19:
31:
1671:
1659:
877:
If we assume that the natural rate of increase in the population before the famine was 2 per cent, Comparison with the diminution in the size of age cohorts born during the famine years suggests that the official
Nationalist figure includes population loss through excess mortality and declined fertility migration, which leaves a famine death toll of well under 1 million.
366:
888:
Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The
History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-62. Walker & Company, 2010 pp.32, 67, xxiii. Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine. Holt Paperbacks p.xi. Yang, Jisheng (2008). Tombstone (Mu Bei - Zhong Guo Liu Shi Nian Dai Da Ji
876:
A detailed survey organized by the
Nationalist government in 1943 of the impact of the famine came up with a toll of 1,484,983, broken down by county. The official population registers of Henan show a net decline in population from 1942 to 1943 of one million people, or 3 per cent of the population.
387:
to provide, as necessary, to famine areas and transport foods from other areas and to distribute them. The reputation of an emperor depended on how he succeeded. National famines occurred even when the drought areas were too large, especially when simultaneously larger areas of flooded rivers were
380:(16th–11th century BC) until the founding of modern China, chroniclers have regularly described recurring disasters. There have always been times and places where rains have failed, especially in the northwest of China, and this has led to famine.
813:
715:
392:
occurred, or when the central government did not have sufficient reserves. If an emperor could not prevent a famine, he lost prestige and legitimacy. It was said that he had lost the
1147:
212:
633:
two millions and a half have perished, and there is unfortunately too much reason to believe that the enormous total of nine and a half millions is substantially correct.
172:
Primarily caused by famine, lower life expectancy and plague in the case of the Nian rebellion, the total war casualties are claimed to possibly be 10–30 million people
1152:
Shiue, Carol H. "Local granaries and central government disaster relief: moral hazard and intergovernmental finance in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century China."
1563:
608:
1106:
Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn Jean. "From 'Nourish the People' to 'Sacrifice for the Nation': Changing
Responses to Disaster in Late Imperial and Modern China."
1080:
Kathryn Jean, Edgerton-Tarpley, "From 'Nourish the People' to 'Sacrifice for the Nation': Changing
Responses to Disaster in Late Imperial and Modern China."
822:
18:
830:
In Gansu the estimated mortality was 2.5 to 3 million In
Shaanxi, out of a population of 13 million, an estimated 3 million died of hunger or disease
1022:
506:
770:
1588:
525:
1501:
972:
611:(November 1879). "Report of R.J. Forrest, Esq., H.B.M. Consul at Tien-tsin and Chairman of the Famine Relief Committee at Tien-tsin".
1533:
1224:
1111:
1085:
412:
345:
Half of the country, in particular Anhui (18% died), Chongqing (15% died), Sichuan (13% died), Guizhou (11% died), Hunan (8% died)
43:
775:[An Elementary Study about the Characteristics and the Effect of the Great Drought in Northwest China from 1928 to 1930].
177:
698:
1695:
1191:
903:
1593:
1663:
656:
583:
1101:
Famine in China and the missionary: Timothy
Richard as relief administrator and advocate of national reform, 1876–1884
1485:
1135:
913:
535:
1239:
1634:
1568:
235:
104:
1583:
313:
294:
1054:
1608:
1598:
1511:
1417:
399:
Qing China built an elaborate system designed to minimize famine deaths. The system was destroyed in the
253:
1480:
488:
150:
Unknown (45 million population decrease, unknown how many emigrated or avoided census to evade taxes)
1700:
1390:
1214:
1007:
1395:
1184:
945:
327:
1337:
510:
1506:
1464:
1459:
1342:
1219:
791:
442:
646:
1573:
1437:
1276:
994:
842:
Garnaut, Anthony (November 2013). "A Quantitative
Description of the Henan Famine of 1942".
