Metre - Knowledge

1019:, determined through measurements along the meridian passing through Paris. Apart from the obvious consideration of safe access for French surveyors, the Paris meridian was also a sound choice for scientific reasons: a portion of the quadrant from Dunkirk to Barcelona (about 1000 km, or one-tenth of the total) could be surveyed with start- and end-points at sea level, and that portion was roughly in the middle of the quadrant, where the effects of the Earth's oblateness were expected not to have to be accounted for. Improvements in the measuring devices designed by Borda and used for this survey also raised hopes for a more accurate determination of the length of this meridian arc. 1322: 1444: 1892: 38: 2083: 1227: 1092: 9077: 638: 1726: 2226:'s work promoted the advent of American science at the forefront of global metrology. Alongside his intercomparisons of artifacts of the metre and contributions to gravimetry through improvement of reversible pendulum, Peirce was the first to tie experimentally the metre to the wave length of a spectral line. According to him the standard length might be compared with that of a wave of light identified by a line in the 393: 1965: 587: 532: 5137: 718: 1027:, were imprisoned several times during their surveys, and Méchain died in 1804 of yellow fever, which he contracted while trying to improve his original results in northern Spain. In the meantime, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences calculated a provisional value from older surveys of 443.44 lignes. This value was set by legislation on 7 April 1795. 1115:, Hassler had brought a standard metre made in Paris to the United States in 1805. He designed a baseline apparatus which instead of bringing different bars in actual contact during measurements, used only one bar calibrated on the metre and optical contact. Thus the metre became the unit of length for geodesy in the United States. 1598:). This territory was covered by a triangle network and included more than thirty observatories or stations whose position was determined astronomically. Bayer proposed to remeasure ten arcs of meridians and a larger number of arcs of parallels, to compare the curvature of the meridian arcs on the two slopes of the 4077:

in accordance with the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual. The Metric Conversion Act of 1975 gives the Secretary of Commerce of the US the responsibility of interpreting or modifying the SI for use in the US. The Secretary of Commerce delegated this authority to the Director of the

4029:

The spelling of English words is in accordance with the United States Government Printing Office Style Manual, which follows Webster's Third New International Dictionary rather than the Oxford Dictionary. Thus the spellings 'meter', 'liter', 'deka', and 'cesium' are used rather than 'metre', 'litre',

2566:

is the measured frequency of the source. Although conversion from wavelengths to metres introduces an additional error in the overall length due to measurement error in determining the refractive index and the frequency, the measurement of frequency is one of the most accurate measurements available.

2206:

In the present state of science the most universal standard of length which we could assume would be the wave length in vacuum of a particular kind of light, emitted by some widely diffused substance such as sodium, which has well-defined lines in its spectrum. Such a standard would be independent of

2188:

states, on the contrary, that the mass of a body has an effect on all other bodies while modifying the structure of space. A massive body induces a curvature of the space around it in which the path of light is inflected, as was demonstrated by the displacement of the position of a star observed near

1432:

The definition of the length of a metre in the 1790s was founded upon Arc measurements in France and Peru with a definition that it was to be 1/40 millionth of the circumference of the earth measured through the poles. Such were the inaccuracies of that period that within a matter of just a few years

1067:

was found for the Earth's flattening. However, French astronomers knew from earlier estimates of the Earth's flattening that different meridian arcs could have different lengths and that their curvature could be irregular. The distance from the North Pole to the Equator was then extrapolated from the

5337:

Clarke, Alexander Ross (1873), "XIII. Results of the comparisons of the standards of length of England, Austria, Spain, United States, Cape of Good Hope, and of a second Russian standard, made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. With a preface and notes on the Greek and Egyptian measures of

2008:

In the 1870s and in light of modern precision, a series of international conferences was held to devise new metric standards. When a conflict broke out regarding the presence of impurities in the metre-alloy of 1874, a member of the Preparatory Committee since 1870 and Spanish representative at the

5507:

Recueil d'observations géodésiques, astronomiques et physiques, exécutées par ordre du Bureau des longitudes de France en Espagne, en France, en Angleterre et en Écosse, pour déterminer la variation de la pesanteur et des degrés terrestres sur le prolongement du méridien de Paris... rédigé par MM.

1855:

until 1890. According to geodesists, these standards were secondary standards deduced from the Toise of Peru. In Europe, except Spain, surveyors continued to use measuring instruments calibrated on the Toise of Peru. Among these, the toise of Bessel and the apparatus of Borda were respectively the

1972:

In 1867 at the second General Conference of the International Association of Geodesy held in Berlin, the question of an international standard unit of length was discussed in order to combine the measurements made in different countries to determine the size and shape of the Earth. According to a

2477:

as the path length travelled by light in a given time, and practical laboratory length measurements in metres are determined by counting the number of wavelengths of laser light of one of the standard types that fit into the length, and converting the selected unit of wavelength to metres. Three

2363:

or ≈1.079 billion km/hour). An intended by-product of the 17th CGPM's definition was that it enabled scientists to compare lasers accurately using frequency, resulting in wavelengths with one-fifth the uncertainty involved in the direct comparison of wavelengths, because interferometer

1977:

the precedent year, the General Conference recommended the adoption of the metre in replacement of the toise of Bessel, the creation of an International Metre Commission, and the foundation of a World institute for the comparison of geodetic standards, the first step towards the creation of the

1573:

by means of gravimetric and leveling measurements, in order to deduce the exact knowledge of the terrestrial spheroid while taking into account local variations. To resolve this problem, it was necessary to carefully study considerable areas of land in all directions. Baeyer developed a plan to

7245:"XIII. Results of the comparisons of the standards of length of England, Austria, Spain, United States, Cape of Good Hope, and of a second Russian standard, made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. With a preface and notes on the Greek and Egyptian measures of length by Sir Henry James" 2448:(NIST) has set up an online calculator to convert wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air. As described by NIST, in air, the uncertainties in characterising the medium are dominated by errors in measuring temperature and pressure. Errors in the theoretical formulas used are secondary. 1433:

more reliable measurements would have given a different value for the definition of this international standard. That does not invalidate the metre in any way but highlights the fact that continuing improvements in instrumentation made better measurements of the earth’s size possible.

1944:

standard had partially been destroyed in 1834, a new standard of reference was constructed using copies of the "Standard Yard, 1760", instead of the pendulum's length as provided for in the Weights and Measures Act of 1824, because the pendulum method proved unreliable. Nevertheless

6811:"Bericht der schweizerischen Delegierten an der internationalen Meterkonferenz an den Bundespräsidenten und Vorsteher des Politischen Departements, J. J. Scherer in Erwin Bucher, Peter Stalder (ed.), Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland, vol. 3, doc. 66, dodis.ch/42045, Bern 1986" 1864:. These measuring devices consisted of bimetallic rulers in platinum and brass or iron and zinc fixed together at one extremity to assess the variations in length produced by any change in temperature. The combination of two bars made of two different metals allowed to take 5242:"Appareil construit pour les opérations au moyen desquelles on prolongera dans toute l'étendue de l'Espagne le réseau trigonométrique qui couvre la France in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels" 2574:

Its definition, therefore, applies only within a spatial extent sufficiently small that the effects of the non-uniformity of the gravitational field can be ignored (note that, at the surface of the Earth, this effect in the vertical direction is about 1 part in

1416:'s model. However, the following year, resuming his calculation on the basis of all the data available at the time, Ritter came to the conclusion that the problem was only resolved in an approximate manner, the data appearing too scant, and for some affected by 1022:

The task of surveying the Paris meridian arc took more than six years (1792–1798). The technical difficulties were not the only problems the surveyors had to face in the convulsed period of the aftermath of the French Revolution: Méchain and Delambre, and later

2048:, France. This new organisation was to construct and preserve a prototype metre bar, distribute national metric prototypes, and maintain comparisons between them and non-metric measurement standards. The organisation distributed such bars in 1889 at the first 1455:, Méchain had found that the difference between these latitudes was greater than predicted by direct measurement of distance by triangulation and that he did not dare to admit this inaccuracy. This was later explained by clearance in the central axis of the 1921:. If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, the latter could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology. It was then necessary to define a single unit to express all the measurements of terrestrial arcs and all determinations of the 1083:. When the final result was known, a bar whose length was closest to the meridional definition of the metre was selected and placed in the National Archives on 22 June 1799 (4 messidor An VII in the Republican calendar) as a permanent record of the result. 1281:

in Paris. Ismail Mustafa had the task to carry out the experiments necessary for determining the expansion coefficients of the two platinum and brass bars, and to compare the Egyptian standard with a known standard. The Spanish standard designed by

2443:

Practical realisation of the metre is subject to uncertainties in characterising the medium, to various uncertainties of interferometry, and to uncertainties in measuring the frequency of the source. A commonly used medium is air, and the

1169:

and gravity in different points of the globe stimulated the creation of the first international scientific associations. The foundation of the Magnetischer Verein would be followed by that of the Central European Arc Measurement (German:

1843:, was the French primary standard of the toise, and the metre was officially defined by an artifact made of platinum kept in the National Archives. Besides the latter, another platinum and twelve iron standards of the metre were made by 6080:

Nouvelle détermination de la distance méridienne de Montjouy à Formentera, dévoilant l'inexactitude de celle dont il est fait mention dans la base du système métrique décimal, par M. Puissant,... lu à l'Académie des sciences, le 2 mai

981: 1805:

and director of the German Weights and Measures Service boycotted the Permanent Committee of the International Metre Commission, along with the Russian and Austrian representatives, in order to promote the foundation of a permanent

1294:'s double-toise N° 1, which served as a comparison module for the measurement of all geodesic bases in France, and was also to be compared to the Ibáñez apparatus. In 1954, the connection of the southerly extension of the 1392:. This did not pave the way to a new definition of the metre because it was known that the theoretical definition of the metre had been inaccessible and misleading at the time of Delambre and Mechain arc measurement, as the 2201:

suggested that light emitted by an element be used as the standard both for the unit of length and for the second. These two quantities could then be used to define the unit of mass. About the unit of length he wrote:

1904:

would mark the adoption of new scientific methods. It then became possible to accurately measure parallel arcs, since the difference in longitude between their ends could be determined thanks to the invention of the

1332:, through Great Britain, France and Spain to El Aghuat in Algeria, whose parameters were calculated from surveys carried out in the mid to late 19th century. It yielded a value for the equatorial radius of the earth 1078:

toises. As the metre had to be equal to one ten-millionth of this distance, it was defined as 0.513074 toise or 3 feet and 11.296 lines of the Toise of Peru, which had been constructed in 1735 for the

1046:

between these two towns and determined the portion of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator it represented. Pierre Méchain's and Jean-Baptiste Delambre's measurements were combined with the results of the

1260:

an Observatory which he was keen to keep in harmony with the progress of this science still in progress. In 1858, a Technical Commission was set up to continue, by adopting the procedures instituted in Europe, the

2001:, whose theorem has long supported the assumption of an ellipsoid with three unequal axes for the figure of the Earth, inviting his French counterpart to undertake joint action to ensure the universal use of the 1895:

Historic Dutch replicas of metric standards in the collection of Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam: iron metre with case constructed by Étienne Lenoir in 1799, copper grave kilogram with case (1798), copper volume measures

313:

In 1799, the metre was redefined in terms of a prototype metre bar, the bar used was changed in 1889, and in 1960 the metre was redefined in terms of a certain number of wavelengths of a certain emission line of

5761:

Base du système métrique décimal, ou Mesure de l'arc du méridien compris entre les parallèles de Dunkerque et Barcelone. T. 1 /, exécutée en 1792 et années suivantes, par MM. Méchain et Delambre, rédigée par M.

460:) (a measure), which were used for physical measurement, for poetic metre and by extension for moderation or avoiding extremism (as in "be measured in your response"). This range of uses is also found in Latin ( 6460:

Dictionnaire des inventions et découvertes anciennes et modernes, dans les sciences, les arts et l'industrie.... 2. H–Z / recueillis et mis en ordre par M. le marquis de Jouffroy; publié par l'abbé Migne,...

8332: 1336:= 6 377 935 metres, the ellipticity being assumed as 1/299.15. The radius of curvature of this arc is not uniform, being, in the mean, about 600 metres greater in the northern than in the southern part. 5171: 1814:

conformed to the opinion of Italy and Spain to create, in spite of French reluctance, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France as a permanent institution at the disadventage of the

3812:

Within this table, "inch" and "yard" mean "international inch" and "international yard" respectively, though approximate conversions in the left column hold for both international and survey units.

2403:

This uncertainty is currently one limiting factor in laboratory realisations of the metre, and it is several orders of magnitude poorer than that of the second, based upon the caesium fountain

2466:

wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in vacuum, and converting the wavelengths in vacuum to wavelengths in air. Air is only one possible medium to use in a realisation of the metre, and any

2090:

The comparison of the new prototypes of the metre with each other involved the development of special measuring equipment and the definition of a reproducible temperature scale. The BIPM's

2746:

and supported on two cylinders of at least 10 mm (1 cm) diameter, symmetrically placed in the same horizontal plane at a distance of 571 mm (57.1 cm) from each other.

7653: 5636:"X. Abstract of the results of the comparisons of the standards of length of England, France, Belgium, Prussia, Russia, India, Australia, made at the ordnance Survey Office, Southampton" 2436:

wavelengths of helium–neon laser light in vacuum, the error stated being only that of frequency determination. This bracket notation expressing the error is explained in the article on

2541: 5367: 4003: 2451:

By implementing a refractive index correction such as this, an approximate realisation of the metre can be implemented in air, for example, using the formulation of the metre as

5167:"Rapport de M. Faye sur un Mémoire de M. Peirce concernant la constance de la pesanteur à Paris et les corrections exigées par les anciennes déterminations de Borda et de Biot" 3272:(31 Pm), rather than in Mm or larger multiples; "30 cm", "30 m", and "300 m" are more common than "3 dm", "3 dam", and "3 hm", respectively. 2678: 1352:, some of the meridian arcs the German astronomer had used for his calculation had been enlarged. This was a very important circumstance because the influence of errors due to 4198:

as an official language and this largely follows American English since the country became a colony of the United States. While the law that converted the country to use the

8504:

The metric system of weights and measures; its establishment and gradual propagation, with the history of the operations which served to determine the meter and the kilogram

6160:

Recherche des coefficients de dilatation et étalonnage de l'appareil à mesurer les bases géodésiques appartenant au gouvernement égyptien / par Ismaïl-Effendi-Moustapha, ...

