3696:
2179:
3690:
1018:
880:
817:
5212:
473:
5222:
597:
1149:
Low-frequency experimenter
Lawrence "Laurie" Mayhead, G3AQC, has added another LF accomplishment to his list – trans-Atlantic reception of his 73 kHz signal. Mayhead reports that on the night of 21-22 November, his signal on 72.401 kHz was received in the US. "I managed to transmit a
1128:
For broadcasting stations, directional antennas are often required. They consist of multiple masts, which often have the same height. Some longwave antennas consist of multiple mast antennas arranged in a circle with or without a mast antenna in the center. Such antennas focus the transmitted power
530:
are used for transmitting. The transmission distance is limited by the absorption of ground waves in the Earth. The attenuation of signal strength with distance is lower than at higher frequencies. Low frequency ground waves can be received up to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the
1129:
toward ground and give a large zone of fade-free reception. This type of antenna is rarely used, because they are very expensive and require much space and because fading occurs on longwave much more rarely than in the medium wave range. One antenna of this kind was used by
702:
or GWEN operated between 150 and 175 kHz, until replaced by satellite communications systems in 1999. GWEN was a land based military radio communications system which could survive and continue to operate even in the case of a nuclear attack.
480:
increases with decreasing frequency. At the LF band and below, it is far above the thermal noise floor injected by amplifier circuits in the receiver, so weak signals can be freely amplified to compensate, with no perceivable increase in the noise
1065:, shorter than one quarter of the radiated wavelength, so their low radiation resistance makes them inefficient, requiring very low resistance grounds and conductors to avoid dissipating transmitter power. These electrically short antennas need
753:
The UK allocated a 2.8 kHz sliver of spectrum from 71.6 kHz to 74.4 kHz beginning in April 1996 to UK amateurs who applied for a Notice of
Variation to use the band on a noninterference basis with a maximum output power of
646:
Radio signals below 50 kHz are capable of penetrating ocean depths to approximately 200 metres (660 ft); the longer the wavelength, the deeper they go. The
British, German, Indian, Russian, Swedish, United States, and possibly other
617:
only, the precision of time signals is not affected by varying propagation paths between the transmitter, the ionosphere, and the receiver. In the United States, such devices became feasible for the mass market only after the output power of
758:. This was withdrawn on 30 June 2003 after a number of extensions in favor of the cross-European standard 136 kHz band. Very slow Morse Code from G3AQC in the UK was received 3,275 miles (5,271 km) away, across the
464:, in which LF radio waves travel just above the Earth's surface, following the terrain. LF ground waves can travel over hills, and can travel far beyond the horizon, up to several hundred kilometers from the transmitter.
1004:
LF transmitting antennas for high power transmitters require large amounts of space, and have been the cause of controversy in Europe and the United States, due to concerns about possible health hazards associated with
1150:
full call sign to John
Andrews, W1TAG, in Holden, Massachusetts", he said. Mayhead was using dual-frequency CW – or DFCW – featuring elements that are two minutes long; Andrews detected his signal using ARGO
765:
In the United States, there is an exemption within FCC Part 15 regulations permitting unlicensed transmissions in the frequency range of 160–190 kHz. Longwave radio hobbyists refer to this as the
1604:
1406:
3174:
2088:
1500:
1274:
797:
As an alternative to these requirements, a field strength of 2400/F(kHz) microvolts/meter (measured at a distance of 300 meters) may be used (as described in 47CFR15.209).
1437:
3594:
1561:
666:
transmission on 198 kHz in waters near the UK. It is rumoured that they are to construe a sudden halt in transmission, particularly of the morning news programme
961:, rather than with radiated waves (radio waves) that are the only part of the electromagnetic field that persists into the far field. As such, they are technically
3517:
1600:
1073:
and L- and T-antenna, use capacitive top-loading (a "top hat"), in the form of a network of horizontal wires attached to the top of the vertical radiator. The
1222:
1626:
914:
used for aeronavigation operate on 190–300 kHz (and beyond into the MW band). In Europe, Asia and Africa, the NDB allocation starts on 283.5 kHz.
2124:
1038:
Antenna requirements for LF reception are much more modest than for transmission. Although non-resonant long wire antennas are sometimes used, ferrite
1818:
1778:
1685:
1317:
3221:
1120:. The mast antennas can be ground-fed insulated masts or upper-fed grounded masts. It is also possible to use cage antennas on grounded masts.
389:
3510:
2637:
1099:
is around 190 meters for transmitters with radiated power below 500 kW, and around 400 meters for transmitters greater than
794:
All emissions below 160 kHz or above 190 kHz shall be attenuated at least 20 dB below the level of the unmodulated carrier.
3428:
2939:
508:
over obstacles like mountain ranges and travel beyond the horizon, following the contour of the Earth. This mode of propagation, called
2689:
1653:
1492:
1258:
4048:
1873:
4821:
4657:
3503:
2978:
2117:
1424:
4286:
2949:
1762:
1739:
1534:
410:
4017:
1339:
1006:
788:
The total input power to the final radio frequency stage (exclusive of filament or heater power) shall not exceed one watt.
953:) tags utilize LF. These tags are commonly known as LFIDs or LowFIDs (low frequency identification). The LF RFID tags are
2998:
712:
3214:
1630:
863:). The DWD operates station DDH47 on 147.3 kHz using standard ITA-2 alphabet with a transmission speed of 50
1470:
1379:
3768:
2110:
1716:
556:. Skywave signals can be detected at distances exceeding 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the transmitting antenna.
382:
2630:
973:. It is more proper, and technically more informative to think of them as secondary coils of very loosely coupled
4771:
4426:
993:
are most common, either insulated from the ground and fed at the bottom, or occasionally fed through guy-wires.