1603:
1558:
1526:
1521:
1447:
1422:
1378:
983:
337:
8:
1674:
1452:
1283:
1234:
1177:
1578:
1516:
1304:
1293:
1271:
1266:
1255:
1157:
1046:
867:
751:
743:
470:
348:
55:
1553:
1427:
1320:
1229:
1125:
Fighting famine in North China: state, market, and environmental decline, 1690s-1990s
1050:
1042:
909:
871:
859:
815:
Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and
Environmental Decline, 1690s–1990s
755:
735:
694:
652:
531:
462:
400:
393:
166:
927:
1629:
1624:
1410:
1405:
1288:
1244:
1038:
851:
727:
454:
384:
1639:
1400:
688:
422:
389:
224:
223:
The drought from 1898-1901 led to a fear of famine, which was a leading cause of
919:
1644:
376:
In China famines have been an ongoing problem for thousands of years. From the
365:
162:
1142:
Shiue, Carol H. "The political economy of famine relief in China, 1740–1820."
855:
1689:
1383:
1332:
863:
739:
565:
466:
377:
587:
1432:
131:
1315:
1164:
Nourish the people: The state civilian granary system in China, 1650–1850
1118:
Tears from iron: cultural responses to famine in nineteenth-century China
1069:
Nourish the people: The state civilian granary system in China, 1650–1850
30:
417:
1200:
821:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 303–307. Archived from
747:
474:
441:
Mallory, Walter H.; Vinacke, Harold M.; King-Hall, Stephen (May 1927).
94:
46:. Between 108 BC and 1911 AD, there were no fewer than 1,828 recorded
1370:
731:
458:
1442:
1365:
1326:
889:
Huang Ji Shi). Cosmos Books (Tian Di Tu Shu), Hong Kong pp.12, 429.
626:
265:
198:
273:
1347:
674:
History in Three Keys The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth
618:
269:
186:
47:
1169:
630:
622:
369:
322:
281:
277:
261:
194:
190:
51:
566:"Hong Xiuquan: The rebel who thought he was Jesus's brother"
372:
officials engaged in famine relief, 19th-century engraving
305:
Drought, wartime constraints, and inefficiency of relief
447:
Journal of the Royal
Institute of International Affairs
440:
22:
Victims of a famine forced to sell their children from
1564:
International Conference on Population and Development
690:
Political Routes to Starvation: Why Does Famine Kill?
716:"Introduction: Food, Famine, and the Chinese State"
1687:
1130:Maohong, Bao. "Environmental history in China."
908:. Hong Kong: 時代國際出版. pp. 46, 67, 117, 150.
230:0.2 million in Shanxi, the worst hit province.
93:Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;
644:
351:, Floods, Droughts, Typhoons, Insect Invasion
1185:
850:(6). Cambridge University Press: 2034, 2044.
227:. The famine eventually came in Spring 1901.
58:or another. The famines varied in severity.
1116:Edgerton-Tarpley, Kathryn, and Cormac O'gr.
1589:United Nations world population conferences
897:
895:
1502:Population and housing censuses by country
1192:
1178:
1225:Estimates of historical world population
1025:Great Leap, Great Famine: A Review Essay
892:
523:
413:List of disasters in China by death toll
364:
360:
29:
17:
1162:Will, Pierre-Etienne, and R. Bin Wong.
841:
607:
388:over their banks and thus additionally
1688:
707:
686:
1173:
1166:(University of Michigan Press, 2020).
1071:(University of Michigan Press, 2020).
1067:Pierre-Etienne Will and R. Bin Wong,
1020:
1014:
671:
638:
584:"Ch'ing China: The Taiping Rebellion"
1658:
1144:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
768:
617:The authorities are assured that in
1594:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
970:
925:
901:
507:"Projects and Events: 14th Century"
61:
54:, or once nearly every year in one
13:
1093:
811:
784:Journal of Guyuan Teachers College
713:
418:History of famines in the Far East
178:Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79
14:
1712:
1486:Population and Development Review
1031:Population and Development Review
645:Cormac Ó Gráda (March 16, 2009).
243:northern Anhui, northern Jiangsu
1670:
1669:
1657:
1534:Population concern organizations
1240:Projections of population growth
1043:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00595.x
220:Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia
1635:Human impact on the environment
1569:Population Action International
1074:
1061:
964:
938:
882:
835:
805:
762:
680:
665:
530:. Genealogical Publishing Com.
