-592-00081-8
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629:Low frequency
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470:Broadcasting
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440:maritime band
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401:Amateur radio
395:Amateur radio
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158:Low frequency
155:
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128:United States
125:
124:low frequency
121:
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89:low frequency
86:
82:
78:
73:
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67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3751:
3352:Multiplexing
3227:Transmission
3192:Nikola Tesla
3182:Henry Sutton
3137:Samuel Morse
3067:Robert Hooke
3032:Amos Dolbear
2967:John Bardeen
2886:
2866:Telautograph
2770:Mobile phone
2725:Edholm's law
2708:social media
2641:Broadcasting
2577:
2158:
2057:
2036:
2035:
2029:300 MHz/1 m
2021:
2020:
2014:30 MHz/10 m
2006:
2005:
1999:3 MHz/100 m
1991:
1990:
1976:
1975:
1961:
1960:
1946:
1945:
1939:300 Hz/1 Mm
1931:
1930:
1916:
1915:
1901:
1900:
1886:
1885:
1879:30 Hz/10 Mm
1871:
1870:
1795:
1332:
1279:broadcasting
1203:
1161:
1134:
1111:
1106:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1074:
1065:
1049:
1044:
1029:
1015:cite journal
1002:
998:
992:
972:
965:
945:
938:
926:. Retrieved
914:"About LWCA"
881:
874:
862:. Retrieved
849:
840:
828:. Retrieved
819:
787:
780:
760:
729:
720:
703:
684:, Office de
666:broadcasting
662:
635:
627:
620:Radio portal
572:
553:
536:atomic clock
529:
526:
514:
502:
499:
495:
480:
473:
453:
433:
417:
410:
398:
386:
338:
320:
234:
231:Time signals
211:
180:
170:
151:
137:
119:
110:is used for
101:
76:
74:
53:
49:
45:
41:
39:
25:
3552:NPL network
3264:Radio waves
3202:Alfred Vail
3112:Hedy Lamarr
3097:Dawon Kahng
3057:Elisha Gray
3017:Yogen Dalal
2942:Nasir Ahmed
2876:Teleprinter
2740:Heliographs
2573:Medium wave
2250:Lyman-alpha
2232:Ultraviolet
2171:wavelengths
2164:frequencies
2128:Ultraviolet
1727:Cable radio
1670:Technical (
1430:DVB-T2 Lite
1286:Terrestrial
1116:Butterworth
846:"long wave"
816:"long wave"
734:1 kilometre
682:Radio clock
674:BBC Radio 4
658:Medium wave
650:Ground wave
505:BBC Radio 4
487:attenuation
483:medium-wave
444:medium wave
373:transmitter
369:propagation
345:mediumwaves
341:groundwaves
330:medium-wave
153:ground wave
144:radio waves
134:Propagation
116:medium-wave
97:medium wave
66:medium-wave
62:wavelengths
3766:Mediumwave
3598:Antarctica
3557:Toasternet
3479:Television
2962:Paul Baran
2894:Television
2878:(teletype)
2871:Telegraphy
2849:transistor
2827:Phryctoria
2797:Photophone
2775:Smartphone
2765:Mass media
2554:Wavelength
2410:Microwaves
2222:Hard X-ray
2217:Soft X-ray
2186:Gamma rays
2118:Gamma rays
1609:DirectBand
1595:Subcarrier
1297:modulation
983:0471743682
896:0750698667
798:0750698667
772:References
712:Navigation
581:See also:
446:sub-band.