1569:

Baeyer's goal was a new determination of anomalies in the shape of the Earth using precise triangulations, combined with gravity measurements. This involved determining the

8499:

Le système métrique des poids et mesures; son établissement et sa propagation graduelle, avec l'histoire des opérations qui ont servi à déterminer le mètre et le kilogramme

2305:

To further reduce uncertainty, the 17th CGPM in 1983 replaced the definition of the metre with its current definition, thus fixing the length of the metre in terms of the

4921:

Jean-Jacques Levallois, La méridienne de Dunkerque à Barcelone et la détermination du mètre (1792 – 1799), Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik, 89 (1991), 375-380.

2098:, whose practically negligible coefficient of expansion made it possible to develop simpler baseline measurement methods, and for which its director, the Swiss physicist 6884: 4095:(BIPM, 2006). In the NIST publication, the spellings "meter", "liter" and "deka" are used rather than "metre", "litre" and "deca" as in the original BIPM English text ( 7336:

Dodis, Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz | Documents diplomatiques suisses | Documenti diplomatici svizzeri | Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland | (30 March 1875),

5293:

Le général Ibáñez notice nécrologique lue au comité international des poids et mesures, le 12 septembre et dans la conférence géodésique de Florence, le 8 octobre 1891

8643: 1118:

In 1830, Hassler became head of the Office of Weights and Measures, which became a part of the Survey of the Coast. He compared various units of length used in the

409:

is the standard spelling of the metric unit for length in nearly all English-speaking nations, the exceptions being the United States and the Philippines which use

5091:"Über einen Fehler in der Berechnung der französischen Gradmessung und seineh Einfluß auf die Bestimmung der Figur der Erde. Von Herrn Geh. Rath und Ritter Bessel" 2021:

to rally France to the project to create an International Bureau of Weights and Measures equipped with the scientific means necessary to redefine the units of the

8336: 944:

of 1875, when the metre was adopted as an international scientific unit of length for the convenience of continental European geodesists following the example of

7342:(in French), Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz | Documents diplomatiques suisses | Documenti diplomatici svizzeri | Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland | Dodis 2253:

was in regular use at the BIPM. However, the International Prototype Metre remained the standard until 1960, when the eleventh CGPM defined the metre in the new

1290:

was chosen for this purpose, as it had served as a model for the construction of the Egyptian standard. In addition, the Spanish standard had been compared with

7339:

Bericht der schweizerischen Delegierten an der internationalen Meterkonferenz an den Bundespräsidenten und Vorsteher des Politischen Departements, J. J. Scherer

1949:'s use of the metre and the creation of the Office of Standard Weights and Measures as an office within the Coast Survey contributed to the introduction of the 1644:

hesitated for a long time before giving in to the demands of the Association, which asked the French geodesists to take part in its work. It was only after the

5703:"Les origines du système métrique en France et la Convention du mètre de 1875, qui a ouvert la voie au Système international d'unités et à sa révision de 2018" 5462:

Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle : français, historique, géographique, mythologique, bibliographique.... T. 11 MEMO-O / par M. Pierre Larousse

5307:"Histoire de l'appareil Ibañez-Brunner in Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels" 228: 8459:, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59–5442, Filed, 30 June 1959) 6419:

Martina Schiavon. La geodesia y la investigación científica en la Francia del siglo XIX : la medida del arco de meridiano franco-argelino (1870–1895).

1953:

allowing the use of the metre in the United States, and preceded the choice of the metre as international scientific unit of length and the proposal by the

4434: 1400:, but which in detail differs from it so as to prohibit any generalization and any extrapolation from the measurement of a single meridian arc. In 1859, 2499:

Of these, the last is peculiar to the interferometer itself. The conversion of a length in wavelengths to a length in metres is based upon the relation

1932:, might be so much damaged that comparison with it would be worthless, while Bessel had questioned the accuracy of copies of this standard belonging to 1733:

and given to the United States, which served as the standard for American cartography from 1890 replacing the Committee Meter, an authentic copy of the

7360: 8690: 2368:"a recommended radiation" for realising the metre. For the purpose of delineating the metre, the BIPM currently considers the HeNe laser wavelength, 738:

which explained variations of gravitational acceleration depending on latitude. He also mathematically formulated the link between the length of the

5063:

Struve Geodetic Arc, 2006 International Conference, The Struve Arc and Extensions in Space and Time, Haparanda and Pajala, Sweden, 13–15 August 2006

9113: 2830: 1193: 8682: 5369:

Bericht über die Verhandlungen der vom 30. September bis 7. October 1867 zu BERLIN abgehaltenen allgemeinen Conferenz der Europäischen Gradmessung

1968:

Creating the metre-alloy in 1874 at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. Present Henri Tresca, George Matthey, Saint-Claire Deville, and Debray.

8011: 6474: 6173: 6143: 6095: 6063: 5776: 5588: 5522: 4575: 7997:

Recherches historiques sur les étalons de poids et mesures de l'Observatoire et les appareils qui ont servi à les construire / par M. C. Wolf...

4126: 3260:

can be used to denote decimal multiples and submultiples of the metre, as shown in the table below. Long distances are usually expressed in km,

714:

meaning universal measure for this unit of length, but then it was discovered that the length of a seconds pendulum varies from place to place.

6012: 4070: 4024: 3959: 2445: 1778: 1146: 1729:

Closeup of National Prototype Metre Bar No. 27, made in 1889 by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in collaboration with

1626:

could open the field to scientific research of the highest interest, research that each State, taken in isolation, was not able to undertake.

1498:

with the aim of determining the shape and dimensions of the Earth. At the time of its creation, the association had sixteen member countries:

5853: 1815: 6290:

Comptes-rendus des séances de la Commission permanente de l'Association géodésique internationale réunie à Florence du 8 au 17 octobre 1891

5901: 4050: 3980: 1979: 1940:

Observatories, which he had compared to each other about 1840. This assertion was particularly worrying, because when the primary Imperial

1807: 493: 6561:"From a Regional Project to an International Organization: The "Baeyer-Helmert-Era" of the International Association of Geodesy 1862–1916" 1277:

the study, in Europe, of the precision apparatus calibrated against the metre intended to measure the geodesic bases and already built by

9052: 8695:. United States version of the English text of the eighth edition (2006) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures publication 2207:

any changes in the dimensions of the earth, and should be adopted by those who expect their writings to be more permanent than that body.

8651: 8530: 6953:

Discursos leidos ante la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales en la recepcion pública de Don Joaquin Barraquer y Rovira

6700:"Wilhelm Foerster's Role in the Metre Convention of 1875 and in the Early Years of the International Committee for Weights and Measures" 6359:"Figure de la Terre, in Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres" 5149:

Discursos leidos ante la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales en la recepcion pública de Don Joaquin Barraquer y Rovira

4615: 2709: 2049: 1373: 5272:"Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero (14 avril 1825 – 29 janvier 1891), par Albert Pérard (inauguration d'un monument élevé à sa mémoire)" 2742:), between the axes of the two central lines marked on the prototype bar of platinum–iridium, this bar being subject to one standard 2014: 1365: 1283: 1181: 5574:

Grandeur et figure de la terre / J.-B.-J. Delambre; ouvrage augmenté de notes, de cartes et publié par les soins de G. Bigourdan,...

4728: 671: 7478: 2470:

can be used, or some inert atmosphere like helium gas, provided the appropriate corrections for refractive index are implemented.

4296: 2214: 1852: 1774: 1108: 1356:

was minimized in proportion to the length of the meridian arcs: the longer the meridian arcs, the more precise the image of the

1211:

declared to the French Academy of Sciences in 1836 that Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre and Pierre Méchain had made errors in the

8665:

Batas Pambansa Blg. 8: An Act Defining the Metric System and its Units, Providing for its Implementation and for Other Purposes

2142: 1929: 1080: 1048: 787: 283: 8712: 1157:, second). In 1836, he founded the Magnetischer Verein, the first international scientific association, in collaboration with 247:(SI). Since 2019, the metre has been defined as the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 8570: 8444: 8319: 7902: 7612: 7515: 6892: 6584: 6298: 5988: 5213: 4880: 4808: 3997: 2605: 2364:

errors were eliminated. To further facilitate reproducibility from lab to lab, the 17th CGPM also made the iodine-stabilised

1566:

created a Central Office, located at the Prussian Geodetic Institute, whose management was entrusted to Johann Jacob Baeyer.

1475:

also had an impact on accuracy of latitudes' determinations. Among all these sources of error, it was mainly an unfavourable

6834:

Recherches historiques sur les étalons de poids et mesures de l'observatoire et les appareils qui ont servi a les construire

6317: 5962:

in COMlTÉ INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES. PROCÈS-VERBAUX DES SÉANCES. DEUXIÈME SÉRIE. TOME II. SESSION DE 1903. pp. 5–7.

1691:

in 1898. The convention of the International Geodetic Association expired at the end of 1916. It was not renewed due to the

9106: 5420: 2666: 1954: 1901: 1794: 1637: 1563: 1369: 1172: 667: 368:. This series of amendments did not alter the size of the metre significantly – today Earth's polar circumference measures 7190: 2840:

and thus recommends this definition be restricted to "lengths ℓ which are sufficiently short for the effects predicted by

1844: 3163: 1424:

in the French meridian arc which determination had also been affected in a lesser proportion by systematic errors of the

802: 660:

to explain the fall of bodies at the surface of the Earth. He also observed the regularity of the period of swing of the

4347: 4313: 424:) are spelled "-meter" in all variants of English. The suffix "-meter" has the same Greek origin as the unit of length. 8768: 8553: 7863: 6400:

Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève.; Genève, Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de (1861).

6383:

Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève.; Genève, Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de (1859).

2185: 1873: 791: 8708:(Special Publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 August 2008. 8699:(Special Publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 18 August 2008. 1928:

In 1866, the most important concern was that the Toise of Peru, the standard of the toise constructed in 1735 for the

8739: 8615: 7278:"Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels" 7161: 6129:

Notes biographiques de S. E. Mahmoud Pacha el Falaki (l'astronome), par Ismail-Bey Moustapha et le colonel Moktar-Bey

5412: 5031:"Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences / publiés... par MM. les secrétaires perpétuels" 4469: 619: 318:. The current definition was adopted in 1983 and modified slightly in 2002 to clarify that the metre is a measure of 8958: 8673: 3890:(2 cubits) were 941 mm (0.941 m) and 1143 mm (1.143 m) respectively. The ancient Parisian 2184:, infinite and without boundaries and bodies gravitated around each other without changing the structure of space. 7041: 1412:, using Schubert's data computed that the Earth ellipsoid could rather be a spheroid of revolution accordingly to 1215:, which had been used to determine the length of the metre. Errors in the method of calculating the length of the 991:

Instead of the seconds pendulum method, the commission of the French Academy of Sciences – whose members included

9099: 6358: 6211:"A profile of General Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero: first president of the International Geodetic Association" 4897: 4651: 2130: 1555: 601: 4438: 1483:

and a metre "too short" compared to a more general definition taken from the average of a large number of arcs.

9062: 5673: 2505: 1696: 53: 8713:"Interpretation of the International System of Units (the Metric System of Measurement) for the United States" 5758:

Delambre, Jean-Baptiste (1749–1822) Auteur du texte; Méchain, Pierre (1744–1804) Auteur du texte (1806–1810).

2935: 822: 8777: 4155: 4017: 2906: 2254: 2062: 1877: 810: 244: 7368: 9130: 8472: 4384: 3252: 1706: 1270: 2099: 7325:

National Institute of Standards and Technology 2003; Historical context of the SI: Unit of length (meter)

6968: 5166: 4330: 4057:; an English translation, included to make the SI standard more widely accessible also uses the spelling 4041:

The most recent official brochure about the International System of Units (SI), written in French by the

2693: 1986: 725: 8727: 8634: 7909:

The error can be reduced tenfold if the chamber is filled with an atmosphere of helium rather than air.

5479: 2981:

Platinum–iridium bar at melting point of ice, atmospheric pressure, supported by two rollers (7th CGPM)

2437: 2036:) of 1875 mandated the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM: 1664:

was appointed member of the Permanent Commission which was presided by Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero.

358:, this definition was rephrased to include the definition of a second in terms of the caesium frequency 7850: 4359: 4325: 4254: 3144: 2634: 2018: 1922: 1405: 1337: 806: 657: 7740: 3984: 1649: 8468: 7218: 5504:

Biot, Jean-Baptiste (1774–1862) Auteur du texte; Arago, François (1786-1853) Auteur du texte (1821).

4703: 4371: 2776: 2662: 1946: 1738: 1134: 1104: 1043: 945: 775: 683: 675: 8520: 8117: 6235: 5071: 4609: 2637:

that the new definition for the metre be equal to one ten-millionth of the length of a great circle

2579:

per metre). In this case, the effects to be taken into account are those of special relativity only.

1797:

but its overwhelming influence was mitigated by that of neutral states. While the German astronomer

1408:. He also proposed an ellipsoid with three unequal axes. In 1860, Elie Ritter, a mathematician from 892:. He also devised a new instrument for measuring gravitational acceleration which was first used in 9016: 8711:

Turner, J. (deputy director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology). (16 May 2008).

8515: 8435:

The Measure of All Things : The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World

6339:, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (1. ed.), München/Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, p. 231 3886:

was about 0.5 m (surviving rods are 523–529 mm). Scottish and English definitions of the

2283: 2238: 1274: 1273:

was in charge, in Egypt, of the direction of the work of the general map, the viceroy entrusted to

1165:. The coordination of the observation of geophysical phenomena such as the Earth's magnetic field, 1042:

and Jean-Baptiste Delambre calculated the distance from Dunkirk to Barcelona using the data of the

961: 917: 299: 7631: 6433: 6330: 9091: 9057: 8375: 4248: 2421:). Consequently, a realisation of the metre is usually delineated (not defined) today in labs as 2091: 1990: 1937: 1798: 1287: 782:

was the unit to which all celestial distances were to be referred. Indeed, Earth proved to be an

771: 557: 355: 8607: 8454: 6399: 6382: 5909: 5635: 5271: 4980: 1985:

Hassler's metrological and geodetic work also had a favourable response in Russia. In 1869, the

678:. They both also used a determination of the size of the Earth, then considered as a sphere, by 596:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

9528: 8761: 6995:"Über das preufs. Längenmaaß und die zu seiner Verbreitung durch Copien ergriffenen Maaßregeln" 6230: 5066: 3123:

published the first official Swiss map, for which the metre was adopted as the unit of length.

