2883:
2899:
300:
2966:, who was the head of both the Licchavi republic and the Vajjika League; Bimbisāra had chosen Vehalla as his successor following Ajātasattu's falling out of his favour after the latter had been caught conspiring against him, and the Licchavikas had attempted to place Vehalla on the throne of Magadha after Ajātasattu's usurpation and had allowed Vehalla to use their capital Vesālī as base for his revolt. After the failure of this rebellion, Vehalla sought refuge at his grandfather's place in the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of Vesālī, following which Ajātasattu repeatedly attempted to negotiate with the Licchavikas-Vajjikas. After Ajātasattu's repeated negotiation attempts ended in failure, he declared war on the Vajjika League in 484 BCE.
3049:
68:
3017:
recourse to diplomacy and intrigues over the span of a decade to finally defeat the
Vajjika League by 468 BCE and annex its territories, including Licchavi, Videha, and Nāya to the kingdom of Magadha, while the Mallakas also became part of Ajātasattu's Māgadhī empire but were allowed a limited degree of autonomy in terms of their internal administration. The Licchavikas nevertheless survived their defeat by Ajātasattu, and the structures of the older Licchavi republic subsisted within a degree local autonomy under Māgadhī rule, as attested by how the Licchavika Council instituted a festival in the memory of the decease of the
2498:
48:
2970:
destroy the
Vajjika League in retaliation, but also because, as an ambitious empire-builder whose mother Vāsavī was Licchavika princess of Vaidehī descent, he was interested in the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom which by then was part of the Vajjika League. Ajātasattu's hostility towards the Vajjika League was also the result of the differing forms of political organisation between Magadha and the Vajjika League, with the former being monarchical and the latter being republican, not unlike the opposition of the
2649:, which the Licchavikas turned into their largest city as well as their capital and stronghold. Meanwhile, the new Videha republic existed in a limited territory centred around Mithilā and located to the north of the Licchavikas. Many members of the Vaideha aristocracy who had submitted to the Licchavikas joined them in moving to Vesālī, and therefore became members of the Licchavika ruling aristocratic
2482:
2693:, which was a temporary league led by Licchavi within which the latter held nine of the eighteen seats of the Vajjika Council, while the Vaidehas held a smaller number of seats among the remaining none ones. Within the Vajjika League, Videha maintained limited autonomy concerning its domestic administration under the supervision of Licchavi, who fully controlled Vaideha foreign policy. The
2852:
league, although occasional quarrels did break out between these republics. Unlike the other confederate tribes such as the
Vaidehas and Nāyikas, who had no sovereign rights of their own because they were dependencies of Licchavi, the Mallakas maintained their own sovereign rights within the Vajjika League.
2733:, with this marriage having been contracted because of Siddhārtha's political importance due to the important geographical location close to Vesālī of the Nāya tribe he headed, as well as due to Siddhārtha's membership in the Vajjika Council. The son of Siddhārtha and Trisalā, that is Ceḍaga's nephew, was
3166:
ruling families of
Licchavi living in and near Vesālī, who held their titles for life unless they were physically disabled or had been found guilty of serious crimes, and had full political rights at the Assembly of Vesālī, which they had the right to attend and within which they held seats, although
3732:
In normal situations, the
Licchavika Council carried out the administration of the Licchavi republic without much difficulty without needing to call emergency meetings of the Assembly. However during the periods of hostilities with Magadha, both the Council and the Assembly met frequently more than
2851:
by Jain sources, and both
Mallaka republics joined the Licchavi-led Vajjika League to deal with danger they might have faced in common during periods of instability, and within which they held friendly relations with the Licchavikas, the Vaidehas, and the Nāyikas who were the other members of this
3674:
This
Council met regularly to administer the public affairs of the Licchavi republic and had to answer for its actions to the Assembly; the Council was thus in charge of planning and policy of the Licchavi republic, and had to demand the approval of the Licchavika Assembly for important matters.