4650:
3841:
3418:
3111:
1754:
1303:
1268:
715:(WRC-07) made a worldwide amateur radio allocation in this band. An international 2.1 kHz allocation, the
1229:
4022:
3433:
3207:
2959:
1176:
941:" radio navigation system operates on a number of frequencies, varying by country, between 120–148 kHz.
699:
641:
591:
4733:
2886:
1866:
1084:(NDBs) the height can be as low as 10 meters, while for more powerful navigation transmitters such as
549:
375:
5024:
3977:
3957:
3903:
3788:
3624:
3184:
2623:
2225:
1944:
1530:
1433:
958:
791:
The total length of the transmission line, antenna, and ground lead (if used) shall not exceed 15 meters.
692:
4376:
4356:
3644:
3629:
3567:
3546:
3157:
3126:
2871:
2781:
2220:
684:
548:
or "skip" propagation, is not as common as at higher frequencies. Reflection occurs at the ionospheric
1092:
have a height between 50–200 meters, while mast aerials are usually taller than 150 meters.
5087:
4936:
4816:
4366:
4279:
3798:
3609:
3459:
3423:
731:
operators in several countries in Europe, New
Zealand, Canada, US, and French overseas dependencies.
891:
828:
4786:
3408:
2520:
2133:
1929:
1223:"Rec. ITU-R V.431-7, Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications"
954:
755:
319:
142:
662:
nuclear submarines carrying ballistic missiles are allegedly under standing orders to monitor the
5252:
5042:
4693:
4058:
3836:
3738:
3654:
3649:
3136:
3035:
2988:
2896:
2570:
1899:
1859:
1077:
improves the efficiency of the antenna by increasing the current, without increasing its height.
88:
4396:
3030:
2944:
2786:
1311:
1085:
1081:
928:
operated between 70 kHz and 129 kHz. The last Decca chains were closed down in 2000.
925:
911:
856:
673:
5225:
4857:
4802:
4756:
4741:
4386:
4211:
3131:
2954:
2934:
1025:
986:
515:
485:
1197:
965:
radio devices nor radio antennas, even though they do operate at radio frequencies, and are
5108:
5077:
4526:
4421:
4272:
4038:
3952:
3778:
3639:
3395:
3377:
2759:
2699:
2684:
2679:
2530:
2525:
2064:
1914:
1679:
1660:
263:
137:
132:
8:
4982:
4441:
4401:
4248:
4043:
3898:
3763:
3715:
3369:
3349:
3329:
3319:
3291:
3281:
3276:
2866:
2737:
2565:
2560:
2535:
2515:
2266:
2049:
1974:
1959:
1366:
1130:
1069:
at the base of the antenna to bring them into resonance. Many antenna types, such as the
774:'. This frequency range between 160 kHz and 190 kHz is also referred to as the
680:
667:
258:
147:
125:
98:
93:
3584:
2615:
609:
In Europe and Japan, many low-cost consumer devices have since the late 1980s contained
4931:
4909:
4776:
4600:
4571:
4506:
4499:
4223:
3997:
3921:
3851:
3449:
3314:
3286:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3003:
2555:
2403:
2376:
2286:
2271:
1989:
1772:
1062:
534:
Low frequency waves can also occasionally travel long distances by reflecting from the
103:
5012:
4891:
4791:
4644:
4547:
4451:
4071:
3936:
3753:
3469:
3454:
3385:
3246:
3116:
3075:
2993:
2411:
2407:
2388:
2384:
2380:
1812:
1758:
1735:
1712:
1264:
970:
679:
The United States has four LF stations maintaining contact with its submarine force:
452:" band. In the western hemisphere, its main use is for aircraft beacons, navigation (
3070:
243:
5130:
5118:
4946:
4914:
4746:
4615:
4531:
4521:
4436:
4216:
3962:
3941:
3893:
3856:
3669:
3152:
3096:
3065:
2910:
2721:
2646:
2545:
2316:
2291:
2159:
2019:
1070:
931:
527:
158:
115:
3055:
1522:
747:
582:
band on frequencies between 148.5 and 283.5 kHz in Europe and parts of Asia.
5192:
5057:
5034:
5002:
4954:
4941:
4904:
4886:
4516:
4511:
3947:
3926:
3758:
3730:
3495:
3121:
3091:
2727:
2594:
2507:
2349:
2281:
1254:
1171:
734:
The world record distance for a two-way contact is over 10,000 km from near
716:
575:
445:
414:
77:
1331:
800:
In all cases, operation may not cause harmful interference to licensed services.
440:, making them suitable for long-distance communications. In Europe and areas of
5135:
5125:
4924:
4796:
4766:
4751:
4536:
4494:
4489:
4361:
4243:
4002:
3992:
3931:
3888:
3720:
3710:
3679:
3579:
3551:
3306:
2731:
2540:
2324:
2034:
1882:
1046:
998:
759:
688:
523:
519:
253:
120:
70:
5246:
5215:
5165:
5113:
5047:
5019:
5007:
4997:
4987:
4869:
4713:
4639:
4588:
4541:
4456:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4339:
4130:
4081:
4066:
4012:
3783:
3619:
3614:
3530:
3106:
2831:
2650:
2487:
2468:
2372:
2306:
2301:
2296:
1050:
990:
848:
728:
296:
278:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
2178:
1838:
1361:
613:
with an LF receiver for these signals. Since these frequencies propagate by
5187:
5181:
4847:
4781:
4703:
4634:
4583:
4484:
4431:
4371:
4228:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4092:
3831:
3178:
2653:
2426:
2421:
2399:
2394:
2102:
2092:
1462:
1192:
1066:
1039:
1031:
441:
1017:
492:, even inefficient antennas much smaller than the wavelength are adequate.