3120: 2223: 2103: 1786: 1401: 1158: 1035: 901: 20: 8358: 8227: 7890: 7505: 6868: 6288: 4678: 1839:

were the legal basis of units of length. A wrought iron ruler, the Toise of Peru, also called

1086: 322:. From 1983 until 2019, the metre was formally defined as the length of the path travelled by 8655: 8511: 2365: 1881: 1535: 1413: 1291: 1249: 1039: 1011:– decided that the new measure should be equal to one ten-millionth of the distance from the 996: 992: 8030: 7710: 3894:(fathom) was slightly shorter than 2 m and was standardised at exactly 2 m in the 2645:

through Paris, that is the distance from the equator to the north pole along that quadrant.

957: 472:), English and other languages. The Greek word is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root 7402: 7115: 7073: 7006: 6768: 6711: 6613: 6222: 5823: 5714: 5147: 5102: 4944:

Vermessung, Photogrammetrie, Kulturtechnik: VPK = Mensuration, Photogrammétrie, Génie Rural

4637: 2902: 2743: 2642: 2319:

The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of

1906: 1828: 1641: 1579: 1511: 1204: 1162: 1130: 1031: 1008: 1000: 703: 553: 547: 521: 497: 8602:

Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures: Their SI Equivalences and Origins

8562:

Encydopaedia of scientific units, weights, and measures: their SI equivalences and origins

5854:"A Tale About the First Weights and Measures Intercomparison in the United States in 1832" 4409: 1068:

measurement of the Paris meridian arc between Dunkirk and Barcelona and was determined as

8: 9042: 7828: 7745:

The NIST Reference on constants, units, and uncertainties: Fundamental physical constants

7548: 7544: 6560: 5980:

From artefacts to atoms : the BIPM and the search for ultimate measurement standards

5790:

American Philosophical Society.; Society, American Philosophical; Poupard, James (1825).

5542: 5386: 5375:(in German). Berlin: Central-Bureau der Europäischen Gradmessung. 1868. pp. 123–134. 3916:

was 10.688 km, but was changed to 10 km when Sweden converted to metric units.

3094: 2995: 2198: 2134: 1869: 1824: 1770: 1645: 1603: 1487: 1476: 1472: 1417: 1404:

demonstrated that several meridians had not the same length, confirming an hypothesis of

1361: 1353: 1295: 1177: 909: 837:. When the length of the metre was defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the 747: 8260: 7406: 7119: 7077: 7061: 7010: 6994: 6772: 6715: 6617: 6226: 5827: 5718: 5106: 5090: 956:

In 1790, one year before it was ultimately decided that the metre would be based on the

8600: 8560: 8077: 8056: 8005: 7585: 7463: 7428: 7139: 6792: 6737: 6637: 6468: 6256: 6167: 6137: 6089: 6057: 6006: 5878: 5770: 5740: 5655: 5582: 5516: 5008: 4779: 4569: 4195: 3111:. Meanwhile, the metre was adopted by the Republic of Geneva. After the joining of the 2841: 2181: 2173: 2161: 1950: 1933: 1885: 1802: 1782: 1714: 1710: 1527: 1519: 1515: 1438:

Nomination of the STRUVE GEODETIC ARC for inscription on the WORLD HERITAGE LIST, p. 40

1245: 731: 500:

and may be translated as "Use measure!", thus calls for both measurement and moderation

147: 6187: 6110: 6027: 4833: 4300: 1868:

into account without measuring the temperature. A French scientific instrument maker,

1667:

The International Geodetic Association gained global importance with the accession of

396:

Seal of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) – Use measure (Greek:

9080: 8966: 8754: 8735: 8664: 8611: 8566: 8484: 8440: 8433: 8315: 8200: 8174: 7898: 7608: 7577: 7511: 7420: 7143: 7131: 7081: 7022: 6838: 6796: 6784: 6756: 6741: 6729: 6641: 6629: 6580: 6511: 6294: 6260: 6248: 5994: 5984: 5931: 5883: 5831: 5744: 5732: 5709:. The new International System of Units / Le nouveau Système international d’unités. 5659: 5219: 5209: 5118: 5012: 5000: 4876: 4851: 4814: 4804: 4771: 4475: 4465: 4149: 3993: 3936: 3913: 3862:

to assist with conversion is "three 3s": 1 metre is nearly equivalent to 3

3261: 2715:

Defines the metre as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of

1998: 1994: 1865: 1836: 1746: 1607: 1531: 1266: 1248:

has ancient roots which were revived in the 19th century by the modernist impetus of

1185: 1123: 735: 695: 642: 7895:

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics: electromagnetic radiation, Volume 29, Part 3

7795: 2910: 1024: 814: 698:

and proposed this unit of measurement to be called the astronomical radius (French:

19:

This article is about the unit of length. For other uses of "metre" or "meter", see

8476: 8239: 7826:

The formulas used in the calculator and the documentation behind them are found at

7459: 7432: 7410: 7256: 7123: 7014: 6927: 6776: 6719: 6668: 6621: 6572: 6501: 6240: 5873: 5865: 5722: 5647: 5343: 5110: 4992: 4951: 4841: 4281: 3895: 3138: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3090: 2615: 2559: 2029: 2010: 1766: 1762: 1539: 1456: 1425: 1329: 977: 941: 897: 865: 746:, the study of variations in gravitational acceleration was a way to determine the 691: 384:, which also includes improvements in the accuracy of measuring the circumference. 276: 7995: 7846: 6529: 6490:"History of the International Polar Motion Service/International Latitude Service" 6458: 6188:"Nomination of the STRUVE GEODETIC ARC for inscription on the WORLD HERITAGE LIST" 6158: 6078: 5603:"Comprendre – Histoire de l'observatoire de Paris - Pierre-François-André Méchain" 5505: 4940:"La méridienne de Dunkerque à Barcelone et la déterminiation du mètre (1972-1799)" 4631: 4559: 4532: 4099:). The Director of the NIST officially recognised this publication, together with 8833: 8497: 8309: 7842: 7803:

NIST length scale interferometer measurement assurance; NIST document NISTIR 4998

7738:

The term "relative standard uncertainty" is explained by NIST on their web site:

6916:"Exposé historique des travaux de la commission géodésique suisse de 1862 à 1892" 6657:"Exposé historique des travaux de la commission géodésique suisse de 1862 à 1892" 6401: 6384: 6332: 6127: 5791: 5759: 5572: 5460: 4870: 4335: 2898: 2692:

Specifies the platinum metre bar, presented on 22 June 1799 and deposited in the

2638: 2272: 2126: 1789:

in 1871. Meanwhile, most European countries had adopted the metre. In the 1870s,

1750: 1730: 1499: 1357: 1349: 1321: 1220: 1212: 937: 873: 755: 743: 632: 561: 541: 6047: 5602: 4464:. Dupont-Bloch, Nicolas. ( ed.). Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck. pp. 5–6. 2066:

as the distance between two lines on a standard bar composed of an alloy of 90%

474: 9523: 8986: 8918: 8624: 7921: 7277: 5727: 5702: 5306: 5241: 5030: 4846: 3955: 2654: 2479: 2467: 2310: 2250: 2234: 1891: 1811: 1758: 1688: 1623: 1547: 1495: 1468: 1341: 1235: 1216: 1208: 1189: 913: 687: 646: 143: 37: 6780: 6506: 6489: 4818: 4496: 4169: 2082: 1443: 908:

mathematician soon independently discovered a mathematical formula to correct

9517: 9122: 9047: 8971: 8908: 8898: 8525: 7581: 7424: 7309:

The creation of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and its work

7135: 7085: 7026: 7018: 6788: 6733: 6633: 6515: 6252: 5998: 5835: 5789: 5736: 5141: 5122: 5114: 5004: 4855: 4775: 4479: 4355: 4321: 4199: 3931: 3757: 3223: 3217: 2837: 2279: 2154: 2022: 2002: 1790: 1754: 1684: 1119: 1096: 1004: 869: 817:, lasting from 1792 to 1798, which measured the distance between a belfry in 319: 210: 8703: 8534:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 801–813. 8243: 6842: 5223: 3979: 2779:

corresponding to the transition between the 2p and 5d quantum levels of the

2125:

In 1921, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to another Swiss scientist,

1661: 1226: 560:

to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by

8991: 8948: 8933: 8888: 8868: 8785: 8547:]. Translated by Goldhammer, Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8519: 7261: 7244: 6724: 6699: 6331:

Historische Commission bei der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften (1908),

5887: 5651: 5348: 4996: 4798: 4608: 3089:

In France, the metre was adopted as an exclusive measure in 1801 under the

2404: 2138: 1961:) to establish a "European international bureau for weights and measures". 1725: 1611: 1464: 1311: 1307: 1299: 1278: 1087:

Early adoption of the metre as a scientific unit of length: the forerunners

795: 779: 295: 236: 7507:

Measure of the Earth: The Enlightenment Expedition That Reshaped Our World

6244: 5978: 5424: 4939: 4729:"Gravity: Notes: Latitude Dependent Changes in Gravitational Acceleration" 2094:

work led to the discovery of special alloys of iron–nickel, in particular

1974: 1793:

played a pivotal role in the unification of the metric system through the

1265:

work inaugurated under Muhammad Ali. This Commission suggested to Viceroy

9498: 9156: 8863: 8818: 8376:"Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system" 6832: 6755:

Drewes, Hermann; Kuglitsch, Franz; Adám, József; Rózsa, Szabolcs (2016).

6576: 5869: 5858:

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

4955: 3863: 3283: 3239: 3116: 3084: 2670: 2492: 2146: 1692: 1559: 1543: 1523: 1239: 1200: 973: 893: 759: 679: 421: 171: 6931: 6849: 6672: 6210: 4783: 4759: 3928: – standard reference temperature for length measurements 1421: 1269:

the idea of buying geodetic devices which were ordered in France. While

1091: 834: 9488: 9478: 9468: 9389: 9299: 9264: 9245: 9206: 9186: 9176: 9166: 9140:

From smallest to largest (left to right). Commonly used units shown in

8680:

Supreme Court of the Philippines (Second Division). (20 January 2010).

8480: 8360:

The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

8161: 6625: 6423:, 2004, Estudios sociales de la ciencia y la tecnologia, 23, pp. 11–30. 4069:). However, in 2008 the U.S. English translation published by the U.S. 3713: 3677: 3479: 3413: 3389: 3376: 3365: 3265: 3010: 2768: 2287: 2268: 2242: 2115: 1914: 1619: 1381: 1230:

Ibáñez apparatus calibrated on the metric Spanish Standard and used at

1150: 1012: 965: 838: 751: 721: 637: 315: 291: 121: 7954:

The BIPM maintains a list of recommended radiations on their web site.

7632:"17th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1983), Resolution 1" 7589: 7565: 7127: 6915: 6656: 2241:, the inventor of the device and an advocate of using some particular 876:

a new value for the flattening of the Earth, which he determinated as

9448: 9438: 9428: 9418: 9399: 9379: 9334: 9226: 9216: 9196: 8928: 8843: 7415: 7390: 7305:

La Création du Bureau International des Poids et Mesures et son Œuvre

6601: 5155:. Madrid: Imprenta de la Viuda e Hijo de D.E. Aguado. pp. 70–78. 3804: 3779: 3457: 3435: 3400: 3352: 3341: 3257: 3205: 2107: 1910: 1680: 1615: 1452: 1166: 985: 830: 826: 487: 455: 443: 129: 8465:

Weights and Measures Standards of the United States, a brief history

7447: 7104:"Charles Sanders Peirce and the first absolute measurement standard" 7103: 6403:

Memoires de la Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève

6386:

Memoires de la Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève

5811: 5480:"L'histoire des unités | Réseau National de la Métrologie Française" 5417:

Measures for progress: a history of the National Bureau of Standards

4086:) of the English text of the eighth edition of the BIPM publication 2844:

to be negligible with respect to the uncertainties of realisation".

2696:, as the final standard. Legally equal to 443.296 lines on the 2045: 1451:

It was well known that by measuring the latitude of two stations in

9458: 8808: 8674:

Republic Act No. 7160: The Local Government Code of the Philippines

8654:. National Research Council Canada. 5 February 2010. Archived from 8228:"Notice sur la carte de la Suisse dressée par l'État Major Fédéral" 7829:"Engineering metrology toolbox: Refractive index of air calculator" 6108: 5172:

Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences

4214:

is used in government and everyday commerce, as evidenced by laws (

3859: 3181: 3175: 3098: 2716: 2611: 2227: 2106:

in 1920. Guillaume's Nobel Prize marked the end of an era in which

2067: 1633: 1591: 1480: 1397: 1385: 1262: 1142: 969: 968:

proposed that the metre be the length of the seconds pendulum at a

783: 739: 661: 108: 9121: 4435:"M13. From Kepler's Laws To Universal Gravitation – Basic Physics" 1606:. Baeyer also planned to determine the curvature of the seas, the 1574:

coordinate geodetic surveys in the space between the parallels of

674:

and to the determination of the distance from Earth to the Sun by

496:(BIPM), which was a saying of the Greek statesman and philosopher 8996: 8981: 8923: 8853: 8848: 8798: 8488: 7868:

Engineering metrology toolbox: Refractive index of air calculator

6955:, Madrid, Imprenta de la Viuda e Hijo de D.E. Aguado, 1881, p. 78 5983:. Oxford. pp. 20, 37–38, 91–92, 70–72, 114–117, 144–147, 8. 5188: 5140:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4103:, as the "legal interpretation" of the SI for the United States ( 3233: 3227: 3187: 3151: 2780: 2735: 2720: 2150: 2119: 2111: 2071: 1918: 1857: 1785:, Napoleonic Wars fostered German nationalism which later led to 1583: 1575: 1507: 1503: 1491: 1377: 1315: 1231: 1112: 1016: 842: 818: 767: 763: 653: 417: 287: 8632:

National Institute of Standards and Technology. (27 June 2011).