3016:
s of the
Licchavikas and Mallikas before the fight started. The Vaidehas, Nāyikas, and Mallakas therefore fought on the side of the League against Magadha. The military forces of the Vajjika League were initially too strong for Ajātasattu to be successful against them, and it required him having
2969:
Tensions between
Licchavi and Magadha were exacerbated by the handling of the joint Māgadhī-Licchavika border post of Koṭigāma on the Gaṅgā by the Licchavika-led Vajjika League who would regularly collect all valuables from Koṭigāma and leave none to the Māgadhīs. Therefore Ajātasattu decided to
3373:
In normal times, the
General Assembly of Vesālī met only once a year during the annual spring festival for important and serious issues, and otherwise the full Assembly's meetings would have been held only on the occasion of specific military, social, and economic events. A smaller body of the
3304:
were granted full political rights and were appointed to high positions, but these were exceptions granted to unusually distinguished men, such as in the case of the Māgadhī minister Vassakāra who became a judge at Vesālī, the Vaideha chief minister Khaṇḍa who resigned from his post due to his
2638:, from where they could best administer the territory of Mahā-Videha. The consequence of the occupation of Mahā-Videha by the republican Licchavikas was that the latter relatively peacefully overthrew the already weakened Vaideha monarchical system and replaced it by a republican system.
3446:("collector of the wood pieces") was an important office whose holder was elected because of his known honesty and impartiality, and his consent as to whether he would accept the post was required, after which whoever had proposed this candidate had to demand the approval of the
2873:
claimed shares of his relics while the Vaidehas and the Nāyikas did not appear among the list of states claiming a share because they were dependencies of the Licchavikas without their own sovereignty, and therefore could not put forth their own claim while Licchavi could.
2679:). The Licchavikas themselves henceforth became the leading power within the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom, with the Licchavika Assembly holding the sovereign and supreme rights over this territory while the Videha republic was ruled by an Assembly of the
3664:
might have taken place among each clan independently, with only members of the Assembly being allowed to vote. Once the successful candidates had been elected, they were solemnly consecrated by being honoured with a traditional ceremonial bath and anointed at the
2859:
were friendly, although quarrels occasionally arose among them, such as when the wife of the Mallaka general Bandhula, who was himself in the service of Kosala, decided to have a bath in the sacred tank of the Licchavikas in which only Licchavika
3770:
Women in the Licchavi republic held no citizen rights at Vesālī, and were largely reduced to the role of being housewives. Although women participated in Licchavika social life, they were not allowed to participate in the political assemblies.
3200:
s officially would, during the General Assembly of Vesālī, succeed their fathers who had died during the preceding year or had become too old to continue exercising their duties. This ceremony consisted of the representatives of the Licchavika
3723:
Since Videha was a dependency of Licchavi, the Vaideha Council, which was the body with the supreme authority of the internal administration of the Videha republic, held the supreme power of Videha under the administration of the Licchavikas.
2958:, who was Bimbisāra's son with another Licchavika princess, Vāsavī, after he had killed Bimbisāra and usurped the throne of Magadha. Eventually Licchavi supported a revolt against Ajātasattu by his younger step-brother and the governor of
3733:
once a year, and the Council often consulted with the Assembly, with the importance of the measures of the Assembly gaining in importance during the continued states of emergency and war, similarly to how the power and prestige of the
2688:
residing in and around Mithilā, and governing in the name of the Licchavika Assembly. The Videha republic was thus under significant influence of the Licchavi republic, which it joined as one of the two most important members of the
3147:
system of the aristocracy of heads of houses, and they were automatically accorded membership to the Licchavika Assembly. Thus, the Licchavikas, like their Mallaka, Vaideha, and Nāyika confederates within the Vajjika League, were a
3821:
s were not forbidden from joining this police force, the ruling families did not participate in this lower ranking form of service, and the members of the Licchavi police were recruited primarily from the artisan classes.
3702:
was not a member of the jury: according to the normal judicial process among the Licchavikas, if a criminal had not been exonerated by lesser institutions of the republic, they were sent to be tried by the
3615:
In practice, the legislative, executive, and judicial functions of the Assembly were performed by a small senate-like body, that is the Assembly's inner council, the Licchavika Council, made up of nine
67:
3508:, who was both the head of the state and the supreme judge, and was elected by the General Assembly of Vesālī for a limited period of time generally lasting between 10 and 15 years. This consul
3461:, who was a member of the Assembly either volunteered his services or was appointed by the Council to inform the members of the Assembly of proceedings to be held in the Assembly hall.
3245:
s were instructed on the discipline of government by their fathers, who encouraged them to maintain their traditional republican political organisation, although despite also being the
2951:, and at some point the relations between Magadha and Licchavi permanently deteriorated as result of a grave offence committed by the Licchavikas towards the Māgadhī king Bimbisāra.
3035:
The Licchavikas survived as a distinct political and ethnic entity for centuries after their defeat by the Māgadhīs, and they became powerful again after the disintegration of the
3748:
Under these circumstances, the Assembly was the supreme authority in all governmental domains while the role of the Council was only to implements its requests and commands.