5197:
5175:
5082:
5067:
4862:
4842:
4832:
4761:
4718:
4698:
4627:
4446:
4348:
4238:
4233:
3878:
3861:
3793:
3773:
3659:
3541:
3230:
3101:
2926:
2717:
2599:
2276:
2258:
2154:
1796:
1375:
1074:
1022:
974:
739:
735:
663:
614:
610:
602:
510:
505:
477:
461:
437:
879:
816:
5092:
4992:
4899:
4874:
4677:
4461:
4253:
4206:
4190:
4076:
3982:
3803:
3664:
3634:
3572:
3199:
2983:
2969:
2671:
2580:
2248:
2243:
2197:
2174:
1851:
1734:] (in German). Meckenheim, DE: Siebel Verlag GmbH. pp. 36–39.
910:
In parts of the world where there is no longwave broadcasting service,
746:
many operators use very slow computer-controlled Morse code (so-called
743:
659:
539:
535:
501:
497:
460:
also use this band. The main mode of transmission used in this band is
20:
628:
transmitting broadcast on the exact same frequency, but had a similar
5155:
5072:
4708:
4620:
4595:
4576:
4466:
4150:
3987:
3871:
3846:
3826:
3743:
3695:
3689:
3674:
3474:
3046:
2905:
2589:
2436:
2212:
2190:
2169:
2144:
1117:
1089:
994:
762:, by W1TAG in the US on 21-22 November 2001 on 72.401 kHz.
652:
422:
1407:
European
Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
1061:
Due to the long wavelengths in the band, nearly all LF antennas are
4723:
4566:
4476:
4334:
4324:
4185:
4165:
4007:
3913:
3813:
3604:
3599:
3339:
3238:
2796:
2749:
2707:
2604:
2364:
2164:
1401:"Use of the band 135.7–137.8 kHz by the Amateur Service". ERC
1182:
1113:
938:
629:
579:
570:
553:
472:
449:
347:
5062:
5052:
4974:
4965:
4950:
4837:
4682:
4605:
4314:
4180:
4170:
4100:
3972:
3883:
3748:
3413:
3373:
2836:
2791:
2745:
2473:
2459:
1590:
not present / removed: section id §15.205 skips to §15.207 .
1096:
544:
456:, mostly defunct), information, and weather systems. A number of
362:
352:
342:
301:
288:
4852:
672:, as an indicator that the UK is under attack, whereafter their
5160:
4319:
4175:
4125:
4120:
3403:
3334:
3324:
3060:
2876:
2850:
2845:
2804:
2755:
2741:
2497:
2492:
2482:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2415:
2344:
1298:
1202:
1187:
1116:
use mast antennas with heights of more than 150 meters or
934:
telemetry transmitters operate between 283.5 and 325 kHz.
771:
767:
596:
357:
337:
314:
309:
283:
273:
268:
1045:
Amateur radio operators have achieved good LF reception using
770:' band, and experimenters, and their transmitters are called '
5170:
4919:
4610:
4558:
4155:
3967:
3866:
3821:
3266:
2881:
2776:
2668:
2339:
2235:
2149:
1496:
918:
852:
804:
Many experimenters in this band are amateur radio operators.
453:
58:
4309:
4295:
4160:
4145:
4135:
3589:
3526:
3479:
3464:
3359:
3354:
3296:
2334:
2329:
1153:
1109:
The main type of LORAN-C antenna is insulated from ground.
950:
864:
648:
619:
3595:
International Earth
Rotation and Reference Systems Service
1432:(chart / graphic) (11×17″ color ed.). Newington, CT:
19:"Low band" redirects here. For the musical group Low, see
4140:
3484:
3344:
3271:
2645:
2354:
1371:
625:
418:
43:
807:
514:, is the main mode in the LF band. Ground waves must be
4264:
1711:] (in German). Meckenheim, DE: Siebel Verlag GmbH.
1088:, masts with a height around 100 meters are used.
1568:(Report). The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations.
1702:
1296:
Melia, Alan (G3NYK). "Understanding LF propagation".
921:-C radio navigation system operated on 100 kHz.
592:
Radio clock § List of radio time signal stations
1826:
1749:
Dennison, Mike (G3XDV); Moritz, Jim (M0BMU) (2007).
860:
16:
The range 30-300 kHz of the electromagnetic spectrum
1523:"G3AQC's signal spans the Atlantic on 73 kHz!"
3525:
1042:are far more popular because of their small size.
1080:The height of antennas differ by usage. For some
985:Since the ground waves used in this band require
855:code on LF is the German Meteorological Service (
5244:
1215:
989:, vertical antennas are used for transmission.
750:) or specialized digital communications modes.
1748:
1703:Klawitter, G.; Oexner, M.; Herold, K. (2000).
1012:
444:and Asia, part of the LF spectrum is used for
4280:
3511:
3215:
2631:
2118:
1867:
1843:
1556:"§ 15.217 Operation in the band 160–190 kHz (
1417:
1123:
421:. Since its wavelengths range from 10–1
383:
2132:
1797:"Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF...
695:, using AN/FRT-95 solid state transmitters.
1817:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1777:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1684:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1316:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
870:
706:
4287:
4273:
3518:
3504:
3222:
3208:
2638:
2624:
2194:
2125:
2111:
1874:
1860:
1001:are used when antenna height is an issue.
867:and FSK modulation with 85 Hz shift.
457:
390:
376:
1302:. Vol. 85, no. 9. Bedford, UK:
969:"antennas" in the RFID trade, but not in
4049:International Commission on Stratigraphy
3229:
1881:
1016:
595:
585:
471:
425:, respectively, it is also known as the
1601:"Part 15 — Rado frequency devices"
1263:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 55–58.