213:Northern Chinese Famine of 1901
1584:United Nations Population Fund
1199:
1120:(U of California Press, 2008).
1021:Gráda, Cormac Ó (March 2011).
714:Li, Lillian M. (August 1982).
651:. Princeton University Press.
601:
576:
558:
544:
527:A Field Guide for Genealogists
517:
499:
481:
434:
1:
621:five millions and a half, in
428:
924:An excerpt is published as:
720:The Journal of Asian Studies
693:. Vernon Press. p. 45.
189:(5.5 million dead), also in
7:
1696:Lists of disasters in China
1609:World Population Foundation
1599:World Population Conference
1512:World population milestones
1154:Journal of Economic History
406:
254:Chinese famine of 1920-1921
236:Chinese famine of 1906–1907
105:Chinese famine of 1333-1337
44:lists of disasters in China
10:
1717:
1481:Population and Environment
973:"中國大饑荒時期「非正常人口死亡」研究之綜述與解讀"
946:"The Great Chinese Famine"
1653:
1617:
1542:
1494:
1473:
1391:Human population planning
1356:
1302:
1253:
1215:Demographics of the world
1207:
856:10.1017/S0026749X13000103
295:Chinese famine of 1928–30
81:Estimated number of dead
1396:Compulsory sterilization
1108:Journal of Asian Studies
1082:Journal of Asian Studies
779:
771:
328:Second Sino-Japanese War
42:, part of the series of
40:List of famines in China
1338:Malthusian growth model
1132:Environment and History
928:"1959-1961年中国的人口死亡及其成因"
812:Li, Lillian M. (2007).
772:浅析1928-1930年西北大旱灾的特点及影响
672:Cohen, Paul A. (1997).
648:Famine: A Short History
629:half a million, and in
524:Jacobson, Judy (2001).
443:"China: Land of Famine"
383:It was the task of the
143:1810, 1811, 1846, 1849
130:Eventually causing the
1465:Zero population growth
1460:Sustainable population
1384:Malthusian catastrophe
1343:Overshoot (population)
1220:Demographic transition
1002:Cite journal requires
777:Gùyuán Shīzhuān Xuébào
769:Chen, Sherong (2002).
373:
35:
34:Global famines history
27:
1574:Population Connection
1438:Mere addition paradox
1277:Physiological density
368:
361:Responding to famines
33:
21:
1604:World Population Day
1559:Church of Euthanasia
1448:Non-identity problem
1423:Political demography
1379:Human overpopulation
1146:36.1 (2005): 33-55.
1127:(Stanford UP, 2007).
1099:Bohr, Paul Richard.
844:Modern Asian Studies
786:] (in Chinese).
687:Dianda, Bas (2019).
338:Great Chinese Famine
134:to collapse in 1644
1453:Reproductive rights
1284:Population dynamics
1235:Population momentum
971:劉兆崑 (August 2008).
952:. 26 September 2019
905:大饥荒：1959-1961年的中国人口
790:(1). Archived from
676:. pp. 95, 323.
495:. February 6, 1928.
127:Northwestern China
24:The Famine in China
1579:Population Matters
1294:Population pyramid
1272:Population density
1267:Population decline
572:. 17 October 2012.
489:"Heaven, Observe!"
374:
349:Great Leap Forward
248:20 to 25 million
207:9.5 to 13 million
36:
28:
1683:
1682:
1554:7 Billion Actions
1428:Population ethics
1321:Carrying capacity
1230:Population growth
1156:(2004): 100-124.
1134:(2004): 475-499.
1110:(2014): 447-469.
1084:(2014): 447-469.