2760:, became a Jain nun, while the diplomatic marriages of his other daughters to various leaders, in turn, contributed to the spreading of Jainism across northern South Asia:
2645:, the Licchavikas established their republic in the southern part of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom and moved their political centre to the until then marginal location of
2282:
3311:
of Licchavi's army, and the Vaideha minister Sakala who had to flee from his colleagues' jealousy and moved to Vesālī where he became a prominent citizen and was elected
3128:, meaning "ruler") who were constituted into the Licchavi republic's Assembly, which was the sovereign power of the state. Reflecting the Licchavikas' tribal nature, the
262:
237:
299:
3681:
s, and handling other important issues, as well as arranging for filling posts and ranks whose holders had died or could not otherwise perform their duties.
2757:
3756:
Within Licchavika territory, artisans such as carpenters, smiths and potters, and who possibly did not ethnically belong to the Licchavi tribe, as well as
2813:
4242:
2785:
3452:: those who supported the candidature remained silent while those opposed to it spoke and proposed other candidates, after which a quorum was required.
3366:, the Assembly of the Licchavikas had no division between the legislative, executive, and judicial functions, and it tried legal cases and elected the
2789:
2761:
2192:
2701:, and hence they held autonomy in matters of internal policy while their war and foreign policies were handled by the Vajjika Council, in which the
2773:
2252:
3122:
Out of the total estimated 200,000 to 300,000 population of Licchavi, the tribe's governing class was composed of 7,707 unelected members (called
2825:
2777:
3675:
Other tasks of the Council would have included preparing the agenda for the Licchavi republic's annual General Assembly, the consecration of the
2316:
2222:
2936:
Sakala's son Siṃha. There were nevertheless occasional tensions between Licchavi and Magadha, such as the competition at the Mallaka capital of
3114:
organisation according to which the final power and the absolute authority of the state were shared among a large section of the population.
2232:
2882:
3194:("viceroy"), and represented their fathers in situations when the latter were ill or otherwise unable to attend an Assembly session. These
2898:
2765:
2801:
3556:
like his age, political wisdom, strength of character, bravery in battle, eloquence in the Assembly, and popularity among the citizens.
3388:, a mote-hall-like meeting place located in the capital and the large cities of the Licchavi republic. Similarly to the earlier Vedic
3402:
was a political institution, as well as the venue for religious and social functions. Among the officials of the Assembly was the
3470:
announced that elections were to be held in the Assembly hall, where the gathered members of the Assembly put names forward and
2983:
3317:; Sakala had two sons, Gopāla and Siṃha, who both married Vesālia women, and Siṃha's daughter Vāsavī married the Māgadhī king
2697:, who were a sub-group of the Vaidehas who formed an independent tribe, were another constituent republic of the Licchavi-led
4363:
4314:
4283:
4250:
3550:
counted the participants and determined whether the quorum had been filled or not. The criteria for election to the post of
3001:
As members of the Vajjika League, the Vaidehas, Nāyikas, and Mallakas were also threatened by Ajātasattu, and the Vajjika
2309:
2042:
2466:
rivers. The Sadānirā river was the Licchavikas' western border, and the Gaṅgā river as their border with the kingdom of
4392:
4387:
4085:
4061:
519:
2716:("head of the republic") of the Licchavikas, that is the head of state of the Licchavikas and of their Council, was
508:
4422:
47:
3807:. When not engaged in warfare, the soldiers would be cultivating their own farms or amusing themselves at Vesālī.
3565:
presided over the Assembly in whose name he wielded supreme power in the republic, and shared his power with a
2302:
551:
309:
4045:
Bronkhorst, J. (2007). Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India, p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill
3335:
3085:
That the Licchavikas survived beyond this period is however evidenced by how a branch of this people formed a
4402:
3791:) of the Licchavi republic itself. The Licchavikas honoured Ambapālī during the week of the spring festival.
2127:
636:
2987:
2817:
2237:
2107:
2287:
2430:, the Licchavis continued to reside in the region of Vaishali. The fourth century A.D. Gupta Emperor,
4417:
3048:
2609:. This use of a tribal name derived from the name of the bear might have had a totemic significance.