1253:
727:(135.7–137.9 kHz) is available to
5245:
1725:
1562:Part 15 — Radio frequency devices
1503:from the original on 30 September 2007
1473:from the original on 29 September 2007
1247:
4268:
3499:
3203:
3016:
2619:
2106:
1855:
1842:
1443:from the original on 11 November 2020
1342:from the original on 27 December 2007
949:Some radio frequency identification (
944:
851:marine meteorological information in
808:Meteorological information broadcasts
564:
159:EU / NATO / US ECM
5221:
1651:
1537:from the original on 12 January 2014
1485:
1455:
1382:from the original on 3 February 2011
874:
811:
713:World Radiocommunication Conference
13:
3017:
2177:
1794:
1695:
1277:from the original on 16 April 2021
1056:
436:LF radio waves exhibit low signal
14:
5264:
3769:Discrete time and continuous time
1787:
1607:from the original on 26 July 2014
1295:
417:(RF) in the range of 30–300
5220:
5211:
5210:
3694:
3688:
3172:
2086:
1732:Special Frequency List 2007–2008
1334:. United States Nuclear Forces.
1114:(longwave) broadcasting stations
1095:The height of mast antennas for
878:
815:
622:was increased in 1997 and 1999.
542:), although this method, called
538:(the actual mechanism is one of
1728:Spezial-Frequenzliste 2007/2008
1645:
1619:
1593:
1549:
1515:
1143:
1049:: A short whip with a built-in
847:A regular service transmitting
3842:History of timekeeping devices
3112:Error detection and correction
1755:Radio Society of Great Britain
1463:"QSO ZL / UA0 on 136 kHz"
1394:
1354:
1324:
1304:Radio Society of Great Britain
1289:
1260:Introduction to RF Propagation
957:devices, interacting with the
467:
1:
3434:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
1659:(Report). 4.6. Archived from
1654:World DGPS database for DXers
1209:
1177:Ground Wave Emergency Network
1007:human exposure to radio waves
700:Ground Wave Emergency Network
642:Communication with submarines
1136:
784:band. Requirements include:
526:is horizontal), so vertical
7:
5025:Geological history of Earth
3789:Gravitational time dilation
3625:Barycentric Coordinate Time
3185:Comparison of radio systems
2226:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
1795:Stimac, Tomislav (IK1QFK).
1652:Gale, Alan (G4TMV) (2011).
1531:American Radio Relay League
1493:"UK Spectrum Strategy 2002"
1434:American Radio Relay League
1164:
1013:Longwave receiving antennas
980:
635:
10:
5269:
4377:Orders of magnitude (time)
3645:Geocentric Coordinate Time
3630:Barycentric Dynamical Time
3568:Coordinated Universal Time
3158:International broadcasting
3127:FM extended band in Brazil
2221:Very-high-energy gamma ray
1332:"Very Low Frequency (VLF)"
1124:Directional array antennas
742:. As well as conventional
639:
589:
568:
18:
5206:
5148:
5101:
5088:Time translation symmetry
5033:
4973:
4963:
4885:
4812:
4732:
4673:
4557:
4475:
4385:
4347:
4333:
4302:
4199:
4090:
4057:
4031:
3912:
3812:
3799:Time-translation symmetry
3729:
3703:
3686:
3610:International Atomic Time
3560:
3537:
3442:
3424:Global Positioning System
3394:
3368:
3305:
3237:
3166:
3145:
3084:
3044:
3023:
3012:
2968:
2925:
2895:
2859:
2824:
2817:
2769:
2698:
2667:
2660:
2579:
2506:
2435:
2363:
2315:
2257:
2234:
2211:
2140:
2082:
1890:
1849:
1844:Links to related articles
1709:Longwave and Longest Wave
1705:Langwelle und Längstwelle
1674:– via ndblist.info.
1285:– via Google books.
50:
35:
4294:
2134:Electromagnetic spectrum
871:Radio navigation signals
707:Experimental and amateur
5043:Absolute space and time
4694:Astronomical chronology
4059:Astronomical chronology
4032:Archaeology and geology
3739:Absolute space and time
3655:IERS Reference Meridian
3650:International Date Line
3561:International standards
3137:Shortwave relay station
3036:Audio signal processing
1082:non-directional beacons
912:Non-directional beacons
559:
5093:Time reversal symmetry
4397:Italian six-hour clock
3031:Audio data compression
2182:
1403:Recommendation 62-01 E
1035:
926:Decca Navigator System
857:Deutscher Wetterdienst
655:on these frequencies.
606:
531:transmitting antenna.
522:is vertical while the
496:Because of their long
493:
458:time signal broadcasts
4858:Time and fate deities
4803:The Unreality of Time
4742:A series and B series
4018:Weekday determination
3904:Sundial markup schema
3132:Multipath propagation
2955:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
2825:Frequency allocations
2700:Frequency allocations
2181:
1499:. 16 September 2016.
1436:. 22 September 2017.
1426:Regulatory Band Chart
1405:(Report). Mainz, DE:
1228:. ITU. Archived from
1020:
987:vertical polarization
640:Further information:
599:
590:Further information:
586:Standard time signals
578:is authorized in the
475:
5109:Chronological dating
5078:Theory of relativity
4422:Daylight saving time
4039:Chronological dating
3779:Theory of relativity
3640:Daylight saving time
3231:Time signal stations
3085:Technical (emission)
1603:. Federal Register.
1533:. 30 November 2001.
959:inductive near field
516:vertically polarized
4402:Thai six-hour clock
4249:Time value of money
4044:Geologic time scale
3899:History of sundials
3764:Cosmological decade
3716:Greenwich Mean Time
3547:Orders of magnitude
2267:Extreme ultraviolet
1753:. Potters Bar, UK:
1726:Marten, M. (2007).
