Cherokee - Knowledge

1427: 2342: 1233:, stained deer hair, and such like baubles. The ears are slit and stretched to an enormous size, putting the person who undergoes the operation to incredible pain, being unable to lie on either side for nearly forty days. To remedy this, they generally slit but one at a time; so soon as the patient can bear it, they wound round with wire to expand them, and are adorned with silver pendants and rings, which they likewise wear at the nose. This custom does not belong originally to the Cherokees, but taken by them from the Shawnese, or other northern nations. They that can afford it wear a collar of wampum, which are beads cut out of clam-shells, a silver breast-plate, and bracelets on their arms and wrists of the same metal, a bit of cloth over their private parts, a shirt of the English make, a sort of cloth-boots, and 2500: 66: 3790:. The CN noted such facts during the Constitutional Convention held to ratify a new governing document. The document was eventually ratified by a small portion of the electorate. Any changes to the tribe's enrollment procedures must be approved by the Department of Interior. Under 25 CFR 83, the Office of Federal Acknowledgment is required to first apply its own anthropological, genealogical, and historical research methods to any request for change by the tribe. It forwards its recommendations to the Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs for consideration. 2912: 2197: 3463: 2409: 1034: 3569: 8948: 3845: 3477: 3071: 3859: 3737: 8540: 609:, a regional variation of the Mississippian culture that arose circa 1000 and lasted to 1500 CE. There is a consensus among most specialists in Southeast archeology and anthropology about these dates. But Finger says that ancestors of the Cherokee people lived in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee for a far longer period of time. Additional mounds were built by peoples during this cultural phase. Typically in this region, towns had a single 3610: 2000: 1205: 540: 3439:

giving the sacred duty to the new Cherokee National government. Clans formally relinquished judicial responsibilities by the 1820s when the Cherokee Supreme Court was established. In 1825, the National Council extended citizenship to the children of Cherokee men married to white women. These ideas were largely incorporated into the 1827 Cherokee constitution. The constitution stated that "No person who is of negro or

2568: 205: 3488: 2682:) the majority of the earlier estimates of the Cherokee population are probably too low as the Cherokee occupied so extensive a territory that only a part of them came into contact with the Whites. Indian Affairs 1910 reported that in 1910 the Cherokee in Oklahoma contained 41,701 people, including 36,301 by blood, 286 by intermarriage and 4,917 freedmen. While the census of 1910 counted 31,489 Cherokees. 3833:. On May 14, 2007, the Cherokee Freedmen were reinstated as citizens of the Cherokee Nation by the Cherokee Nation Tribal Courts through a temporary order and temporary injunction until the court reached its final decision. On January 14, 2011, the tribal district court ruled that the 2007 constitutional amendment was invalid because it conflicted with the 1866 treaty guaranteeing the Freedmen's rights. 1537: 1746: 3449:] parentage, either by the father or mother side, shall be eligible to hold any office of profit, honor or trust under this Government," with an exception for, "negroes and descendants of white and Indian men by negro women who may have been set free." This definition to limit rights of multiracial descendants may have been more widely held among the elite than the general population. 3060: 1835: 899:, who studied and talked with the Cherokee in the late 1880s, was the first to trace the decline of the former hierarchy to this revolt. By the time that Mooney was studying the people in the late 1880s, the structure of Cherokee religious practitioners was more informal, based more on individual knowledge and ability than upon heredity. 1742:. Initially, his innovation was opposed by both Cherokee traditionalists and white missionaries, who sought to encourage the use of English. When Sequoyah taught children to read and write with the syllabary, he reached the adults. By the 1820s, the Cherokee had a higher rate of literacy than the whites around them in Georgia. 3722:, are encouraged. Others, however, are controversial for their attempts to gain economically through their claims to be Cherokee. The three federally recognized groups note that they are the only groups having the legal right to present themselves as Cherokee Indian Tribes and only their enrolled members are legally Cherokee. 3074: 3073: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3079: 3522:, the Nation has significant business, corporate, real estate, and agricultural interests. The CN controls Cherokee Nation Entertainment, Cherokee Nation Industries, and Cherokee Nation Businesses. CNI is a very large defense contractor that creates thousands of jobs in eastern Oklahoma for Cherokee citizens. 2999:, as they frequently enslaved enemy captives taken during times of conflict with other indigenous tribes. By their oral tradition, the Cherokee viewed slavery as the result of an individual's failure in warfare and as a temporary status, pending release or the slave's adoption into the tribe. During the 2228:, they represented the Cherokee elite, whose homes, plantations and businesses were confiscated, or under threat of being taken by white squatters with Georgia land-titles. With capital to acquire new lands, they were more inclined to accept relocation. On December 29, 1835, the "Ridge Party" signed the 3714:

reported 729,533 Americans self-identified as Cherokee. The 2010 census reported an increased number of 819,105 with almost 70% being mixed-race Cherokees. In 2015, the Cherokee Nation, the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, and the Eastern Band of Cherokees had a combined enrolled population

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to create the Oconaluftee Institute for Cultural Arts (OICA), to emphasize native art and culture in traditional fine arts education. This is intended both to preserve traditional art forms and encourage exploration of contemporary ideas. Located in Cherokee, OICA offered an associate degree program.

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that divided society into "white" and "colored", mostly to control freedmen. Cherokee and other Native Americans were classified on the colored side and suffered the same racial segregation and disenfranchisement as former slaves. They also often lost their historical documentation for identification

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cultures, Cherokee women are honored as life-givers. As givers and nurturers of life via childbirth and the growing of plants, and community leaders as clan mothers, women are traditionally community leaders in Cherokee communities. Some have served as warriors, both historically and in contemporary

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to American schools for education. After Ridge had married a European-American woman from Connecticut and Boudinot was engaged to another, the Cherokee Council in 1825 passed a law making children of such unions full citizens of the tribe, as if their mothers were Cherokee. This was a way to protect

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who negotiated with the state government to stay in North Carolina. An additional 400 Cherokee stayed on reserves in Southeast Tennessee, North Georgia, and Northeast Alabama, as citizens of their respective states. They were mostly mixed-race and Cherokee women married to white men. Together, these

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The Cherokees are of a middle stature, of an olive colour, tho' generally painted, and their skins stained with gun-powder, pricked into it in very pretty figures. The hair of their head is shaved, tho' many of the old people have it plucked out by the roots, except a patch on the hinder part of the

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held that Cherokees could decide citizenship requirements and exclude freedmen. On March 7, 2006, the Cherokee Nation Judicial Appeal Tribunal ruled that the Cherokee Freedmen were eligible for Cherokee citizenship. This ruling proved controversial; while the Cherokee Freedman had historically been

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Land Rolls, the ruling "did not limit membership to people possessing Cherokee blood". This ruling was consistent with the 1975 Constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, in its acceptance of the Cherokee Freedmen on the basis of historical citizenship, rather than documented blood relation.

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requirement. Currently, descendants of the Dawes Cherokee Freedman rolls are members of the tribe, pending court decisions. The Cherokee Nation includes numerous members who have mixed ancestry, including African-American, Latino American, Asian American, European-American, and others. The Eastern

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The Cherokee Nation participates in numerous joint programs with the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. It also participates in cultural exchange programs and joint Tribal Council meetings involving councilors from both Cherokee Tribes. These are held to address issues affecting all of the Cherokee

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In the late nineteenth century, the U.S. government put new restrictions on marriage between a Cherokee and non-Cherokee, although it was still relatively common. A European-American man could legally marry a Cherokee woman by petitioning the federal court, after gaining the approval of ten of her

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This constitution was approved by Cherokee Nation voters in 2003 but was not approved by the BIA. The Cherokee Nation then amended their 1975 constitution to not require BIA approval. The 1999 constitution has been ratified but the Cherokee Nation Supreme Court is currently deciding what year the

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On March 3, 2007, a constitutional amendment was passed by a Cherokee vote limiting citizenship to Cherokees on the Dawes Rolls for those listed as Cherokee by blood on the Dawes roll, which did not include partial Cherokee descendants of slaves, Shawnee and Delaware. The Cherokee Freedmen had 90

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It was unusual for a Cherokee man to marry a European-American woman. The children of such a union were disadvantaged, as they would not belong to the nation. They would be born outside the clans and traditionally were not considered Cherokee citizens. This is because of the matrilineal aspect of

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descendants trace their heritage through the treaties of 1817 and 1819 with the federal government that gave individual land allotments to Cherokee households. State-recognized tribes may have different membership requirements and genealogical documentation than to the federally recognized ones.

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Other remnant populations continue to exist throughout the Southeast United States and individually in the states surrounding Oklahoma. Many of these people trace descent from persons enumerated on official rolls such as the Guion-Miller, Drennan, Mullay, and Henderson Rolls, among others. Other

2650:. By year 1768 their number recovered back to 3,000 warriors, and B. R. Carroll in "Historical Collections of South Carolina" also reported that they had 3,000 warriors. By 1819 there were 4,000 warriors (and therefore around 20,000 people - including about 5,000 to the west of the Mississippi). 3438:

form of government in an effort to retain their lands. They established a governmental system modeled on that of the United States, with an elected principal chief, senate, and house of representatives. On April 10, 1810 the seven Cherokee clans met and began the abolition of blood vengeance by

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confirms that they had 5,000 warriors in 1739 (Ga. Coll. Rec., V). Also according to Ga. Coll. Rec., V an epidemic reduced them "by almost one-half" in 1738, but this source doesn't specify how numerous they were before the epidemic. Perhaps this source exaggerates the casualties caused by that

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dismantled tribal governments, courts, schools, and other civic institutions. For Indian Territory, this meant the abolition of the Cherokee courts and governmental systems. This was seen as necessary before the Oklahoma and Indian territories could be admitted as a combined state. In 1905, the

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In keeping with the tribe's "blood law" that prescribed the death penalty for Cherokee who sold lands, Ross's son arranged the murder of the leaders of the "Treaty Party". On June 22, 1839, a party of twenty-five Ross supporters assassinated Major Ridge, John Ridge and Elias Boudinot. The party

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had led a delegation of Old Settlers to Washington, D.C., to negotiate for the exchange of Arkansas land for land in Indian Territory. After the Trail of Tears, he helped mediate divisions between the Old Settlers and the rival factions of the more recent arrivals. In 1839, as President of the

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visited Cherokee then based in Georgia. He recounted what they shared about pre-19th-century Cherokee culture and society. For instance, the Payne papers describe the account by Cherokee elders of a traditional two-part societal structure. A "white" organization of elders represented the seven

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of 1934 and gained federal recognition in 1946. Enrollment in the tribe is limited to people with a quarter or more of Cherokee blood. Many members of the UKB are descended from Old Settlers – Cherokees who moved to Arkansas and Indian Territory before the Trail of Tears. Of the 12,000 people

2797:; customarily, a married couple lived with or near the woman's family, so she could be aided by her female relatives. Her eldest brother was a more important mentor to her sons than was their father, who belonged to another clan. Traditionally, couples, particularly women, can divorce freely. 2515:

and all African Americans who chose to continue to reside within tribal lands, so that they "shall have all the rights of native Cherokees." Both before and after the Civil War, some Cherokee intermarried or had relationships with African Americans, just as they had with whites. Many Cherokee

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in western North Carolina. They are mostly descendants of ancestors who had resisted or avoided relocation, remaining in the area. Because they gave up tribal membership at the time, they became state and US citizens. In the late 19th century, they reorganized as a federally recognized tribe.

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of 1887 provided for the breakup of commonly held tribal land into individual household allotments. Native Americans were registered on the Dawes Rolls and allotted land from the common reserve. The U.S. government counted the remainder of tribal land as "surplus" and sold it to non-Cherokee

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John Ross gathered over 15,000 signatures for a petition to the U.S. Senate, insisting that the treaty was invalid because it did not have the support of the majority of the Cherokee people. The Senate passed the Treaty of New Echota by a one-vote margin. It was enacted into law in May 1836.

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Ethnobotany is the study of interrelations between humans and plants; however, current use of the term implies the study of indigenous or traditional knowledge of plants. It involves the indigenous knowledge of plant classification, cultivation, and use as food, medicine and shelter.

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While there is a record of a non-Native traveler in 1825 noticing what he considered to be "men who assumed the dress and performed the duties of women", this observer was unfamiliar with how the Natives in that region dressed. There is no evidence of what would now be considered

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and cotton-seed, and men were taught to fence and plow the land, in contrast to their traditional division in which crop cultivation was woman's labor. Americans instructed the women in weaving. Eventually, Hawkins helped them set up smithies, gristmills and cotton plantations.

4055: 2456:, supporting the Union. In the Indian Territory, the national council of those who supported the Union voted to abolish slavery in the Cherokee Nation in 1863, but they were not the majority slaveholders and the vote had little effect on those supporting the Confederacy. 2765:, is the site of a reproduction of an ancient Cherokee village, Adams Rural Village (including 19th-century buildings), Nofire Farms, and the Cherokee Family Research Center for genealogy. The Cherokee Heritage Center also houses the Cherokee National Archives. Both the 1733:

began developing a written form of the Cherokee language. He spoke no English, but his experiences as a silversmith dealing regularly with white settlers, and as a warrior at Horseshoe Bend, convinced him the Cherokee needed to develop writing. In 1821, he introduced

3768:, their ancestors were not recorded on the Final Rolls of the Five Civilized Tribes, which serve as the basis for tracing descent for many individuals. But, most if not all TCAB descendants did have an ancestor listed on either the Guion-Miller or Old settler rolls. 3594:

Attractions include the Oconaluftee Indian Village, Museum of the Cherokee Indian, and the Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual. Founded in 1946, the Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual is the country's oldest and foremost Native American crafts cooperative. The outdoor drama

2101:" had suffered. There is, however, ample evidence that the Cherokee were adapting to modern farming techniques. A modern analysis shows that the area was in general in a state of economic surplus and could have accommodated both the Cherokee and new settlers. 1276:

forbade British settlements west of the Appalachian crest, as his government tried to afford some protection from colonial encroachment to the Cherokee and other tribes they depended on as allies. The Crown found the ruling difficult to enforce with colonists.

3507:. From 1906 to 1975, the structure and function of the tribal government were defunct, except for the purposes of DOI management. In 1975 the tribe drafted a constitution, which they ratified on June 26, 1976, and the tribe received federal recognition. 1117:, the Cherokee were considered valuable trading partners, since deer skins from the cooler country of their mountain hunting-grounds were of better quality than those supplied by the lowland coastal tribes, who were neighbors of the English colonists. 2814:

blood relatives. Once married, the man had status as an "Intermarried White," a member of the Cherokee tribe with restricted rights; for instance, he could not hold any tribal office. He remained a citizen of and under the laws of the United States.

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Men and women have historically played important yet, at times, different roles in Cherokee society. Historically, women have primarily been the heads of households, owning the home and the land, farmers of the family's land, and "mothers" of the

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Linguistic analysis shows a relatively large difference between Cherokee and the northern Iroquoian languages, suggesting they had migrated long ago. Scholars posit a split between the groups in the distant past, perhaps 3,500–3,800 years ago.

3707:. The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians requires a minimum of one-quarter Keetoowah Cherokee blood quantum (equivalent to one grandparent). The UKB does not allow members who have relinquished their membership to re-enroll in the UKB. 2878:

people. The long-lasting effect of these practices reorganized Cherokee forms of government towards a male-dominated society which has affected the nation for generations. Miles argues white agents were mainly responsible for the shifting of

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Creek word meaning "people of different speech", because the two peoples spoke different languages. Jack Kilpatrick disputes this idea, noting that he believes the name come from the Cherokee word "tsàdlagí" meaning "he has turned aside".