2257:
2217:
2207:
1682:
1276:
625:
497:
116:
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2730:
2390:
2142:
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896:
2962:, Vehalla, who was the son of Bimbisāra by another Licchavika wife of his, Cellanā, a daughter of
4397:
3783:
was the woman held to be the most beautiful in Licchavi and was elected for life to be the wife (
3455:
To ensure the presence and completion of the quorum, the Assembly had another officer titled the
2904:
Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Ajātasattu's conquest of the Vajjika League and of Moriya
2753:
2646:
2506:
2490:
2471:
2247:
2212:
2047:
1827:
1376:
928:
857:
96:
3321:. Otherwise, non-citizens who held complaints or grievances had to approach the Assembly or the
4407:
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2635:
2162:
2137:
2087:
2027:
1612:
1548:
1346:
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437:
2720:
or Ceḍaga, which also made him the head of the Council of the Vajjika League. Ceḍaga's sister
3658:
s were done separately, one for each of the eight Licchavika clans, and the election for the
2197:
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2032:
1987:
1817:
1456:
1446:
1416:
1148:
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989:
358:
320:
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1703:
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8:
4275:
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1632:
1326:
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718:
666:
3640:
s elected from among members of the Assembly by the eight clans of the Licchavikas. The
3167:
they were not obligated to always attend its sessions. Power was shared evenly by these
4382:
3877:
3831:
3103:
3086:
2662:
2623:
2599:). This Sanskrit form of the name was however not commonly used, and both Sanskrit and
2398:
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1747:
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614:
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4351:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
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2450:, which was itself bounded to the north, east, south, and west, respectively, by the
2427:
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3233:), where only the Licchavika rulers were allowed to bathe. Before being anointed as
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counted the participants and determined whether the quorum had been filled or not.
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For the branch of the Licchavikas that conquered Nepal in the 4th century CE, see
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In another case, the Licchavikas once invaded Māgadhī territory from across the
3800:
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3182:
s was hereditary and they were succeeded by their eldest sons, who were called
3144:
3069:
3064:
The Licchavikas are mentioned for the last time during the early period of the
3053:
2995:
2971:
2941:
2922:
The relations of the Licchavikas with their southern neighbour, the kingdom of
2797:
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86:
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s had no political rights in the Licchavi republic, similarly to how only the
242:
4376:
4345:
3434:, meaning "free choice") was done through the means of pieces of wood called
3416:
Meetings of the Assembly were called by the sound of a drum, after which the
3036:
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The Licchavikas possessed a strong army which also acted as the army of the
3709:
s who, if they found the criminal to be guilty, would hand them over to the
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Vajji (the Vajjika League), of which Licchavi was a constituent, and other
4340:: Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa. pp. 388–464.
3696:
s representing the eight Licchavika clans, tried judicial cases while the
2661:
Once settled around Vesālī, the Licchavikas formed a state organised as a
4355:
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The hostilities between Licchavi and Magadha continued under the rule of
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199:
4004:"Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures"
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was the Vesālia princess Vāsavī, who was the daughter of the Licchavika
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3381:
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colleagues' jealousy and settled at Vesālī where he quickly became the
1907:
1807:
1517:
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2869:
After the death of the Buddha, the Licchavikas, the Mallakas, and the
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The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
3803:, and with which they were able to fight against the rising power of
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2824:, who was the son of Trisalā and the elder brother of Mahāvīra;
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was the son of a Licchavi princess and referred to himself as a
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was the Licchavi republic's chief officer, that is the supreme
3332:
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Map of the eastern Gangetic plain before Ajātasattu's conquests
2855:
The Licchavikas' relations with the Kosala kingdom of the king
2848:
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2631:
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The Licchavikas possessed a body of peons or police. Although
3646:
s were elected following the same procedure through which the
3532:
announced that elections were to be held for the title of the
3082:("maternal grandson of the Licchavikas") in his inscriptions.
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s, they had no voting rights unless they were representing a
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s instead met more often for administrative purposes in the
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in the south. The capital of the Licchavikas was located at
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History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature
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was elected for a limited period of time like the supreme
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3072:, as attested on the legends of the coinage of their son
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4117:
4094:
3408:("regulator of seats") who was elected by the Assembly.
2926:, were initially good, and the wife of the Māgadhī king
2744:. Ceṭaka became an adept of the teachings of his nephew
2474:(Vaishali), which also acted as the headquarters of the
3971:
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3361:
3354:
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held political power during the earlier periods of the
3207:
families taking a sacred bath before being anointed as
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Facing the rising power of Magadha to the south of the
4080:. New Delhi: Pearson Longman. 2008. pp. 268–289.