1465:. The World of LF.
1370:. 2 December 2008.
1131:transmitter Orlunda
999:inverted L-antennas
681:Aguada, Puerto Rico
32:
4932:Rosy retrospection
4910:Mental chronometry
4734:Philosophy of time
4224:Mental chronometry
3852:Marine chronometer
3704:Obsolete standards
2272:Vacuum ultraviolet
2183:
1362:"The Human Button"
1235:on 31 October 2013
1063:electrically short
1036:
945:Other applications
890:. You can help by
827:. You can help by
607:
565:Radio broadcasting
494:
329:Other TV and radio
28:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5233:
5144:
5143:
5119:Circadian rhythms
4937:Tense–aspect–mood
4792:Temporal finitism
4669:
4668:
4645:Grandfather clock
4262:
4261:
4072:Nuclear timescale
3754:Continuous signal
3493:
3492:
3386:Radio Data System
3197:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3117:FM broadcast band
3024:Technical (audio)
2921:
2920:
2813:
2812:
2613:
2612:
2317:Visible (optical)
2100:
2099:
2077:
2076:
1764:978-1-905086-36-8
1741:978-3-88180-665-7
1529:. Newington, CT:
1495:(Press release).
971:radio engineering
924:In the past, the
908:
907:
845:
844:
754:1 Watt
698:In the U.S., the
685:Keflavik, Iceland
651:communicate with
528:monopole antennas
488:). Consequently,
415:radio frequencies
400:
399:
153:
152:
65:
64:
5260:
5224:
5223:
5214:
5213:
5131:Glottochronology
4971:
4970:
4887:Human experience
4747:B-theory of time
4345:
4344:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4266:
4265:
3963:Dominical letter
3894:Equation of time
3857:Marine sandglass
3698:
3692:
3670:Terrestrial Time
3527:Time measurement
3520:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3179:Radio portal
3177:
3176:
3175:
3153:History of radio
3097:AM expanded band
3014:
3013:
2897:Commercial radio
2822:
2821:
2665:
2664:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2093:Radio portal
2091:
2090:
2089:
1893:
1892:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1745:
1722:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1629:. Archived from
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1255:Seybold, John S.
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1158:
1157:
1152:DSP software. —
1147:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1071:umbrella antenna
1027:crystal receiver
937:The commercial "
932:Differential GPS
903:
900:
882:
875:
840:
837:
819:
812:
783:
781:
780:
725:
723:
722:
693:Sigonella, Italy
500:, low frequency
413:designation for
392:
385:
378:
85:
84:
67:
66:
61:
52:Wavelength range
46:
33:
31:
27:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5202:
5193:Time immemorial
5140:
5097:
5058:Coordinate time
5029:
4983:Geological time
4959:
4942:Time management
4905:Generation time
4889:
4881:
4826:
4808:
4728:
4687:
4665:
4553:
4471:
4388:
4381:
4337:
4329:
4298:
4293:
4263:
4258:
4195:
4086:
4053:
4027:
3908:
3808:
3759:Coordinate time
3731:Time in physics
3725:
3699:
3693:
3684:
3556:
3533:
3524:
3494:
3489:
3438:
3390:
3364:
3301:
3287:TDF time signal
3233:
3228:
3198:
3189:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3141:
3122:FM broadcasting
3092:AM broadcasting
3080:
3040:
3019:
3008:
2964:
2917:
2891:
2860:Digital systems
2855:
2840:
2809:
2770:Digital systems
2765:
2694:
2656:
2644:
2614:
2609:
2575:
2502:
2477:
2463:
2431:
2359:
2311:
2253:
2230:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2136:
2131:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2069:300 MHz/1 m
2068:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2028:
2025:
2024:300 kHz/1 km
2023:
2013:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1983:
1980:
1979:300 Hz/1 Mm
1978:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1950:
1949:300 GHz/1 mm
1948:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1886:
1880:
1845:
1837:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1790:
1785:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1742:
1719:
1698:
1696:Further reading
1693:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1666:on 21 July 2011
1663:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1633:on 30 July 2012
1627:"DWD Sendeplan"
1625:
1624:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1527:The ARRL Letter
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1467:wireless.org.uk
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1411:ERC Rec 62-01 E
1410:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1271:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1172:2200-meter band
1167:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1126:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1059:
1057:Antenna heights
1047:active antennas
1015:
983:
947:
904:
898:
895:
888:needs expansion
873:
841:
835:
832:
825:needs expansion
810:
778:
776:
775:
720:
718:
717:
709:
644:
638:
605:
594:
588:
576:AM broadcasting
573:
567:
562:
470:
446:AM broadcasting
442:Northern Africa
396:
367:
324:
305:
292:
238:
56:
53:
41:
38:
37:Frequency range
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5266:
5256:
5255:
5253:Radio spectrum
5238:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5218:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5136:Time geography
5133:
5128:
5126:Clock reaction
5123:
5122:
5121:
5111:
5105:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4979:
4977:
4968:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4925:time signature
4922:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4799:
4797:Temporal parts
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4767:Eternal return
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:Chronocentrism
4749:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4539:
4537:Hindu Panchang
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4244:Time metrology
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4200:Related topics
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3889:Dialing scales
3886:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3721:Prime meridian
3718:
3713:
3711:Ephemeris time
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3680:180th meridian
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
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3440:
3439:
3437:
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3406:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3071:Kahn-Hazeltine
3068:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:Related topics
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2735:
2725:
2715:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
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2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2452:
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2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
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2419:
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2299:
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2255:
2254:
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2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2061:
2059:
2054:30 MHz/10 m
2046:
2044:
2031:
2029:
2016:
2014:
2009:30 kHz/10 km
2001:
1999:
1986:
1984:
1971:
1969:
1964:30 Hz/10 Mm
1956:
1954:
1941:
1939:
1934:30 GHz/10 mm
1926:
1924:
1911:
1909:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:Radio spectrum
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1835:
1823:
1791:
1789:
1788:External links
1786:
1784:
1783:
1763:
1746:
1740:
1723:
1717:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1644:
1618:
1592:
1586:Cited section
1548:
1514:
1484:
1454:
1416:
1409:(CEPT). 1997.