6293:(in French). De Gruyter, Incorporated. pp. 23–25, 100–109. 5796:. Vol. new ser.:v.2 (1825). Philadelphia pp. 234–278. 4875:(in French). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 46. 1622:

in the north. In his mind, the cooperation of all the States of

1602:, in order to determine the influence of this mountain range on 1364:

measurement, it was resolved in the 1860s, at the initiative of

972:

of 45°. This option, with one-third of this length defining the

904:, and Isaac-Charles Élisée Cellérier (8.01.1818 – 2.10.1889), a 9126: 9011: 8913: 8823: 8803: 8793: 7891:"Physical limits on accuracy and resolution: setting the scale" 7043:

The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

4680:

Centuries of Inventions: Encyclopedia and History of Inventions

4582: 3277: 3269: 3199: 3193: 3132: 3078: 2819: 2772: 2739: 2619: 2342: 2306: 2294: 1861: 1672: 1657: 1653: 1595: 1551: 1460: 1409: 1389: 1253: 1138: 905: 766:

grew in importance as a means of empirically demonstrating the

351: 272: 240: 68: 6530:"Polar motion | Earth's axis, wobble, precession | Britannica" 6457:

Jouffroy, Achille de (1785-1859) Auteur du texte (1852–1853).

4834:"Émilie Du Châtelet, un passeur scientifique au XVIIIe siècle" 1964: 1396:

is a ball, which on the whole can be assimilated to an oblate

633:

Universal measure: the metre linked to the figure of the Earth

600:

Please help by removing excessive detail that may be against

392: 9026: 9021: 9006: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8858: 8463:

Judson, Lewis V. (1 October 1976) . Barbrow, Louis E. (ed.).

6559:

Torge, Wolfgang (2016). Rizos, Chris; Willis, Pascal (eds.).

5208:. Encyclopedia Universalis. 1996. pp. 320, 370. Vol 10. 4348: 4314: 4111:

is referred to as the "international spelling"; the spelling

3925: 3909: 3883: 3211: 3169: 3157: 3107:, which remained in use in France up to 1840 in the reign of 2799: 2246: 2177: 2095: 1872:, had made three direct copies of the Toise of Peru, one for 1851:

in the United States and served as standard of length in the

1832: 1676: 1668: 1629: 1570: 1393: 1303: 1257: 664:

and that this period depended on the length of the pendulum.

481: 449: 437: 397: 323: 8491:. NBS Special Publication 447; NIST SP 447; 003-003-01654-3. 7654:"Mise en pratique for the definition of the meter in the SI" 6837:(in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. pp. 7–8, 20, 32. 6157:

texte, Ismāʿīl-Afandī Muṣṭafá (1825-1901) Auteur du (1864).

6126:

texte, Ismāʿīl-Afandī Muṣṭafá (1825–1901) Auteur du (1886).

5571:

Delambre, Jean-Baptiste (1749–1822) Auteur du texte (1912).

1900:

In the second half of the 19th century, the creation of the

1884:

also realized a copy of the Toise of Peru which was kept at

9001: 8943: 8938: 8746: 8467:. Derived from a prior work by Louis A. Fisher (1905). US: 7975: 6920:

Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel

6661:

Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel

6273:

J. M. López de Azcona, "Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, Carlos",

4030:'deca', and 'caesium' as in the original BIPM English text. 3879: inches. This gives an overestimate of 0.125 mm. 3655: 3625: 2960: 2784: 2610:

The length of the new metre to be equal to the length of a

2290: 2169: 2165: 1989:

sent to the French Academy of Sciences a report drafted by

1941: 1880:

in 1821 and a third for Friedrich Bessel in 1823. In 1831,

1599: 1587: 1154: 758:. In the 18th century, in addition of its significance for 180: 162: 6318:"El General Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, Marqués de Mulhacén" 4979:

Martin, Jean-Pierre; McConnell, Anita (20 December 2008).

4539:(in French). pp. 262, 285, 288–290, 269, 276–277, 283 2230:. Albert Michelson soon took up the idea and improved it. 2077: 845:, the flattening of the Earth ellipsoid was assumed to be 717: 8976: 8903: 8893: 7337: 7249:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

6810: 6389:. Vol. 15. Geneve: Georg pp. 441–444, 484–485. 6287:

commission, Internationale Erdmessung Permanente (1892).

5640:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

3887: 2798:

Defines the metre as the length of the path travelled by

2276: 1709:

and Raoul Gautier (1854–1931), respectively directors of

7741:"Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty" 6861: 6754: 6488:

Yokoyama, Koichi; Manabe, Seiji; Sakai, Satoshi (2000).

5200: 5198: 5145: 1184:

whose president, the Swiss meteorologist and physicist,

912:

of this device which had been noticed by Plantamour and

376:, a change of 0.022% from the original value of exactly 8382: 8143: 7243:

Ross, Clarke Alexander; James, Henry (1 January 1873).

6049:

Histoire abrégée de l'astronomie / par Ernest Lebon,...

5634:

Clarke, Alexander Ross; James, Henry (1 January 1867).

4385:"Museo Galileo - In depth - Gravitational acceleration" 2478:

major factors limit the accuracy attainable with laser

2233:

In 1893, the standard metre was first measured with an

1219:

were taken into account by Bessel when he proposed his

58: 8732:

The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook

8705:

Guide for the Use of the International System of Units

4619:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 801–813. 4374:, Clarendon Press 2nd ed. 1989, vol. IX p. 697 col. 3. 3295:(nm), respectively, but this practice is discouraged. 1463:

measurements contained significant systematic errors.

8402: 8057:"CGPM : Compte rendus de la 1ère réunion (1889)" 7705: 7703: 7701: 7566:"The Contributions of Charles S. Peirce to Metrology" 6873:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. p. 529. 5195: 2508: 1479:

that gave an inaccurate determination of Barcelona's

936:

for the flattening of the Earth when he proposed his

690:. In 1671, Jean Picard also measured the length of a 8078:"CGPM : Comptes rendus de le 7e réunion (1927)" 5757: 5413:"Appendix B: The metric system in the United States" 4652:"Science. 1791, l'adoption révolutionnaire du mètre" 4278:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

3009:

wavelengths of light from a specified transition in

2562:

of the medium in which the measurement is made, and

1720: 794:

and this new data called into question the value of

8565:. Springer-Verlag London Limited. Table 2.1, p. 5. 8164:

Resolution 1 of the 17th meeting of the CGPM (1983)

8087: 7778:

National Institute of Standards and Technology 2011

7553:. Vol. 1. London: MacMillan and Co. p. 3. 6826: 6824: 6487: 4630:Poynting, John Henry; Thomson, Joseph John (1907). 3035:Length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in 1126:to assess temperature effects on the measurements. 8599: 8432: 7994:Wolf, Charles (1827–1918) Auteur du texte (1882). 7914: 7794:Beers, John S; Penzes, William B (December 1992). 7792:A more detailed listing of errors can be found in 7698: 7055: 7053: 6046:Lebon, Ernest (1846–1922) Auteur du texte (1899). 5812:"Swiss Geodesy and the United States Coast Survey" 5793:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 5701:Débarbat, Suzanne; Quinn, Terry (1 January 2019). 4981:"Joining the observatories of Paris and Greenwich" 4267:, s.v. ammeter, meter, parking meter, speedometer. 2959:Platinum–iridium bar at melting point of ice (1st 2535: 2489:uncertainty in the refractive index of the medium, 8584:Data from Giacomo, P., Du platine à la lumière , 7570:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 6571:. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 3–18. 6567:. International Association of Geodesy Symposia. 5029:von Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm (July 1857). 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4558:Picard, Jean (1620–1682) Auteur du texte (1671). 4210:) following the SI spelling, in actual practice, 2653:Provisional metre bar made of brass and based on 2388:with an estimated relative standard uncertainty ( 1702:Association Géodesique réduite entre États neutre 1368:who would become the first president of both the 9515: 8671:Republic of the Philippines. (10 October 1991). 8662:Republic of the Philippines. (2 December 1978). 8378:. London: The Macmillan Company. pp. 66–69. 7820: 6821: 6415: 6413: 6406:. Vol. 16. Geneve: Georg pp. 165–196. 6026:Hassler, Harriet; Burroughs, Charles A. (2007). 6025: 5955: 5953: 5696: 5694: 5536: 5534: 5532: 4078:National Institute of Standards and Technology ( 2831:International Committee for Weights and Measures 1194:International Committee for Weights and Measures 1111:. Trained in geodesy in Switzerland, France and 282:The metre was originally defined in 1791 by the 8689:Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (Eds.). (2008a). 8641:National Physical Laboratory. (25 March 2010). 8456:Refinement of values for the yard and the pound 8363:. Charles Knight. 6 June 1840. pp. 221–22. 8255: 8253: 8139:Taylor and Thompson (2008a), Appendix 1, p. 77. 8106:Taylor and Thompson (2008a), Appendix 1, p. 70. 8025: 8023: 8021: 7530:Stephen Hawking, Paris, Dunod, 2003, 2014, 929 7155: 7153: 7050: 5235: 5233: 4978: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4629: 4497:"Lettres philosophiques/Lettre 15 - Wikisource" 4136:. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016 4018:"The International System of Units (SI) – NIST" 2734:Redefines the metre as the distance, at 0 2486:uncertainty in vacuum wavelength of the source, 1374:International Committee for Weights and Measure 8554:"Chapter 2: The International system of Units" 8510: 8132: 5805: 5803: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5265: 5263: 4974: 4972: 4924: 4803:. Normandie roto impr. Paris: Robert Laffont. 4561:Mesure de la terre [par l'abbé Picard] 4071:National Institute of Standards and Technology 4025:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3973: 3960:National Institute of Standards and Technology 2446:National Institute of Standards and Technology 512:) in English began at least as early as 1797. 286:as one ten-millionth of the distance from the 9107: 8762: 7320: 7318: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6456: 6410: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6112:Bulletin de la Société de géographie d'Égypte 6077:Puissant, Louis (1769–1843) Auteur du texte. 6041: 6039: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5950: 5700: 5691: 5543:"Fixation de la longueur définitive du mètre" 5529: 5458: 5089:Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 December 1841). 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 3596: 3246: 742:and gravitational acceleration. According to 708: 8453:Astin, A. V. & Karo, H. Arnold, (1959), 8250: 8018: 7962: 7960: 7922:"Recommended values of standard frequencies" 7888: 7732: 7479:"Einstein, le révolutionnaire de la lumière" 7311:]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. p. 321. 7150: 6969:"Metric Act of 1866 – US Metric Association" 6277:, vol. VII, 1–2, Scribner's, New York, 1981. 6109:Jamʻīyah al-Jughrāfīyah al-Miṣrīyah (1876). 5847: 5845: 5230: 5061:Viik, T (2006). "F. W. Bessel and geodesy". 5056: 5054: 5052: 4746: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4088: 4051:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 4043: 3981:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 3126: 3101:decreed the introduction of the non-decimal 3079:Early adoptions of the metre internationally 2933: 2554:, the speed of light in vacuum in m/s. Here 2341:This definition fixed the speed of light in 2300: 2054: 2038: 1980:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1808:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 1700: 1494:recommending international collaboration in 1348:Seventeen years after Bessel calculated his 984:shortly after gaining independence from the 920:to determine a remarkably accurate value of 507: 494:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 467: 9053:Historical definitions of the SI base units 8373: 8010:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7793: 7236: 6494:International Astronomical Union Colloquium 6473:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6312: 6310: 6172:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6142:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6094:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6062:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5800: 5775:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5633: 5620: 5587:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5521:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5325: 5260: 4969: 4574:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4459: 4082:). In 2008, NIST published the US version ( 1207:of the Survey of the Coast, shortly before 461: 448:) ((I) measure, count or compare) and noun 9114: 9100: 8769: 8755: 8597: 8551: 8388: 8374:Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T (1906). 8311:Building in Egypt: pharaonic stone masonry 8149: 7889:Dunning, F. B.; Hulet, Randall G. (1997). 7788: 7786: 7452:Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée 7315: 6993:Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 April 1840). 6686: 6547: 6356: 6286: 6197: 6115:. University of Michigan. . pp. 6–16. 6036: 6011:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5965: 5279:Institut de France – Académie des sciences 5028: 4594: 4297:"-meter – definition of -meter in English" 2710:General Conference on Weights and Measures 2050:General Conference on Weights and Measures 1817:Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers 1107:was appointed first Superintendent of the 36: 8728:Laser interferometer displacement sensors 8495: 7981: 7957: 7445: 7414: 7302: 7260: 7242: 7169:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 7059: 6855: 6723: 6599: 6505: 6234: 5877: 5842: 5726: 5503: 5347: 5146:Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, Carlos (1881). 5070: 5049: 4845: 4588: 4530: 4515: 4045:Bureau international des poids et mesures 2570:The CIPM issued a clarification in 2002: 2536:{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {c}{nf}},} 2040:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures 1847:in 1799. One of them became known as the 1831:, and unique artifacts made of different 1182:International Meteorological Organisation 940:in 1901. This was also the result of the 620:Learn how and when to remove this message 277:hyperfine transition frequency of caesium 42:Historical public metre standard in Paris 8367: 8035:Direction Générale des Entreprises (DGE) 7882: 7864:"§VI: Uncertainty and range of validity" 7841:The choice is offered to use either the 7796:"§4 Re-evaluation of measurement errors" 7626: 7624: 7503: 7448:"La mesure rapide des bases géodésiques" 7269: 6307: 6032:. NIST Research Library. pp. 51–52. 5570: 5439: 5410: 5355: 5295:, Neuchâtel, imprimerie Attinger frères. 4868: 4796: 4704:"Centrifugal force Vs centripetal force" 4124: 2723:, measured at the melting point of ice. 2192: 2081: 2074:, measured at the melting point of ice. 2056:Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures 1963: 1890: 1741:had brought to the United States in 1805 1724: 1442: 1376:, to remeasure the arc of meridian from 1320: 1225: 1141:to the basic units of the metre and the 1090: 982:redefining the yard in the United States 951: 716: 636: 515: 391: 8702:Taylor, B.N. and Thompson, A. (2008b). 8697:Le Système International d' Unités (SI) 8232:Le Globe. Revue genevoise de géographie 7856: 7783: 7596: 7550:A Treatise On Electricity and Magnetism 7543: 7275: 7213: 7211: 7191:"BIPM – International Metre Commission" 7039: 6913: 6654: 5474: 5472: 5239: 4937: 4831: 4757: 4676: 4250:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 4235: 3898:system, such that 1 m was exactly 2215:A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism 2078:Metrology and paradigm shift in physics 2025:according to the progress of sciences. 1779:Office of Standard Weights and Measures 774:promoted in France in combination with 9516: 8692:The International System of Units (SI) 8462: 8225: 8093: 7602: 7563: 7446:Guillaume, C.-H.-Ed (1 January 1906). 7159: 7101: 7097: 7095: 7062:"Le Systeme Metrique est-il en Peril?" 6992: 6434:"c à Paris; vitesse de la lumière ..." 6337:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Bd. 54 5809: 5342:, vol. 163, London, p. 463, 5336: 5269: 5088: 4985:Notes and Records of the Royal Society 4898:"How France created the metric system" 4557: 4365: 4207: 3986:The International System of Units (SI) 3816:"≈" means "is approximately equal to"; 2546:which converts the unit of wavelength 1930:French Geodesic Mission to the Equator 1081:French Geodesic Mission to the Equator 9095: 8750: 8538: 8430: 8000:(in French). pp. C.38–39, C.2–4. 7987: 7621: 7607:. CBS College Publishing. p. 3. 7335: 7102:Crease, Robert P. (1 December 2009). 6963: 6961: 6697: 6600:Levallois, J. J. (1 September 1980). 6558: 6208: 6156: 6125: 6045: 6029:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (1770–1843) 5976: 5577:pp. 202–203, 2015, 141–142, 178. 5566: 5564: 5084: 5082: 5024: 5022: 4701: 4491: 4489: 4410:"Museo Galileo - In depth - Pendulum" 4299:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from 3309: 3306: 1810:, the German born, Swiss astronomer, 672:Newton's law of universal gravitation 8635:NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock 7993: 7651: 7208: 6830: 6076: 5851: 5469: 5304: 5060: 4869:Capderou, Michel (31 October 2011). 4760:"Historique Sommaire De La Geodesie" 4006:from the original on 18 October 2021 2851:Definitions of the metre since 1795 2836:Considers the metre to be a unit of 2802:in vacuum during a time interval of 1987:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences 1753:led to the adoption of the metre in 1556:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway 1328:: a meridian arc extending from the 1298:with an arc running northwards from 580: 525: 8652:"Maintaining the SI unit of length" 8626:Historical context of the SI: Meter 8606:(2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 8400: 8314:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7605:Physics For Science and Engineering 7504:Ferreiro, Larrie D. (31 May 2011). 7303:Guillaume, Charles-Édouard (1927). 7092: 5540: 4097:Taylor and Thompson (2008a), p. iii 3823:One metre is exactly equivalent to 2189:the Sun during an eclipse in 1919. 275:, where the second is defined by a 13: 8333:"Dictionary of the Scots Language" 8296: 8286:Taylor & Thompson 2003, p. 11. 7219:"A Note on the History of the IAG" 6958: 6275:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 5561: 5079: 5019: 4895: 4872:Satellites : de Kepler au GPS 4486: 2249:as a standard of length. By 1925, 1902:International Geodetic Association 1874:Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve 1459:causing wear and consequently the 1370:International Geodetic Association 1306:would bring the course of a major 809:commissioned an expedition led by 778:mathematical work and because the 750:, whose crucial parameter was the 14: 9540: 8120:. US: National Geographic Society 7943:National Physical Laboratory 2010 7060:Guillaume, Ed. (1 January 1916). 6951:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, 5908:. 8 December 2015. Archived from 4832:Touzery, Mireille (3 July 2008). 4702:Silas, Walter (30 October 2022). 4090:Le Système international d'unités 4073:(NIST) chose to use the spelling 2495:resolution of the interferometer. 2180:. According to Newton, space was 1737:produced in 1799 in Paris, which 1721:International prototype metre bar 1695:. However, the activities of the 1490:sent a memorandum to the King of 668:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 9076: 9075: 8394: 8351: 8325: 8302: 8290: 8285: 8279: 8219: 8193: 8167: 8155: 8138: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8070: 8049: 7948: 7936: 7771: 7759: 7664: 7645: 7557: 7537: 7524: 7497: 7476: 7470: 7464:10.1051/jphystap:019060050024200 7439: 7383: 7353: 7329: 7296: 7183: 7033: 6986: 6914:Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (1892). 6655:Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (1892). 6421:Revista Colombiana de Sociología 5852:Parr, Albert C. (1 April 2006). 5674:"Histoire du mètre | Métrologie" 5240:Brunner, Jean (1 January 1857). 5135: 4938:Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (1991). 4838:La revue pour l'histoire du CNRS 4677:Lucendo, Jorge (23 April 2020). 4531:Levallois, Jean-Jacques (1986). 4462:L'exploration du système solaire 4227: 4100: 4096: 4083: 3819:"=" means "is exactly equal to". 1777:in 1807 and the creation of the 1564:Central European Arc Measurement 1420:, in particular the latitude of 1030:In 1799, a commission including 670:served both to the discovery of 585: 530: 436:can be traced to the Greek verb 8506:]. Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 7897:. Academic Press. p. 316. 7510:. Basic Books. pp. 19–23. 7361:"BIPM – la définition du mètre" 7162:"Don Carlos Ibanez (1825–1891)" 6945: 6907: 6877: 6858:, pp. 8, 158–159, 176–177. 6803: 6757:"The Geodesist's Handbook 2016" 6748: 6648: 6593: 6522: 6481: 6450: 6426: 6393: 6376: 6350: 6324: 6280: 6267: 6180: 6150: 6119: 6102: 6070: 6019: 5924: 5894: 5783: 5751: 5666: 5595: 5497: 5404: 5379: 5305:Wolf, Rudolf (1 January 1891). 5298: 5285: 5159: 5129: 4915: 4889: 4862: 4825: 4790: 4721: 4695: 4670: 4644: 4623: 4551: 4453: 4427: 4402: 4377: 4341: 4307: 4289: 2669:, legally equal to 443.44 2667:Cesar-François Cassini de Thury 2015:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero 1856:main references for geodesy in 1773:prompted the foundation of the 1366:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero 1326:West Europe–Africa Meridian-arc 1284:Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero 1049:Spanish-French geodetic mission 9063:System of units of measurement 7966: 7853:between the two possibilities. 7766:National Research Council 2010 7401:(3397): 874. 1 December 1934. 7324: 6885:"Borda et le système métrique" 5678:metrologie.entreprises.gouv.fr 5459:Larousse, Pierre (1866–1877). 4270: 4241: 4219: 4188: 4162: 4118: 4035: 4010: 3956:"Base unit definitions: Meter" 3948: 1835:with distinct coefficients of 1697:International Latitude Service 1199:In 1834, Hassler, measured at 1: 8552:Cardarelli, François (2003). 8496:Bigourdan, Guillaume (1901). 8423: 7851:a discussion of how to choose 7849:. The documentation provides 7777: 7284:(in French). pp. 150–153 6209:Soler, T. (1 February 1997). 5960:Heinrich VON WILD (1833–1902) 5423:. p. 532. Archived from 5313:(in French). pp. 370–371 5248:(in French). pp. 150–153 4115:, as the "American spelling". 4062: 2255:International System of Units 2086:Invar wire baseline apparatus 2063:International Prototype Metre 1973:preliminary proposal made in 1878:Heinrich Christian Schumacher 1173:Mitteleuropaïsche Gradmessung 811:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre 798:as Picard had calculated it. 245:International System of Units 8776: 8521:"Earth, Figure of the" 8473:National Bureau of Standards 7942: 7765: 5338:length by Sir Henry James", 4800:Les passions intellectuelles 4797:Badinter, Élisabeth (2018). 