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which can mean "welcome" or "friend" in the Delaware Language). The white settlers of the area used the name "nowata" for the township, and local Cherokees, being unaware the word had its origins in the Delaware Language, called the town

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and priestly, was responsible for religious activities, such as healing, purification, and prayer. A second group of younger men, the "red" organization, was responsible for warfare. The Cherokee considered warfare a polluting activity.

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Virginian traders developed a small-scale trading system with the Cherokee in the Piedmont before the end of the 17th century. The earliest recorded Virginia trader to live among the Cherokee was Cornelius Dougherty or Dority, in 1690.

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nations and other Iroquoian-speaking peoples. Another theory is that the Cherokee had been in the Southeast for thousands of years and that proto-Iroquoian developed here. Other Iroquoian-speaking tribes in the Southeast have been the

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In 1827, the Cherokee Nation drafted a Constitution modeled on the United States, with executive, legislative and judicial branches and a system of checks and balances. The two-tiered legislature was led by Major Ridge and his son

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Linguistic studies have been another way for researchers to study the development of people and their cultures. Unlike most other Native American tribes in the American Southeast at the start of the historic era, the Cherokee and

3601:, which debuted in 1950, recently broke record attendance sales. Together with Harrah's Cherokee Casino and Hotel, Cherokee Indian Hospital and Cherokee Boys Club, the tribe generated $ 78 million in the local economy in 2005. 3582:

The Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians in North Carolina, led by Chief Richard Sneed, hosts over a million visitors a year to cultural attractions of the 100-square-mile (260 km) sovereign nation. The reservation, the

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Political power among the Cherokee remained decentralized, and towns acted autonomously. In 1735, the Cherokee were said to have sixty-four towns and villages, with an estimated fighting force of 6,000 men. In 1738 and 1739,

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expedition traveled from the present-day South Carolina coast into its interior, and into western North Carolina and southeastern Tennessee. He recorded meeting Cherokee-speaking people who visited him while he stayed at the

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The CN has constructed health clinics throughout Oklahoma, contributed to community development programs, built roads and bridges, constructed learning facilities and universities for its citizens, instilled the practice of

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ruled that American Indian nations were "distinct, independent political communities retaining their original natural rights," and entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments that infringed on their

2527:, for the construction of railroads. Development and settlers followed the railroads. By the late 19th century, the government believed that Native Americans would be better off if each family owned its own land. The 2612:

decision in a criminal jurisdiction case that roughly half the land of the state of Oklahoma made up of tribal nations like the Cherokee are officially Native American tribal land jurisdictions. Oklahoma Governor

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broke off in the Southeast from the major group of Iroquoian speakers who migrated north to the Great Lakes area. There a succession of Iroquoian-speaking tribes were encountered by Europeans in historic times.

3515:, the Cherokee Nation is not legally considered the "historical Cherokee tribe" but instead a "successor in interest." The attorney of the Cherokee Nation has stated that they intend to appeal this decision. 3548:

the tribal newspaper, in both English and Cherokee, using the Sequoyah syllabary. The Cherokee Nation council appropriates money for historic foundations concerned with the preservation of Cherokee culture.

2726:, also in Cherokee, displays permanent and changing exhibits, houses archives and collections important to Cherokee history, and sponsors cultural groups, such as the Warriors of the AniKituhwa dance group. 2215:

A small group known as the "Ridge Party" or the "Treaty Party" saw relocation as inevitable and believed the Cherokee Nation needed to make the best deal to preserve their rights in Indian Territory. Led by

3109:) in the 1810s. For years, many people wrote and transliterated Cherokee or used poor intercompatible fonts to type out the syllabary. However, since the fairly recent addition of the Cherokee syllables to 3510:

In 1999, the CN changed or added several provisions to its constitution, among them the designation of the tribe to be "Cherokee Nation," dropping "of Oklahoma." According to a 2009 statement by BIA head

425:, and some of these are state-recognized. A total of more than 819,000 people are estimated to have identified as having Cherokee ancestry on the U.S. census; most are not enrolled members of any tribe. 885:

Researchers have debated the reasons for the change. Some historians believe the decline in priestly power originated with a revolt by the Cherokee against the abuses of the priestly class known as the

3733:. At one time W.W. Keeler served as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation and, at the same time, held the position as Chairman of the Texas Cherokee and Associated Bands (TCAB) Executive Committee. 3631:

The UKB operate a tribal casino, bingo hall, smokeshop, fuel outlets, truck stop, and gallery that showcases art and crafts made by tribal members. The tribe issues their own tribal vehicle tags.

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The traders and British government agents dealing with the southern tribes in general, and the Cherokee in particular, were nearly all of Scottish ancestry, with many documented as being from the

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in 1866, in the 21st century, there is a sizable group that is well documented but outside that body. It is not actively seeking a status clarification. They have treaty rights going back to the

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After the Civil War, the U.S. government required the Cherokee Nation to sign a new treaty, because of its alliance with the Confederacy. The U.S. required the 1866 Treaty to provide for the

1379:, signed November 7, 1794, finally brought peace between the Cherokee and Americans, who had achieved independence from the British Crown. In 1805, the Cherokee ceded their lands between the 755:, where western North Carolina, South Carolina, and northeastern Georgia meet. The Cherokee consider this area to be part of their homelands, which also extended into southeastern Tennessee. 6519: 6300: 4363: 2895:". By the time of removal in the mid-1830s, Cherokee men and women had begun to fulfill different roles and expectations as defined by the "civilization" program promoted by US presidents 1065: 2361:

were the most conservative and isolated from European–American settlements. They rejected the reforms of the Cherokee Nation. When the Cherokee government ceded all territory east of the

1342:'s cousin, warned settlers of impending attacks. Provincial militias retaliated, destroying more than 50 Cherokee towns. North Carolina militia in 1776 and 1780 invaded and destroyed the 1560:. He encouraged the Cherokee to abandon their communal land-tenure and settle on individual farmsteads, which was facilitated by the destruction of many American Indian towns during the 1113:. The Tuscarora War marked the beginning of a British-Cherokee relationship that, despite breaking down on occasion, remained strong for much of the 18th century. With the growth of the 1197:

epidemics broke out among the Cherokee, who had no natural immunity to the new infectious disease. Nearly half their population died within a year. Hundreds of other Cherokee committed

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Much of what is known about pre-18th century Native American cultures has come from records of Spanish expeditions. The earliest ones of the mid-16th century encountered peoples of the

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obtain North Carolina citizenship, which exempted them from forced removal. Over 400 Cherokee either hid from Federal troops in the remote Snowbird Mountains, under the leadership of

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learned to write and read such materials, which were considered extremely powerful in a spiritual sense. Later, the syllabary and writings were widely adopted by the Cherokee people.

2658:. But according to a report by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs dated November 25, 1841, the number of Cherokees who had already been removed west of the Mississippi (to Oklahoma, 1936:, the Osage were made to "cede and relinquish to the United States, all their right, title, interest, and claim, to lands lying within the State of Missouri and Territory of Arkansas 3155:). Many other words were borrowed from the languages of tribes who settled in Oklahoma in the early 20th century. One example relates to a town in Oklahoma named "Nowata". The word 621:

The Cherokee occupied numerous towns throughout the river valleys and mountain ridges of their homelands. What were called the Lower towns were found in what is present-day western

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Web Archives, American FactFinder, Community Facts (South Carolina), 2014 American Community Survey, Demographic and Housing Estimates (Age, Sex, Race, Households and Housing,...)

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Because of the polysynthetic nature of the Cherokee language, new and descriptive words in Cherokee are easily constructed to reflect or express modern concepts. Examples include

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as Indians, when the Southern states classified them as colored. Blacks and Native Americans would not have their constitutional rights as U.S. citizens enforced until after the

1481:(Irish), William Thorpe (English), and Peter Hildebrand (German), among many others. Some attained the honorary status of minor chiefs and/or members of significant delegations. 3829:

days to appeal this amendment vote which disenfranchised them from Cherokee citizenship and file appeal within the Cherokee Nation Tribal Council, which is currently pending in

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Watie was elected Principal Chief of the pro-Confederacy majority. A master of hit-and-run cavalry tactics, Watie fought those Cherokee loyal to John Ross and Federal troops in

1881:. To convince the Cherokee to move voluntarily in 1815, the US government established a Cherokee Reservation in Arkansas. The reservation boundaries extended from north of the 995:, another Iroquoian-speaking people based south of the Great Lakes in present-day northern Pennsylvania. This Iroquoian people had been driven away from the southern shore of 372:

peoples have been based. However, anthropologist Thomas R. Whyte, writing in 2007, dated the split among the peoples as occurring earlier. He believes that the origin of the

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Band of Cherokee Indians requires a minimum of one-sixteenth Cherokee blood quantum (genealogical descent, equivalent to one great-great-grandparent) and an ancestor on the

2674:. The Cherokee national census of 1890 in Oklahoma gave the total number of the nation under Cherokee law to be 25,978. In 1900 there were 35,000 in Oklahoma. According to 8528: 8341: 3264:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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also walked the Trail of Tears. Ross preserved a vestige of independence by negotiating permission for the Cherokee to conduct their own removal under U.S. supervision.

2305:, the people suffered from disease, exposure and starvation, and as many as 4,000 died, nearly a fifth of the population. As some Cherokees were slaveholders, they took 822:

region was the territory of most Iroquoian-language speakers, scholars have theorized that both the Cherokee and Tuscarora migrated south from that region. The Cherokee

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occupied towns along the lower Little Tennessee River and upper Tennessee River on the western side of the Appalachian Mountains, in present-day southeastern Tennessee.

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and self-reliance, revitalized language immersion programs for its children and youth, and is a powerful and positive economic and political force in Eastern Oklahoma.

432:, and most of their members live in the state. The UKB are mostly descendants of "Old Settlers", also called Western Cherokee: those who migrated from the Southeast to 7704: 2596:

secured passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s, and the federal government began to monitor voter registration and elections, as well as other programs.

1241:), which are shoes of a make peculiar to the Americans, ornamented with porcupine-quills; a large mantle or match-coat thrown over all complete their dress at home ... 549:

Anthropologists and historians have two main theories of Cherokee origins. One is that the Cherokee, an Iroquoian-speaking people, are relative latecomers to Southern

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consisting of several villages and concentrated populations during this period. Corn became celebrated among numerous peoples in religious ceremonies, especially the

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In the 2020 census a total of 1,130,730 people claimed Cherokee ancestry. However the percentage of full-blood individuals is probably very low considering that the

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The modern Cherokee Nation, in recent times, has expanded economically, providing equality and prosperity for its citizens. Under the leadership of Principal Chief

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Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II

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The Cherokee Nation has more than 300,000 tribal members, making it the largest of the 574 federally recognized tribes in the United States. In addition, numerous

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of the Cherokees and Certain Place and Proper Names Derived from Cherokee" Journal of the Graduate Research Center 30:37-41, 1962, Southern Methodist University.

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Nigada aniyvwi nigeguda'lvna ale unihloyi unadehna duyukdv gesv'i. Gejinela unadanvtehdi ale unohlisdi ale sagwu gesv junilvwisdanedi anahldinvdlv adanvdo gvhdi.

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to serve as workers on their farms or plantations, which some of the elite families had in the antebellum years. When the Cherokee were forcibly removed on the

782:). The historic Catawba later lived in this area of the upper Catawba River. Pardo and his forces wintered over at Joara, building Fort San Juan there in 1567. 8929: 3694:

The three Cherokee tribes have differing requirements for enrollment. The Cherokee Nation determines enrollment by lineal descent from Cherokees listed on the

2793:, where they gained hereditary status. Advancement to leadership positions was generally subject to approval by the women elders. In addition, the society was 2629:

John R. Swanton enumerates 201 Cherokee villages and towns. The Cherokee had 6,000 warriors (and therefore around 30,000 people) in years 1730–35 according to

1948:. As late as the winter of 1838, Cherokee and Creek living in the Missouri and Arkansas areas petitioned the War Department to remove the Osage from the area. 4752: 1722:, the descendant of several generations of Cherokee women and Scots fur-traders, built a plantation and operated a trading firm and a ferry at Ross' Landing ( 7337: 2722:, is the oldest continuing Native American art co-operative. They were founded in 1946 to provide a venue for traditional Eastern Band Cherokee artists. The 2193:, a remote valley north of Georgia's land claim. Ross had the support of Cherokee traditionalists, who could not imagine removal from their ancestral lands. 2670:) as of year 1884. Indian Affairs reported in 1890 around 25,000 among the Western Cherokee (in Oklahoma) and in years 1884 and 1889 around 3,000 among the 2642:

estimated the Cherokee warrior strength in 1755 at 2,590 (but W. Douglas at about the same time reported 6,000 warriors). In 1761 soon after the end of the

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Following the adoption of the Cherokee constitution in 1976, TCAB descendants whose ancestors had remained a part of the physical Mount Tabor Community in

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Cherokee culture. As the Cherokee began to adopt some elements of European-American culture in the early 19th century, they sent elite young men, such as

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The Cherokee believe that the world is divided into two major spiritual forces: "red" (war, success, youth) and "white" (peace, instrospection, old age).

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James Mooney in the late 19th century recorded conversations with elders who recounted an oral tradition of the Cherokee people migrating south from the

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Jackson claimed the removal policy was an effort to prevent the Cherokee from facing extinction as a people, which he considered the fate that "...the

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to the brink of extinction, and as pigs and cattle were introduced, they became the principal sources of meat. The government supplied the tribes with

1361: 6591:. "Myths of the Cherokees." Bureau of American Ethnology, Nineteenth Annual Report, 1900, Part I. pp. 1–576. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 6435: 2232:, stipulating terms and conditions for the removal of the Cherokee Nation. In return for their lands, the Cherokee were promised a large tract in the 9066: 9056: 8922: 6455: 3718:

Over 200 groups claim to be Cherokee nations, tribes, or bands. Cherokee Nation spokesman Mike Miller has suggested that some groups, which he calls

1718:. Although he never learned English, he sent his son and nephews to New England to be educated in mission schools. His interpreter and protégé Chief 1426: 321:

of the United States. Prior to the 18th century, they were concentrated in their homelands, in towns along river valleys of what is now southwestern

711:. It closely resembled modern corn and produced larger crops. The successful cultivation of corn surpluses allowed the rise of larger, more complex 8521: 7384: 5852: 4976: 1045: 318: 6786: 6181: 5339: 5028: 747:

passed through present-day South Carolina, proceeding into western North Carolina and what is considered Cherokee country. The Spanish recorded a

594:

in the Middle Woodland period, circa 200 to 600 CE. They are believed to have built what is called the Biltmore Mound, found in 1984 south of the

5856: 2751: 2734: 2488: 1726:). During this period, divisions arose between the acculturated elite and the great majority of Cherokee, who clung to traditional ways of life. 1372:

against settlers, which lasted from 1776 to 1794. These are known informally as the Cherokee–American wars, but this is not a historian's term.

5378: 8944: 5198: 4862: 2822:, prepared for allotment of plots of land to individual households of members of the tribe, in the early twentieth-century federal policy for 1265:

near Chota on the Tennessee River in eastern Tennessee. Serious misunderstandings arose quickly between the two allies, resulting in the 1760

553:, who may have migrated in late prehistoric times from northern areas around the Great Lakes. This has been the traditional territory of the 5945:

Russell (2002) p. 70. Ray (2007) p. 423, says that the peak of enslavement of Native Americans was between 1715 and 1717; it ended after the

1542: 4038: 9071: 6776: 4218:

Whyte, Thomas (June 2007). "Proto-Iroquoian divergence in the Late Archaic-Early Woodland period transition of the Appalachian highlands".