700:978-1-62273-508-2
401:Taiping Rebellion
394:Mandate of Heaven
358:
357:
354:15 to 55 million
332:0.7 to 1 million
308:6 to 10 million
167:Taiping Rebellion
97:captured capital
1708:
1701:Famines in China
1673:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1630:Green Revolution
1411:Two-child policy
1406:One-child policy
1329:
1289:Population model
1245:World population
1194:
1187:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1088:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1053:. Archived from
1018:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1000:
998:
990:
988:
982:. Archived from
977:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
942:
936:
935:
923:
918:. Archived from
899:
890:
886:
880:
879:
839:
833:
832:
827:
820:
809:
803:
802:
800:
799:
766:
760:
759:
711:
705:
704:
684:
678:
677:
669:
663:
662:
642:
636:
635:
625:one million, in
613:China's Millions
605:
599:
598:
596:
595:
586:. Archived from
580:
574:
573:
562:
556:
555:
548:
542:
541:
521:
515:
514:
509:. Archived from
503:
497:
496:
485:
479:
478:
438:
385:Emperor of China
314:1942–1943 famine
197:(1 million) and
114:Famine in China
66:
65:
62:Famines in China
1716:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1649:
1613:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1490:
1469:
1418:Overconsumption
1401:Family planning
1358:
1352:
1325:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1260:
1257:
1249:
1203:
1198:
1123:Li, Lillian M.
1096:
1094:Further reading
1091:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1019:
1015:
1003:
1001:
992:
991:
986:
975:
969:
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953:
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943:
939:
916:
900:
893:
887:
883:
840:
836:
828:on 2021-12-27.
825:
818:
810:
806:
797:
795:
781:
773:
767:
763:
732:10.2307/2055445
712:
708:
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685:
681:
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606:
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593:
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582:
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563:
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538:
522:
518:
505:
504:
500:
487:
486:
482:
459:10.2307/3014847
439:
435:
431:
423:List of famines
409:
363:
302:Northern China
225:Boxer Rebellion
201:(0.5 million).
193:(2.5 million),
64:
12:
11:
5:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1654:
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1647:
1645:Sustainability
1642:
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1618:Related topics
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1507:Largest cities
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1340:
1335:
1330:
1327:I = P × A × T
1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1300:
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1128:
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1114:
1104:
1103:(Brill, 2020).
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1073:
1060:
1057:on 2016-03-07.
1037:(1): 191–210.
1013:
1004:|journal=
989:on 2020-12-11.
963:
937:
922:on 2016-02-11.
914:
891:
881:
834:
804:
761:
726:(4): 687–707.
706:
699:
679:
664:
658:978-0691122373
657:
637:
609:Forrest, R. J.
600:
575:
557:
543:
536:
516:
513:on 2016-01-13.
498:
480:
453:(3): 185–187.
432:
430:
427:
426:
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420:
415:
408:
405:
403:of the 1850s.
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163:Nian Rebellion
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1625:Bennett's law
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1546:organizations
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1336:
1334:
1333:Kaya identity
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950:Alpha History
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917:
915:9789889828233
911:
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794:on 2011-07-07
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289:0.5 million
169:and drought
132:Ming dynasty
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1357:Society and
1316:Biocapacity
276:, southern
1690:Categories
1544:Events and
1359:population
1305:Population
1256:Population
1201:Population
956:24 October
798:2011-02-15
594:2010-08-21
552:民国时期社会调查丛编
429:References
342:1959–1961
318:1942–1943
299:1928–1930
258:1920–1921
182:1876–1879
157:1850–1873
124:1630–1631
117:6 million
109:1333–1337
95:Huang Chao
38:This is a
1640:Migration
1517:6 billion
1051:154275320
872:146274415
864:1469-8099
756:162468862
740:0021-9118
467:1473-799X
1675:Category
1443:Natalism
1366:Eugenics
627:Shantung
570:BBC News
407:See also
266:Shandong
240:1906-07
204:Drought
199:Shandong
88:875–884
78:Context
56:province
1664:Commons
1307:ecology
1258:biology
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321:Mainly
274:Shaanxi
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1374:genics
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1136:online
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780:固原师专学报
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1495:Lists
1047:S2CID
987:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
868:S2CID
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819:(PDF)
782:[
752:S2CID
744:JSTOR
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471:JSTOR
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262:Henan
217:1901
195:Henan
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69:Name
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