4683:. Jorge Lucendo. p. 246 4610:"Earth, Figure of the" 4222:), Supreme Court decisions ( 3253:Orders of magnitude (length) 2633:Accepts the proposal by the 2186:Einstein's theory of gravity 1271:Mahmud Ahmad Hamdi al-Falaki 1180:in 1863, and by that of the 786:through geodetic surveys in 602:Knowledge's inclusion policy 488: 456: 444: 427: 7: 6891:(in French). Archived from 5484:metrologie-francaise.lne.fr 5421:U.S. Department of Commerce 4230:), and national standards ( 4104: 4101:Taylor and Thompson (2008b) 4079: 3919: 3093:. This continued under the 2590: 2583: 2218:, 3rd edition, Vol. 1, p. 3 2131:Michelson–Morley experiment 1909:. Furthermore, advances in 1707:H.G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen 1590:and Trunz (German name for 544:the scope of other articles 416:Measuring devices (such as 387: 300:Earth's polar circumference 10: 9545: 8586:Bull. Bur. Nat. Metrologie 7711:"Iodine (λ ≈ 633 nm)" 7564:Lenzen, Victor F. (1965). 6357:D'Alembert, Jean Le Rond. 5728:10.1016/j.crhy.2018.12.002 5411:Cochrane, Rexmond (1966). 5340:Philosophical Transactions 4847:10.4000/histoire-cnrs.7752 4658:(in French). 25 March 2021 4349: 4315: 4255:Cambridge University Press 4084:Taylor and Thompson, 2008a 3611:expressed in metric units 3606:expressed in non-SI units 3597:Equivalents in other units 3302:SI multiples of metre (m) 3287:have been used instead of 3250: 3247:SI prefixed forms of metre 3145:Kingdom of the Netherlands 3082: 2663:Nicolas-Louis de Lacaillle 2635:French Academy of Sciences 2482:for a length measurement: 2355: metres per second (≈ 2149:'s pendulum experiment in 2019:French Academy of Sciences 1923:gravitational acceleration 1853:United States Coast Survey 1699:were continued through an 1122:at that time and measured 807:French Academy of Sciences 658:gravitational acceleration 519: 482: 450: 438: 432:The etymological roots of 398: 18: 9151: 9138: 9071: 9035: 8957: 8832: 8784: 8516:Helmert, Friedrich Robert 8469:US Department of Commerce 7870:. NIST. 23 September 2010 7831:. NIST. 23 September 2010 7603:Marion, Jerry B. (1982). 6999:Astronomische Nachrichten 6781:10.1007/s00190-016-0948-z 6507:10.1017/S0252921100061285 5095:Astronomische Nachrichten 4758:Perrier, Général (1935). 4733:pburnley.faculty.unlv.edu 4414:catalogue.museogalileo.it 4389:catalogue.museogalileo.it 4372:Oxford English Dictionary 4154:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4127:"Spelling metre or meter" 4053:(BIPM) uses the spelling 3908: toise. The Russian 3608: 3603: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3127:Adoption dates by country 3059: second (17th CGPM) 2652: 2301:Speed of light definition 2110:was leaving the field of 2100:Charles-Edouard Guillaume 1947:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler 1917:have led to a new era of 1739:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler 1705:thanks to the efforts of 1124:coefficients of expansion 1105:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler 976:, was also considered by 946:Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler 676:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 641:The Meridian room of the 190: 139: 104: 100: 82: 74: 64: 52: 47: 35: 30: 9017:minute and second of arc 8644:Iodine-Stabilised Lasers 8629:. Retrieved 26 May 2010. 8545:The Measure of the World 8439:. New York: Free Press. 7924:. BIPM. 9 September 2010 7160:Hirsch, Adolphe (1891). 7019:10.1002/asna.18400171302 6870:NIST Special Publication 5810:Cajori, Florian (1921). 5206:Encyclopedia Universalis 5115:10.1002/asna.18420190702 4280:(3rd ed.). Boston: 3942: 3912:was 1.0668 km. The 2689:French National Assembly 2630:French National Assembly 2606:French National Assembly 2284:electromagnetic spectrum 2143:Descartes' Vortex theory 2005:in all scientific work. 1955:European Arc Measurement 1827:were defined by primary 1795:European Arc Measurement 1638:European Arc Measurement 1471:and later discovered by 1340:is depicted rather than 1275:Ismail Mustafa al-Falaki 1252:who founded in Sabtieh, 1213:meridian arc measurement 1137:and proposed adding the 918:Friedrich Robert Helmert 872:calculated from several 866:Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel 284:French National Assembly 9207:femtometre/fermi 9058:2019 revision of the SI 8730:in J.G. Webster (ed.). 8598:Cardarelli, F. (2004). 8531:Encyclopædia Britannica 8244:10.3406/globe.1861.7582 8162:Definition of the metre 7843:modified Edlén equation 7040:Britain, Great (1824). 6363:artflsrv04.uchicago.edu 6333:"Schubert, Theodor von" 6193:. pp. 40, 143–144. 5707:Comptes Rendus Physique 5270:Pérard, Albert (1957). 4636:. C. Griffin. pp. 4616:Encyclopædia Britannica 4331:A Greek–English Lexicon 2438:measurement uncertainty 2164:changed conceptions of 1991:Otto Wilhelm von Struve 1959:Europäische Gradmessung 1913:combined with those of 1799:Wilhelm Julius Foerster 1650:Charles-Eugène Delaunay 1586:) and the meridians of 1510:, seven German states ( 1406:Jean Le Rond d'Alembert 1288:Frutos Saavedra Meneses 1176:) on the initiative of 870:method of least squares 726:Repsold–Bessel pendulum 649:is drawn on the ground. 645:(or Cassini room): the 356:2019 revision of the SI 8512:Clarke, Alexander Ross 8308:Arnold Dieter (1991). 8226:Dufour, G.-H. (1861). 7276:Brunner, Jean (1857). 7262:10.1098/rstl.1873.0014 6889:Association Mesure Lab 6725:10.1002/andp.201800355 5816:The Scientific Monthly 5652:10.1098/rstl.1867.0010 5387:"The seconds pendulum" 5349:10.1098/rstl.1873.0014 4997:10.1098/rsnr.2008.0029 4591:, pp. 8, 158–159. 4125:Naughtin, Pat (2008). 4107:). Thus, the spelling 4089: 4044: 3135:: 1801–1812, then 1840 3121:Guillaume Henri Dufour 2941:platinum bar standard 2934: 2744:atmosphere of pressure 2581: 2537: 2224:Charles Sanders Peirce 2221: 2104:Nobel Prize in Physics 2087: 2055: 2039: 1969: 1925:by means of pendulum. 1897: 1787:unification of Germany 1742: 1701: 1448: 1441: 1402:Friedrich von Schubert 1384:and to extend it from 1350:ellipsoid of reference 1345: 1242: 1159:Alexander von Humboldt 1135:Earth's magnetic field 1100: 1036:Jean Henri van Swinden 938:ellipsoid of reference 902:Charles Sanders Peirce 728: 709: 650: 508: 502:. The use of the word 468: 462: 403: 21:Meter (disambiguation) 8539:Guedj, Denis (2001). 8407:Store norske leksikon 8297:Astin & Karo 1959 7967:Zagar, 1999, pp. 6–65 7391:"Dr. C. E. Guillaume" 6698:Quinn, Terry (2019). 6245:10.1007/s001900050086 5977:Quinn, T. J. (2012). 4633:A Textbook of Physics 4533:"La Vie des sciences" 4322:Liddell, Henry George 4220:Republic Act No. 7160 4208:Batas Pambansa Blg. 8 4194:The Philippines uses 3882:The ancient Egyptian 2913:(443.296 lines) 2757:Defines the metre as 2679:French unit of length 2572: 2538: 2212:James Clerk Maxwell, 2204: 2193:Wavelength definition 2085: 1967: 1894: 1882:Henri-Prudence Gambey 1728: 1536:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1446: 1430: 1414:Adrien-Marie Legendre 1324: 1229: 1163:Wilhelm Edouard Weber 1094: 1040:Adrien-Marie Legendre 962:Earth's circumference 952:Meridional definition 720: 640: 562:splitting the content 556:and help introduce a 516:History of definition 506:(for the French unit 492:) in the seal of the 395: 8959:Other accepted units 8726:Zagar, B.G. (1999). 8118:"Meter is Redefined" 7652:BIPM (20 May 2019). 7545:Maxwell, James Clerk 6577:10.1007/1345_2015_42 6437:expositions.obspm.fr 5870:10.6028/jres.111.003 4956:10.5169/seals-234595 4708:Probing the Universe 4460:Bond, Peter (2014). 3839: inches and to 2856:Basis of definition 2728:27 Sept – 6 Oct 1927 2659:Méridienne de France 2506: 2060:), establishing the 2017:intervened with the 1907:electrical telegraph 1825:units of measurement 1512:Grand Duchy of Baden 1418:vertical deflections 1354:vertical deflections 1267:Mohammed Sa'id Pasha 1131:Carl Friedrich Gauss 964:through its poles), 704:Tito Livio Burattini 548:History of the metre 522:History of the metre 498:Pittacus of Mytilene 9043:Conversion of units 8719:Vol. 73, No. 96, p. 8658:on 4 December 2011. 8431:Alder, Ken (2002). 8261:"Metrisches System" 8175:"Metrisches System" 8031:"Histoire du mètre" 7670:The exact value is 7407:1934Natur.134R.874. 7120:2009PhT....62l..39C 7078:1916LAstr..30..242G 7011:1840AN.....17..193B 6932:10.5169/seals-88335 6831:Wolf, M. C (1882). 6773:2016JGeod..90..907D 6716:2019AnP...53100355Q 6673:10.5169/seals-88335 6618:1980BGeod..54..248L 6606:Bulletin géodésique 6602:"Notice historique" 6227:1997JGeod..71..176S 5912:on 18 December 2023 5828:1921SciMo..13..117C 5765:pp. 93–94, 10. 5719:2019CRPhy..20....6D 5541:Suzanne, Débarbat. 5107:1841AN.....19...97B 5037:. pp. 509, 510 4770:: 117–129, p. 128. 4441:on 30 December 2023 4134:Metrication Matters 3303: 3164:Kingdom of Sardinia 3141:, Switzerland: 1813 3095:First French Empire 2998:atomic transition; 2852: 2239:Albert A. Michelson 2199:James Clerk Maxwell 2135:luminiferous aether 2133:had questioned the 2044:) to be located in 2034:Convention du Mètre 1870:Jean Nicolas Fortin 1841:Toise de l'Académie 1775:Survey of the Coast 1771:American Revolution 1656:at the Congress of 1646:Franco-Prussian War 1604:vertical deflection 1580:Freetown Christiana 1488:Johann Jacob Baeyer 1477:vertical deflection 1473:Seth Carlo Chandler 1447:Struve Geodetic Arc 1362:Struve Geodetic Arc 1310:back to land where 1296:Struve Geodetic Arc 1221:reference ellipsoid 1178:Johann Jacob Baeyer 1145:in the form of the 1109:Survey of the Coast 1095:Triangulation near 1032:Johan Georg Tralles 803:Anglo-French Survey 780:radius of the Earth 748:figure of the Earth 706:suggested the term 564:into a new article. 95:... is equal to ... 48:General information 9499:quettametre 9157:quectometre 9131:order of magnitude 8836:with special names 8541:La Mesure du Monde 8481:10.6028/NBS.SP.447 6761:Journal of Geodesy 6704:Annalen der Physik 6626:10.1007/BF02521470 6534:www.britannica.com 6215:Journal of Geodesy 5607:promenade.imcce.fr 5065:. pp. 10, 6. 4840:(in French) (21). 4176:. 21 February 2011 3301: 3262:astronomical units 3139:Republic of Geneva 2936:Mètre des Archives 2850: 2842:general relativity 2641:along the Earth's 2533: 2174:general relativity 2162:special relativity 2102:, was granted the 2088: 1970: 1951:Metric Act of 1866 1898: 1886:Altona Observatory 1803:Berlin Observatory 1801:, director of the 1783:continental Europe 1743: 1735:Mètre des Archives 1715:Geneva Observatory 1711:Leiden Observatory 1660:in 1871. In 1874, 1614:in the south, the 1528:Kingdom of Prussia 1520:Kingdom of Hanover 1516:Kingdom of Bavaria 1504:Kingdom of Belgium 1486:As early as 1861, 1449: 1346: 1338:Greenwich meridian 1246:Egyptian astronomy 1243: 1101: 960:(a quarter of the 772:Émilie du Châtelet 732:Christiaan Huygens 729: 700:Rayon Astronomique 651: 554:discuss this issue 404: 198: 192: 154: 141: 114: 106: 9511: 9510: 9489:ronnametre 9479:yottametre 9469:zettametre 9390:hectometre 9187:zeptometre 9177:yoctometre 9167:rontometre 9089: 9088: 8967:astronomical unit 8572:978-1-85233-682-0 8446:978-0-7432-1675-3 8320:978-0-19-506350-9 7984:, pp. 20–21. 7904:978-0-12-475977-0 7614:978-4-8337-0098-6 7517:978-0-465-02345-5 7477:Huet, Sylvestre. 7128:10.1063/1.3273015 6895:on 29 August 2023 6586:978-3-319-30895-1 6300:978-3-11-128691-4 6132:. pp. 10–11. 6052:pp. 168–171. 5990:978-0-19-990991-9 5890:– via NIST. 5511:pp. viii–ix. 5508:Biot et Arago,... 5391:www.roma1.infn.it 5281:. pp. 26–28. 5215:978-2-85229-290-1 5179:: 1463–1466. 1880 4882:978-2-287-99049-6 4810:978-2-221-20345-3 4501:fr.wikisource.org 4303:on 26 April 2017. 4236:PNS/BAFS 181:2016 4170:"Meter vs. metre" 4027:. 26 March 2008. 3999:978-92-822-2272-0 3937:Vertical position 3810: 3809: 3594: 3593: 3268:(10 Pm), or 3264:(149.6 Gm), 3097:until 1812, when 3076: 3075: 2905:, measurement by 2848: 2847: 2694:National Archives 2528: 2366:helium–neon laser 2257:(SI) as equal to 2137:in 1905, just as 1999:Moritz von Jacobi 1995:Heinrich von Wild 1866:thermal expansion 1747:French Revolution 1608:Mediterranean Sea 1532:Kingdom of Saxony 1186:Heinrich von Wild 910:systematic errors 768:theory of gravity 736:centrifugal force 696:Paris Observatory 643:Paris Observatory 630: 629: 622: 579: 578: 302:is approximately 217: 216: 83:Conversions 16:SI unit of length 9536: 9504: 9502: 9494: 9492: 9484: 9482: 9474: 9472: 9464: 9462: 9454: 9452: 9449:petametre 9444: 9442: 9439:terametre 9434: 9432: 9429:gigametre 9424: 9422: 9419:megametre 9414: 9412: 9395: 9393: 9392:(hm=100 m) 9385: 9383: 9382:(dam=10 m) 9380:decametre 9375: 9373: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9346: 9343: 9335:decimetre 9330: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9320: 9317: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9282: 9260: 9258: 9241: 9239: 9222: 9220: 9217:picometre 9212: 9210: 9202: 9200: 9197:attometre 9192: 9190: 9182: 9180: 9172: 9170: 9162: 9160: 9116: 9109: 9102: 9093: 9092: 9079: 9078: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8748: 8747: 8722: 8717:Federal Register 8659: 8621: 8605: 8594: 8581: 8579: 8558: 8548: 8535: 8523: 8507: 8492: 8450: 8438: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8339:on 21 March 2012 8335:. Archived from 8329: 8323: 8306: 8300: 8294: 8288: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8257: 8248: 8247: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8114: 8108: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8061: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8027: 8016: 8015: 8009: 8001: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7964: 7955: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7860: 7854: 7840: 7838: 7836: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7800: 7790: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7718:Mise en Pratique 7715: 7707: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7628: 7619: 7618: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7561: 7555: 7554: 7541: 7535: 7533: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7418: 7416:10.1038/134874b0 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7371:on 30 April 2017 7367:. Archived from 7357: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7333: 7327: 7322: 7313: 7312: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7166: 7157: 7148: 7147: 7099: 7090: 7089: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7037: 7031: 7030: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6965: 6956: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6817:. 30 March 1875. 6807: 6801: 6800: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6727: 6695: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6556: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6509: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6472: 6464: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6430: 6424: 6417: 6408: 6407: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6328: 6322: 6321: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6238: 6206: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6171: 6163: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6141: 6133: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6093: 6085: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6061: 6053: 6043: 6034: 6033: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6010: 6002: 5974: 5963: 5957: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5932:"Wild, Heinrich" 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5902:"History of IMO" 5898: 5892: 5891: 5881: 5864:(1): 31–32, 36. 5849: 5840: 5839: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5774: 5766: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5730: 5698: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5631: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5586: 5578: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5538: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5512: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5476: 5467: 5466: 5456: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5427:on 27 April 2011 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5364: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5334: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5302: 5296: 5291:Adolphe Hirsch, 5289: 5283: 5282: 5276: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5237: 5228: 5227: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5058: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5026: 5017: 5016: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4935: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4896:Ramani, Madhvi. 