2666:

reported 21,707 Cherokees in 1857. Indian Affairs 1861 reported 22,000. Enumeration published in 1886 counted 23,000 Cherokee in Oklahoma (

5360: 5172: 4024:

Community Facts (Georgia), 2014 American Community Survey, Demographic and Housing Estimates (Age, Sex, Race, Households and Housing, ...)

9061: 8514: 4626: 4942: 2990: 9046: 8544: 8311: 2452:, who had reluctantly agreed to ally with the Confederacy, was captured by Federal troops in 1862. He lived in a self-imposed exile in 590:

For example, the people of the Connestee culture period are believed to be ancestors of the historic Cherokee and occupied what is now

6346: 8743: 7541: 6853: 6654: 6472: 6404: 6136: 3864: 3618: 2690: 1136:

and the Creek. Hostility and sporadic raids between the Cherokee and Creek continued for decades. These raids came to a head at the

407: 758:

Further west, De Soto's expedition visited villages in present-day northwestern Georgia, recording them as ruled at the time by the

7419: 6889: 6115: 4306: 2789:

culture meant that women controlled property, such as their dwellings, and their children were considered born into their mother's

2503:

William Penn (Cherokee), His Shield (Yanktonai), Levi Big Eagle (Yanktonai), Bear Ghost (Yanktonai) and Black Moustache (Sisseton).

6670:

Rollings, Willard H. "The Osage: An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains." (University of Missouri Press, 1992)

6255: 2580: 2341: 2129: 704: 606: 4270: 1784:. Convinced the tribe's survival required English-speaking leaders who could negotiate with the U.S., the legislature appointed 1496:. They also tended to support the Revolution. But in the back country, there were also Scotch-Irish who were Loyalists, such as 7457: 5224: 3812:, when the U.S. emancipated slaves and passed US constitutional amendments granting freedmen citizenship in the United States. 1328: 1094:

allied with the British, and fought the Shawnee, who were allied with French colonists, forcing the Shawnee to move northward.

6277: 5002: 3667:

during the 1950s–1960s. Destinations for Cherokee diaspora included multi-ethnic/racial urban centers of California (i.e. the

2867: 7679: 7374: 5471: 4586: 4202: 4144: 4116: 3268: 3000: 2996: 2855: 2015:, the U.S. government persuaded several groups of Cherokee to a voluntary removal to the Arkansas Territory. These were the " 1297: 640:

In western North Carolina, what were known as the Valley, Middle, and Outer Towns were located along the major rivers of the

8536: 6204: 9010: 8763: 7849: 6230: 2181:. His landslide reelection in 1832 emboldened calls for Cherokee removal. Georgia sold Cherokee lands to its citizens in a 7414: 2689:

Indians reported having only 395 full-blood members. Perhaps there is a larger number of full-blood individuals among the

1671:

developed the plantation to 800 acres (3.2 km), cultivated by 150 slaves. He exported cotton to England, and owned a

8683: 8556: 7957: 7834: 2859:

culture in military service. Cherokee women are regarded as tradition-keepers and responsible for cultural preservation.

2583:, conservative white Democrats regained power in North Carolina and other southern states. They proceeded to effectively 1829: 403: 222: 5556: 5250: 3808:, were first guaranteed Cherokee citizenship under a treaty with the United States in 1866. This was in the wake of the 8990: 8703: 7919: 7483: 7166: 6820: 6062: 5603: 3877: 3434:

After being ravaged by smallpox, and feeling pressure from European settlers, the Cherokee adopted a European-American

2587:

all blacks and many poor whites by new constitutions and laws related to voter registration and elections. They passed

2421: 2156: 2333:

Western Cherokee, Sequoyah signed an Act of Union with John Ross that reunited the two groups of the Cherokee Nation.

1916:

increased rapidly in population, from 1,000 to 6,000 over the next year (1816–1817), according to reports by Governor

1529:

was no longer feasible on their greatly reduced lands, and over the next several decades, the people of the fledgling

8628: 8573: 8568: 8251: 8002: 6689: 6512: 6022: 5972: 5828: 4843: 4709: 4666: 4169: 3289: 2955: 2770: 2508: 1314: 4514: 4414: 4245: 1776:. Sequoyah's syllabary was adopted. They had developed a police force, a judicial system, and a National Committee. 1411:). Many of these men married women from their host peoples and remained after the fighting had ended. Some of their 834:

studies suggest the split occurred between about 1500 and 1800 BCE. The Cherokee say that the ancient settlement of

8972: 8361: 7404: 7312: 7307: 6914: 6848: 4760: 3577: 3499:

During 1898–1906 the federal government dissolved the former Cherokee Nation, to make way for the incorporation of

3015:

to traders for use as laborers in Virginia and further north. They took them as captives in raids on enemy tribes.

2730: 2686: 2671: 2397: 2177:

Jackson ignored the Supreme Court's ruling, as he needed to conciliate Southern sectionalism during the era of the

849: 415: 3919: 3804:

The Cherokee freedmen, descendants of African American slaves owned by citizens of the Cherokee Nation during the

7766: 7254: 5440: 2070:

was the first in U.S. history, and state officials demanded that the federal government expel the Cherokee. When

2051: 1703: 1461:), John Walker Sr., Mark Winthrop Battle, John McLemore (father of Bob), William Buchanan, John Watts (father of 6161: 5743:

Connell-Szasz, Margaret; Perdue, Theda (December 1999). "Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700-1835".

3771:

While most Mount Tabor residents returned to the Cherokee Nation after the Civil War and following the death of

3764:, were excluded from CN citizenship. Because they had already migrated from Indian Territory at the time of the 9000: 8166: 8141: 7987: 7914: 7824: 4496: 4107: 3552:

The Cherokee Nation supports the Cherokee Nation Film festivals in Tahlequah, Oklahoma and participates in the

3011:

during the late 17th and early 18th century. The Cherokee were also among the Native American peoples who sold

2374: 1897:, Spring Frog and Tatsi (Dutch) and their bands settled there. These Cherokees became known as "Old Settlers." 1656: 1530: 669: 6781: 2633:. In 1738 they also had 6,000 warriors, but down to 5,000 in 1740 (according to Ga. Hist. Coll., II). Colonel 218: 8838: 7924: 7659: 7501: 7424: 7327: 5870:

Smithers, Gregory D. (2014). "Cherokee 'Two Spirits': Gender, Ritual, and Spirituality in the Native South".

3799: 3664: 2870:

and subsequent invasion, was followed by the American Revolution in 1776, and culminated with the signing of

2723: 1636: 622: 6764: 6365: 5584: 5572: 5072: 3126:), which means "he argues repeatedly and on purpose with a purpose," meaning "attorney." Another example is 1181:(Dreadful Water), attempted to succeed him as "Emperor" in 1741, but the Cherokee elected their own leader, 8396: 8186: 8181: 8012: 7889: 7200: 7067: 5487: 3019: 2883:

attitudes toward women's role in politics and domestic spaces. These "white agents" could be identified as

1474: 6703:

Wishart, David M. (March 1995). "Evidence of Surplus Production in the Cherokee Nation Prior to Removal".

5424: 4716:

while men were considered to be dangerous immediately before and following their participation in warfare.

3587:", has a population of over 8,000 Cherokee, primarily direct descendants of Indians who managed to avoid " 2973:" individuals in Cherokee society; this is generally the case in matriarchal and matrilineal cultures, as 2132:). In June 1830, a delegation led by Chief Ross defended Cherokee rights before the U.S. Supreme Court in 8718: 8593: 8101: 7322: 7171: 7154: 6990: 6790: 4010: 3729:. Before 1975, they were considered part of the Cherokee Nation, as reflected in briefs filed before the 2818:

were more popular. Such "Intermarried Whites" were listed in a separate category on the registers of the

2738: 2605: 2205: 1466: 1462: 1442: 188: 4980: 4914: 1346:

in what is now Tennessee. In 1777, surviving Cherokee town leaders signed treaties with the new states.

1245:

From 1753 to 1755, battles broke out between the Cherokee and Muscogee over disputed hunting grounds in

428:

Of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes, the Cherokee Nation and the UKB have headquarters in

8995: 8653: 8603: 8146: 8121: 7739: 7729: 7432: 7342: 7317: 7144: 6951: 6178: 5946: 5783:

Paulk-Kriebel, Virginia Beth (1999). "Review of Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700-1835".

5336: 5032: 4090: 3772: 2449: 2134: 2004: 1933: 1785: 1719: 1711: 1585: 1561: 1522: 1458: 1432: 1420: 1369: 1273: 1160: 1049: 902:

Another major source of early cultural history comes from materials written in the 19th century by the

180: 2552:

as one to be exclusively Native American but failed to gain support in Washington, D.C.. In 1907, the

1965:, they were welcomed by Mexican authorities as potential allies against Anglo-American colonists. The 395:, lived in permanent villages and had begun to adopt some cultural and technological practices of the 8623: 8608: 8381: 8156: 7934: 7929: 7869: 7819: 7759: 7684: 7626: 7521: 7511: 7225: 7072: 6934: 6874: 6752: 4094: 3624: 3534: 3480: 2806: 2225: 2109: 2032: 1970: 1952: 1925: 1890: 1797: 1296:, and some Cherokee attacked a scouting and forage party that included Boone's son, James Boone, and 1081: 855:

According to Thomas Whyte, who posits that proto-Iroquoian developed in Appalachia, the Cherokee and

786: 779: 35: 17: 3675:). They frequently live in farming communities, or by military bases and other Indian reservations. 2434:, became the Thomas Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders, fighting for the Confederacy in the 1021:

to English colonists in the Province of Carolina. A few historians suggest this tribe was Cherokee.

8868: 8733: 8723: 8688: 7967: 7794: 7749: 7616: 7369: 7359: 7332: 7302: 6924: 5383: 5202: 4859: 3787: 3776: 3730: 3719: 3689: 3668: 3492: 3435: 2758: 2719: 2378: 1917: 1262: 422: 373: 5454: 2866:

society first occurred in the time period between 1776 and 1835. This period is demarcated by the

1415:

children, who were raised in Native American cultures, later became significant leaders among the

1280:

From 1771 to 1772, North Carolinian settlers squatted on Cherokee lands in Tennessee, forming the

9020: 8663: 8316: 7844: 7784: 7644: 7506: 7474: 7281: 5501: 4883: 4682: 4537: 2874:

in 1835. The purpose of this redefinition was to push European social standards and norms on the

2251:

into Cherokee lands to evict the tribe. Over 16,000 Cherokee were forcibly relocated westward to

2209: 1484:

By contrast, a large portion of the settlers encroaching on the Native American territories were

1478: 1216:

took three Cherokee chiefs to London meet the Crown and help strengthen the newly declared peace.

1125: 681: 361: 5626: 3294:

The Cherokee have participated in at least thirty-six treaties in the past three hundred years.

2575:

By the late 19th century, the Eastern Band of Cherokee were laboring under the constraints of a

2499: 1009:, who were seeking more hunting grounds to support their dominance in the beaver fur trade. The 703:

During the Mississippian culture-period (1000 to 1500 CE in the regional variation known as the

496:"Cherokee." It may have originally been derived from one of the competitive tribes in the area. 8638: 8633: 8281: 8201: 8017: 7674: 7364: 6813: 6391: 5176: 4035: 3672: 3553: 3245:: ᏂᎦᏓ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏂᎨᎫᏓᎸᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏕᎿ ᏚᏳᎧᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ. ᎨᏥᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏟᏅᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎬᏗ. 3092: 3039: 2431: 2370: 2362: 2146: 1886: 1863: 1850:

and Texas. Between 1775 and 1786 the Cherokee, along with people of other nations such as the

1723: 1608:

advocated acculturation, formal education, and modern methods of farming. In 1801 they invited

1493: 1485: 1450: 1384: 1357: 645: 591: 4623: 4488: 4482: 3786:

Current enrollment guidelines of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma have been approved by the US

844:

is their original settlement in the Southeast. It was formerly adjacent to and is now part of

65: 9005: 8007: 7744: 7526: 7205: 7127: 7031: 6635: 6571: 5910: 5725: 4891: 4699: 3655:

Cherokee people are most concentrated in Oklahoma and North Carolina, but some reside in the

3647:, on July 12, 2012, the leaders of the three separate Cherokee tribes met in North Carolina. 2823: 2593: 2541: 2358: 1773: 1416: 1408: 1327:, Cherokee attacked settlers in South Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, and North Carolina in the 1258: 1186: 971:, broke through the frontier and settled near the Falls of the James River, near present-day 770: 763: 728: 584: 543: 388: 78: 5529: 5441:"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs", Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841" 5321: 5272: 4939: 629:(called the Savannah River in its lower portion). The principal town of the Lower Towns was 8964: 8648: 8271: 8206: 7982: 7942: 7754: 7448: 7440: 7237: 7195: 7185: 7161: 7139: 6963: 6343: 5516:"Cherokee | History, Culture, Language, Nation, People, & Facts | Britannica" 3850: 3779:. From the end of the Civil War until 1975, they were associated with the Cherokee Nation. 3711: 3004: 2871: 2835: 2679: 2229: 2182: 2178: 2151: 1929: 1870: 1805: 1756:

In 1819, the Cherokee began holding council meetings at New Town, at the headwaters of the

1739: 1644: 1365: 1141: 1057: 334: 192: 147: 6697:

Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756–1763.

6411: 6140: 6137:"Cherokee Nation likely to appeal BIA decision | Indian Country Today | Archive" 5542: 2317:

included Daniel Colston, John Vann, Archibald, James and Joseph Spear. Boudinot's brother

1842:

Before the final removal to present-day Oklahoma, many Cherokees relocated to present-day

1229:

head, about twice the bigness of a crown-piece, which is ornamented with beads, feathers,

8: 8873: 8421: 7997: 7937: 7879: 7859: 7779: 7664: 7556: 7464: 7232: 7149: 6939: 6929: 6904: 5585:"Announcement of the founding of the Oconaluftee Institute for Cultural Arts in Cherokee" 5476:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. pp. 500–503. 4042: 3944: 3538: 3088: 2815: 2762: 2472: 2309:

African Americans with them west of the Mississippi. Intermarried European Americans and

2190: 2125: 2059: 2028: 1869:

In 1802, the federal government promised to extinguish Indian titles to lands claimed by

1764:). In November 1825, New Town became the capital of the Cherokee Nation, and was renamed 1652: 1518: 1281: 1254: 983:

has been much debated. Historians noted the name closely resembled that recorded for the

815: 794: 716: 429: 380:, and the split between Northern and Southern Iroquoian languages began 4,000 years ago. 349: 6360: 6112: 4314: 8823: 8803: 8713: 7864: 7531: 7269: 7215: 7210: 7122: 7006: 6919: 6728: 6720: 6620: 6612: 6553: 6355: 5895: 5887: 5846: 5792: 5760: 5702: 4836:

A Colonial Complex: South Carolina's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War, 1680–1730

4658: 4579:

Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced

4227: 3809: 3761: 3753: 3588: 3242: 3162: 3054: 2743: 2643: 2609: 2576: 2553: 2536: 2524: 2476: 2435: 2427: 2124:

campaigned on behalf of the Cherokee in New England, where their cause was taken up by

2094: 2079: 2063: 1962: 1913: 1813: 1735: 1404: 1388: 1376: 1302: 1266: 1253:. British soldiers built forts in Cherokee country to defend against the French in the 1209: 1163:

as the Cherokee protector. Cuming arranged to take seven prominent Cherokee, including

1013:

Martin Smith theorized some remnants of the tribe migrated to Virginia after the wars (

972: 921: 731:

era, who were ancestral to tribes that emerged in the Southeast, such as the Cherokee,

685: 653: 507:

expedition in the mid-16th century. Another theory is that "Cherokee" derives from the

445: 377: 212: 74: 5963:

The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670–1717

5139: 4681:

Glottochronology from: Lounsbury, Floyd (1961), and Mithun, Marianne (1981), cited in

4337: 4281: 3018:

As the Cherokee began to adopt some European-American customs, they began to purchase

2104:

The Cherokee brought their grievances to a US judicial review that set a precedent in

789:

and other places that are part of the Cherokee homelands. According to anthropologist

700:, adopted new technologies, and developed an elaborate cycle of religious ceremonies. 9041: 8848: 8833: 8818: 8798: 8793: 8456: 8326: 8276: 8041: 7962: 7894: 7854: 7829: 7714: 7669: 7634: 7242: 7220: 7190: 7180: 7079: 7026: 6909: 6879: 6806: 6732: 6685: 6624: 6595:

Perdue, Theda (2000). "Clan and Court: Another Look at the Early Cherokee Republic".