1393:
1353:
1323:
1288:
1269:
1246:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1125:
1122:
1058:
1055:
1030:using ferrite
1014:
1011:
991:Mast radiators
982:
979:
946:
943:
906:
905:
885:
883:
872:
869:
843:
842:
822:
820:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
760:Atlantic Ocean
711:The 2007
708:
705:
689:Awase, Okinawa
637:
634:
600:
587:
584:
569:Main article:
566:
563:
561:
558:
524:magnetic field
520:electric field
469:
466:
431:kilometre wave
427:kilometre band
398:
397:
395:
394:
387:
380:
372:
369:
368:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
331:
330:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
250:
247:
246:
240:
239:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
165:
162:
161:
155:
154:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
81:
80:
74:
73:
63:
62:
54:
51:
48:
47:
39:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5265:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5227:
5219:
5217:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5114:Chronobiology
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:Arrow of time
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5020:Geochronology
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4884:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4870:Wheel of time
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Periodization
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Digital clock
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Relative hour
4415:
4413:
4412:24-hour clock
4410:
4408:
4407:12-hour clock
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4093:units of time
4089:
4083:
4082:Sidereal time
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Galactic year
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4023:Weekday names
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:Tropical year
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Intercalation
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:(lunar Hijri)
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Time dilation
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:24-hour clock
3618:
3616:
3615:12-hour clock
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Time from NPL
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Digital radio
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:digital audio
2648:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2081:
2072:
2071:3 GHz/100 mm
2067:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2039:3 MHz/100 m
2037:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2011:300 kHz/1 km
2007:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1996:30 kHz/10 km
1994:3 kHz/100 km
1992:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1981:3 kHz/100 km
1977:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1951:3 THz/0.1 mm
1947:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1936:300 GHz/1 mm
1932:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:30 GHz/10 mm
1919:3 GHz/100 mm
1917:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1904:3 Hz/100 Mm
1902:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1718:3-89632-043-2
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1687:
1681:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1588:47 CFR 15.206
1574:47 CFR 15.206
1570:47 CFR 15.217
1567:
1563:
1558:47 CFR 15.217
1552:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1408:
1397:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:cite magazine
1306:. p. 32.
1305:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:loading coils
1064:
1054:
1052:
1051:pre-amplifier
1048:
1043:
1041:
1040:loop antennas
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
942:
940:
935:
933:
929:
927:
922:
920:
915:
913:
902:
893:
889:
886:This section
884:
881:
877:
876:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
839:
830:
826:
823:This section
821:
818:
814:
813:
805:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
786:
785:
773:
769:
763:
761:
757:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
729:amateur radio
726:
714:
704:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
676:take effect.
675:
674:sealed orders
671:
670:
665:
661:
658:In addition,
656:
654:
650:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
621:
616:
612:
604:
598:
593:
583:
581:
577:
572:
557:
555:
551:
547:
546:
541:
537:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
499:
491:
490:for reception
487:
484:
479:
474:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:Low frequency
393:
388:
386:
381:
379:
374:
373:
371:
370:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
333:
332:
328:
327:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
300:
298:
295:
293:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
249:
248:
245:
242:
241:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
164:
163:
160:
157:
156:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
68:
60:
55:
49:
45:
40:
34:
30:Low frequency
26:
22:
5188:Time capsule
5182:Tempus fugit
5180:
5102:Other fields
4801:
4782:Perdurantism
4704:Calendar era
4656:
4649:
4635:Cuckoo clock
4572:astronomical
4546:
4372:Unit of time
4303:Key concepts
4229:Decimal time
3958:Astronomical
3837:Complication
3832:Atomic clock
3170:
2711:
2654:broadcasting
2550:
2185:
2084:
2063:
2062:
2056:300 MHz/1 m
2048:
2047:
2041:30 MHz/10 m
2033:
2032:
2026:3 MHz/100 m
2018:
2017:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1988:
1987:
1973:
1972:
1966:300 Hz/1 Mm
1958:
1957:
1943:
1942:
1928:
1927:
1913:
1912:
1906:30 Hz/10 Mm
1898:
1897:
1833:(home page).
1830:
1804:
1798:
1750:
1731:
1727:
1708:
1704:
1668:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:the original
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1595:
1578:. Retrieved
1565:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1526:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1466:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1425:
1419:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1365:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1335:
1326:
1297:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1259:
1249:
1237:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1217:
1193:Passive RFID
1145:
1127:
1111:
1094:
1079:
1060:
1044:
1037:
1032:loop antenna
1026:
1021:Low cost LF
1003:
984:
975:transformers
966:
962:
948:
936:
930:
923:
916:
909:
896:
892:adding to it
887:
846:
833:
829:adding to it
824:
803:
764:
752:
733:
710:
697:
678:
668:
657:
645:
624:
611:radio clocks
608:
574:
543:
533:
509:
495:
489:
482:
476:Atmospheric
462:ground waves
435:
430:
426:
406:
402:
401:
110:
42:30–300
25:
5198:Time travel
5176:System time
5083:Time domain
5068:Proper time
4892:use of time
4863:Father Time
4843:Immortality
4833:Ages of Man
4762:Endurantism
4719:Regnal year
4699:Big History
4628:water-based
4527:Solar Hijri
4437:Hexadecimal
4387:Measurement
4349:Chronometry
4335:Measurement
4239:System time
4234:Metric time
3953:Solar Hijri
3879:Water clock
3862:Radio clock
3794:Time domain
3774:Proper time
3660:Leap second
3542:Chronometry
3102:Cable radio
3045:Technical (
2805:DVB-T2 Lite
2661:Terrestrial
2600:Medium wave
2277:Lyman-alpha
2259:Ultraviolet
2198:wavelengths
2191:frequencies
2155:Ultraviolet
1680:cite report
1447:26 November
1376:BBC Radio 4
1281:30 November
1239:20 February
1198:Time signal
1133:in Sweden.