4893: 4887: 4886: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4849: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4605: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4565: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4528: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4493: 4484: 4483: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4437:. Archived from 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4352: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4318: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4282:Houghton Mifflin 4274: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4245: 4239: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4131: 4122: 4116: 4092: 4047: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3992:(9th ed.), 3991: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3952: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3896:mesures usuelles 3878: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3726: 3725: 3690: 3689: 3601: 3600: 3304: 3300: 3113:canton of Geneva 3104:mesures usuelles 3072: 3067: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3030: 3028: 3021: 3008: 3006: 3003: 2976: 2971: 2954: 2949: 2939: 2931:First prototype 2926: 2921: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2853: 2849: 2817: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2588: 2587: 2578: 2560:refractive index 2550:to metres using 2542: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2516: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2399: 2397: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2376: 2362: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2219: 2176:changed that of 2129:, who following 2058: 2042: 2030:Metre Convention 2011:Paris Conference 1767:Hispanic America 1704: 1540:Kingdom of Italy 1457:repeating circle 1439: 1426:repeating circle 1360:would be. After 1330:Shetland Islands 1188:would represent 1077: 1076: 1073: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1057: 978:Thomas Jefferson 942:Metre Convention 935: 933: 932: 929: 926: 898:Emile Plantamour 891: 889: 888: 885: 882: 874:arc measurements 860: 858: 857: 854: 851: 724:with variant of 712: 692:seconds pendulum 625: 618: 614: 611: 605: 589: 588: 581: 574: 571: 565: 534: 533: 526: 511: 501: 491: 485: 484: 471: 465: 459: 453: 452: 447: 441: 440: 401: 400: 383: 381: 375: 373: 367: 349: 347: 346: 345: 344: 341: 335: 332: 309: 307: 270: 268: 267: 266: 265: 262: 256: 253: 213: 208: 205: 199: 193: 183: 174: 165: 155: 142: 132: 124: 115: 107: 40: 28: 27: 9544: 9543: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9507: 9501:(Qm=10 m) 9500: 9497: 9490: 9487: 9480: 9477: 9470: 9467: 9460: 9459:exametre 9457: 9450: 9447: 9440: 9437: 9430: 9427: 9421:(Mm=10 m) 9420: 9417: 9406: 9398: 9391: 9388: 9381: 9378: 9367: 9359: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9321: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9306: 9298: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9271: 9263: 9252: 9244: 9233: 9225: 9218: 9215: 9208: 9205: 9198: 9195: 9188: 9185: 9178: 9175: 9168: 9165: 9159:(qm=10 m) 9158: 9155: 9147: 9134: 9120: 9090: 9085: 9067: 9048:Metric prefixes 9031: 8953: 8835: 8828: 8780: 8775: 8745: 8720: 8683:G.R. No. 185240 8650: 8618: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8556: 8447: 8426: 8421: 8411: 8409: 8401:Hofstad, Knut. 8399: 8395: 8389:Cardarelli 2004 8387: 8383: 8372: 8368: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8342: 8340: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8307: 8303: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8280: 8270: 8268: 8259: 8258: 8251: 8224: 8220: 8210: 8208: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8184: 8182: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8160: 8156: 8150:Cardarelli 2003 8148: 8144: 8137: 8133: 8123: 8121: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8080: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8029: 8028: 8019: 8003: 8002: 7992: 7988: 7980: 7976: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7927: 7925: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7905: 7887: 7883: 7873: 7871: 7862: 7861: 7857: 7847:Ciddor equation 7834: 7832: 7827: 7825: 7821: 7811: 7809: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7750: 7748: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7699: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7650: 7646: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7601: 7597: 7562: 7558: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7486: 7475: 7471: 7444: 7440: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7345: 7343: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7274: 7270: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7217: 7216: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7172: 7171:. pp. 4, 8 7164: 7158: 7151: 7100: 7093: 7058: 7051: 7038: 7034: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6975: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6950: 6946: 6936: 6934: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6829: 6822: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6753: 6749: 6696: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6653: 6649: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6557: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6486: 6482: 6466: 6465: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6418: 6411: 6398: 6394: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6355: 6351: 6342: 6340: 6329: 6325: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6272: 6268: 6236:10.1.1.492.3967 6207: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6165: 6164: 6155: 6151: 6135: 6134: 6124: 6120: 6107: 6103: 6087: 6086: 6075: 6071: 6055: 6054: 6044: 6037: 6024: 6020: 6004: 6003: 5991: 5975: 5966: 5958: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5850: 5843: 5808: 5801: 5788: 5784: 5768: 5767: 5756: 5752: 5699: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5632: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5580: 5579: 5569: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5539: 5530: 5514: 5513: 5502: 5498: 5488: 5486: 5478: 5477: 5470: 5457: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5356: 5335: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5303: 5299: 5290: 5286: 5274: 5268: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5238: 5231: 5216: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5182: 5180: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5087: 5080: 5072:10.1.1.517.9501 5059: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5027: 5020: 4977: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4936: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4904: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4867: 4863: 4830: 4826: 4811: 4795: 4791: 4756: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4628: 4624: 4607: 4606: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4567: 4566: 4564:. pp. 3–5. 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4529: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4472: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4370: 4366: 4346: 4342: 4336:Perseus Project 4312: 4308: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4260: 4258: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4228:G.R. No. 185240 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4137: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4040: 4036: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4000: 3989: 3983:(20 May 2019), 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3922: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3795:1 ångström 3764:1 ångström 3723: 3721: 3687: 3685: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3298: 3255: 3249: 3129: 3087: 3081: 3070: 3065: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2974: 2970:0.2–0.1 μm 2969: 2952: 2947: 2924: 2920:500–100 μm 2919: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2868: 2863: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2705:24–28 Sept 1889 2586: 2576: 2520: 2515: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2480:interferometers 2461: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2395: 2393: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2303: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2220: 2211: 2195: 2141:had questioned 2127:Albert Einstein 2118:application of 2080: 1876:, a second for 1849:Committee Meter 1751:Napoleonic Wars 1723: 1693:First World War 1500:Austrian Empire 1440: 1437: 1358:Earth ellipsoid 1089: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1051:and a value of 980:and others for 954: 930: 927: 924: 923: 921: 916:. This allowed 886: 883: 880: 879: 877: 855: 852: 849: 848: 846: 823:Montjuïc castle 784:oblate spheroid 756:Earth ellipsoid 744:Alexis Clairaut 740:simple pendulum 710:metro cattolico 635: 626: 615: 609: 606: 599: 590: 586: 575: 569: 566: 551: 546:, specifically 535: 531: 524: 518: 479: 463:metior, mensura 430: 390: 379: 377: 371: 369: 366: 359: 342: 339: 337: 336: 333: 330: 329: 327: 305: 303: 263: 260: 258: 257: 254: 251: 250: 248: 206: 203: 201: 197: 191: 186: 178: 169: 160: 153: 140: 135: 127: 119: 113: 105: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9542: 9532: 9531: 9526: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9495: 9485: 9475: 9465: 9455: 9445: 9435: 9425: 9415: 9411:=1000 m) 9396: 9386: 9376: 9357: 9331: 9296: 9261: 9251:/micron 9242: 9223: 9213: 9203: 9193: 9183: 9173: 9163: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9119: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9096: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9083: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8854:degree Celsius 8851: 8846: 8840: 8838: 8834:Derived units 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8790: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8774: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8751: 8744: 8743: 8724: 8709: 8700: 8687: 8678: 8669: 8660: 8648: 8639: 8630: 8622: 8616: 8595: 8571: 8549: 8536: 8526:Chisholm, Hugh 8508: 8493: 8460: 8451: 8445: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8393: 8381: 8366: 8350: 8324: 8301: 8289: 8278: 8265:hls-dhs-dss.ch 8249: 8218: 8205:hls-dhs-dss.ch 8192: 8179:hls-dhs-dss.ch 8166: 8154: 8142: 8131: 8109: 8098: 8086: 8069: 8048: 8017: 7986: 7974: 7956: 7947: 7935: 7913: 7903: 7881: 7855: 7819: 7782: 7770: 7758: 7731: 7697: 7663: 7644: 7620: 7613: 7595: 7556: 7536: 7523: 7516: 7496: 7469: 7438: 7382: 7352: 7328: 7314: 7295: 7268: 7235: 7207: 7182: 7149: 7091: 7049: 7032: 6985: 6957: 6944: 6906: 6876: 6860: 6856:Bigourdan 1901 6848: 6820: 6802: 6747: 6685: 6647: 6612:(3): 248–313. 6592: 6585: 6546: 6521: 6480: 6449: 6425: 6409: 6392: 6375: 6349: 6323: 6306: 6299: 6279: 6266: 6221:(3): 176–188. 6196: 6179: 6149: 6118: 6101: 6069: 6035: 6018: 5989: 5964: 5949: 5936:hls-dhs-dss.ch 5923: 5906:public.wmo.int 5893: 5841: 5822:(2): 117–129. 5799: 5782: 5750: 5690: 5665: 5619: 5594: 5560: 5547:FranceArchives 5528: 5496: 5468: 5465:. p. 163. 5438: 5403: 5378: 5354: 5324: 5297: 5284: 5259: 5229: 5214: 5194: 5158: 5128: 5078: 5048: 5018: 4991:(4): 355–372. 4968: 4950:(7): 377–378. 4923: 4914: 4888: 4881: 4861: 4824: 4809: 4789: 4745: 4720: 4694: 4669: 4643: 4622: 4593: 4589:Bigourdan 1901 4581: 4550: 4514: 4485: 4470: 4452: 4426: 4401: 4376: 4364: 4340: 4306: 4288: 4269: 4240: 4187: 4161: 4117: 4034: 4009: 3998: 3972: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3921: 3918: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3719: 3716: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3683: 3680: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3251:Main article: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3128: 3125: 3109:Louis Philippe 3083:Main article: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3032: 3031: 3022: 3017: 3014: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2942: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2914: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2846: 2845: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2713: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2698:toise du Pérou 2690: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2675:toise du Pérou 2661:) measured by 2651: 2647: 2646: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2585: 2582: 2544: 2543: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2511: 2497: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2468:partial vacuum 2373: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2311:speed of light 2302: 2299: 2251:interferometry 2235:interferometer 2228:solar spectrum 2209: 2194: 2191: 2145:in 1687 after 2079: 2076: 1845:Étienne Lenoir 1823:At that time, 1812:Adolphe Hirsch 1731:Johnson Mattey 1722: 1719: 1689:British Empire 1624:Central Europe 1548:Russian Empire 1496:Central Europe 1469:Leonhard Euler 1435: 1342:Paris meridian 1236:canton of Bern 1217:Paris meridian 1209:Louis Puissant 1088: 1085: 958:Earth quadrant 953: 950: 914:Adolphe Hirsch 835:Paris Panthéon 815:Pierre Méchain 734:found out the 688:Paris meridian 647:Paris meridian 634: 631: 628: 627: 610:September 2023 593: 591: 584: 577: 576: 538: 536: 529: 520:Main article: 517: 514: 478:'to measure'. 429: 426: 389: 386: 364: 215: 214: 195: 194:Nautical units 188: 187: 185: 184: 175: 166: 156: 151: 137: 136: 134: 133: 125: 116: 111: 102: 101: 98: 97: 92: 85: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 56: 50: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9541: 9530: 9529:SI base units 9527: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9519: 9503: 9496: 9493: 9486: 9483: 9476: 9473: 9466: 9463: 9456: 9453: 9446: 9443: 9436: 9433: 9426: 9423: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9397: 9394: 9387: 9384: 9377: 9374: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9358: 9355: 9332: 9329: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9297: 9294: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9224: 9221: 9214: 9211: 9204: 9201: 9194: 9191: 9184: 9181: 9174: 9171: 9164: 9161: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9145: 9144: 9137: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9117: 9112: 9110: 9105: 9103: 9098: 9097: 9094: 9082: 9074: 9073: 9070: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9034: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8987:degree of arc 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8767: 8765: 8760: 8758: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8741: 8740:0-8493-8347-1 8737: 8734:. CRC Press. 8733: 8729: 8725: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8617:1-85233-682-X 8613: 8609: 8604: 8603: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8574: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8555: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8437: 8436: 8429: 8428: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8385: 8377: 8370: 8362: 8361: 8354: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8293: 8287: 8282: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8222: 8206: 8202: 8201:"Kartografie" 8196: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8163: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8140: 8135: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8102: 8095: 8090: 8083:. p. 49. 8079: 8073: 8065: 8058: 8052: 8036: 8032: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8013: 8007: 7999: 7998: 7990: 7983: 7982:Bigourdan1901 7978: 7971: 7970: 7963: 7961: 7951: 7944: 7939: 7923: 7917: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7885: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7830: 7823: 7808: 7805:. pp. 9 7804: 7797: 7789: 7787: 7779: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7719: 7712: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7616: 7610: 7606: 7599: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7540: 7527: 7519: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7500: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7386: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7341: 7340: 7332: 7326: 7321: 7319: 7310: 7306: 7299: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7263: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7186: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7154: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7114:(12): 39–44. 7113: 7109: 7108:Physics Today 7105: 7098: 7096: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6954: 6948: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6922:(in German). 6921: 6917: 6910: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6872: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6751: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6663:(in French). 6662: 6658: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6608:(in French). 6607: 6603: 6596: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6565:IAG 150 Years 6562: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6476: 6470: 6462: 6461: 6453: 6438: 6435: 6429: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6405: 6404: 6396: 6388: 6387: 6379: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6276: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6189: 6183: 6175: 6169: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6145: 6139: 6131: 6130: 6122: 6114: 6113: 6105: 6097: 6091: 6083: 6082: 6073: 6065: 6059: 6051: 6050: 6042: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6022: 6014: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5846: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5804: 5795: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5772: 5764: 5763: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5695: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5590: 5584: 5576: 5575: 5567: 5565: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5524: 5518: 5510: 5509: 5500: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5464: 5463: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5371: 5370: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5264: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5190: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5142:public domain 5132: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4973: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4946:(in French). 