389:submarines
365:ionosphere
349:shortwaves
326:short-wave
225:Morse code
177:refraction
173:ionosphere
140:wavelength
70:short-wave
68:(MW), and
40:In radio,
3835:Bandplans
3780:Shortwave
3744:Listening
3582:Americas
3571:Locations
3542:Internet2
3303:Bandwidth
3007:Vint Cerf
2904:streaming
2882:Telephone
2822:Semaphore
2713:streaming
2568:Shortwave
2563:Microwave
2143:Microwave
1672:AM stereo
1531:Sirius XM
1524:providers
1443:Satellite
742:Fail-safe
646:Shortwave
257:Frankfurt
81:kilohertz
50:long-wave
46:long wave
3829:Category
3814:QSL card
3752:Longwave
3650:Category
3537:Internet
3527:CYCLADES
3444:Ethernet
3394:Concepts
3318:terminal
3269:wireless
3092:Bob Kahn
2935:Pioneers
2760:Internet
2651:Cable TV
2578:Longwave
2338:Infrared
2138:Infrared
1771:Cultural
1701:Magnavox
1674:formats)
1624:SCA/SCMO
1619:RDS/RBDS
1422:HD Radio
1412:DRM/DRM+
1407:DAB/DAB+
1227:(German)
1142:Archived
1079:Archived
1075:BBC News
1054:Archived
1037:Archived
922:Archived
858:Archived
824:Archived
704:Shipping
606:See also
568:QSL card
521:Europe 1
476:Mongolia
450:Historic
361:bouncing
357:skywaves
287:Shangqiu
244:Colorado
221:callsign
191:F layers
148:diffract
120:longwave
87:(ITU's)
77:longwave
42:longwave
34:Dynatron
3670:Commons
3660:Outline
3613:Oceania
3532:FidoNet
3517:ARPANET
3330:circuit
2899:digital
2628:History
2169:longer
2162:higher
2133:Visible
1597:signals
1565:AMR-WB+
1417:FMeXtra
928:20 June
864:20 June
830:20 June
654:Skywave
489:due to
420:Part 15
311:Allouis
301:Anthorn
261:Germany
187:E layer
182:skywave
3608:Europe
3578:Africa
3562:Usenet
3522:BITNET
3459:Mobile
3335:packet
2844:MOSFET
2839:device
2636:Beacon
2471:L band
2466:S band
2461:C band
2456:X band
2442:K band
2428:Q band
2423:V band
2418:W band
2323:Orange
2318:Yellow
2298:Violet
2209:X-rays
2123:X-rays
1691:Harris
1686:C-QUAM
1575:HE-AAC
1552:Codecs
1536:Canada
1502:DVB-SH
1476:S band
1471:L band
1457:C band
1381:L band
1272:Analog
1210:
1122:
999:Radcom
980:
953:
893:
887:Newnes
795:
746:WGU-20
407:LowFER
315:France
307:ALS162
3809:SINPO
3797:Other
3726:(BCL)
3717:Types
3591:South
3586:North
3547:JANET
3484:Telex
3474:Radio
3313:Nodes
3308:Links
3229:media
2807:Radio
2792:Pager
2720:Drums
2686:video
2681:image
2671:audio
2556:types
2481:Radio
2377:Bands
2350:Bands
2313:Green
2148:Radio
1858:(ITU)
1681:Belar
1507:S-DMB
1497:DAB-S
1402:CAM-D
1315:COFDM
1294:Radio
1085:7 May
1009:: 32.
752:Notes
730:Other
721:Lists
664:Radio
564:DXing
353:Earth
334:Earth
309:from
291:China
253:DCF77
60:with
3730:DXer
3603:Asia
3489:UUCP
3449:ISDN
2451:band
2437:band
2395:LWIR
2373:MWIR
2368:SWIR
2308:Cyan
2303:Blue
1629:DARC
1604:AMSS
1585:DRA+
1466:band
1375:high
1274:and
1208:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1087:2018
1021:link
978:ISBN
951:ISBN
930:2016
891:ISBN
866:2016
832:2016
793:ISBN
558:and
347:and
240:WWVB
3494:WAN
3464:NGN
3454:LAN
2735:Fax
2676:DCT
2544:ELF
2539:SLF
2534:ULF
2529:VLF
2509:VHF
2504:UHF
2499:SHF
2494:EHF
2489:THF
2400:FIR
2346:NIR
2328:Red
2280:UVA
2275:UVB
2270:UVC
2265:NUV
2260:MUV
2255:FUV
2038:UHF
2023:VHF
1963:VLF
1948:ULF
1933:SLF
1918:THF
1903:EHF
1888:SHF
1873:ELF
1614:PAD
1570:HDC
1560:AAC
1512:SDR
1492:ADR
1426:CDR
1385:UHF
1371:mid
1367:low
1363:VHF
478:.
359:, '
328:or
297:MSF
285:in
283:BPC
273:RBU
267:JJY
255:in
248:ERP
242:in
223:in
189:or
108:kHz
48:or
44:,
3831::
2524:LF
2519:MF
2514:HF
2387:,
2383:,
2379::
2360:,
2356:,
2352::
2008:HF
1993:MF
1978:LF
1373:/
1369:/
1357:HF
1353:SW
1347:MF
1343:MW
1337:LF
1333:LW
1310:FM
1305:AM
1073:.
1017:}}
1013:{{
1003:85
1001:.
920:.
916:.
905:^
856:.
852:.
848:.
818:.
807:^
744:,
740:,
736:,
732::
723::
714:,
710:,
706::
696:,
692:,
688:,
680:,
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672:,
668::
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648:,
644:,
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313:,
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2364:)
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1216:.
1128:.
1089:.
1023:)
986:.
959:.
932:.
899:.
834:.
801:.
700:,
23:.
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