6508: 6018: 5968: 5961: 5899: 5834: 5824: 5817: 5706: 4895: 4839: 4705: 4662: 4582: 4492: 4425: 4198: 4165: 4140: 4112: 3805: 3250: 3050: 2896: 2747: 2663: 2549: 2354: 2196: 2083: 2067: 1901: 1769: 1640: 1621: 1569: 1553:

sought to 'civilize' Southeastern American Indians, through programs overseen by the

1550: 1398: 1353: 1343: 1332: 1310: 1174: 1156: 869: 790: 689: 657: 527: 526:("inhabitants of the cave country"). It is possible the word "Cherokee" comes from a 486: 369: 345: 288: 164: 6338: 5306: 5228: 2174:

is considered one of the most important dicta in law dealing with Native Americans.

522:

Five Nations, historically based in New York and Pennsylvania, called the Cherokee

101:(Eastern Band: >13,000, Cherokee Nation: 288,749, United Keetoowah Band: 14,300) 30:

This article is about an Indigenous American people. For tribal administration, see

8982: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8828: 8813: 8808: 8778: 8773: 8753: 8598: 8426: 8256: 8136: 8061: 7952: 7874: 7654: 7348: 7274: 7259: 7248: 7132: 7115: 7062: 7021: 6956: 6946: 6869: 6712: 6604: 6545: 6274: 5879: 5752: 5694: 5515: 5405: 5006: 3979: 3892: 3821: 3765: 3663:

during the Great Depression, job availability during the Second World War, and the

3597: 3543: 3500: 3404:

Charter of Incorporation issued by the State of North Carolina to the Eastern Band

3027: 2900: 2892: 2667: 2659: 2634: 2557: 2545: 2460: 2445: 2252: 2244: 2233: 2142: 2121: 2075: 2055: 2047: 2039: 2020: 1994: 1817: 1793: 1761: 1757: 1715: 1605: 1557: 1380: 1250: 1221: 1213: 1152: 1137: 1106: 937: 856: 841: 831: 811: 744: 641: 561: 504: 441: 384: 237: 160: 3974: 3412:

Constitution and federal charter of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians

3308:

Establishment of the Cherokee National Council and officers over the whole nation

3113:, the Cherokee language is experiencing a renaissance in its use on the Internet. 2937: 2035:, giving the Old Settlers undisputed title to the lands designated for their use. 1624:

missionaries ran boarding schools, and a select few students were educated at the

8883: 8863: 8788: 8673: 8618: 8588: 8476: 8321: 8306: 8246: 8221: 7972: 7947: 7899: 7799: 7774: 7621: 7611: 7576: 7469: 7286: 6843: 6566:

Cherokee Medicine, Colonial Germs: An Indigenous Nation's Fight Against Smallpox.

6442: 6372: 6350: 6281: 6262: 6208: 6201: 6185: 6119: 6069: 5914: 5729: 5610: 5591: 5560: 5553: 5347:

Oklahoma Historical Society: Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties.

5343: 5079: 4946: 4866: 4701:

King: The Social Archaeology of a Late Mississippian Town in Northwestern Georgia

4630: 4518: 4192: 3923: 3634: 3584: 3557: 3537:

on Labor Day weekend each year, and 80,000 to 90,000 Cherokee citizens travel to

3519: 3512: 3471: 2880: 2875: 2863: 2766: 2694: 1966: 1905: 1676: 1660: 1609: 1514: 1102: 948: 845: 740: 673: 595: 580: 449: 411: 31: 6639: 6234: 3820:

recorded as "citizens" of the Cherokee Nation at least since 1866 and the later

3623:

The United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians formed their government under the

2479:; the only other American Indian to hold the rank in the American Civil War was 2408: 8956: 8947: 8903: 8858: 8853: 8783: 8748: 8471: 8466: 8446: 8431: 8366: 8266: 8096: 8066: 8046: 7909: 7839: 7571: 7566: 7264: 7104: 7016: 6884: 6680:

Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor.

6039: 5685:

Yarbough, Fay (2004). "Legislating Women's Sexuality: Cherokee Marriage Laws".

5399: 3726: 3644: 3136:) which means "he catches them finally and conclusively," meaning "policeman." 3023: 2922: 2655: 2430:

was devastating for both East and Western Cherokee. The Eastern Band, aided by

2366: 2256: 2248: 2117: 2105: 2071: 2019:", the first of the Cherokee to make their way to what would eventually become 1990: 1978: 1945: 1882: 1859: 1801: 1699: 1613: 1593: 1573: 1565: 1526: 1349: 1339: 1165: 1133: 1121: 1114: 1038: 1033: 1010: 823: 759: 693: 649: 610: 508: 437: 396: 330: 322: 137: 126: 6716: 6493:

Doublass, Robert Sydney. "History of Southeast Missouri", 1992, pp. 32–45

3462: 1521:

rivers were remote enough from white settlers to remain independent after the

1453:, Henry Stuart, Alexander Cameron, John McDonald, John Joseph Vann (father of 9035: 8728: 8698: 8693: 8578: 8461: 8451: 8261: 8236: 8226: 8211: 8091: 8056: 8022: 7699: 7561: 7046: 6304: 5838: 4899: 4533:"Answer Man: Did the Cherokee live on Biltmore Estate lands? Early settlers?" 4132: 3897: 3699: 3656: 3568: 2651: 2588: 2484: 2480: 2346: 2162: 2159: 2012: 1958: 1707: 1581: 1246: 1182: 1110: 1005: 555: 116: 3476: 2438:. Cherokee in Indian Territory divided into Union and Confederate factions. 2038:

During this time, Georgia focused on removing the Cherokee's neighbors, the

1738:, the first written syllabic form of an American Indian language outside of 499:

The earliest Spanish transliteration of the name, from 1755, is recorded as

8843: 8678: 8668: 8481: 8416: 8301: 8296: 8051: 7977: 7904: 7036: 6985: 6628: 6588: 6189:

Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.

5903: 5722:

Sons of Selu: Masculinity and Gendered Power in Cherokee Society, 1775–1846

4650: 4188: 3882: 3139:

Many words, however, have been borrowed from the English language, such as

2974: 2675: 2639: 2453: 2392: 2310: 2043: 2016: 1921: 1617: 1554: 1438: 1285: 1178: 913: 896: 752: 697: 633:. Other Cherokee towns on the Keowee River included Estatoe and Sugartown ( 626: 602: 353: 176: 146:: 11,620 Residents of Canada identified as having Cherokee Ancestry in the 6608: 6496:

Evans, E. Raymond. "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Dragging Canoe".

6394: (United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit 22 December 1989). 5990:"How Native American Slaveholders Complicate the Trail of Tears Narrative" 5883: 5698: 5404:. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology. pp. 216–221. 4511: 3736: 3628:

enrolled in the tribe, 11,000 live in Oklahoma. Their chief is Joe Bunch.

1788:

as Principal Chief. A printing press was established at New Echota by the

1533:

began to build a new society modeled on the white Southern United States.

1364:

was his headquarters and the colonists tended to call his entire band the

1224:, born in Virginia, described the Cherokee people as he saw them in 1761: 1151:, a Cherokee town and Mississippian culture site, a Scots adventurer, Sir 8441: 8401: 8291: 8241: 8216: 8176: 7041: 6980: 6968: 6477: 5361:"Supreme Court Rules That About Half of Oklahoma is Native American Land" 4429: 4390:"The U.S. has spent more money erasing Native languages than saving them" 4102: 4098: 3872: 3695: 2978: 2926: 2819: 2786: 2614: 2441: 2413: 2318: 2217: 2167: 1974: 1878: 1695: 1691: 1668: 1629: 1601: 1497: 1129: 1073: 893: 878: 819: 576: 392: 365: 357: 5891: 5796: 4231: 3316:

Establishment of the Cherokee Lighthorse Guard, a national police force

3236:

The following table is an example of Cherokee text and its translation:

2746:

recast to begin printing one-of-a-kind fine art books and prints in the

2145:

for residing on Indian lands without a state permit, imprisoning him in

1449:

Notable traders, agents, and refugee Tories among the Cherokee included

785:

His expedition proceeded into the interior, noting villages near modern

766:, who developed as a Muskogean-speaking people with a distinct culture. 8643: 8391: 8386: 8376: 8351: 8171: 8126: 8106: 8086: 8076: 7631: 7089: 7011: 6724: 6665:

Serving the Nation: Cherokee Sovereignty and Social Welfare, 1800-1907.

6616: 6557: 5764: 5409: 4419: 3915: 3740:

The Mount Tabor Indian Community flag of primarily Cherokee as well as

3704: 2970: 2884: 2802: 2794: 2647: 2630: 2468: 2221: 2186: 2113: 1809: 1781: 1765: 1750: 1682:

The Cherokee allied with the U.S. against the nativist and pro-British

1648: 1597: 1589: 1454: 1412: 1335: 992: 888: 708: 601:

Other ancestors of the Cherokee are considered to be part of the later

550: 448:. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians is located on land known as the 121: 6758: 5907: 3356:

National Committee given power to review acts of the National Council

2082:, authorizing the forcible relocation of American Indians east of the 2074:

was inaugurated as president in 1829, Georgia gained a strong ally in

2058:

lands claimed by Georgia. The state's northwestern border reached the

707:), local women developed a new variety of maize (corn) called eastern 8411: 8406: 8371: 8196: 8131: 8111: 8081: 7884: 7639: 7606: 7536: 7409: 7094: 6505:

Cherokee Americans: The Eastern Band of Cherokees in the 20th century

5073:"The Promised Land: The Cherokees, Arkansas, and Removal, 1794–1839." 4364:"Native American remains receive symbolic headstone at Fort Campbell" 3745: 3660: 3609: 3096: 2750:. In 2012, the Fine Art degree program at OICA was incorporated into 2528: 2286: 2062:, the border of the Cherokee Nation. In 1829, gold was discovered at 1855: 1687: 1683: 1672: 1664: 1470: 1392: 1324: 1234: 1091: 996: 677: 515:("chuh-log-gee"), as the Creek were also in this mountainous region. 493: 326: 6580:

Kilpatrick, Jack Frederick. "An Etymological Note on the Tribal Name

6549: 6500:, pp. 176–189. (Cherokee: Museum of the Cherokee Indian, 1977). 5756: 3340:

Establishment of courts in eight districts to handle civil disputes

2471:, and saving a Confederate army by covering their retreat after the 1580:

The Cherokee organized a national government under Principal Chiefs

1445:(his father was a Cherokee while John Norton adopted by the Mohawks) 8613: 8548: 8539: 8436: 8161: 8071: 7709: 7099: 6770: 6632: 6536:

Irwin, Lee (1992). "Cherokee Healing: Myth, Dreams, and Medicine".

5488:"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Cherokee People in the US" 4455: 4454:, (New York: 1911). This was chronicled by de Soto's expedition as 3749: 3504: 3332:

End of separate regional councils and abolition of blood vengeance

3100: 3063: 2782: 2618: 2561: 2520: 2512: 2464: 2329: 2322: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2201: 2024: 1894: 1847: 1843: 1730: 1194: 1041: 1000: 976: 967: 961: 917: 732: 712: 676:, Native Americans in the region began to cultivate plants such as 579:

region in ancient times. They occupied territories where earthwork

569: 565: 519: 433: 134:: 102,580 (2.7%) – extends to nearby Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri 131: 124:: large ethnic diaspora community, 22,124 registered tribal members 70: 5643: 3182:) which means "the water is all gone from here", i.e. "no water". 2754:

and moved to the SCC Swain Center, where it continues to operate.

2236:, $ 5 million, and $ 300,000 for improvements on their new lands. 1999: 1399:

Scots (and other Europeans) among the Cherokee in the 18th century

598:

on the Biltmore Estate, which has numerous Native American sites.

9015: 8738: 7992: 7734: 7649: 7586: 6973: 6015:

Treasures of Gilcrease: Selections from the Permanent Collection.

3887: 3741: 3440: 3110: 2888: 2571:

Map of present-day Cherokee Nation Tribal Jurisdiction Area (red)

2491:, Stand Watie became the last Confederate General to stand down. 2400:, and some of the state-recognized tribes in surrounding states. 2306: 2090: 1909: 1874: 1873:

in return for Georgia's cession of the western lands that became

1851: 1789: 1204: 1198: 1148: 1147:

In 1721, the Cherokee ceded lands in South Carolina. In 1730, at

1098: 1087: 539: 338: 184: 5199:"Treaty of New Echota, Dec. 29, 1835 (Cherokee – United States)" 4624:"Late Prehistoric/Early Historic Chiefdoms (ca. A.D. 1300-1850)" 3487: 975:. The following year, a combined force of English colonists and 8878: 8708: 7694: 7601: 7596: 7084: 6899: 6894: 3527: 2991:

Cherokee Freedmen Controversy § Slavery among the Cherokee

2567: 2108:. John Ross traveled to Washington, D.C., and won support from 2098: 1489: 1368:

to distinguish them from other Cherokee. From here he fought a

1289: 1230: 1170: 836: 798: 736: 630: 143: 6782:

Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center – Genealogy and Culture

5594:, Southwestern Community College (retrieved November 24, 2010) 3635:

Relations among the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes

2523:

rights to the western part of the territory, which became the

1536: 1159:

as "Emperor" of the Cherokee. Moytoy agreed to recognize King

279: 267: 255: 246: 8658: 8583: 8356: 7591: 5325:

History and culture of the Cherokee (North Carolina Indians).

5310:

History and culture of the Cherokee (North Carolina Indians).

4979:. Georgiaencyclopedia.org. September 23, 2005. Archived from 2511:

of all Cherokee slaves, and full citizenship to all Cherokee

2382: 2247:

ordered 7,000 federal troops and state militia under General

1745: 1293: 1132:. It ended in 1717 with peace treaties between the colony of 1018: 775: 264: 243: 5819:

The house on Diamond Hill : a Cherokee plantation story

5459:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 861. 5379:"Oklahoma governor's tribal fight raises ancestry questions" 4036:

http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml

3604: 2785:

was common among the Cherokee, especially by elite men. The

2638:

epidemic, and in fact it killed just around 1,000 warriors.

1477:(Welsh), John Gunter (German, founder of Gunter's Landing), 1407:. A few were Scotch-Irish, English, French, and German (see 1288:

and his party tried to settle in Kentucky, but the Shawnee,

387:

had classified the Cherokee of the Southeast as one of the "

27:

Indigenous American people of the southeastern United States

8496: 6798: 6013:

Morand, Ann, Kevin Smith, Daniel C. Swan, and Sarah Erwin.

4873:, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 1938. Retrieved September 21, 2009. 4160:

Stuyvesant, William C.; Fogelson, Raymond D., eds. (2004).

3059: 2933:

Cited text does not draw the conclusions in this paragraph.