1075:capacitance
1023:time signal
740:New Zealand
736:Vladivostok
664:BBC Radio 4
615:ground wave
603:radio clock
511:ground wave
502:radio waves
478:radio noise
468:Propagation
438:attenuation
71:Radio bands
4900:Chronemics
4875:Kalachakra
4787:Presentism
4772:Eternalism
4678:Chronology
4616:mechanical
4567:Main types
4485:Main types
4254:Timekeeper
4207:Chronology
4191:Millennium
4077:Precession
3983:Julian day
3804:T-symmetry
3665:Solar time
3635:Civil time
2984:DirectBand
2970:Subcarrier
2672:modulation
2581:Wavelength
2437:Microwaves
2249:Hard X-ray
2244:Soft X-ray
2213:Gamma rays
2145:Gamma rays
1670:14 January
1541:12 January
1270:0471743682
1210:References
1107:kilowatts.
1090:T-antennas
995:T-antennas
955:near-field
744:Morse code
724:meter band
660:Royal Navy
653:submarines
540:refraction
536:ionosphere
498:wavelength
57:10–1
21:Low (band)
5156:Leap year
5073:Spacetime
4947:Yesterday
4848:Dreamtime
4822:Mythology
4709:Deep time
4621:stopwatch
4596:hourglass
4577:astrarium
4507:Gregorian
4500:Lunisolar
4477:Calendars
4467:Time zone
4340:standards
4151:Fortnight
3998:Lunisolar
3988:Leap year
3922:Gregorian
3872:stopwatch
3847:Hourglass
3827:Astrarium
3744:Spacetime
3675:Time zone
3552:Metrology
3531:standards
3475:Radio VNG
3396:Satellite
3307:Shortwave
3047:AM stereo
2906:Sirius XM
2899:providers
2818:Satellite
2595:Shortwave
2590:Microwave
2170:Microwave
1773:cite book
1637:8 January
1346:9 January
1137:Footnotes
1118:T-aerials
899:June 2008
836:June 2008
409:) is the
5247:Category
5216:Category
4964:Time in
4955:Tomorrow
4817:Religion
4757:Duration
4724:Timeline
4658:Timeline
4457:Sidereal
4325:Eternity
4212:Duration
4186:Saeculum
4166:Olympiad
4008:Solstice
3937:Holocene
3914:Calendar
3814:Horology
3605:ISO 8601
3600:ISO 31-1
3340:ROA Time
3239:Longwave
3146:Cultural
3076:Magnavox
3049:formats)
2999:SCA/SCMO
2994:RDS/RBDS
2797:HD Radio
2787:DRM/DRM+
2782:DAB/DAB+
2605:Longwave
2365:Infrared
2165:Infrared
1827:"IK1QFK"
1813:cite web
1751:LF Today
1605:Archived
1580:17 March
1566:ecfr.gov
1535:Archived
1501:Archived
1471:Archived
1438:Archived
1386:6 August
1380:Archived
1340:Archived
1338:. 1998.
1275:Archived
1257:(2005).
1183:Longwave
1165:See also
1156:Nov 2001
981:Antennas
939:Datatrak
636:Military
630:timecode
580:longwave
571:Longwave
554:F layers
506:diffract
450:longwave
448:as the "
148:12 (THF)
143:11 (EHF)
138:10 (SHF)
5226:Commons
5149:Related
5063:Instant
5053:Chronon
5035:Physics
4975:Geology
4966:science
4838:Destiny
4683:History
4651:History
4606:sundial
4589:quantum
4532:Chinese
4522:Islamic
4432:Decimal
4427:Chinese
4389:systems
4315:Present
4181:Century
4171:Lustrum
4101:Instant
3973:Equinox
3942:Islamic
3884:Sundial
3749:Chronon
3443:Defunct
3419:Galileo
3414:GLONASS
2972:signals
2940:AMR-WB+
2792:FMeXtra
2196:longer
2189:higher
2160:Visible
1611:21 July
1336:fas.org
1097:LORAN-C
772:LowFERs
550:E layer
545:skywave
133:9 (UHF)
126:8 (VHF)
104:4 (VLF)
99:3 (ULF)
94:2 (SLF)
89:1 (ELF)
5166:Moment
5161:Memory
5013:period
4601:marine
4584:atomic
4559:Clocks
4517:Hebrew
4512:Julian
4447:Metric
4320:Future
4176:Decade
4131:Moment
4126:Minute
4121:Second
4091:Other
3948:Julian
3927:Hebrew
3573:offset
3404:BeiDou
3335:JN53DV
3325:HD2IOA
3066:Harris
3061:C-QUAM
2950:HE-AAC
2927:Codecs
2911:Canada
2877:DVB-SH
2851:S band
2846:L band
2832:C band
2756:L band
2647:Analog
2498:L band
2493:S band
2488:C band
2483:X band
2469:K band
2455:Q band
2450:V band
2445:W band
2350:Orange
2345:Yellow
2325:Violet
2236:X-rays