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2707:("head of the republic") of the Nāyikas held a seat.
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cultural region. They conquered the territory of the
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4145:
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3538:, the members of the Assembly put names forward and
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3039:. During this period, the Licchavika sacred tank of
2752:, thus making the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of
4243:
Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute
3652:was elected, although nominations of names for the
2603:instead borrowed and used the Māgadhī Prakrit form
2446:The Licchavikas lived in the southwest part of the
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3234:
3214:
3208:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3168:
3155:
3129:
3123:
3068:, when the Licchavika princess Kumāradevī married
3040:
3011:
2861:
2634:, and temporarily occupied the Vaideha capital of
2353:
4136:
4374:
4295:Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C
2843:were considered to be the republican states of
3411:
3367:
2756:a bastion of Jainism, and his sixth daughter,
2594:
2582:
4344:
2310:
3328:The Licchavika Assembly functioned like the
2426:Following their eventual subjugation in the
2419:, which was the leading state of the larger
3485:
3188:("princes of Licchavi"), held the title of
3102:The Licchavi republic was organised into a
2626:tribe in the eastern Gangetic plain in the
2544:". Attested variations of the name include
4041:
3601:was likely replaced less often, while the
3213:s, and was held at the sacred tank, named
3097:
2317:
2303:
66:
46:
4019:
3855:
3684:In the Council's judicial role, only the
3464:When the Licchavikas held elections, the
3045:was enlarged and surrounded with a wall.
3047:
2978:to the democratic form of government in
2496:
2480:
3718:
2890:(Malla shown within the Vajjika League)
4375:
4323:
4292:
4211:
4182:
4130:
4111:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3965:
2911:
4076:
3995:
3727:
3173:s and was exercised by the majority.
3052:Licchavika Queen Kumaradevi and King
2385:whose existence is attested from the
4259:
4194:
4167:
3595:, while the holder of the office of
3263:or had themselves been appointed as
2587:), from the Sanskrit word for bear,
4229:Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra (1956).
4228:
4155:
3520:, was elected from among the 7,707
13:
3056:, depicted on a coin of their son
2796:, with their son being the famous
2501:Buddha's ashes Stupa built by the
2393:. The population of Licchavi, the
14:
4434:
4324:Sikdar, Jogendra Chandra (1964).
3093:Social and political organisation
2940:over acquiring the relics of the
2650:
3765:
3690:s, that is the eight councillor
3322:
3030:
3010:held war consultations with the
2897:
2881:
2816:was married to Ceṭaka's nephew,
2710:During the 6th century BCE, the
2415:), presently referred to as the
298:
260:
235:
3368:consul and the general-in-chief
3117:
4070:
4054:10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416
4035:
3849:
3762:s, had villages of their own.
3610:
552:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
1:
4326:Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra
4042:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007).
3837:
3832:The Licchavi kingdom of Nepal
3810:
3176:The status of the Licchavika
2381:and dynasty of north-eastern
1482:
1221:
1194:
1093:
1072:
995:
934:
863:
846:
829:
812:
795:
774:
689:
672:
426:
41:c. 7th century BCE–c. 468 BCE
4260:Jain, Kailash Chand (1974).
3842:
3671:during the spring festival.
3634:s, that is eight councillor
3526:s in the Assembly: when the
3424:
3398:
3383:
3362:
3355:
3337:
2656:
2605:
2571:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2536:
2520:
2344:
637:Northern Black Polished Ware
7:
4263:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
3825:
3817:
3794:
3786:
3774:
3758:
3751:
3711:
3705:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3677:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3488:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3457:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3418:
3412:Functioning of the Assembly
3404:
3391:
3376:
3313:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3274:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3225:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3169:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3105:
3078:
3041:
3012:
3003:
2932:
2862:
2726:
2712:
2703:
2682:
2664:
2589:
2577:
2441:
2400:
2354:
2233:Influence on Southeast Asia
152:
55:
10:
4439:
4221:
3856:Trautmann, Thomas (1972).
3577:(general-in-chief), and a
3286:. On rare occasions, some
2915:
2724:was married to the Nāyika
2612:
2526:
2339:
615:Black and Red ware culture
202:of Magadha in 484–468 BCE
18:
4002:Levman, Bryan G. (2014).
3874:10.1017/S0035869X0012951X
3087:Licchavi kingdom in Nepal
2866:s were allowed to bathe.
