301:
362:
376:
353:
territories – relying, instead, on alliances with tribal elite and local power struggles. Against the Sumras, Khiljl advanced the cause of the Lohana tribe of Samma. The conflict guaranteed a rolling supply of princes and tribal chiefs wanting alliances with the center. The tussle for dominance between the Sumras and the Samma lasted until the reign of Firuz Shah
Tughluq (1351–1388), when the Jam emirs of Samma were finally able to end Sumra dominance, taking over lower Sindh.
1784:
312: : The "upper section" of educated Lohanas who served the Muslim dynasties as scribes in Sindh. In the 18th–19th century, they began working for the British. They currently are generally involved in clerical jobs in government offices, as working in posts of revenue collectors and other senior positions. They originally composed 10–15% of the Lohana community continued to draw members from those castes.
1818:
710:
Jobanputra, Kataria,Kakkad, Kanabar, Kanani, Katira, Khakkar,Khandhadiya,Khilochia, Kotak, Kotecha, Ladhak, Lodhiya,Manghirmalani Madan, Madlani, Madhvani, Majithia,Mamtora, Manek, Mapara,Kariya, Thakkar, Ganatra, Mahtani Mashru, Nathwani, Pandhi, Popat, Pujara, Raimagia, Raja, Rajvir, Rariya, Ruparel, Raychura, Sachdev, Shakrani, Sejpal,Sunchak, Tanna, Pabari, Thakaral, Unadkat, Vasani, Vasant, Vithlani.
318: : The less educated of "lower section", mainly involved in trade and commerce and so mostly merchants. Most were shopkeepers and money-lenders. The community was involved in international and trade in interior of Sindh even before the arrival of the British. They also played an important part in the development of the city of
1322:: "Lachaier claims that in the nineteenth century, the Lohanas were the most important trading community in the areas of Sindh, Kutch, and Saurashtra. One reason for this was the established rule of the Kalhoras in Sindh in the eighteenth century, which brought new business opportunities for merchant professions."
977:
With the exception of
Bhatias and Brahmins, the various Hindu Sindhi jatis are all grouped under the Lohana caste which subsumes a vast conglomerate of Vaishya jatis. Lohanas are usually distinguished as being either Sindhi or Kutchi. These two share a common kinship metaphor and myth of (Kshatriya)
709:
Akhani Adwani Aahiya, Adhia, Ajwani, Ambiya, Amlani,Motwani,Mirchandani, Adatia, Anadkat, Barai, Bhatadi, Bhayani, Bhimani, Bhimjiyani, Bhojani,Chugani, Chadupotra, Chandan, Chandarana, Chug, Dattani, Davda, Devani, Dhanak, Dhakar, Gadhiya, Gajan, Gajjar, Gakhar, Gandhi, Gatha,Gokani, Hindocha,
352:
Ala al-Din Khilji (1296–1316) mounted a number of campaigns in the region battling the Sumra princes whose cycle of capitulation/rebellion could be charted exactly to the perceived military stress on the metropole. Yet, the Delhi
Sultans and their governor rarely resorted to invading Sumra held
278:
district of Punjab (now in
Pakistan). Before their traditional occupation of traders, both the Lohanas and Bhatias were involved in the profession of agriculture. Goswami states that their ritual position was "ambiguous", and, "they were considered neither a high nor a low caste".
296:
are
Lohanas. Sindhi Lohanas have since been divided into several groups, among which are a traditionally more educated "upper section" called "Amils", who served as scribes to the Muslim rulers and a less educated "lower section" called "Bhaibands", who were traders:
1116:
Mathew Cook, for example, argues that many
Punjabis migrated to Sindh during the eighteenth century and were eventually absorbed into the Lohana community, an all-encompassing community that includes the vast majority of the Hindus of
1073:
The majority of Hindus in Sind were not
Rajputs. They were Lohanos who had emigrated from the Punjab in the distant past. They may have been descended from the people also known as Lohanos who fled from Sind after the Arab conquest of
157:
The
Lohanas are divided into many separate cultural groups as a result of centuries apart in different regions. Thus there are significant differences between the culture, language, professions and societies of
1008:
Lohana— The Lohana are an Indian caste, traditionally merchants. Although considered to be
Vaishya in the Hindu ritual ranking system known as varna, they favour a mythical origin as members of the Kshatriya
1585:
Probably the success of the most prominent Lohana families in Uganda, Nanji
Kalidas Mehta and Sons, M. P. Madhvani and D. K. Hindocha had much influence on Lohana migration from Porbandar and Jamnagar
259:
and Lohanas even intermarried. Schaflechner cites the historian Rowe who states that "low ranking" Saraswat Brahmins originating in Balochistan formed a symbiotic relationship with castes such as
267:, etc. who were trying to raise their varna status – which in turn would benefit the Saraswat Brahmins as well. For this purpose, certain religious texts were written during the British Raj era.
