228:, then controlled by the Union Army, where he volunteered to join Company K in the 1st Regiment of Indian Home Guards, Kansas Infantry, in the Union Army. He missed only one muster roll until he was honorably discharged at Fort Gibson on May 31, 1865. He was in combat at the battle on Barren Fork and was promoted to Sergeant on March 12, 1864.
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Isparhecher returned to the Creek nation to resume civilian life as a farmer. He also became active in Creek political life. He became a member of the Creek House of
Warriors in 1867. In October 1867, he was a member of the Creek National Council that created a new constitution as the framework for a
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back from
Washington, D.C., where he was serving as a delegate to Congress. He appointed him to lead the Lighthorse. In February 1883, Porter led forces that defeated the Nuyaka in an armed skirmish in a peach orchard. The action was thereafter known as the "Peach Orchard War." Porter's men pursued
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Isparhecher enlisted for a one-year term in the
Confederate Army on August 17, 1861, becoming 4th Sergeant in Company K of the 1st Regiment of Creek Mounted Volunteers. D. N. McIntosh was the company commander and the unit was attached to a brigade led by Col. D. H. Cooper. Muster rolls indicate he
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was elected as principal chief. But
Isparhecher became increasingly aligned with the opposition, which consisted mostly of full-blood Creek who wanted to preserve traditional ways rather than assimilate to European–American culture. They formed a rival Creek government based in the town of
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area, Isparhecher began to cultivate the political support of the Nuyaka Creek faction. Even while he was a judge in
Okmulgee, he began to argue that the constitution was unsuited to Creek traditional ways and therefore was not binding. Supporters of elected principal chief
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In the postwar years, Isparhecher became active in Creek politics. After the Nation was forced to make a new peace treaty with the United States, he initially supported the recognized Creek government. The council had drafted a new constitution, under which
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Checote resigned as
Principal Chief and called for a new election to choose his replacement. The election developed into a contest between Isparhecher and Joseph Perryman, a member of the Checote party. The election on September 3, 1883, was very close.
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They rejected the authority of the new Creek government and the constitution of 1867. As time passed, the group became more assertive, refusing to send representatives to the national government, and refusing to obey laws passed by it.
161:. The family belonged to the Lower Creek (a.k.a., McIntosh faction), which wanted to keep to traditional ways. They had had less contact with European Americans than the Upper Creek. Both groups were forced to cede their land and
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Born in
Alabama in 1829 to full-blood Creek parents, Isparhecher and his family belonged to the Lower Creek (a.k.a., McIntosh faction), who wanted to keep traditional ways. They were among the majority of Creek who
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After the Union army began to wrest control of Indian
Territory from the Confederates in 1863, many Indians changed their alliance. Isparhecher was one of these. According to an 1896 article in the
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Isparhecher had become disillusioned by the way the
Confederates' white officers treated the Native American soldiers. He noticed that the Union side was more welcoming and shifted his allegiance.
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The next year, the
Perryman government appointed Isparhecher as its delegate in Washington, D.C. It also compensated him for losses of his property and other expenses during the insurrection.
282:. In 1882, after hearing that a band of Cherokee under Sleeping Rabbit might come to support the Nuyaka Creek, Chief Checote mustered militia against the movement. He ordered the Creek
255:. Most of these had been loyal to the Union side in the Civil War and wanted to continue their traditional way of life. They opposed efforts to assimilate to European-American culture.
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under William Robison and Thomas Adams to stop the Nuyaka campaign. Checote's troops captured one Nuyaka horseman, but his companions rescued him and killed two of Checote's militia.
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impeached Isparhecher and removed him from judicial office. But the Nuyaka Creek considered Isparhecher as the successor to the late Lochar Harjo, who had emerged as their chief.
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tribe. Isparhecher had gone to meet with some Cherokee, seeking their support. The Federal government intervened, arresting the fugitives and taking them for detention at
94:(now known by their autonym Muscogee) in the post-Civil War era. He led a group that supported traditional ways and was opposed to the assimilation encouraged by Chief
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was absent from August 19, 1861, until August 17, 1862. After that date, he appeared on every muster roll until December 1, 1862. He did not report again after that.
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His last wife was Cindoche Sixkiller, a woman 36 years younger than he. They married on March 26, 1896, at the Creek Nation. She survived him, and died June 14, 1931.
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His third wife was Alma Harrover, whom he met and married in Washington, D.C., on June 4, 1884. He was serving as the Creek delegate to Congress, under the Chief
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Isparhecher began traveling throughout the Creek Nation to rally support from other full-blood Creek for the opposition movement. He also sought support from
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He served as the Muscogee District judge from 1872 to 1874. When his judicial appointment expired, he moved from Cussetah to a farm near the present town of
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Chief Isparhecher later returned to the Creek Nation, where he died at home on December 22, 1902. He was buried in the Isparhecher family cemetery in
189:. They had a son named Washington. His first wife may have died, as he was recorded as marrying Lucy Barnett. They had four children together.