2617:
2595:
2583:
626:Painted Grey Ware culture
498:Indus Valley Civilisation
276:
214:
210:
196:
186:
182:
172:
162:
150:
140:
130:
117:Historical Vedic religion
112:
102:
92:
81:
65:
45:
40:
30:
4393:Ancient peoples of Nepal
4388:Ancient peoples of India
3607:was appointed for life.
3544:s were distributed; the
3476:s were distributed. The
3160:s were the heads of the
2839:The Licchavikas and the
2828:was married to the king
2788:was married to the king
2764:was married to the king
2622:The Licchavikas were an
2397:, were organised into a
1277:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire
1257:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom
858:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire
76:in the Post Vedic period
16:Ancient Indo-Aryan tribe
4423:5th century BC in India
4008:Buddhist Studies Review
3098:Republican institutions
2534:derivation of the word
2513:
2374:Clan") were an ancient
1377:Western Chalukya Empire
520:Mature Harappan culture
4293:Sharma, J. P. (1968).
4021:10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145
3779:The elected courtesan
3061:
2510:
2494:
2485:Ananda Stupa, with an
2283:Science and technology
667:Three Crowned Kingdoms
509:Early Harappan culture
324:(2,500,000–250,000 BC)
3737:increased during the
3622:s, consisting of the
3428:, and voting (called
3134:s held the status of
3076:, who called himself
3051:
2500:
2484:
2331:Licchavis of Vaishali
2186:Specialised histories
1457:Kalachuris of Kalyani
1447:Kalachuris of Tripuri
1129:Western Ganga Kingdom
1057:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom
1007:Western Satrap Empire
990:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
980:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
531:Late Harappan culture
292:History of South Asia
145:Aristocratic Republic
103:Common languages
35:Licchavis of Vaishali
3719:Vaideha institutions
3360:. Like the Germanic
2994:to the Athenian and
2804:was married to king
2776:was married to king
1704:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1506:Late medieval period
1417:Eastern Ganga Empire
1149:Vishnukundina Empire
198:• Conquered by
4276:Motilal Banarsidass
3858:"Licchavi-Dauhitra"
3668:Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī
3422:s assembled in the
3216:Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī
3143:, similarly to the
3110:, that is a tribal
3042:Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī
2912:Conquest by Magadha
2632:Mahā-Videha kingdom
2493:, the capital city.
2383:Indian subcontinent
1786:Early modern period
1633:Vijayanagara Empire
1613:Chitradurga Kingdom
1307:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom
719:Shaishunaga dynasty
188:• Established
52:Licchavi among the
4214:, p. 169–181.
4185:, p. 388–464.
4133:, p. 159–168.
4114:, p. 136–158.
3728:State of emergency
3559:Once elected, the
3226:Abhiṣeka-Puṣkariṇī
3062:
2988:ancient Macedonian
2511:
2495:
2452:Himālaya mountains
2263:Partition of India
2128:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
2076:Regional histories
2021:National histories
1908:Travancore Kingdom
1878:Thondaiman Kingdom
1748:Golkonda Sultanate
1357:Somavamshi Kingdom
1327:Rashtrakuta Empire
1267:Rashidun Caliphate
1189:Kabul Shahi Empire
1037:Nagas of Padmavati
960:Indo-Greek Kingdom
900:(230 BC – AD 1206)
593:Vedic Civilisation
541:Vedic Civilisation
438:Ahar-Banas culture
192:c. 7th century BCE
21:Licchavis of Nepal
4365:978-81-317-1677-9
4316:978-9-004-02015-3
4285:978-8-120-80805-8
4252:978-9-333-68377-7
3980:, p. 85-135.
3968:, p. 85–135.
3583:(treasurer). The
3154:tribe, and their
3079:Licchavi-dauhitra
2944:after his death.
2918:Magadha-Vajji war
2569:form of the name
2478:led by Licchavi.