220:. According to David Cheesman, the Lohana who immigrated from Punjab to Sindh in the distant past, may have been descended from the people also known as Lohana who fled from
452:
of Lohanas, who were in favour in court of that Samma king. He was persuaded by ruler and the Qadri to convert to Islam. However, not all Lohanas were ready to convert from
209:
to protect them. Lohanas claim that the fort "disappeared" after 21 days and the Rathores were then called "Lohana", a word the community interprets as "those of iron".
393:
The community's oral history says that the decline of their kingdom began after the death of Veer Dada Jashraj. It also says that their name derives from the city of
1045:
The Lohana, Lakha, Samma, Sahtah, Chand (Channa)....which appear, at least in the Muslim sources, to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats.
1788:
448:; he was converted to Islam by Sayad Eusuf-ud-Din and he adopted a new name Makrab Khan. At that time a person named Mankeji was head of 84
1535:
A case study of urban ethnicity: Harrow Gujaratis (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom)
1460:
437:), a title given by Sadardin, that would predominantly merge into what is now understood as the Nizari Ismaili branch of Shia Islam.
1852:
1806:
1731:
1704:
1662:
1516:
1285:
1226:
1032:
1001:
970:
943:
916:
1024:
Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11th centuries. Vol. 1
1635:
1253:
216:, at least in the Muslim sources, Lohanas appear to be subdivisions of the Jats or to be put on a par with the Jats of
1434:
Contested terrains: negotiating ethnic boundaries in the city of Leicester since 1950 (Doctoral dissertation, History)
425:, the emergence of a devotional Ismaili oral tradition that incorporated indigenous conceptions of religion, known as
1608:
1563:
1403:
1199:
1172:
1066:
1721:
1432:
1333:
559:
The Lohana migrants to East Africa, of which there were 40,000 in 1970, came mainly from the Saurashtran cities of
1842:
1162:
825:, Dolani, Dudeja, Ganda ,Gajwani, Gangwani, Ganglani, Gyanani, Gulrajani, Hotwani, Harwani, Jamtani, Jobanputra,
583:
1216:
552:
and Gujarati Lohana communities. At that time, however, there was already a bustling merchant class diaspora of
190:
origin based on their belief that they are from the lineage of Ram. They claim that they are the descendants of
1581:
Persistence Amid Adversity:The Growth and Spatial Distribution of the Asian Population of Kenya, 1902–1963
578:
In the later part of 20th century, following the independence of British colonies, and particularly after
1652:
682:. The Sun is also worshipped by the community. Some Lohana branches worship Hinglaj as a clan goddess.
300:
567:. Many Lohanas set up businesses in those countries, two of the most successful being those set up by
328:: placed somewhere between Amils and Bhaibands, they could be either in government service or traders.
598:. In the UK, the highest concentration of Lohanas and other Gujarati Hindu communities is around the
1847:
429:, played a role in the forming of a new ethnic caste-like grouping. This group came to be known as
217:
1218:
Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond
1822:
31:
17:
198:
as per Schaflechner. A "mytho-historic" legend prevalent in the community is that the Hindu God
1475:
545:
1694:
991:
906:
1598:
1553:
1275:
1243:
1189:
993:
Popular Hinduism, Stories and Mobile Performances: The Voice of Morari Bapu in Multiple Media
960:
933:
401:, from which they migrated in the 13th century after the establishment of Muslim rule there.
1625:
1508:
1335:
The many histories of Muhammad b. Qasim: Narrating the Muslim conquest of Sindh – page – 99
8:
1680:
Devotion, Religious Authority, and Social Structures in Sindh: Khojas, Vanyos, and Faqirs
568:
533:
333:
1769:
These Saraswat Brahmins from Balochistan were considered low caste and called 'Sindhur'.
1349:
Asani, Ali S. (2001-07-01). "The Khojahs of South Asia: Defining a Space of their Own".