2851: 2790: 2189:. The Cherokee National Council, led by John Ross, fled to 1620:

and the 'arts of civilized life.' The Moravians and later

874: 270: 249: 6746: 6699:

Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.

6473:"Judge grants Cherokee citizenship to non-Indian freedmen" 5031:. Georgiaencyclopedia.org. August 28, 2002. Archived from 4194:

Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees

3949:"Why Do So Many Americans Think They Have Cherokee Blood?" 2773:, as well as other tribes, contribute funding to the CHC. 2391:), or belonged to the former Valley Towns area around the 1834: 1820:,' the first American Indian newspaper, in February 1828. 863: 8333:

United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (1939–present)

6684:

Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.

6655:"Unrecognized Cherokee claims cause problems for nation." 6530:

Red over Black – Black Slavery among the Cherokee Indians

5175:. Georgiaencyclopedia.org. April 27, 2004. Archived from 5173:"New Georgia Encyclopedia: "Worcester v. Georgia (1832)"" 4005: 3445: 2810:

the families of men expected to be leaders of the tribe.

1977:, an adopted member of the Cherokee tribe. His successor 1816:. Boudinot published the first edition of the bilingual ' 1238: 471:, translating as "Principal People"). Another endonym is 6328:

Official Statement Cherokee Nation 2000, Pierpoint 2000.

4966:, p. 83. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900). 4313:. The University of North Carolina Press. Archived from 4271:"The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2010" 4162:

Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast, Volume 14

3165:

word for "welcome" (more precisely the Delaware word is

2742:

In August 2010, OICA acquired a letterpress and had the

2516:

Freedmen have been active politically within the tribe.

2483:

with the Union Army. On June 25, 1865, two months after

1307:

Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer

1201:

due to their losses and disfigurement from the disease.

399:

settlers. They also developed their own writing system.

6777:

Smithsonian Institution – Cherokee photos and documents

6231:"Cherokee Ancestry Search – Cherokee Genealogy by City" 5543:

https://www.twinkl.pt/teaching-wiki/the-cherokee-nation

5144:; Tennessee Encyclopedia, online; accessed October 2019 4164:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. p. ix. 2494: 2444:, the leader of the Ridge Party, raised a regiment for 1212:, bitterness remained between the two groups. In 1765, 743:. Specifically in 1540–41, a Spanish expedition led by 613:

and served as a political center for smaller villages.

5662: 5660: 4685:

The Native Languages of the Southeastern United States

3495:

was built in 1889 by the Cherokee in Indian Territory.

2396:

groups were the ancestors of the federally recognized

1714:, developed a large plantation and ran a ferry on the 1492:

who were of Scottish descent and had been part of the

1105:, and British in late 1712 and early 1713 against the 1090:

in the 1660s. But from 1710 to 1715, the Cherokee and

583:

were built by peoples during the earlier Woodland and

312: 299: 6648:

Cherokee women: gender and culture change, 1700–1835.

3613:

Flag of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians

3396:

Constitution of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians

3026:, they took slaves with them, and acquired others in 2995:

Slavery was a component of Cherokee society prior to

2981:

societies and cultures with more rigid gender roles.

1973:. In 1836, they signed a treaty with Texas President 1900:

The Cherokee eventually migrated as far north as the

793:, the Pardo expedition also recorded encounters with 762:. This is believed to be a chiefdom ancestral to the 492:

Many theories, though all unproven, abound about the

276: 261: 252: 6344:(Pre-convention – 1999) Oral and Written Testimonies 4926: 4924: 3840: 3683: 3380:

Suspension of elections in the Cherokee Nation East

2475:

in March 1862. He became a Brigadier General of the

2208:, Indian Territory, 19th century, collection of the 1626:

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions

1257:, which was fought across Europe and was called the 1173:, England. There the Cherokee delegation signed the 6202:

Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.

5823:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 5742: 5657: 4964:

History, Myths, and Scared Formulas of the Cherokee

3815:In 1988, the federal court in the Freedmen case of 3563: 1120:In January 1716, Cherokee murdered a delegation of 273: 240: 6507:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991. 6397: 5960: 5816: 5814: 4183: 4181: 4159: 2599: 440:. They are related to the Cherokee who were later 5295:Native Carolinians: The Indians of North Carolina 5121:Rollings (1992) pp. 254–5, Doublass (1912) p. 44. 4921: 2654:estimated 22,000 Cherokees in 1832, before their 2285:). Marched over 800 miles (1,300 km) across 9033: 8233:Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory (1839–1907) 8193:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (1824-present) 6577:. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992). 6113:Constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. 5930: 3975:"Map shows CN citizen population for each state" 3420:Constitution of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma 3083:A Cherokee speaker speaking English and Cherokee 2373:, a white store owner and state legislator from 942: 475:(ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ, translating as "People from Kituwah"). 461:A Cherokee language name for Cherokee people is 364:having migrated south in ancient times from the 319:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands 6667:Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. 6568:Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. 6436:Cherokee Constitutional Amendment March 3, 2007 6061:1999 constitution officially went into effect. 5778: 5776: 5774: 5429:. New York: Harper & brothers. p. 242. 4178: 1932:between Cherokee and Osage communities. In the 1300:'s son, Henry, who were killed in the skirmish. 826:supports their migration from the Great Lakes. 360:, recorded one oral tradition that told of the 9052:Native American tribes in Georgia (U.S. state) 6682:Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. 6532:, Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut 1977. 4728: 4726: 4724: 3254: 3224: 3218: 3208: 3202: 3192: 3186: 3177: 3166: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3131: 3121: 3104: 3044: 2386: 2276: 2266: 2260: 2011:Following the War of 1812, and the concurrent 1064:) following the displacements of a century of 979:drove the newcomers away. The identity of the 907: 480: 466: 8930: 8522: 6814: 6677:Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007. 5782: 4111:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3388:Constitution of the reunited Cherokee Nation 1543:History of the Indian Tribes of North America 6794:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 6650:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. 6155: 6034: 6032: 6030: 5851:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5771: 5227:. Ngeorgia.com. June 5, 2007. Archived from 5029:"New Georgia Encyclopedia: Cherokee Phoenix" 5005:. Ngeorgia.com. June 5, 2007. Archived from 4977:"New Georgia Encyclopedia: Chief Vann House" 4577:Clark, Patricia Roberts (October 21, 2009). 4407: 4338:"Research Guides: Cherokee Studies: Welcome" 4056:"Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census" 3929:. 2010: 6 and 37. (retrieved June 11, 2010). 3428:Constitution of the Cherokee Nation drafted 2718:The Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual, Inc., of 2275:), although it is described by another word 2031:, and was finalized with the signing of the 1812:Congressman. They translated the Bible into 1261:on the North American front. These included 1076:. The Cherokee are labelled as "Cherrikies". 877:. As Payne recounted, this group, which was 9077:Native Americans in the American Revolution 6310:January 6, 2006 (retrieved October 5, 2009) 5597: 5315: 5225:"Cherokee in Georgia: Treaty of New Echota" 4721: 4704:. University of Alabama Press. p. 18. 4415:"Cherokee: A Language of the United States" 4263: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3678: 3659:, due to economic migrations caused by the 2066:, on Cherokee land claimed by Georgia. The 1951:A group of Cherokee traditionalists led by 1940:..." to make room for the Cherokee and the 1904:by 1816. They lived interspersed among the 8937: 8923: 8529: 8515: 6821: 6807: 6660:. August 16, 2000 (Accessed May 16, 2007). 6498:Journal of Cherokee Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2 6456:"Nash, et al v. Cherokee Nation Registrar" 6134: 5855:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5473:Primitive society and its vital statistics 5426:"Historical Collections of South Carolina" 4912: 4906: 3650: 3278: 3007:settlers purchased or impressed Cherokees 2321:fought and survived that day, escaping to 2027:). This effort was headed by Indian Agent 1651:opened a tavern, inn and ferry across the 503:, but it dates to accounts related to the 341:consisting of around 40,000 square miles. 329:, southwestern Virginia, edges of western 64: 6759:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 6525:. January 6, 2006 (Accessed May 24, 2007) 6027: 5469: 5463: 4838:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 4645: 4643: 3865:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 3831:Nash, et al. v. Cherokee Nation Registrar 3619:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 3605:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 3452: 3372:Constitution of the Cherokee Nation West 3364:Constitution of the Cherokee Nation East 2956:Learn how and when to remove this message 2829: 2130:Emerson's 1838 letter to Martin Van Buren 1647:, was built through Cherokee land. Chief 1086:The Cherokee gave sanctuary to a band of 408:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians 9067:Native American tribes in South Carolina 9057:Native American tribes in North Carolina 5927:for a full discussion, see Perdue (1979) 5869: 5863: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5684: 4809:History of Southwest Virginia, 1746–1786 4750: 4108:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 4000: 3998: 3943: 3932: 3735: 3608: 3567: 3541:, for the festivities. It publishes the 3486: 3475: 3461: 3324:Establishment of the National Committee 3069: 3066:, the inventor of the Cherokee syllabary 3058: 2713: 2566: 2498: 2407: 2369:in 1819, they withdrew from the Nation. 2340: 2195: 1998: 1838:Tah-Chee (Dutch), A Cherokee Chief, 1837 1833: 1744: 1535: 1425: 1323:In 1776, allied with the Shawnee led by 1301: 1203: 1032: 538: 6702: 6575:Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic 5952: 5422: 5397: 5358: 5201:. Ourgeorgiahistory.com. Archived from 5083:Arkansas Historic Preservation Program. 4487:. Chicago, IL: Aldine Pub. Co. p. 4461: 4361: 2646:there were 2,300 warriors according to 2255:in 1838–1839, a migration known as the 2050:, chief of the Lower Creek, signed the 1858:, began voluntarily settling along the 1360:, where they established 11 new towns. 864:Other sources of early Cherokee history 705:South Appalachian Mississippian culture 696:. People created new art forms such as 607:South Appalachian Mississippian culture 223:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 9034: 6594: 6139:. Indian Country Today. Archived from 5958: 5261:from the original on October 12, 2020. 5251:"What Happened on the Trail of Tears?" 4649: 4640: 4480: 4187: 3972: 1540:Portrait of Major Ridge in 1834, from 1249:. The Cherokee were victorious in the 848:(the base of the federally recognized 8918: 8510: 6802: 6535: 6166:Smoky Mountain Host of North Carolina 5803: 5620: 5300: 4882: 4833: 4827: 4697: 4576: 4570: 4530: 4387: 4250:National Congress of American Indians 4217: 4197:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 393. 4131: 4089: 3995: 3269:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3185:Other examples of borrowed words are 2624: 804: 436:and Oklahoma in about 1817, prior to 6361:Chapman Roll Eastern Cherokees, 1851 6063:Constitution of the Cherokee Nation. 5785:The North Carolina Historical Review 5719: 5133: 5085:1997 . Retrieved September 21, 2009. 4751:Hamilton, Chuck (January 21, 2016). 4335: 3793: 2905: 2495:Reconstruction and late 19th century 2467:, capturing Union supply trains and 1981:sent militia to evict them in 1839. 1749:Cherokee National Council building, 1592:(1811–1827), all former warriors of 1037:An annotated copy of a hand-painted 947:In 1657, there was a disturbance in 383:By the 19th century, White American 111:Regions with significant populations 106:Cherokee ancestry in the 2010 Census 9072:Native American tribes in Tennessee 7835:First Cherokee Female Seminary Site 6930:Cherokee Supplement (Unicode block) 6387:Nero v. Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma 6285:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokees. 6200:Oklahoma Office of Indian Affairs. 6162:Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual, Inc. 5636: 5578: 4888:The History of the American Indians 4852: 4617: 4388:Nagle, Rebecca (November 5, 2019). 3481:Cherokee Nation Historic Courthouse 3348:Cherokee Supreme Court established 1830:Thomas Jefferson and Indian Removal 1144:, with the defeat of the Muscogee. 637:), a name repeated in other areas. 225: instead of Cherokee syllabics. 24: 9062:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 8844:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 7484:Sequoyah Constitutional Convention 6356:Cherokee Census Rolls, a follow-up 6123:University of Oklahoma Law Center. 6017:Tulsa, OK: Gilcrease Museum,2003. 5573:The Museum of the Cherokee Indian. 5401:The Indian tribes of North America 4471:, Sturtevant and Fogelson, p. 349. 4362:REPORTS, STAFF (August 22, 2023). 4280:. February 1, 2002. Archived from 4062:. Statistics Canada. June 21, 2018 3927:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission 3909: 3878:Black Indians in the United States 3457: 2862:The redefining of gender roles in 2560:entered the union as the state of 2422:Cherokee in the American Civil War 2345:Cól-lee, a Band Chief, painted by 2141:In 1831, Georgia militia arrested 1928:and the eventual establishment of 1706:. Major Ridge moved his family to 1686:faction of the Upper Creek in the 868:In the 1830s, the American writer 801:in southeastern modern Tennessee. 25: 9088: 9047:Native American tribes in Alabama 8153:Cherokee Nation West (1810-1839) 8118:Cherokee Nation East (1794-1839) 6740: 6135:Associated, The (July 13, 2009). 5987: 5604:"New Letterpress Arrives at OICA" 5337:"Treaty with the Cherokee, 1866." 5053:Rollings (1992) pp. 187, 230–255. 4484:Historical Sketch of the Cherokee 3725:One exception to this may be the 3684:Tribal recognition and membership 3665:Federal Indian Relocation program 3572:Flag of the Eastern Band Cherokee 3290:Historic treaties of the Cherokee 2771:United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee 2412:Cherokee confederates reunion in 2185:, and the state militia occupied 1984: 1309:. New York: Holt. pp. 93–4. 1014: 924:in the 1820s. Initially only the 402:Today, three Cherokee tribes are 8973:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 8946: 8538: 7308:Cherokee Preservation Foundation 6753:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 6465: 6448: 6429: 6379: 6331: 6322: 6313: 6290: 6268: 6249: 6223: 6214: 6194: 6171: 6128: 6106: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6054: 6007: 5981: 5359:Wamsley, Laurel (July 9, 2020). 4753:"Lost Nation of the Erie Part 1" 4137:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3973:Chavez, Will (August 29, 2018). 3857: 3843: 3578:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 3564:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 3033: 2910: 2733:entered into a partnership with 2731:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 2519:The US government also acquired 2398:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 2377:, helped over 600 Cherokee from 1920:. Increased conflicts with the 1800:, who had taken the name of his 1596:. The 'Cherokee triumvirate' of 1508: 1435:as Mohawk Chief Teyoninhokarawen 1177:with the British. Moytoy's son, 850:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 722: 616: 416:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians 236: 203: 8288:Cherokee Nation (1975–present) 6705:The Journal of Economic History 5939: 5921: 5736: 5713: 5678: 5669: 5566: 5547: 5536: 5522: 5508: 5494: 5480: 5447: 5433: 5416: 5391: 5371: 5352: 5330: 5287: 5265: 5243: 5217: 5191: 5165: 5156: 5147: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5097: 5088: 5065: 5056: 5047: 5021: 4995: 4969: 4956: 4953:. Retrieved September 21, 2009. 4951:North Carolina History Project. 4933: 4876: 4814: 4801: 4788: 4775: 4744: 4735: 4691: 4675: 4608: 4595: 4561: 4552: 4531:Boyle, John (August 21, 2017). 4524: 4505: 4474: 4444: 4381: 4355: 4329: 4299: 4238: 4211: 4153: 2938:check for citation inaccuracies 2844: 2705: 2600:Tribal land jurisdiction status 2336: 1969:were mostly neutral during the 1912:of that area. The Cherokee in 1698:played a major role in General 1513:The Cherokee lands between the 1503: 1128:, marking their entry into the 1028: 1017:), later becoming known as the 778:chiefdom (north of present-day 485:) is the Cherokee name for the 305: 292: 7988:Hiwassee River Heritage Center 7915:Chief Vann House Historic Site 7825:Cherokee Removal Memorial Park 6366:Treaty with the Cherokee, 1817 5745:The American Historical Review 5627:"OICA is gone, but not really" 5275:. goodreads.com, 1972 and 1996 4469:A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee 4311:Encyclopedia of North Carolina 4125: 4083: 4074: 4048: 4029: 3966: 3087:The Cherokee speak a Southern 2752:Southwestern Community College 2735:Southwestern Community College 2375:Jackson County, North Carolina 2353:The Cherokee living along the 2078:. In 1830 Congress passed the 1823: 663: 13: 1: 7925:Museum of the Cherokee People 6765:Museum of the Cherokee Indian 6597:The American Indian Quarterly 6487: 6233:. ePodunk.com. Archived from 5617:(retrieved November 24, 2010) 5575:. Retrieved September 15, 09. 5563:. Retrieved September 15, 09. 5062:Rollings (1992) pp. 187, 236. 4915:"Memoirs of Henry Timberlake" 4807:Lewis Preston Summers, 1903, 4246:"Tribal Directory: Southeast" 3800:Cherokee Freedmen Controversy 3297: 2724:Museum of the Cherokee Indian 2579:society. In the aftermath of 2548:proposed the creation of the 1097:The Cherokee fought with the 943:17th century: English contact 623:Oconee County, South Carolina 444:there in the 1830s under the 423:groups claim Cherokee lineage 82: 8013:Five Civilized Tribes Museum 7890:Red Clay State Historic Park 7502:Cherokee Towns (pre-Removal) 6828: 6256:Cherokee Nation Registration 6125:(retrieved January 16, 2010) 5349:(retrieved January 10, 2010) 4558:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 132 4080:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 613 2621:Nations—reservation status. 2403: 1885:to the southern bank of the 1003:Five Nations, also known as 751:people as living around the 456: 352:group. In the 19th century, 313: 300: 213:Cherokee syllabic characters 7: 8497:Cherokee-language Knowledge 8317:Chadwick "Corntassel" Smith 7338:Cherokee Southwest Township 7323:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society 7255:Cherokee Nation (1794–1907) 7172:1st Cherokee Mounted Rifles 6991:Flag of the Cherokee Nation 6791:Oklahoma Historical Society 6287:(retrieved October 5, 2009) 6191:(retrieved October 5, 2009) 5815:Miles, Tiya, 1970- (2010). 5675:Perdue (1999), pp. 44, 57–8 5112:Rollings (1992) pp. 239–40. 4011:United States Census Bureau 3836: 3466:Flag of the Cherokee Nation 3283: 3045:Language and writing system 2977:roles are usually found in 2776: 2739:Western Carolina University 2606:United States Supreme Court 2243:Two years later, President 2086:to a new Indian Territory. 1694:. Cherokee warriors led by 1659:on a spur of the road from 1443:Yale Center for British Art 1352:and his band settled along 391:" in the region. They were 10: 9093: 7458:Cherokee Nation v. Leavitt 7433:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 7343:Oconaluftee Indian Village 7318:Original Keetoowah Society 6339:Act of Congress Roll, 1854 6207:February 11, 2009, at the 6118:February 12, 2009, at the 5720:Mize, Jamie Myers (2017). 5644:"Cherokee Heritage Center" 5633:(retrieved March 18, 2013) 5559:September 9, 2009, at the 5502:"EBCI has 395 full bloods" 5470:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). 5003:"New Echota Historic Site" 4945:November 13, 2009, at the 4913:Timberlake, Henry (1765). 4865:February 11, 2006, at the 4822:Footsteps of the Cherokees 4637:. Retrieved July 22, 2010. 3797: 3687: 3616: 3575: 3469: 3287: 3225: 3209: 3193: 3178: 3151: 3132: 3122: 3105: 3048: 3037: 3020:enslaved African Americans 2988: 2984: 2833: 2700: 2419: 2387: 2273:The Trail Where They Cried 2261: 2135:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1988: 1934:Treaty of St. Louis (1825) 1827: 1562:American Revolutionary War 1457:), Daniel Ross (father of 1433:John Norton (Mohawk chief) 1274:Royal Proclamation of 1763 1161:George II of Great Britain 1079: 935: 931: 908: 564:of the Carolinas, and the 534: 481: 467: 418:(EBCI) in North Carolina. 414:(CN) in Oklahoma, and the 301:Aniyvwiyaʔi or Anigiduwagi 181:Cherokee spiritual beliefs 29: 8981: 8963: 8762: 8555: 8492: 8031: 7870:Trail of Tears State Park 7820:Cherokee National Capitol 7810: 7492: 7397: 7295: 7226:Jackson and McMinn Treaty 7201:Treaty of Dewitt's Corner 7055: 6999: 6935:Cherokee Immersion School 6862: 6836: 6717:10.1017/S0022050700040596 6538:American Indian Quarterly 6371:November 3, 2012, at the 5967:. Yale University Press. 5687:Journal of Social History 5398:Swanton, John R. (1952). 5273:"Books by Alex W. Bealer" 5130:Rollings (1992) pp. 280–1 5078:October 20, 2007, at the 4917:. London. pp. 49–51. 4890:. London: Dilly. p. 4860:"Eastern Cherokee Chiefs" 4834:Oatis, Steven J. (2004). 4581:. McFarland. p. 11. 4139:(3rd ed.). Longman. 3752:-Creek people located in 3625:Indian Reorganization Act 3535:Cherokee National Holiday 2826:of the Native Americans. 2781:Before the 19th century, 2110:National Republican Party 2054:in 1825, ceding the last 2033:Jackson and McMinn Treaty 1971:Texas War of Independence 1926:Battle of Claremore Mound 1796:and Major Ridge's nephew 1220:British colonial officer 1082:Cherokee military history 780:Morganton, North Carolina 175: 170: 159: 154: 115: 110: 95: 90: 63: 36:Cherokee (disambiguation) 8003:Fort Smith Historic Site 7771:Western Cherokee Nation 7370:Cherokee Central Schools 7155:Battle of Lindley's Fort 6925:Cherokee (Unicode block) 6771:Cherokee Heritage Center 6349:January 4, 2011, at the 6168:(retrieved July 1, 2014) 6076:Retrieved March 5, 2009. 5094:Doublass (1912) pp. 40–2 5071:Logan, Charles Russell. 4635:New Georgia Encyclopedia 4629:October 4, 2012, at the 4422:: Languages of the World 4220:Southeastern Archaeology 3903: 3788:Bureau of Indian Affairs 3731:Indian Claims Commission 3720:Cherokee Heritage Groups 3690:Cherokee Heritage Groups 3679:Membership controversies 3493:Cherokee Female Seminary 3436:Representative democracy 2759:Cherokee Heritage Center 2720:Cherokee, North Carolina 2687:Eastern Band of Cherokee 2052:Treaty of Indian Springs 1704:Battle of Horseshoe Bend 1469:, John Benge (father of 1140:in 1755, at present-day 999:in 1654 by the powerful 991:, commonly known as the 959:, as well as the Siouan 374:proto-Iroquoian language 317:) people are one of the 8809:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 8362:Tahlonteeskee (warrior) 8348:Other notable Cherokee 7282:Jacob Brown Grant Deeds 6068:March 25, 2009, at the 5423:Carroll, B. R. (1836). 