2436:Licchavi-Dauhitra
2428:Magadha-Vajji war
2417:Licchavi Republic
2327:
2326:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1926:
1925:
1828:Thanjavur Kingdom
1776:
1775:
1737:Bijapur Sultanate
1693:Deccan sultanates
1571:Tughlaq Sultanate
1518:Ghaznavid Dynasty
1496:
1495:
1367:Chaulukya Kingdom
1297:Mallabhum kingdom
1287:Umayyad Caliphate
1027:Bharshiva Dynasty
923:(200 BC – AD 300)
913:(230 BC – AD 220)
909:Satavahana Empire
887:
886:
883:(247 BC – AD 224)
739:Macedonian Empire
713:(450 BC – AD 489)
701:Achaemenid Empire
571:
570:
476:
475:
399:
398:
349:
348:
333:Madrasian culture
286:
285:
272:
271:
268:
267:
248:
247:
32:Licchavi Republic
4430:
4418:History of Bihar
4368:
4341:
4320:
4289:
4256:
4215:
4209:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4153:
4134:
4128:
4115:
4109:
4092:
4091:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4023:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3886:
3885:
3853:
3820:
3789:
3761:
3743:Roman–Greek wars
3714:
3708:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3491:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3407:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3379:
3365:
3358:
3340:
3316:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3277:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3238:
3228:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3108:
3081:
3044:
3015:
3006:
2935:
2901:
2885:
2865:
2729:
2715:
2706:
2685:
2667:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:would have been
2574:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2539:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:The tribal name
2403:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2268:Pakistan studies
2108:Himachal Pradesh
1948:Portuguese India
1944:
1943:
1940:
1898:Sikh Confederacy
1794:
1793:
1790:
1643:Bengal Sultanate
1582:Sayyid Sultanate
1560:Khalji Sultanate
1549:Mamluk Sultanate
1514:
1513:
1510:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1427:Kakatiya Kingdom
1337:Paramara Kingdom
1230:
1226:
1223:
1199:
1196:
1139:Kamarupa Kingdom
1102:
1098:
1095:
1088:Kalabhras Empire
1081:
1077:
1074:
1000:
997:
984:(50 BC – AD 400)
964:(180 BC – AD 10)
943:
939:
936:
905:
904:
901:
872:
868:
865:
851:
848:
834:
831:
817:
814:
800:
797:
783:
779:
776:
694:
691:
677:
674:
657:Haryanka dynasty
647:Pradyota dynasty
589:
588:
585:
494:
493:
490:
431:
428:
421:Anarta tradition
417:
416:
413:
381:Mehrgarh culture
371:Bhirrana culture
367:
366:
363:
362:(10,800–3300 BC)
329:
328:
325:
315:
314:
302:
288:
287:
264:
263:
252:
251:
239:
238:
232:
231:
216:
215:
155:
85:Republic of the
70:
58:
50:
28:
27:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4317:
4286:
4253:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4210:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4154:
4137:
4129:
4118:
4110:
4095:
4088:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4000:
3996:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3964:
3889:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3828:
3813:
3797:
3777:
3768:
3754:
3730:
3721:
3613:
3529:āsana-paññāpaka
3494:
3467:āsana-paññāpaka
3443:salākā-gāhāpaka
3414:
3405:āsana-paññāpaka
3242:Licchavi-kumāra
3197:Licchavi-kumāra
3185:Licchavi-kumāra
3120:
3100:
3095:
3033:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2659:
2628:Greater Magadha
2620:
2615:
2532:Māgadhī Prākrit
2516:
2444:
2335:Māgadhī Prakrit
2323:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
1941:
1938:
1936:Colonial states
1928:
1927:
1818:Madurai Kingdom
1791:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1726:Bidar Sultanate
1715:Berar sultanate
1683:Ladakh Kingdom
1673:Gajapati Empire
1653:Garhwal Kingdom
1538:Delhi Sultanate
1511:
1508:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1467:Chutiya Kingdom
1437:Zamorin Kingdom
1228:
1224:
1216:Maukhari Empire
1206:Chalukya Empire
1197:
1159:Maitraka Empire
1100:
1096:
1079:
1075:
1067:Vakataka Empire
1047:Sasanian Empire
998:
941:
937:
919:Kuninda Kingdom
902:
899:
897:Middle Kingdoms
889:
888:
879:Parthian Empire
870:
866:
849:
832:
815:
798:
781:
777:
692:
675:
586:
583:
573:
572:
491:
488:
478:
477:
429:
414:
411:
401:
400:
391:Edakkal culture
364:
361:
351:
350:
342:Soanian culture
326:
323:
312:
261:
236:
203:
189:
123:
119:
77:
61:
36:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4398:Vajjika League
4395:
4390:
4385:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4346:Singh, Upinder
4342:
4321:
4315:
4290:
4284:
4278:. p. 66.
4257:
4251:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4199:
4187:
4172:
4160:
4135:
4116:
4093:
4086:
4069:
4062:
4034:
4014:(2): 145–180.
3994:
3992:, p. 208.