1374:
572:
477:
248:
1748:
904:
332:
For hundreds of years, the Sindhi Lohanas absorbed other communities from the western
224:
after the Arab conquest of 711. Matthew A. Cook argues that many Punjabis migrated to
1802:
1727:
1700:
1658:
1631:
1604:
1559:
1512:
1399:
1395:
The Muslim communities of Gujarat: an exploratory study of Bohras, Khojas, and Memons
1378:
1366:
1281:
1249:
1222:
1195:
1168:
1107:
1062:
1028:
997:
966:
939:
912:
244:
64:
1501:
1358:
1099:
802:
553:
529:
121:
1103:
1837:
1796:
1393:
1022:
794:
525:
457:
203:
191:
159:
101:
72:
68:
1798:
Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan
1087:
1362:
842:
663:
607:
587:
117:
1533:
1503:
The rise and fall of philanthropy in East Africa : the Asian contribution
1831:
1370:
1111:
830:
818:
631:
615:
591:
445:
293:
228:
during the eighteenth century and got assimilated into the Lohana community.
171:
163:
105:
1600:
Hinduism in Great Britain: the perpetuation of religion in an alien cultural
361:
213:
671:
659:
461:
404:
252:
125:
113:
1555:
The Rise and Fall of Philanthropy in East Africa: The Asian's Contribution
1438:
935:
Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand
774:
770:
599:
497:
375:
885:
667:
647:
240:
905:
Tapan Raychaudhuri; Dharma Kumar; Irfan Habib; Meghnad Desai (1983).
854:
746:
738:
679:
611:
489:
456:. But 700 Lohana families comprising some 6,178 persons converted in
270:
However, as per Pierre Lachaier, their name derives from the city of
187:
850:
834:
798:
782:
579:
560:
493:
480:
in 1947, Lohanas from Kutch and Sindh migrated in large numbers to
453:
388:
315:
85:
1783:
1191:
Globalization before Its Time: The Gujarati Merchants from Kachchh
1164:
Firmes et entreprises en Inde: la firme lignagère dans ses réseaux
178:, Pakistan (the latter having largely migrated to India as well).
870:
846:
822:
810:
778:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
734:
726:
655:
635:
619:
603:
549:
481:
449:
434:
411:
341:
325:
319:
264:
260:
206:
167:
908:
The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 2, C.1757-c.1970
150:
1817:
1273:
1127:
1125:
866:
862:
858:
857:, Ratlani, Rajpal, Rustamani, Ruprela, Sambhavani, Santdasani,
829:, Jumani, Kateja, Kodwani, Khabrani, Khairajani, Khanchandani,
826:
814:
806:
742:
730:
725:, Ajwani, barai,Bathija, Bhavnani, Bijlani, Chhablani, Chugan,
718:
675:
651:
639:
595:
564:
537:
513:
505:
501:
426:
422:
414:
398:
394:
275:
271:
256:
236:
199:
1693:
Hanks, Patrick; Coates, Richard; McClure, Peter (2016-11-17).
194:
of the Ramayana. This claim was more common in the Lohanas of
1299:
1297:
1137:
838:
722:
541:
485:
465:
441:
430:
418:
337:
309:
232:
225:
221:
195:
175:
109:
89:
1696:
The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland
1122:
777:, Shahani, Sipahimalani, Sippy, Sitlani, Takthani, Thadani,
749:, Kandharani, Karnani, Kewalramani, Khubchandani, Kriplani,
1630:. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. pp. 10–11.
793:
Aishani, Agahni, Anandani, Aneja, Ambwani, Asija, Bablani,
643:
509:
408:
231:
U.T Thakur writes that there are many similarities between
1294:
340:
became an important trading community in Sindh during the
1654:
Dying, death and bereavement in a British Hindu community
1507:. New Brunswick, U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers. p.
1274:
Cátia Antunes; Karwan Fatah-Black, eds. (14 April 2016).
1269:
1267:
1265:
898:
1245:
Cosmopolitan connections: the Sindhi diaspora, 1860–2000
962:
Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860–2000
1461:"The Changing Culture of Hindu Lohanas in East Africa"
1412:
1262:
1059:
Landlord Power and Rural Indebtedness in Colonial Sind
1086:
Kothari, Rita; Thadhani, Jasbirkaur (October 2016).
765:, Manghirmalani. Manshani, Mansukhani, Mirchandani,
421:
in the 15th century. As Lohanas were worshippers of
958:
367:
Lohana women in western India (c. 1855–1862).