4945: 4941: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4918: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4682: 4681: 4673: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4618: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4590: 4585: 4577: 4571: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4490: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4471:9782804184964 4467: 4463: 4456: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4415: 4411: 4405: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4344: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4326:Scott, Robert 4323: 4319: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4286:, s.v. meter. 4283: 4279: 4273: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4200:metric system 4197: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4046: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3976: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3947: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3932:Metric prefix 3930: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3855: yards. 3818: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3602: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3313: 3307:Submultiples 3305: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3224:German Empire 3222: 3219: 3218:United States 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3166:, Italy: 1850 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3018: 3015: 3012: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2973: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2948:50–10 μm 2946: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2929: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2873: 2872: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2843: 2839: 2838:proper length 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2681:from 1766). 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2657:arc (French: 2656: 2655:Paris meridan 2649: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2594:Deciding body 2593: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2473:The metre is 2471: 2469: 2449: 2447: 2441: 2439: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2391: 2372: 2367: 2344: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280:emission line 2278: 2274: 2270: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2216: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2160:Furthermore, 2158: 2156: 2155:French Guiana 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2116:technological 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2023:metric system 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2003:metric system 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:German Empire 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:Latin America 1752: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687:in 1889; and 1686: 1685:United-States 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642:French Empire 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1558:, as well as 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467:predicted by 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1445: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1256:district, in 1255: 1251: 1247: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1120:United States 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1097:New York City 1093: 1084: 1082: 1050: 1045: 1044:triangulation 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 987: 986:British Crown 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 949: 947: 943: 939: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 875: 871: 867: 862: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 727: 723: 719: 715: 713: 711: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:triangulation 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 663: 659: 655: 648: 644: 639: 624: 621: 613: 603: 597: 594:This section 592: 583: 582: 573: 563: 559: 558:summary style 555: 549: 545: 543: 539:This section 537: 528: 527: 523: 513: 510: 505: 499: 495: 490: 477: 476: 470: 469:mètre, mesure 464: 458: 446: 435: 425: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 394: 385: 363: 357: 353: 326:in vacuum in 325: 321: 320:proper length 317: 311: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 212: 196: 189: 182: 176: 173: 167: 164: 158: 157: 152: 149: 145: 138: 131: 126: 123: 118: 117: 112: 110: 103: 99: 96: 93: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 60: 57: 55: 51: 46: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 9408: 9401: 9400: 9369: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9308: 9301: 9300: 9273: 9266: 9265: 9257:=10 m) 9254: 9247: 9246: 9238:=10 m) 9235: 9228: 9227: 9143:bold italics 9142: 9141: 8992:electronvolt 8813: 8731: 8723:28432–28433. 8716: 8704: 8696: 8691: 8681: 8672: 8663: 8656:the original 8642: 8633: 8625: 8601: 8592:(1995) 5–14. 8589: 8585: 8583: 8576:. Retrieved 8561: 8544: 8540: 8529: 8503: 8498: 8464: 8455: 8434: 8410:. Retrieved 8406: 8396: 8384: 8369: 8359: 8353: 8341:. Retrieved 8337:the original 8327: 8310: 8304: 8292: 8281: 8269:. Retrieved 8264: 8235: 8231: 8221: 8209:. Retrieved 8204: 8195: 8183:. Retrieved 8178: 8169: 8157: 8145: 8134: 8122:. Retrieved 8112: 8101: 8089: 8072: 8063: 8051: 8039:. Retrieved 8034: 7996: 7989: 7977: 7968: 7950: 7938: 7926:. Retrieved 7916: 7908: 7894: 7884: 7872:. Retrieved 7867: 7858: 7833:. Retrieved 7822: 7810:. Retrieved 7806: 7802: 7773: 7761: 7749:. Retrieved 7744: 7734: 7722:. Retrieved 7720:. BIPM. 2003 7717: 7693:.8 km/h 7666: 7657: 7647: 7635:. Retrieved 7604: 7598: 7576:(1): 29–46. 7573: 7569: 7559: 7549: 7539: 7534:, p. 816–817 7526: 7506: 7499: 7487:. Retrieved 7482: 7472: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7398: 7394: 7385: 7373:. Retrieved 7369:the original 7365:www.bipm.org 7364: 7355: 7346:20 September 7344:, retrieved 7338: 7331: 7308: 7304: 7298: 7286:. Retrieved 7281: 7271: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7226:. Retrieved 7223:IAG Homepage 7222: 7198:. Retrieved 7195:www.bipm.org 7194: 7185: 7173:. Retrieved 7168: 7111: 7107: 7069: 7066:L'Astronomie 7065: 7042: 7035: 7002: 6998: 6988: 6976:. Retrieved 6972: 6952: 6947: 6935:. Retrieved 6923: 6919: 6909: 6897:. Retrieved 6893:the original 6888: 6879: 6869: 6863: 6851: 6833: 6814: 6805: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6707: 6703: 6676:. Retrieved 6664: 6660: 6650: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6568: 6564: 6537:. Retrieved 6533: 6524: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6463:p. 419. 6459: 6452: 6440:. Retrieved 6436: 6428: 6420: 6402: 6395: 6385: 6378: 6366:. Retrieved 6362: 6352: 6341:, retrieved 6336: 6326: 6289: 6282: 6274: 6269: 6218: 6214: 6182: 6159: 6152: 6128: 6121: 6111: 6104: 6079: 6072: 6048: 6028: 6021: 5979: 5959: 5940:. Retrieved 5935: 5926: 5914:. Retrieved 5910:the original 5905: 5896: 5861: 5857: 5819: 5815: 5792: 5785: 5762:Delambre,... 5760: 5753: 5710: 5706: 5681:. Retrieved 5677: 5668: 5643: 5639: 5610:. Retrieved 5606: 5597: 5573: 5551:. Retrieved 5546: 5506: 5499: 5487:. Retrieved 5483: 5461: 5429:. Retrieved 5425:the original 5416: 5406: 5394:. Retrieved 5390: 5381: 5368: 5339: 5315:. Retrieved 5310: 5300: 5292: 5287: 5278: 5250:. Retrieved 5245: 5205: 5187:– via 5181:. Retrieved 5176: 5170: 5161: 5148: 5131: 5098: 5094: 5062: 5039:. Retrieved 5034: 4988: 4984: 4959:. Retrieved 4947: 4943: 4917: 4905:. Retrieved 4901: 4891: 4871: 4864: 4837: 4827: 4799: 4792: 4767: 4763: 4736:. Retrieved 4732: 4723: 4711:. Retrieved 4707: 4697: 4685:. Retrieved 4679: 4672: 4660:. Retrieved 4655: 4646: 4632: 4625: 4614: 4584: 4560: 4553: 4541:. Retrieved 4536: 4505:. Retrieved 4500: 4461: 4455: 4443:. Retrieved 4439:the original 4429: 4417:. Retrieved 4413: 4404: 4392:. Retrieved 4388: 4379: 4367: 4343: 4329: 4309: 4301:the original 4291: 4277: 4272: 4261:19 September 4259:. Retrieved 4249: 4243: 4231: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4190: 4178:. Retrieved 4173: 4164: 4138:. Retrieved 4133: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4087: 4074: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4042: 4037: 4028: 4012: 3985: 3975: 3965:28 September 3963:. Retrieved 3950: 3891: 3881: 3857: 3822: 3811: 3748:1 metre 3743:millimetres 3707:centimetres 3646:1 metre 3616:1 metre 3590:quettametre 3581:quectometre 3297: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3256: 3102: 3088: 3013:(11th CGPM) 2932: 2897:part of the 2869:uncertainty 2864:uncertainty 2697: 2677:(a standard 2674: 2658: 2614:with a half- 2573: 2569: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2498: 2474: 2472: 2450: 2442: 2409: 2405:atomic clock 2402: 2389: 2370: 2340: 2335:of a second. 2304: 2232: 2222: 2213: 2205: 2196: 2159: 2124: 2114:to become a 2089: 2061: 2053: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2007: 1984: 1971: 1958: 1927: 1899: 1848: 1840: 1822: 1816: 1781:in 1830. In 1769:, while the 1759:independence 1744: 1734: 1666: 1652:represented 1628: 1612:Adriatic Sea 1568: 1485: 1465:Polar motion 1450: 1431: 1347: 1333: 1325: 1314:had founded 1312:Eratosthenes 1308:meridian arc 1300:South Africa 1279:Jean Brunner 1250:Muhammad Ali 1244: 1198: 1171: 1133:studied the 1128: 1117: 1102: 1029: 1021: 990: 955: 863: 800: 796:Earth radius 730: 707: 702:). In 1675, 699: 666: 652: 616: 607: 595: 567: 540: 503: 473: 433: 431: 415: 410: 406: 405: 374:.863 km 361: 354:. After the 312: 296:great circle 281: 232: 224: 220: 218: 170:3.2808 161:1.0936 94: 89: 65:Unit of 25: 8267:(in German) 8238:(1): 5–22. 8211:13 December 8207:(in German) 8185:15 December 8181:(in German) 8094:Judson 1976 8037:(in French) 7874:16 December 7835:16 December 7812:17 December 7751:19 December 7724:16 December 7485:(in French) 7458:: 242–263. 7255:: 445–469. 7072:: 244–245. 7005:(13): 193. 6767:(10): 914. 6500:: 147–162. 5938:(in German) 5713:(1): 6–21. 5549:(in French) 4902:www.bbc.com 4738:30 December 4713:30 December 4656:humanite.fr 4503:(in French) 4445:30 December 4419:29 December 4394:29 December 3914:Swedish mil 3734:1 inch 3698:1 inch 3662:1 inch 3632:1 yard 3609:Non-SI unit 3604:Metric unit 3570:ronnametre 3561:rontometre 3550:yottametre 3541:yoctometre 3530:zettametre 3521:zeptometre 3284:millimicron 3266:light-years 3258:SI prefixes 3240:Switzerland 3150:Kingdom of 3117:Switzerland 3085:Metrication 3066:0.1 nm 2813:299 792 458 2792:21 Oct 1983 2769:wavelengths 2751:14 Oct 1960 2686:10 Dec 1799 2627:30 Mar 1791 2493:least count 2345:at exactly 2269:wavelengths 2147:Jean Richer 2092:thermometry 1938:Koenigsberg 1636:joined the 1560:Switzerland 1544:Netherlands 1524:Mecklenburg 1240:Switzerland 1201:Fire Island 894:Switzerland 760:cartography 680:Jean Picard 656:discovered 570:August 2023 466:), French ( 422:speedometer 229:US spelling 179:39.37 128:0.001 54:Unit system 9518:Categories 9302:centimetre 9267:millimetre 9248:micrometre 8786:Base units 8578:26 January 8424:References 8412:18 October 8271:9 December 8124:22 October 7928:22 January 7637:7 December 7483:Libération 6678:11 October 6442:12 October 5612:15 October 5183:10 October 4961:12 October 4819:1061216207 4232:centimeter 4174:Grammarist 4063:BIPM, 2006 3805:picometres 3714:millimetre 3678:centimetre 3584:10 m 3575:10 m 3564:10 m 3555:10 m 3544:10 m 3535:10 m 3524:10 m 3515:10 m 3504:10 m 3501:attometre 3495:10 m 3490:petametre 3484:10 m 3480:femtometre 3473:10 m 3468:terametre 3462:10 m 3451:10 m 3446:gigametre 3440:10 m 3429:10 m 3424:megametre 3418:10 m 3414:micrometre 3407:10 m 3394:10 m 3390:millimetre 3383:10 m 3377:hectometre 3370:10 m 3366:centimetre 3359:10 m 3346:10 m 3335:10 m 3327:SI symbol 3318:SI symbol 3310:Multiples 3289:micrometre 3275:The terms 3011:krypton-86 2901:along the 2738:(273 2618:of 1 2602:8 May 1790 2361: km/s 2288:krypton-86 2243:wavelength 1915:gravimetry 1757:following 1745:After the 1662:Hervé Faye 1620:Baltic Sea 1382:Formentera 1203:the first 1151:centimetre 1147:CGS system 1013:North Pole 966:Talleyrand 868:using the 839:North Pole 801:After the 752:flattening 722:Gravimeter 542:duplicates 489:metro chro 480:The motto 316:krypton-86 292:North Pole 231:; symbol: 120:1000 9402:kilometre 9353: m) 9327: m) 9292: m) 9229:nanometre 9125:units of 8929:steradian 8844:becquerel 8686:. Author. 8677:. Author. 8668:. Author. 8647:. Author. 8638:. Author. 8518:(1911b). 8489:76-600055 8006:cite book 7679: m/s 7582:0003-049X 7489:7 October 7425:1476-4687 7144:121338356 7136:0031-9228 7086:0004-6302 7027:0004-6337 6937:29 August 6899:29 August 6797:125925505 6789:0949-7714 6742:125240402 6734:1521-3889 6642:198204435 6634:1432-1394 6539:27 August 6516:0252-9211 6469:cite book 6368:1 October 6343:1 October 6261:119447198 6253:1432-1394 6231:CiteSeerX 6168:cite book 6138:cite book 6090:cite book 6058:cite book 6007:cite book 5999:861693071 5942:7 October 5916:7 October 5836:0096-3771 5771:cite book 5745:126724939 5737:1631-0705 5683:6 October 5660:109333769 5583:cite book 5553:6 October 5517:cite book 5489:6 October 5396:6 October 5317:31 August 5252:31 August 5123:0004-6337 5101:(7): 97. 5067:CiteSeerX 5041:30 August 5013:143514819 5005:0035-9149 4856:1298-9800 4776:0398-7817 4570:cite book 4507:7 October 4480:894499177 4354: in 4216:kilometer 3858:A simple 3780:nanometre 3510:exametre 3458:picometre 3436:nanometre 3401:kilometre 3353:decametre 3342:decimetre 3293:nanometre 3291:(μm) and 3206:Argentina 3119:in 1815, 3091:Consulate 3020:4 nm 2996:Hyperfine 2795:17th CGPM 2777:radiation 2754:11th CGPM 2719:with 10% 2597:Decision 2510:λ 2197:In 1873, 2182:Euclidean 2108:metrology 2013:in 1875, 1975:Neuchâtel 1957:(German: 1911:metrology 1837:expansion 1829:standards 1681:Argentina 1679:in 1888; 1640:in 1866. 1616:North Sea 1453:Barcelona 1223:in 1841. 1167:lightning 1129:In 1832, 1103:In 1816, 1009:Condorcet 864:In 1841, 831:longitude 827:Barcelona 776:Leibniz's 483:ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ 428:Etymology 399:ΜΕΤΡΩ ΧΡΩ 298:, so the 237:base unit 235:) is the 88:1 m 9081:Category 9036:See also 8809:kilogram 8778:SI units 8343:6 August 8322:. p.251. 7547:(1873). 6978:15 March 6973:usma.org 6843:16069502 6710:(5): 2. 5888:27274915 5224:36747385 4784:43861533 4687:2 August 4662:3 August 4180:12 March 4150:cite web 4140:12 March 4065:, p. 130 4004:archived 3920:See also 3860:mnemonic 3790:ångström 3758:ångström 3182:Colombia 3176:Portugal 3099:Napoleon 2907:Delambre 2903:meridian 2899:quadrant 2867:Relative 2862:Absolute 2731:7th CGPM 2717:platinum 2643:meridian 2639:quadrant 2612:pendulum 2584:Timeline 2386: nm 2377:, to be 2309:and the 2210:— 2172:, while 2070:and 10% 2068:platinum 1634:Portugal 1618:and the 1592:Milejewo 1481:latitude 1436:— 1422:Montjuïc 1398:spheroid 1386:Shetland 1372:and the 1302:through 1263:cadastre 1205:baseline 1196:(CIPM). 1143:kilogram 997:Lagrange 970:latitude 770:, which 682:through 662:pendulum 388:Spelling 382: km 308: km 294:along a 200:≈ 177:≈ 168:≈ 159:≈ 144:Imperial 109:SI units 9405: 9351:⁠ 9339:⁠ 9325:⁠ 9313:⁠ 9305: 9290:⁠ 9278:⁠ 9270: 9232: 8997:hectare 8982:decibel 8924:sievert 8919:siemens 8849:coulomb 8799:candela 8528:(ed.). 7845:or the 7433:4140694 7403:Bibcode 7282:Gallica 7116:Bibcode 7074:Bibcode 7007:Bibcode 6769:Bibcode 6712:Bibcode 6614:Bibcode 6223:Bibcode 5879:4654608 5824:Bibcode 5715:Bibcode 5646:: 174. 5431:5 March 5311:Gallica 5246:Gallica 5189:Gallica 5103:Bibcode 5035:Gallica 4537:Gallica 4356:Liddell 4334:at the 4284:. 1992. 4196:English 3903:⁄ 3874:⁄ 3853:⁠ 3841:⁠ 3837:⁠ 3825:⁠ 3778:1 3712:1 3676:1 3270:parsecs 3234:Austria 3228:Germany 3188:Ecuador 3152:Belgium 3057:⁠ 3037:⁠ 2911:Méchain 2895:⁠ 2875:⁠ 2816:⁠ 2804:⁠ 2781:krypton 2775:of the 2721:iridium 2673:of the 2558:is the 2475:defined 2379:632.991 2286:of the 2282:in the 2271:of the 2151:Cayenne 2120:physics 2112:geodesy 2072:iridium 2052:(CGPM: 1919:geodesy 1860:and in 1858:Prussia 1648:, that 1584:Denmark 1576:Palermo 1508:Denmark 1492:Prussia 1388:to the 1378:Dunkirk 1316:geodesy 1232:Aarberg 1192:at the 1113:Germany 1065:⁠ 1053:⁠ 1017:Equator 1015:to the 1001:Laplace 934:⁠ 922:⁠ 906:Genevan 890:⁠ 878:⁠ 859:⁠ 847:⁠ 843:Equator 841:to the 833:of the 829:at the 819:Dunkirk 792:Lapland 788:Ecuador 764:geodesy 754:of the 654:Galileo 552:Please 418:ammeter 348:⁠ 328:⁠ 290:to the 288:equator 269:⁠ 249:⁠ 243:in the 9366: 9127:length 9123:Metric 9012:minute 8972:dalton 8914:radian 8909:pascal 8899:newton 8824:second 8804:kelvin 8794:ampere 8738: 8721: 8614: 8610:–124. 8569: 8487: 8443: 8318: 8041:16 May 7901: 7747:. NIST 7611: 7590:985776 7588: 7580: 7514: 7431: 7423: 7395:Nature 7375:15 May 7288:15 May 7228:26 May 7200:26 May 7175:22 May 7142: 7134: 7084: 7025: 6926:: 33. 6841: 6795: 6787: 6740: 6732: 6667:: 33. 6640: 6632: 6583: 6514: 6297: 6259: 6251: 6233: 5997: 5987: 5886: 5876: 5834: 5743: 5735: 5658: 5222: 5212: 5144:: 5121: 5069: 5011: 5003: 4907:21 May 4879: 4854: 4817: 4807: 4782: 4774: 4764:Thalès 4543:13 May 4478: 4468: 4350:μέτρον 4316:μετρέω 4257:. 2008 4105:Turner 4080:Turner 4023:. 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