5103:Rollings (1992) p. 235. 4783:A Cherokee Encyclopedia 4538:Asheville Citizen-Times 4517:April 25, 2019, at the 3817:Nero v. Cherokee Nation 3673:San Francisco Bay Areas 3651:Contemporary settlement 3483:in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. 3279:Treaties and government 3255: 3219: 3203: 3187: 3167: 3157: 3145: 3143:, which in Cherokee is 2931:. The reason given is: 2277: 2267: 2210:Oklahoma History Center 1961:in 1819. Settling near 1124:leaders at the town of 656:and other systems. The 410:(UKB) in Oklahoma, the 8953:Native American tribes 8545:Native American tribes 8282:William Charles Rogers 8202:William Holland Thomas 7978:The Great Trading Path 7145:Cherokee–American wars 6572:McLoughlin, William G. 6528:Halliburton, R., jr.: 6520:"A league of nations?" 6441:March 4, 2009, at the 6308:Tahlequah Daily Press. 6298:"A League of Nations?" 6261:July 18, 2007, at the 6184:July 20, 2010, at the 6179:United Keetoowah Band. 5872:Early American Studies 5609:July 14, 2011, at the 5342:June 30, 2010, at the 4871:Chronicles of Oklahoma 4481:Mooney, James (1975). 4428:. 2013. Archived from 4342:researchguides.wcu.edu 3922:April 6, 2010, at the 3757: 3614: 3573: 3554:Sundance Film Festival 3503:into the new state of 3496: 3484: 3467: 3453:Modern Cherokee tribes 3084: 3067: 3040:Cherokee funeral rites 2830:Ethnobotany definition 2769:(of Oklahoma) and the 2572: 2504: 2417: 2371:William Holland Thomas 2363:Little Tennessee River 2350: 2212: 2008: 1839: 1753: 1724:Chattanooga, Tennessee 1547: 1523:Cherokee–American wars 1446: 1358:Chattanooga, Tennessee 1243: 1217: 1077: 824:oral history tradition 592:Western North Carolina 546: 211:This article contains 34:. For other uses, see 8008:Port Royal State Park 7233:Transylvania Purchase 7206:Treaty of Hard Labour 7128:Siege of Fort Loudoun 6854:United Keetoowah Band 6609:10.1353/aiq.2000.0024 6523:Tahlequah Daily Press 6392:892 F.2d 1457 6280:June 9, 2010, at the 5959:Gallay, Alan (2002). 5884:10.1353/eam.2014.0023 5699:10.1353/jsh.2004.0144 5666:Perdue (1999), p. 176 5590:May 27, 2010, at the 5255:National Park Service 5179:on September 18, 2008 4940:"Watauga Association" 4796:Myths of the Cherokee 4698:Hally, David (2008). 4683:Nicholas A. Hopkins, 4655:Myths of the Cherokee 4432:on September 25, 2014 4006:"U.S. Census website" 3777:Treaty of Bird's Fort 3739: 3612: 3571: 3490: 3479: 3465: 3229:) or "big watch" for 3082: 3062: 3049:Further information: 2997:European colonization 2714:Cultural institutions 2691:United Keetoowah Band 2604:On July 9, 2020, the 2594:Civil Rights Movement 2570: 2542:Five Civilized Tribes 2502: 2420:Further information: 2411: 2359:Great Smoky Mountains 2344: 2199: 2002: 1837: 1748: 1539: 1429: 1417:Five Civilized Tribes 1409:Scottish Indian trade 1259:French and Indian War 1226: 1207: 1080:Further information: 1036: 852:) in North Carolina. 797:-speaking peoples at 764:Muscogee Creek people 729:Mississippian culture 585:Mississippian culture 544:Great Smoky Mountains 542: 389:Five Civilized Tribes 8965:Federally recognized 8839:Mescalero-Chiricahua 8594:Cheyenne and Arapaho 8272:Samuel Houston Mayes 7449:The Cherokee Tobacco 7441:Worcester v. Georgia 7425:freedmen controversy 7385:Sequoyah High School 7375:Cherokee High School 7238:Chickamauga Cherokee 7196:Treaty of Turkeytown 7186:Treaty of New Echota 7162:Nickajack Expedition 7140:Cherokee War of 1776 6675:The Cherokee Nation. 6658:Indian Country Today 6417:on February 13, 2007 6094:Perdue, pp. 564–565. 6040:"Cherokee syllabary" 5994:Smithsonian Magazine 4757:www.chattanoogan.com 4467:Martin and Mauldin, 4452:The Wilderness Trail 4317:on December 23, 2016 4060:www12.statcan.gc.ca/ 3945:Smithers, Gregory D. 3851:United States portal 3715:of roughly 344,700. 3712:United States census 3643:174 years after the 3095:and is written in a 2872:Treaty of New Echota 2836:Cherokee ethnobotany 2816:Common law marriages 2680:Frederick Webb Hodge 2230:Treaty of New Echota 2179:Nullification Crisis 2172:Worcester v. Georgia 2152:Worcester v. Georgia 1806:Continental Congress 1645:Knoxville, Tennessee 1494:plantation of Ulster 1375:The first Treaty of 1142:Ball Ground, Georgia 404:federally recognized 368:region, where other 356:, an early American 193:Four Mothers Society 148:2016 Canadian Census 7880:Rattlesnake Springs 7465:Cherokee Commission 7150:Battle of Hightower 7037:Kâ'lanû Ahkyeli'skï 6940:New Kituwah Academy 6905:Green Corn Ceremony 6695:Tortora, Daniel J. 6481:, January 14, 2011. 6405:"Freedman Decision" 5504:. November 6, 2012. 5231:on January 10, 2010 5205:on October 27, 2009 4983:on October 21, 2012 4763:on January 23, 2017 4368:cherokeephoenix.org 4287:on January 20, 2013 4043:Library of Congress 3947:(October 1, 2015). 3698:and has no minimum 3669:Greater Los Angeles 3539:Tahlequah, Oklahoma 3091:language, which is 2868:De Soto exploration 2763:Park Hill, Oklahoma 2473:Battle of Pea Ridge 2126:Ralph Waldo Emerson 2042:. Georgia Governor 1710:, where he built a 1329:Second Cherokee War 1303:Faragher, John Mack 1282:Watauga Association 1175:Treaty of Whitehall 920:'s creation of the 816:Iroquoian languages 717:Green Corn Ceremony 477:Tsalagi Gawonihisdi 430:Tahlequah, Oklahoma 60: 8609:Citizen Potawatomi 8072:Outacite of Keowee 7983:The Great War Path 7958:Oconaluftee valley 7943:Stick Ball Grounds 7865:Tellico Blockhouse 7270:Indian Removal Act 7216:Treaty of Hopewell 7211:Treaty of Lochaber 7167:American Civil War 7123:Anglo-Cherokee War 7007:Ani Hyuntikwalaski 6673:Royce, Charles C. 6303:June 20, 2009, at 6143:on October 7, 2009 5936:Russell (2002) p70 4930:Rozema, pp. 17–23. 4659:Dover Publications 4450:Charles A. Hanna, 4307:"Cherokee Indians" 4041:2015-01-08 at the 3916:"Pocket Pictorial" 3810:American Civil War 3762:Rusk County, Texas 3758: 3754:Rusk County, Texas 3615: 3589:The Trail of Tears 3574: 3497: 3485: 3468: 3267:(Article 1 of the 3085: 3068: 3055:Cherokee syllabary 2885:white missionaries 2744:Cherokee syllabary 2644:Anglo-Cherokee War 2625:Population history 2573: 2558:Indian Territories 2537:Curtis Act of 1898 2525:Oklahoma Territory 2505: 2477:Confederate States 2436:American Civil War 2428:American Civil War 2418: 2351: 2213: 2080:Indian Removal Act 2009: 1914:Missouri Territory 1840: 1814:Cherokee syllabary 1804:, a leader of the 1772:principal town of 1760:(near present-day 1754: 1736:Cherokee syllabary 1702:'s victory at the 1612:missionaries from 1548: 1447: 1431:Portrait of Major 1389:Cumberland Plateau 1377:Tellico Blockhouse 1272:King George III's 1267:Anglo-Cherokee War 1218: 1210:Anglo-Cherokee War 1078: 973:Richmond, Virginia 922:Cherokee syllabary 805:Linguistic studies 692:, and some native 547: 494:origin of the name 446:Indian Removal Act 442:forcibly relocated 378:Appalachian region 350:Iroquoian language 75:Cherokee syllabary 46: 9029: 9028: 8912: 8911: 8834:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 8574:Alabama-Quassarte 8504: 8503: 8457:Clement V. Rogers 8327:Chuck Hoskin, Jr. 8277:Thomas Buffington 8042:Moytoy of Tellico 7963:Oconaluftee River 7895:Hair Conrad Cabin 7830:Chieftains Museum 7381:Sequoyah Schools 7243:Overhill Cherokee 7221:Treaty of Holston 7191:Treaty of Tellico 7181:Cherokee treaties 6952:Spiritual beliefs 6653:Pierpoint, Mary. 6629:Project MUSE 6177:Leeds, George R. 5947:Revolutionary War 5904:Project MUSE 5009:on April 24, 2010 4588:978-0-7864-5169-2 4426:SIL International 4394:High Country News 4336:Buchanan, Heidi. 4278:Census 2010 Brief 4204:978-1-4286-4864-7 4146:978-1-4058-8118-0 4118:978-0-521-15255-6 3806:Antebellum Period 3794:Cherokee Freedmen 3533:The CN hosts the 3432: 3431: 3276: 3275: 3174:Amadikanigvnagvna 3080: 3051:Cherokee language 2966: 2965: 2958: 2748:Cherokee language 2664:Henry Schoolcraft 2610:McGirt v Oklahoma 2550:State of Sequoyah 2448:service in 1861. 2355:Oconaluftee River 2204:sampler, made at 2068:Georgia Gold Rush 1902:Missouri Bootheel 1770:Overhill Cherokee 1712:substantial house 1657:cotton-plantation 1641:Savannah, Georgia 1622:Congregationalist 1600:and his protégés 1588:(1801–1811), and 1570:white-tailed deer 1551:George Washington 1473:), Thomas Brown, 1356:near present-day 1354:Chickamauga Creek 1333:Overhill Cherokee 1157:Moytoy of Tellico 870:John Howard Payne 791:Charles M. Hudson 658:Overhill Cherokee 487:Cherokee language 346:Cherokee language 337:and northeastern 311: 298: 219:rendering support 199: 198: 73:, creator of the 16:(Redirected from 9084: 8983:State-recognized 8951: 8950: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8916: 8915: 8764:Tribal languages 8744:United Keetoowah 8674:Muscogee (Creek) 8634:Fort Sill Apache 8569:Absentee Shawnee 8543: 8542: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8508: 8507: 8427:Markwayne Mullin 8257:Dennis Bushyhead 8137:Charles R. Hicks 8062:Moytoy of Citico 7953:Tuckasegee River 7875:Brainerd Mission 7860:Sequoyah's Cabin 7767:Cherokee Nations 7405:Principal Chiefs 7398:Politics and law 7349:Unto These Hills 7313:Warriors Society 7275:Cherokee descent 7249:Cherokee Phoenix 7133:Battle of Echoee 7116:Battle of Taliwa 7095:skiagusta (rank) 7022:Moon-eyed people 6957:Moon-eyed people 6875:National holiday 6823: 6816: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6736: 6643: 6561: 6503:Finger, John R. 6482: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6452: 6446: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6416: 6410:. Archived from 6409: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6335: 6329: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6311: 6294: 6288: 6272: 6266: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6237:on July 30, 2010 6227: 6221: 6218: 6212: 6198: 6192: 6175: 6169: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6132: 6126: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6077: 6074:Cherokee Nation. 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6036: 6025: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5966: 5956: 5950: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5850: 5842: 5822: 5812: 5801: 5800: 5780: 5769: 5768: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5667: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5640: 5634: 5624: 5618: 5601: 5595: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5551: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5356: 5350: 5334: 5328: 5327:(March 10, 2007) 5319: 5313: 5312:(March 10, 2007) 5304: 5298: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4937: 4931: 4928: 4919: 4918: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4880: 4874: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4831: 4825: 4818: 4812: 4805: 4799: 4792: 4786: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4759:. Archived from 4748: 4742: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4719: 4718: 4695: 4689: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4647: 4638: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4286: 4275: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4052: 4046: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3980:Cherokee Phoenix 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3941: 3930: 3913: 3893:Moon-eyed people 3867: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3853: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3822:Dawes Commission 3766:Dawes Commission 3598:Unto These Hills 3544:Cherokee Phoenix 3501:Indian Territory 3302: 3301: 3258: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3108: 3107: 3081: 3028:Indian Territory 2961: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2941: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2893:manifest destiny 2672:Eastern Cherokee 2668:Indian Territory 2660:Indian Territory 2635:James Oglethorpe 2546:Indian Territory 2461:Indian Territory 2390: 2389: 2280: 2270: 2268:Nvna Daula Tsvyi 2264: 2263: 2253:Indian Territory 2245:Martin Van Buren 2234:Indian Territory 2143:Samuel Worcester 2122:Samuel Worcester 2056:Muscogee (Creek) 2048:William McIntosh 2021:Indian Territory 1995:Cherokee Removal 1939: 1818:Cherokee Phoenix 1802:white benefactor 1794:Samuel Worcester 1762:Calhoun, Georgia 1716:Oostanaula River 1606:Charles R. Hicks 1558:Benjamin Hawkins 1467:John D. Chisholm 1362:Chickamauga Town 1320: 1255:Seven Years' War 1251:Battle of Taliwa 1222:Henry Timberlake 1214:Henry Timberlake 1153:Alexander Cuming 1138:Battle of Taliwa 938:Cherokee history 911: 910: 842:Tuckasegee River 832:Glottochronology 812:Tuscarora people 745:Hernando de Soto 668:During the late 646:Little Tennessee 562:Tuscarora people 505:Hernando de Soto 484: 483: 470: 469: 316: 310:romanized: 309: 307: 303: 297:romanized: 296: 294: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 258: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 207: 206: 129:: 16,158 (0.2%) 97:316,049 enrolled 91:Total population 84: 68: 61: 45: 21: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9025: 8977: 8959: 8945: 8943: 8913: 8908: 8766: 8758: 8629:Eastern Shawnee 8619:Delaware Nation 8560: 8558: 8551: 8537: 8535: 8505: 8500: 8488: 8477:Kimberly Teehee 8337:James L. Gordon 8322:Bill John Baker 8307:Wilma Mankiller 8247:William P. Ross 8222:Patrick Lambert 8067:Standing Turkey 8027: 7973:Sycamore Shoals 7948:Cullasaja River 7900:Nancy Ward Tomb 7850:John Ross House 7812: 7806: 7800:Qualla Boundary 7775:Cherokee Nation 7577:Hiwassee Island 7507:Amoyeligunahita 7494: 7488: 7393: 7360:Female Seminary 7333:Heritage groups 7303:Heritage Center 7291: 7287:Texas Cherokees 7100:outacite (rank) 7051: 6995: 6858: 6844:Cherokee Nation 6832: 6827: 6773:, Park Hill, OK 6761:, official site 6755:, official site 6749:, official site 6747:Cherokee Nation 6743: 6663:Reed, Julie L. 6646:Perdue, Theda. 6550:10.2307/1185431 6490: 6485: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6443:Wayback Machine 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6373:Wayback Machine 6351:Wayback Machine 6336: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6295: 6291: 6282:Wayback Machine 6273: 6269: 6263:Wayback Machine 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6215: 6209:Wayback Machine 6199: 6195: 6186:Wayback Machine 6176: 6172: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6133: 6129: 6120:Wayback Machine 6111: 6107: 6103:Perdue, p. 566. 6102: 6098: 6093: 6089: 6085:Perdue, p. 564. 6084: 6080: 6070:Wayback Machine 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6028: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5988:Smith, Ryan P. 5986: 5982: 5975: 5957: 5953: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5868: 5864: 5844: 5843: 5831: 5813: 5804: 5781: 5772: 5757:10.2307/2649389 5741: 5737: 5718: 5714: 5693:(2): 385–406 . 5683: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5665: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5631:The One Feather 5625: 5621: 5615:The One Feather 5611:Wayback Machine 5602: 5598: 5592:Wayback Machine 5583: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5561:Wayback Machine 5554:Qualla History. 5552: 5548: 5541: 5537: 5530:"Sacred Colors" 5528: 5527: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5468: 5464: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5421: 5417: 5396: 5392: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5357: 5353: 5344:Wayback Machine 5335: 5331: 5320: 5316: 5305: 5301: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153:Wishart, p. 120 5152: 5148: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5080:Wayback Machine 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5035:on May 12, 2013 5027: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4962:Mooney, James. 4961: 4957: 4947:Wayback Machine 4938: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4911: 4907: 4881: 4877: 4867:Wayback Machine 4858:Brown, John P. 4857: 4853: 4846: 4832: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4806: 4802: 4793: 4789: 4780: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4749: 4745: 4741:Mooney, p. 392. 4740: 4736: 4731: 4722: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4648: 4641: 4631:Wayback Machine 4622: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4529: 4525: 4519:Wayback Machine 4510: 4506: 4499: 4479: 4475: 4466: 4462: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4034: 4030: 4017: 4015: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3983:. Tahlequah, OK 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3942: 3933: 3924:Wayback Machine 3914: 3910: 3906: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3802: 3796: 3692: 3686: 3681: 3653: 3637: 3621: 3607: 3585:Qualla Boundary 3580: 3566: 3558:Park City, Utah 3520:Bill John Baker 3513:Larry Echo Hawk 3474: 3472:Cherokee Nation 3460: 3458:Cherokee Nation 3455: 3300: 3292: 3286: 3281: 3163:Delaware Indian 3070: 3057: 3047: 3042: 3036: 2993: 2987: 2962: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2935: 2915: 2911: 2856:Native American 2847: 2838: 2832: 2779: 2767:Cherokee Nation 2716: 2708: 2703: 2695:Cherokee Nation 2627: 2608:decided in the 2602: 2497: 2487:surrendered at 2424: 2406: 2339: 2259:or in Cherokee 2155:(1832), the US 2046:and his cousin 2029:Return J. Meigs 1997: 1989:Main articles: 1987: 1967:Texas Cherokees 1946:Muscogee Creeks 1937: 1832: 1826: 1740:Central America 1677:Tennessee River 1669:'Rich Joe' Vann 1661:Athens, Georgia 1574:spinning wheels 1531:Cherokee Nation 1511: 1506: 1401: 1317: 1298:William Russell 1084: 1072:and the 1715–7 1031: 949:Virginia Colony 945: 940: 934: 866: 846:Qualla Boundary 807: 725: 674:Woodland Period 666: 619: 596:Swannanoa River 581:platform mounds 537: 459: 450:Qualla Boundary 412:Cherokee Nation 376:was likely the 348:is part of the 325:, southeastern 304:, or Cherokee: 260: 239: 235: 228: 227: 226: 217:Without proper 208: 204: 141: 130: 125: 119: 104:819,105 claimed 102: 100: 99:tribal members 86: 59: 44: 39: 32:Cherokee Nation 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9090: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8987: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8967: 8961: 8960: 8957:North Carolina 8942: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8919: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8770: 8768: 8767:(still spoken) 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8684:Otoe-Missouria 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8624:Delaware Tribe 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8565: 8563: 8553: 8552: 8534: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8511: 8502: 8501: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8472:Hastings Shade 8469: 8467:Durbin Feeling 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8447:Jenny McIntosh 8444: 8439: 8434: 8432:Yvette Herrell 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8412:Nunnahitsunega 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8382:Elias Boudinot 8379: 8374: 8369: 8367:Turtle-at-Home 8364: 8359: 8354: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8267:Johnson Harris 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8097:Dragging Canoe 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8047:Attakullakulla 8044: 8038:Early leaders 8035: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7910:Bussell Island 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7855:Ross's Landing 7852: 7847: 7842: 7840:Judaculla Rock 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7813:memorial sites 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7769: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7680:Spike Bucktown 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7498: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7470:Cherokee Strip 7462: 7454: 7445: 7437: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7367: 7362: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7265:Trail of Tears 7257: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7107: 7105:Raven of Chota 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7017:Horned Serpent 7014: 7009: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6949: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6833: 6826: 6825: 6818: 6811: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6767:, Cherokee, NC 6762: 6756: 6750: 6742: 6741:External links 6739: 6738: 6737: 6711:(1): 120–138. 