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244:. He was named trustee of the Salt Creek School in 1874–75. In 1877, he was appointed as principal judge of the Okmulgee District.
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in the early 1830s. Isparhecher's family settled on a farm at Cussetah town, about 7 miles (11 km) southeast of what developed as
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of sites in Okmulgee County. The site is privately owned and not open for visitors. It is located about 4 miles west of the town of
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The Creek Nation leadership allied with the Confederacy, which had promised an Indian-controlled state if they were victorious.
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After most of the Creek Nation allied with the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War, Isparhecher joined the
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in the early 1830s. They settled on a farm at Cussetah town, about 7 miles (11 km) southeast of the present city of
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Isparhecher believe that he had won and served as principal chief briefly during December 1883. However, the
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intervened, ruling that Perryman had won the vote count and was rightfully the principal chief.
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533:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Isparhecher House and Grave"
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A group of full-blood Creeks led by Lochar Harjo had settled in the vicinity of
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401:. Vol. 10, No. 1, March 1932. "Chief Isparhecher." Retrieved April 24, 2013.
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army in 1861. During the war, he switched his allegiance in 1863 to the
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They began to form their own government in Nuyaka. After moving to the
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Isparhecher was born in Alabama in 1829 to full-blood Creek parents,
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Sometime prior to the Civil War, Isparhecher married a woman named
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National Register of Historic Places in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma
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Native American tribal government officials in Indian Territory
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509:
Encyclopedia of Mississippi Indians: Tribes, Natives, Treaties
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90:, was known as a political leader of the opposition in the
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The Nuyaka men, accompanied by their families, moved to
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territory. Then, Porter's troops returned to Okmulgee.
82:), sometimes spelled "Isparhecker," and also known as
348:. The Isparhecher House and Grave are listed on the
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People of Indian Territory in the American Civil War
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461:"Incursion by Watie led to battle on Barren Fork"
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449:, Feb. 16, 1896. Accessed March 2, 2015.
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593:19th-century Native American leaders
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350:National Register of Historic Places
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421:"Search the Dawes Rolls, 1898–1914"
196:. They divorced November 28, 1891.
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583:Muscogee people on the Dawes Rolls
550:accompanying four photos from 1976
317:, seeking to resolve the dispute.
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459:Agnew, Brad (22 February 2015).
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194:Joseph Perryman administration
78:(c. 1829 - December 22, 1902,
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124:and fought with their army.
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531:Kent Ruth (November 1975).
425:Oklahoma Historical Society
340:Isparhecher House and Grave
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69:farmer, political activist
444:"An Indian Royal Tiger."
346:Okmulgee County, Oklahoma
326:Secretary of the Interior
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155:Yar-de-ka Tus-tan-nug-ga
61:Is-pa-he-che, Spa-he-cha
397:John Bartlett Meserve.
237:new tribal government.
488:"Isparhecher." (1999)
399:Chronicles of Oklahoma
251:, a few miles west of
537:National Park Service
465:Tahlequah Daily Press
486:Indians of Oklahoma.
224:Isparhecher went to
232:Post-war activities
181:Marriage and family
407:2013-10-17 at the
171:Okmulgee, Oklahoma
112:Okmulgee, Oklahoma
517:978-0-403-09778-4
507:Ricky, Donald B.
484:Ricky, Donald B.
335:Legacy and honors
289:Checote summoned
203:Civil War service
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41:December 22, 1902
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58:Other names
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568:1820s births
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540:. Retrieved
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84:Is-pa-he-che
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573:1902 deaths
311:Fort Gibson
296:Sac and Fox
226:Fort Gibson
118:Confederate
76:Isparhecher
50:Nationality
20:Isparhecher
562:Categories
470:October 1,
430:2024-05-27
364:References
284:Lighthorse
187:Polikissut
159:Ke-char-te
149:Early life
139:Lighthorse
88:Spa-he-cha
141:, led by
519:.(2000)
405:Archived
315:Muskogee
303:Anadarko
280:Cherokee
276:Seminole
253:Okmulgee
175:stockman
80:Muscogee
104:removed
32:Alabama
29:c. 1829
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356:, off
249:Nuyaka
163:remove
135:Nuyaka
548:With
354:Beggs
307:Kiowa
264:Beggs
122:Union
544:2022
513:ISBN
490:ISBN
472:2019
278:and
86:and
38:Died
26:Born
165:to
106:to
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372:^
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