1723:Socio-Cultural Life of Merchants in Mughal Gujarat
1692:
1500:
630:Lohanas largely follow Hindu rituals and worship
381:Lohana men in western India (c. 1855–1862).
1829:
666:, also attract many Lohana devotees. Their main
389:Formation of Khoja and Memon Islamic communities
1085:
1027:. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 158–159.
865:, Sewani, Tewani, Tejwani, Tilokani, Tirthani,
1187:
1014:
931:
548:. A significant number of these came from the
528:left India between 1880–1920 and migrated to
1794:
1315:
1303:
1143:
1131:
989:
938:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 58–.
1627:Young bilingual children in nursery schools
1181:
1088:"Sindhi Sikhs in India: The Missing People"
925:
685:Sindhi Lohanas eat meat and drink alcohol.
1789:Castes and Tribes of Southern India/Lohana
1746:
1092:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
440:In 1422, Jam Rai Dan was tribal leader in
1277:Explorations in History and Globalization
952:
873:, Vishnani, Visrani, Virwani and Valbani
1623:
1596:
1418:
1391:
1385:
1160:
1056:
983:
959:Mark Anthony Falzon (1 September 2004).
584:expulsion order for South Asians in 1972
299:
1578:
1551:
1498:
1430:
1398:. Ajanta Publications. pp. 42–44.
14:
1830:
1719:
1677:
1241:
654:in the form of Ravirandal Mataji, and
625:
154:mostly in India and also in Pakistan.
1650:
1531:
1348:
1342:
1331:
1214:
53:India, Pakistan, South Africa, Europe
1583:. Syracuse University. p. 182.
1458:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1098:(4). Taylor & Francis: 873–890.
1020:
853:, Nankani, Nathani, Parwani, Phull,
519:
48:Regions with significant populations
1188:Chhaya Goswami (18 February 2016).
243:and Lohanas, all of whom recruited
24:
1590:
25:
1864:
1149:
678:, Sindhvi Shree Sikotar Mata and
471:
460:, Sindh. These are now known as
1816:
1782:
1579:Bennett, Charles Joseph (1976).
932:Yasir Suleiman (21 April 2010).
374:
360:
287:
282:
1776:
1740:
1713:
1686:
1671:
1657:. Leuven: Peeters. p. 21.
1644:
1617:
1572:
1545:
1525:
1492:
1452:
1424:
1325:
1309:
1235:
1208:
1161:Lachaier, Pierre (1999-01-01).
837:, Longan, Lachhwani, Ludhwani,
1763:
1079:
1050:
911:. CUP Archive. pp. 340–.
642:such as Rama with his consort
407:converted some Lohanas to the
148:) are a trading or mercantile
13:
1:
1853:Hindu communities of Pakistan
1795:Schaflechner, Jürgen (2018).
1720:Sharma, Monika (2014-12-03).
1242:Falzon, Mark-Anthony (2004).
1167:(in French). pp. 70–73.
1104:10.1080/00856401.2016.1233716
1061:. Routledge. pp. 45–46.
990:Mrinal Pande (24 June 2022).
891:
1437:. p. 25. Archived from
1392:Engineer, Asgharali (1989).
1338:. The University of Chicago.
590:, and to a lesser extent to
586:, most Lohanas moved to the
202:built an iron fort for some
7:
1801:. Oxford University Press.
1699:. Oxford University Press.
1499:Gregory, Robert G. (1992).
1468:Contemporary Asians Studies
1280:. Routledge. pp. 70–.
879:
706:Gujarati and Kutchi Lohana
688:
646:and Krishna in the form of
10:
1869:
1597:Burghart, Richard (1987).
1363:10.1177/092137400101300202
658:. The 19th century saints
638:. They worship avatars of
347:
29:
849:, Mohinani, Mulchandani,
181:
100:
95:
83:
78:
62:
57:
52:
47:
1726:. Partridge Publishing.
1624:Thompson, Linda (2000).
1552:Gregory, Robert (1992).
1215:Ramey, S. (2008-10-27).
1057:Cheesman, David (2013).
30:Not to be confused with
1678:Boivin, Michel (2024).
1651:Firth, Shirley (1997).
1474:: 83–97. Archived from
965:. BRILL. pp. 32–.
790:Sindhi Bhaiband Lohana
496:. Many also settled in
32:Lohani (disambiguation)
1843:Sindhi tribes in India
1320:Hinglaj in Perspective
797:, Bhagwani, Bhaglani,
397:(/Lohanpur/Lohkot) in
305:
1825:at Wikimedia Commons
1682:. Brill. p. 138.