2150:X-rays
1831:vlf.it
1805:vlf.it
1761:
1738:
1715:
1507:5 June
1477:1 June
1299:Radcom
1267:
1203:WGU-20
1188:LowFER
1179:(GWEN)
967:called
768:LowFER
748:"QRSS"
691:, and
649:navies
601:An LF
121:7 (HF)
116:6 (MF)
111:5 (LF)
5171:Space
5003:epoch
4993:chron
4951:Today
4920:tempo
4915:Music
4777:Event
4611:watch
4495:Lunar
4490:Solar
4462:Solar
4452:Roman
4442:Hindu
4217:music
4156:Month
4116:Jiffy
4111:Shake
4106:Flick
4003:Solar
3993:Lunar
3968:Epact
3932:Hindu
3867:Watch
3822:Clock
3429:IRNSS
3409:DORIS
3267:DCF77
3056:Belar
2882:S-DMB
2872:DAB-S
2777:CAM-D
2690:COFDM
2669:Radio
2583:types
2508:Radio
2404:Bands
2377:Bands
2340:Green
2175:Radio
1885:(ITU)
1730:[
1707:[
1664:(PDF)
1657:(PDF)
1497:Ofcom
1441:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1367:Today
1233:(PDF)
1226:(PDF)
1086:DECCA
919:LORAN
853:SYNOP
782:meter
669:Today
518:(the
454:LORAN
244:IEEE
4890:and
4853:Kāla
4548:List
4542:Maya
4338:and
4310:Past
4296:Time
4161:Year
4146:Week
4136:Hour
3590:DUT1
3529:and
3480:WWVL
3465:OLB5
3360:YVTO
3355:WWVH
3297:WWVB
3262:Beta
3004:DARC
2979:AMSS
2960:DRA+
2841:band
2750:high
2649:and
2478:band
2464:band
2422:LWIR
2400:MWIR
2395:SWIR
2335:Cyan
2330:Blue
1819:link
1779:link
1759:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1686:link
1672:2008
1639:2008
1613:2014
1582:2024
1560:)".
1543:2014
1509:2006
1479:2006
1449:2020
1388:2011
1348:2008
1318:link
1283:2020
1265:ISBN
1241:2013
1154:ARRL
997:and
951:RFID
917:The
865:baud
849:RTTY
620:WWVB
560:Uses
504:can
78:ITU
5008:era
4998:eon
4988:age
4367:TAI
4357:UTC
4141:Day
3485:Y3S
3470:OMA
3460:NAA
3455:HBG
3450:BSF
3378:UHF
3370:VHF
3350:WWV
3345:RWM
3330:HLA
3320:CHU
3315:BPM
3282:RTZ
3277:RBU
3272:JJY
3257:BSF
3252:BPL
3247:BPC
2989:PAD
2945:HDC
2935:AAC
2887:SDR
2867:ADR
2801:CDR
2760:UHF
2746:mid
2742:low
2738:VHF
2571:ELF
2566:SLF
2561:ULF
2556:VLF
2536:VHF
2531:UHF
2526:SHF
2521:EHF
2516:THF
2427:FIR
2373:NIR
2355:Red
2307:UVA
2302:UVB
2297:UVC
2292:NUV
2287:MUV
2282:FUV
2065:UHF
2050:VHF
1990:VLF
1975:ULF
1960:SLF
1945:THF
1930:EHF
1915:SHF
1900:ELF
1801:.)"
1799:etc
1372:BBC
1112:LF
1104:000
963:not
894:.
861:DWD
859:or
831:.
779:750
756:ERP
738:to
721:200
626:JJY
552:or
486:SNR
483:see
433:s.
429:or
419:kHz
411:ITU
348:III
264:UHF
259:VHF
44:kHz
5249::
4953:–
4949:–
4362:UT
3585:ΔT
3580:UT
3374:FM
2748:/
2744:/
2732:HF
2728:SW
2722:MF
2718:MW
2712:LF
2708:LW
2685:FM
2680:AM
2551:LF
2546:MF
2541:HF
2414:,
2410:,
2406::
2387:,
2383:,
2379::
2035:HF
2020:MF
2005:LF
1829:.
1815:}}
1811:{{
1803:.
1775:}}
1771:{{
1757:.
1682:}}
1678:{{
1564:.
1525:.
1469:.
1378:.
1374:.
1364:.
1314:}}
1310:{{
1273:.
1053:.
1009:.
977:.
687:,
683:,
632:.
423:km
407:LF
363:VI
353:IV
343:II
320:mm
254:HF
59:km
4288:e
4281:t
4274:v
3519:e
3512:t
3505:v
3376:/
3372:/
3223:e
3216:t
3209:v
2839:u
2837:K
2762:)
2758:(
2752:)
2740:(
2734:)
2730:(
2724:)
2720:(
2714:)
2710:(
2639:e
2632:t
2625:v
2476:u
2474:K
2462:a
2460:K
2418:)
2416:N
2412:M
2408:L
2402:(
2391:)
2389:H
2385:K
2381:J
2375:(
2201:→
2187:←
2126:e
2119:t
2112:v
1875:e
1868:t
1861:v
1821:)
1807:.
1781:)
1767:.
1744:.
1721:.
1688:)
1641:.
1615:.
1584:.
1576:)
1572:(
1545:.
1511:.
1481:.
1451:.
1413:.
1390:.
1350:.
1320:)
1243:.
1102:1
1034:.
901:)
897:(
838:)
834:(
777:1
766:'
719:2
481:(
405:(
391:e
384:t
377:v
358:V
338:I
315:W
310:V
304:a
302:K
297:K
291:u
289:K
284:X
279:C
274:S
269:L
234:N
229:M
224:L
219:K
214:J
209:I
204:H
199:G
194:F
189:E
184:D
179:C
174:B
169:A
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.