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where all, who live by hunting and will not work, may be collected and settled together. And whereas it is desirable to the state of
Mississippi, to obtain a small part of the land belonging to said nation; for the mutual accommodation of the parties, and for securing the happiness and protection of the whole Choctaw nation, as well as preserving that harmony and friendship which so happily subsists between them and the United States, James Monroe, President of the United States of America, by Andrew Jackson, of the State of Tennessee, Major General in the Army of the United States, and General Thomas Hinds, of the State of Mississippi, Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States, on the one part, and the Mingoes, Head Men, and Warriors, of the Choctaw nation, in full Council assembled, on the other part,: have freely and voluntarily entered into the following articles, viz ...
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land west of the
Mississippi. Pushmataha said, "I know the country well ... The grass is everywhere very short ... There are but few beavers and the honey and fruit are rare things." Jackson finally resorted to threats to pressure the Choctaw to sign a treaty. He shouted, "Many of your nation are already beyond the Mississippi, and others are every year removing .... If you refuse ... the nation will be destroyed." On October 18, 1820, the chiefs signed the treaty.
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ART. IV. The boundaries hereby established between the
Choctaw Indians and the United States, on this side of the Mississippi river, shall remain without alteration until the period at which said nation shall become so civilized and enlightened as to be made citizens of the United States and Congress
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WHEREAS it is an important object with the
President of the United States, to promote the civilization of the Choctaw Indians, by the establishment of schools amongst them; and to perpetuate them as a nation, by exchanging, for a small part of their land here, a country beyond the Mississippi River,
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Indian tribe. The Treaty of Doak's Stand was the seventh of sixteen treaties that were ratified from the period from 186 through 1866 between the United States government and the
Choctaw nation during a time of rapid westward expansion of white settlers. Based on the terms of the accord, the Choctaw
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Not only did the
Choctaw nation object to the treaty, but also, the white settlers already living in Arkansas were concerned. The white Arkansan settlers believed that their life, liberty, and happiness had been threatened by the US Government because the Choctaw would also settle on the same land.
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The convention began on
October 10 with a talk by Jackson (whom the Choctaw nicknamed Sharp Knife), to more than 500 Choctaw. After Jackson presented his proposal to exchange Choctaw land for territory in present-day Arkansas, Pushmataha accused the general of deceiving them about the quality of
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The white settlers also thought the
Choctaw received a windfall from the treaty. “Indignant Arkansans felt as though their future had been annihilated by their government in favor of the Choctaws, who now controlled land on both sides of the Mississippi River.” The
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Rivers in the North. In the West, the boundary ran from the source of the
Canadian River. This was, at the time, in Mexico. The land actually owned by the United States began where the Canadian and Red Rivers crossed the
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as commissioners who represented the United States to negotiate and write a treaty to surrender a large portion of
Choctaw country in Mississippi. They met with tribal representatives at Doak's Stand on the
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5. Corn, Blankets, kettles, rifle guns, bullet moulds & nippers, and ammunition to be given to Choctaws, who moved from ceded territory to lands west of the Mississippi River (Oklahoma), for one year.
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watersheds. The Choctaw reluctantly signed the agreement in an effort to maintain peace as they were threatened by the US commissioners that if they did not agree to move west, they would perish.
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8. Annuity of $ 6000 US annually for 16 years for discontented Choctaws. 9. Agents may confiscate Whiskey, except at public stands or introduced by the agent or the Chiefs of the district.
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were forced to give up approximately 5 million acres or roughly one-third of their remaining Choctaw homeland in the east in exchange for 13 million westward acres in the
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6. U.S. agent appointed, goods and supplies to be sent, and a blacksmith will be appointed to Choctaws in ceded lands. Property of removed Choctaws to be sent to them.
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Article IV prepared the Choctaw to become citizens of the United States when he or she became acculturated. This article would later influence Article XIV in the 1830
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Everett, Derek R. “On the Extreme Frontier: Crafting the Western Arkansas Boundary.” The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 67, no. 1 (2008): 1–26.
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The approximate ceded areas shaded in orange and green in relation to the future U.S. states of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Oklahoma.
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Along the Red River, the border ran East until it reached the point where the Little River enters the Red River, what is today
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Reservation, established in 1817. That Reservation begain where Point Remove Creek entered the Arkansas River, what is today
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4. Boundaries may not change until the Choctaw are civilized and enlightened so as to become citizens of the United States.
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shall lay off a limited parcel of land for the benefit of each family or individual in the nation. ...
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7. Selling of Choctaw lands to support Choctaw schools on both sides of the Mississippi River.
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to the Choctaw; his passport ruling in 1812 had stirred a brief controversy with General
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Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties (Treaty with the Choctaw, 1820)
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421:"Treaty with the Cherokee, 1817 - Tribal Treaties Database"
394:"Treaty with the Choctaw, 1820 - Tribal Treaties Database"
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Choctaw Boundary Historical Marker on the Natchez Trace
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3. Marking of boundaries by Choctaw-appointed guide.
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by Charles C. Royce showing location of Doaks' Stand
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In October 1820, US General and future US President
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