132:, the treaty stipulated, "...that all men, both white and red, may be compelled to pay their just debts, it is stipulated and agreed, that the sum of two hundred dollars shall be appropriated by the United States, for each district, annually, and placed in the hands of the agent, to pay the expenses incurred in raising and establishing said corps; which is to act as executive officers, in maintaining good order, and compelling bad men to remove from the nation, who are not authorized to live In it by a regular permit from the agent."
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appointed by the
Captain of the Light-horse company to determine the number of electors in each line, and their qualifications; and one of said judges shall publicly state the number of voters in each line, and proclaim the person having the highest number elected; and it shall be the duty of the judges of the elections to report to the district clerks the names of the persons elected, and to what office, and by what majority; whose duty it shall be to record the same and inform the district Chief of the result of the election."
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to apprehending criminals, whom they turned over to tribal courts for trial and sentencing. The
Lighthorsemen's scope was then extended to more serious crimes including murder, rape and robbery. They also enforced the tribal laws against drunkenness. One author asserted that the Cherokees took the force's name from
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In 1797, the
Cherokees created organizations called "regulating companies" to deal with horse theft and other property crimes. The regulating companies were a mounted tribal police force, empowered to enforce tribal laws. They began to be called "Lighthorsemen" in the 1820s. Their authority expanded
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The
Choctaw Constitution of 1838 specified that "...It shall be the duty of any of the light horsemen to proclaim to the candidates or their representatives to form into separate lines; the voters forming in a line with such candidates as they wish to elect; and there shall be two or more judges
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On
November 13, 1844, the Cherokee National Council authorized the formation of a lighthorse company. Composed of a captain, a lieutenant and twenty four horsemen. They were to arrest all fugitives from justice in the Cherokee Nation. For several years the lighthorsemen also served as judges and
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in 1820, appropriated US$ 600 per year to the
Choctaw Nation to organize and maintain the Choctaw Lighthorsemen. These men were given the authority to arrest, try and punish those who broke tribal laws. The first corps became operational in 1824.
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The
Seminoles were the last of the Five Civilized Tribes to establish their own police force. They had no funds for that, and during the American Civil War, the Seminole Government was dysfunctional. In 1876
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territory. The dissidents found they were unwelcome in both places. They returned to make peace with the majority of the tribe. Porter later became principal chief of the Creek Nation (1899–1907).
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jurors, administering punishments themselves. Usually, they punished those convicted of minor crimes by whipping. In 1874, the
Cherokees built a prison at
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as the leader of the lighthorsemen. Porter and his men were successful in forcing the dissidents to leave Creek territory and take refuge in
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force. The
Lighthorse were generally organized into companies and assigned to different districts. Perhaps the most famous were the
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became the head of this force in 1825. After the
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hired A. Q. Teague, a young cattle drover from Texas, as the first lighthorseman.
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Foreman, Carolyn Thomas. "The Light-Horse in the Indian Territory."
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Light horsemen rode their own horses and used their own weapons.
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During 1882–1883, a group of dissident Creeks led by
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Tribal Policing: Asserting Sovereignty, Seeking Justice
357:. Available on Google Books. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
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Paramilitary organizations based in the United States
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Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. "Choctaw Lighthorsemen."
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Burton, Art. T. "Oklahoma's Frontier Indian Police."
158:revolted against the leadership of Principal Chief
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16:Former Indigenous American mounted police force
367:"Treaty with the Creek Nation, July 10, 1861."
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205:Luna-Firebaugh, Eileen (15 February 2007).
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339:Choctaw Crime and Punishment, 1884–1907
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143:At the outbreak of the Civil War, the
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86:General Henry "Lighthorse Harry" Lee
482:Native American history of Oklahoma
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462:1907 disestablishments in Oklahoma
413:Seminolenation-indianterritory.org
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258:(1996). Retrieved March 30, 2014.
477:Lawmen of the American Old West
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209:. University of Arizona Press.
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467:Native American tribal police
409:"Seminole Light Horse Police"
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26:) was the name given by the
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442:Muscogee (Creek) Lighthorse
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349:. University of Oklahoma.
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389:"Chief Pleasant Porter."
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385:Meserve, John Bartlett.
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170:territory and later in
128:According to historian
387:Chronicles of Oklahoma
334:Mihesuah, Devon Abbott
106:Treaty of Doak's Stand
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186:Governor John Brown
395:2015-04-26 at the
345:2022-04-07 at the
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