6700: 6693: 6678: 6671: 6668: 6661: 6651: 6644: 6603:(4): 562–569. 6592: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6569: 6564:Kelton, Paul. 6562: 6544:(2): 237–257. 6533: 6526: 6518:Glenn, Eddie. 6516: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6464: 6447: 6428: 6396: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6330: 6321: 6312: 6296:Glenn, Eddie. 6289: 6267: 6248: 6222: 6213: 6193: 6170: 6154: 6127: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6053: 6026: 6006: 5980: 5973: 5951: 5938: 5929: 5920: 5878:(3): 626–651. 5862: 5829: 5802: 5791:(1): 118–119. 5770: 5735: 5712: 5677: 5668: 5656: 5635: 5619: 5596: 5577: 5565: 5546: 5535: 5521: 5507: 5493: 5479: 5462: 5446: 5432: 5415: 5390: 5370: 5351: 5329: 5322:"Will Thomas." 5314: 5299: 5293:Theda Purdue, 5286: 5264: 5242: 5216: 5190: 5164: 5155: 5146: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5020: 4994: 4968: 4955: 4932: 4920: 4905: 4875: 4851: 4844: 4826: 4824:(1995), p. 14. 4820:Vicki Rozema, 4813: 4800: 4787: 4774: 4743: 4734: 4720: 4710: 4690: 4674: 4667: 4639: 4616: 4607: 4594: 4587: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4523: 4521:- Tolatsga.org 4504: 4497: 4473: 4460: 4443: 4406: 4380: 4354: 4328: 4298: 4262: 4237: 4226:(1): 134–144. 4210: 4203: 4177: 4170: 4152: 4145: 4133:Wells, John C. 4124: 4117: 4082: 4073: 4047: 4028: 3994: 3965: 3931: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3854: 3838: 3835: 3798:Main article: 3795: 3792: 3727:Texas Cherokee 3688:Main article: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3652: 3649: 3645:Trail of Tears 3636: 3633: 3617:Main article: 3606: 3603: 3576:Main article: 3565: 3562: 3470:Main article: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3260: 3259: 3247: 3246: 3217:(which led to 3046: 3043: 3038:Main article: 3035: 3032: 3024:Trail of Tears 2986: 2983: 2964: 2963: 2918: 2916: 2909: 2846: 2843: 2834:Main article: 2831: 2828: 2807:Elias Boudinot 2778: 2775: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2693:and among the 2662:) was 25,911. 2626: 2623: 2601: 2598: 2585:disenfranchise 2581:Reconstruction 2496: 2493: 2432:William Thomas 2405: 2402: 2367:North Carolina 2338: 2335: 2257:Trail of Tears 2249:Winfield Scott 2226:Elias Boudinot 2206:Dwight Mission 2118:Daniel Webster 2106:Indian country 2072:Andrew Jackson 1991:Trail of Tears 1986: 1985:Trail of Tears 1983: 1979:Mirabeau Lamar 1883:Arkansas River 1825: 1822: 1798:Elias Boudinot 1700:Andrew Jackson 1614:North Carolina 1594:Dragging Canoe 1566:deerskin trade 1527:deerskin trade 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1463:John Watts Jr. 1400: 1397: 1350:Dragging Canoe 1344:Overhill towns 1340:Dragging Canoe 1315: 1166:Attakullakulla 1134:South Carolina 1122:Muscogee Creek 1115:deerskin trade 1109:in the Second 1030: 1027: 1011:anthropologist 944: 941: 936:Main article: 933: 930: 865: 862: 806: 803: 760:Coosa chiefdom 724: 721: 665: 662: 618: 615: 611:platform mound 536: 533: 524:Oyata'ge'ronoñ 458: 455: 438:Indian removal 331:South Carolina 323:North Carolina 221:, you may see 209: 202: 201: 200: 197: 196: 173: 172: 168: 167: 157: 156: 152: 151: 138:South Carolina 127:North Carolina 113: 112: 108: 107: 93: 92: 88: 87: 77:as painted by 69: 58: 57: 54: 51: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9089: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8996:Haliwa-Saponi 8994: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8949: 8940: 8935: 8933: 8928: 8926: 8921: 8920: 8917: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8724:Seneca-Cayuga 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8532: 8527: 8525: 8520: 8518: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8499: 8498: 8491: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8462:Redbird Smith 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8452:Sam Sixkiller 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8262:Joel B. Mayes 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8237:Lewis Downing 8235: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8227:Richard Sneed 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8212:Gerard Parker 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8167:Tahlonteeskee 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8142:William Hicks 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8092:Little Turkey 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8023:Cherokee Path 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811:Landmarks and 7809: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7791:Eastern Band 7790: 7786: 7785:Tahlonteeskee 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7755:Running Water 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 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4001: 3999: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3954: 3953:www.slate.com 3950: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3908: 3899: 3898:One-drop rule 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3855: 3852: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3700:blood quantum 3697: 3691: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657:US West Coast 3648: 3646: 3641: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3464: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3339: 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As in many 2853: 2842: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2729:In 2007, the 2727: 2725: 2721: 2711: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652:George Catlin 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2589:Jim Crow laws 2586: 2582: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2532:individuals. 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2485:Robert E. Lee 2482: 2481:Ely S. Parker 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2415: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2347:George Catlin 2343: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2163:John Marshall 2161: 2160:Chief Justice 2158: 2157:Supreme Court 2154: 2153: 2148: 2147:Milledgeville 2144: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:Chattahoochee 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013:Red Stick War 2006: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959:Spanish Texas 1956: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:William Clark 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Rome, Georgia 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653:Chattahoochee 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1584:(1788–1801), 1583: 1582:Little Turkey 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519:Chattahoochee 1516: 1509:Acculturation 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1488:, Irish from 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1428: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1370:guerrilla war 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1316:0-8050-1603-1 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247:North Georgia 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1225: 1223: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1188: 1185:(Old Hop) of 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1111:Tuscarora War 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1006:Haudenosaunee 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 981:Rechahecrians 978: 974: 970: 969: 964: 963: 958: 954: 953:Rechahecrians 950: 939: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 905: 900: 898: 895: 891: 890: 883: 880: 876: 871: 861: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 838: 833: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 772: 769:In 1566, the 767: 765: 761: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 723:Early culture 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 699: 698:shell gorgets 695: 691: 687: 683: 682:lambsquarters 679: 675: 671: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 617:The homelands 614: 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 573: 572:of Virginia. 571: 567: 563: 558: 557: 556:Haudenosaunee 552: 545: 541: 532: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 490: 488: 478: 474: 464: 454: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 424: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 302: 290: 284: 233: 224: 220: 216: 214: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 166: 162: 158: 153: 149: 145: 142: 139: 135: 133: 128: 123: 118: 117:United States 114: 109: 105: 98: 94: 89: 80: 76: 72: 67: 62: 55: 52: 49: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8734:Thlopthlocco 8494: 8482:Shawna Baker 8417:Ned Christie 8342:John W. Hair 8302:Ross Swimmer 8297:W. W. Keeler 8052:Amouskositte 7998:Tuckaleechee 7968:Abrams Creek 7930:Untokiasdiyi 7905:Blythe Ferry 7456: 7447: 7439: 7431: 7347: 7247: 7112:Tribal Wars 6986:Booger dance 6849:Eastern Band 6829: 6793: 6708: 6704: 6696: 6681: 6674: 6664: 6657: 6647: 6600: 6596: 6583: 6574: 6565: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6522: 6504: 6497: 6476: 6467: 6450: 6431: 6419:. Retrieved 6412:the original 6399: 6386: 6381: 6333: 6324: 6315: 6307: 6292: 6284: 6270: 6251: 6239:. Retrieved 6235:the original 6225: 6220: 6216: 6196: 6188: 6173: 6165: 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6141:the original 6130: 6122: 6108: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6073: 6072:(pdf file). 6056: 6044:. Retrieved 6014: 6009: 5999:September 9, 5997:. Retrieved 5993: 5983: 5962: 5954: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5818: 5788: 5784: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5721: 5715: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5671: 5647:. 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Retrieved 3952: 3926: 3911: 3883:Booger Dance 3830: 3827: 3816: 3814: 3803: 3785: 3781: 3770: 3759: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3693: 3654: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3622: 3596: 3593: 3581: 3551: 3542: 3532: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3498: 3444: 3433: 3293: 3266: 3263: 3235: 3230: 3214: 3198: 3184: 3173: 3140: 3138: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3099:invented by 3086: 3017: 3001:colonial era 2994: 2975:third gender 2967: 2952: 2943: 2932: 2925:that do not 2921:may contain 2920: 2861: 2848: 2845:Gender roles 2839: 2824:assimilation 2812: 2799: 2780: 2756: 2728: 2717: 2709: 2706:Spirituality 2684: 2676:James Mooney 2640:Arthur Dobbs 2628: 2603: 2574: 2534: 2518: 2509:emancipation 2506: 2458: 2454:Philadelphia 2440: 2425: 2393:Cheoah River 2352: 2337:Eastern Band 2327: 2315: 2311:missionaries 2282: 2272: 2242: 2238: 2214: 2183:Land Lottery 2176: 2171: 2150: 2140: 2133: 2103: 2095:Narragansett 2088: 2044:George Troup 2037: 2023:(modern day 2017:Old Settlers 2010: 1953: 1950: 1941: 1922:Osage Nation 1899: 1893:(The Bowl), 1868: 1841: 1778: 1768:, after the 1755: 1729:Around 1809 1728: 1681: 1655:and built a 1637:Federal Road 1634: 1618:Christianity 1579: 1555:Indian Agent 1549: 1541: 1512: 1504:19th century 1486:Scotch-Irish 1483: 1448: 1441:, ca. 1805. 1439:Mather Brown 1430: 1402: 1374: 1348: 1322: 1306: 1286:Daniel Boone 1279: 1271: 1263:Fort Loudoun 1244: 1227: 1219: 1191: 1164: 1146: 1119: 1096: 1085: 1061: 1053: 1029:18th century 1023: 1004: 988: 984: 980: 966: 960: 957:Rickahockans 956: 952: 946: 925: 914:medicine men 912:), Cherokee 903: 901: 897:James Mooney 894:Ethnographer 887: 884: 867: 854: 835: 828: 818:. Since the 808: 784: 768: 757: 753:Keowee River 748: 726: 702: 667: 654:French Broad 644:, the upper 639: 634: 627:Keowee River 625:, along the 620: 603:Pisgah phase 600: 589: 574: 554: 548: 523: 517: 512: 500: 498: 491: 476: 472: 462: 460: 427: 420: 401: 382: 358:ethnographer 354:James Mooney 343: 231: 229: 210: 177:Christianity 136: 120: 103: 96: 43:Ethnic group 40: 8714:Sac and Fox 8442:Major Ridge 8422:John Martin 8402:Joseph Vann 8292:J. B. Milam 8217:Joyce Dugan 8187:John Rogers 8182:John Looney 8177:Sam Houston 8107:Incalatanga 7920:Mantle Rock 7845:Long Island 7582:Island town 7420:1842 revolt 7328:Youth Choir 7027:Nun'Yunu'Wi 6981:Stomp dance 6969:Black drink 6964:Ethnobotany 6478:Tulsa World 6471:Gavin Off, 6319:Glenn 2006. 6275:Enrollment. 6042:. 1998–2009 5751:(5): 1659. 5410:10088/15440 4732:Irwin 1992. 4567:Finger, 6–7 4436:October 20, 4291:January 29, 3873:Black drink 3696:Dawes Rolls 3220:utana watsi 3146:ga-so-li-ne 3128:didaniyisgi 2979:patriarchal 2820:Dawes Rolls 2787:matrilineal 2678:(quoted by 2615:Kevin Stitt 2446:Confederate 2442:Stand Watie 2414:New Orleans 2379:Qualla Town 2319:Stand Watie 2283:The Removal 2218:Major Ridge 2168:sovereignty 2084:Mississippi 2040:Lower Creek 1975:Sam Houston 1963:Nacogdoches 1924:led to the 1887:White River 1879:Mississippi 1824:Removal era 1792:missionary 1696:Major Ridge 1692:War of 1812 1690:during the 1630:Connecticut 1498:Simon Girty 1479:James Adair 1475:John Rogers 1451:John Stuart 1385:Duck rivers 1366:Chickamauga 1183:Conocotocko 1179:Amo-sgasite 1130:Yamasee War 1074:Yamasee War 1070:enslavement 1044:map of the 1015:1986:131–32 985:Eriechronon 926:didanvwisgi 904:didanvwisgi 820:Great Lakes 678:marsh elder 664:Agriculture 577:Great Lakes 509:Lower Creek 473:Anigiduwagi 366:Great Lakes 333:, northern 79:Henry Inman 9036:Categories 9011:Occaneechi 8874:Potawatomi 8559:recognized 8495:See also: 8397:David Vann 8392:James Vann 8387:Wauhatchie 8377:Goingsnake 8352:Nancy Ward 8172:John Jolly 8127:Pathkiller 8087:Old Tassel 8077:Oconostota 7745:Turtletown 7740:Turkeytown 7730:Tuckasegee 7665:Oostanaula 7612:Long Swamp 7607:Kulsetsiyi 7356:Education 7090:Ani-kutani 7047:Tsul 'Kalu 7012:Deer Woman 6787:"Cherokee" 6488:References 5915:1553321291 5730:1954047274 5724:(Thesis). 4544:August 21, 4512:"Cherokee" 4498:0202011364 4420:Ethnologue 3705:Baker Roll 3443: [ 3298:Government 3288:See also: 3118:ditiyohihi 3005:Carolinian 2989:See also: 2971:two-spirit 2897:Washington 2887:and white 2803:John Ridge 2795:matrifocal 2577:segregated 2489:Appomattox 2469:steamboats 2222:John Ridge 2187:New Echota 2114:Henry Clay 2097:, and the 2076:Washington 1930:Fort Smith 1864:Red Rivers 1828:See also: 1810:New Jersey 1782:John Ridge 1766:New Echota 1758:Oostanaula 1751:New Echota 1667:. His son 1649:James Vann 1635:In 1806 a 1628:school in 1598:James Vann 1590:Pathkiller 1455:James Vann 1413:mixed-race 1387:(i.e. the 1381:Cumberland 1336:Nancy Ward 1208:After the 1155:, crowned 1050:Charleston 993:Erie tribe 989:Erielhonan 889:Ani-kutani 879:hereditary 771:Juan Pardo 709:flint corn 690:sunflowers 642:Tuckasegee 635:Kulsetsiyi 551:Appalachia 501:Tchalaquei 482:ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ 122:California 8804:Chickasaw 8754:Wyandotte 8599:Chickasaw 8557:Federally 8407:Bob Benge 8372:Junaluska 8207:Tsaladihi 8197:Yonaguska 8147:John Ross 8132:Big Tiger 8112:Tagwadihi 8102:Kunokeski 8082:Savanukah 8018:Tlanusiyi 7885:Fort Cass 7780:Tahlequah 7760:Titsohili 7725:Tsatanugi 7640:Nickajack 7627:Nantahala 7622:Nacoochee 7552:Dirt town 7532:Conasauga 7522:Chilhowee 7512:Brasstown 7493:Towns and 7475:in Kansas 7410:Blood Law 7042:U'tlun'ta 6920:syllabary 6733:154689555 6640:216856997 6625:162379852 6421:March 10, 6241:April 17, 6147:April 17, 5900:143654806 5847:cite book 5839:495475390 5707:144646968 5649:March 10, 5279:March 27, 5235:April 17, 5209:April 17, 5183:April 17, 5039:April 17, 5013:April 17, 4987:April 17, 4900:444695506 4767:April 24, 4653:(1995) . 4603:Achalaque 4191:(2006) . 4018:April 24, 3958:April 24, 3773:John Ross 3746:Chickasaw 3710:The 2000 3661:Dust Bowl 3179:ᎠᎹᏗᎧᏂᎬᎾᎬᎾ 3097:syllabary 3089:Iroquoian 3009:as slaves 2923:citations 2901:Jefferson 2529:Dawes Act 2450:John Ross 2404:Civil War 2328:In 1827, 2287:Tennessee 2278:Tlo-va-sa 2262:ᏅᎾ ᏓᎤᎳ ᏨᏱ 2200:Cherokee 2064:Dahlonega 2007:, c. 1840 2005:John Ross 1957:moved to 1906:Delawares 1856:Chickasaw 1786:John Ross 1720:John Ross 1688:Creek War 1684:Red Stick 1673:steamboat 1665:Nashville 1616:to teach 1602:The Ridge 1586:Black Fox 1515:Tennessee 1471:Bob Benge 1459:John Ross 1421:Southeast 1405:Highlands 1393:Tennessee 1325:Cornstalk 1235:mockasons 1107:Tuscarora 1092:Chickasaw 997:Lake Erie 857:Tuscarora 795:Muskogean 787:Asheville 713:chiefdoms 587:periods. 463:Aniyvwiya 457:Etymology 370:Iroquoian 327:Tennessee 155:Languages 140:: 3,428 18:Cherokees 9042:Cherokee 9021:Waccamaw 9006:Meherrin 8849:Muscogee 8824:Delaware 8819:Comanche 8799:Cheyenne 8794:Cherokee 8719:Seminole 8654:Kickapoo 8649:Kialegee 8614:Comanche 8589:Cherokee 8549:Oklahoma 8312:Joe Byrd 8252:Utselata 8242:Degataga 8162:Degadoga 8157:The Bowl 7935:Standing 7795:Cherokee 7750:Tuskegee 7710:Tomotley 7705:Tomassee 7670:Red Clay 7617:Mialoquo 7572:Hiwassee 7567:Frogtown 7557:Ducktown 7547:Crowtown 7495:villages 7080:Treaties 7073:military 7068:timeline 7032:Nûñnë'hï 6910:Language 6880:Calendar 6830:Cherokee 6636:ProQuest 6439:Archived 6369:Archived 6347:Archived 6301:Archived 6278:Archived 6259:Archived 6205:Archived 6182:Archived 6116:Archived 6066:Archived 5911:ProQuest 5892:24474873 5797:23522191 5726:ProQuest 5607:Archived 5588:Archived 5557:Archived 5384:ABC News 5340:Archived 5307:"Tsali." 5297:, pg. 40 5259:Archived 5141:Treaties 5076:Archived 4943:Archived 4886:(1775). 4863:Archived 4794:Mooney, 4781:Conley, 4627:Archived 4515:Archived 4456:Chalaque 4399:April 2, 4373:April 2, 4347:April 2, 4232:40713422 4135:(2008). 4105:(eds.). 4093:(2011). 4039:Archived 3920:Archived 3837:See also 3750:Muscogee 3640:people. 3505:Oklahoma 3284:Treaties 3168:nu-wi-ta 3141:gasoline 3101:Sequoyah 3064:Sequoyah 2929:the text 2889:settlers 2881:Cherokee 2876:Cherokee 2864:Cherokee 2783:polygamy 2777:Marriage 2648:J. Adair 2631:J. 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