1332:Ahmed, Manan (2008).
817:, Chothani, Dalwani,
769:, Panjwani, Punwani,
745:, Issrani, Jagtiani,
304:Sindhi Lohana Amil's.
303:
136:(also referred to as
96:Related ethnic groups
1431:Herbert, J. (2004).
841:, Lokwani, Mamtani,
556:in these countries.
1747:U.T Thakur (1959).
1248:. pp. 34, 35.
715:Sindhi Amil Lohana
694:
626:Society and culture
569:Nanji Kalidas Mehta
534:African Great Lakes
524:Thousands of Hindu
334:Indian subcontinent
44:
1532:Kalka, I. (1986).
1459:Oonk, G.. (2004).
785:and Uttamsinghani
693:
610:, and the city of
573:Muljibhai Madhvani
478:partition of India
306:
42:
1821:Media related to
1808:978-0-19-085052-4
1787:Works related to
1733:978-1-4828-4036-0
1706:978-0-19-252747-9
1664:978-90-6831-976-7
1518:978-1-56000-007-5
1351:Cultural Dynamics
1316:Schaflechner 2018
1304:Schaflechner 2018
1287:978-1-317-24384-7
1228:978-0-230-61622-6
1146:, pp. 59–60.
1144:Schaflechner 2018
1134:, pp. 71–75.
1132:Schaflechner 2018
1034:978-0-391-04125-7
1021:Wink, A. (2002).
1003:978-1-00-060464-1
972:978-90-474-0603-7
945:978-0-7486-4219-9
918:978-0-521-22802-2
877:
876:
672:Veer Dada Jashraj
520:Overseas diaspora
336:. The Lohanas of
292:Vast majority of
245:Saraswat Brahmins
131:
130:
16:(Redirected from
1860:
1820:
1812:
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1018:
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987:
981:
980:
956:
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949:
929:
923:
922:
902:
773:, Rijhsanghani,
695:
692:
554:Gujarati Muslims
530:British colonies
378:
364:
122:Sulaymani Bohras
45:
41:
21:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1848:Gujarati people
1828:
1827:
1809:
1779:
1774:
1773:
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1758:
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1734:
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1707:
1691:
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1519:
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1406:
1390:
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1347:
1343:
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1326:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1240:
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1229:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1159:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1055:
1051:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1019:
1015:
1004:
988:
984:
973:
957:
953:
946:
930:
926:
919:
903:
899:
894:
882:
691:
650:. They worship
628:
522:
474:
391:
386:
385:
384:
383:
382:
379:
370:
369:
368:
365:
350:
290:
285:
184:
102:Gujarati people
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
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668:clan deities
660:Jalaram Bapa
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439:
405:Pir Sadardin
403:
392:
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247:as priests.
230:
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170:, India and
162:Lohanas and
156:
149:
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141:
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126:Alavi Bohras
39:Ethnic group
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27:Indian caste
809:, Bodhani,
775:Sadarangani
771:Ramchandani
729:, Daryani,
602:suburbs of
600:West London
498:Maharashtra
444:during the
241:Bhanushalis
186:They claim
1832:Categories
1485:2011-10-02
1445:2017-04-15
1040:2022-08-02
892:References
886:Bhanushali
698:Sub-Caste
648:Shrinathji
618:region of
546:Tanganyika
536:region of
476:After the
214:André Wink
63:Primarily
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272:Lohargadh
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799:Bhagnani
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634:such as
580:Idi Amin
561:Jamnagar
494:Vadodara
454:Hinduism
417:sect of
160:Gujarati
138:Loharana
86:Hinduism
79:Religion
65:Gujarati
978:origin.
871:Vangani
847:Mirwani
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636:Krishna
620:England
614:in the
604:Wembley
550:Patidar
532:in the
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435:Khawaja
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348:History
342:Kalhora
326:Sahitis
320:Karachi
265:Lohanas
261:Khatris
257:Khatris
253:Bhatias
237:Khatris
207:Rajputs
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462:Memons
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427:ginans
423:Shakti
415:Nizari
399:Lahore
344:rule.
276:Lahore
233:Aroras
200:Varuna
182:Origin
172:Sindhi
164:Kutchi
144:, and
134:Lohana
73:Sindhi
69:Kutchi
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