3982:
3970:
3887:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3812:
3809:
3801:Vajjika League
3796:
3793:
3776:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3753:
3750:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3612:
3609:
3493:
3484:
3413:
3410:
3284:Roman Republic
3119:
3116:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3070:Chandragupta I
3054:Chandragupta I
3032:
3029:
2913:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2770:Sindhu-Sauvīra
2699:Vajjika League
2691:Vajjika League
2658:
2655:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2527:𑀮𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀯𑀺
2515:
2512:
2476:Vajjika League
2448:Vajjika League
2443:
2440:
2421:Vajjika League
2340:𑀮𑀺𑀘𑁆𑀙𑀯𑀺
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1888:Maratha Empire
1884:
1883:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1868:Sikkim Kingdom
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:Marava Kingdom
1854:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1758:Keladi Kingdom
1754:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:Mysore Kingdom
1659:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1593:Lodi Sultanate
1588:
1587:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:Ghurid Dynasty
1524:
1523:
1520:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:Hoysala Empire
1393:
1392:
1389:
1387:Lohara Kingdom
1383:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1247:Tibetan Empire
1243:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1119:Kadamba Empire
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
992:
986:
985:
982:
976:
975:
972:
966:
965:
962:
956:
955:
952:
946:
945:
931:
925:
924:
921:
915:
914:
911:
903:
895:
894:
891:
890:
885:
884:
881:
875:
874:
860:
854:
853:
843:
841:Pallava Empire
837:
836:
826:
820:
819:
809:
803:
802:
792:
786:
785:
771:
765:
764:
761:
759:Seleucid India
755:
754:
751:
745:
744:
741:
735:
734:
731:
725:
724:
721:
715:
714:
711:
707:
706:
703:
697:
696:
686:
684:Maha Janapadas
680:
679:
669:
663:
662:
659:
653:
652:
649:
643:
642:
639:
632:
631:
628:
621:
620:
619:(1300–1000 BC)
617:
610:
609:
606:
599:
598:
595:
587:
579:
578:
575:
574:
569:
568:
565:
558:
557:
556:(2000–1600 BC)
554:
547:
546:
543:
537:
536:
535:(1900–1300 BC)
533:
526:
525:
524:(2600–1900 BC)
522:
515:
514:
513:(3300–2600 BC)
511:
504:
503:
502:(3300–1300 BC)
500:
492:
489:(3300–1300 BC)
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
473:
470:
464:
463:
462:(1600–1300 BC)
460:
454:
453:
450:
444:
443:
442:(3000–1500 BC)
440:
434:
433:
423:
415:
412:(3500–1500 BC)
407:
406:
403:
402:
397:
396:
395:(5000–3000 BC)
393:
387:
386:
385:(7000–3300 BC)
383:
377:
376:
375:(7570–6200 BC)
373:
365:
357:
356:
353:
352:
347:
346:
344:
338:
337:
335:
327:
319:
318:
313:
308:
307:
304:
303:
295:
294:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
258:
249:
246:
245:
240:
228:
227:
222:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
173:Historical era
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
156:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
87:Vajjika League
83:
79:
78:
71:
63:
62:
51:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4435:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Mahajanapadas
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4213:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4197:, p. 66.
4196:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4177:
4170:, p. 67.
4169:
4164:
4158:, p. 71.
4157:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4089:
4087:9788131716779
4083:
4079:
4073:
4065:
4063:9789047419655
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4038:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3772:
3766:Role of women
3763:
3760:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3725:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3571:(viceroy), a
3569:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3490:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3330:Ancient Greek
3326:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3145:ancient Greek
3142:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:, 350–380 CE.
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3037:Maurya Empire
3031:Later periods
3028:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:ancient Greek
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2900:
2884:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:Nandivardhana
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2591:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2522:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2487:Asokan pillar
2483:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2391:Classical Age
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2336:
2332:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Uttar Pradesh
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1798:Mughal Empire
1796:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:Reddy Kingdom
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:Yadava Empire
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1237:Harsha Empire
1235:
1234:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1017:Kushan Empire
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
978:
977:
973:
971:
968:
967:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
951:
950:Shunga Empire
948:
947:
932:
930:
929:Mitra Dynasty
927:
926:
922:
920:
917:
916:
912:
910:
907:
906:
898:
893:
892:
882:
880:
877:
876:
871: AD 500
867: 250 BC
861:
859:
856:
855:
850: 250 AD
844:
842:
839:
838:
833: 300 BC
827:
825:
822:
821:
816: 300 BC
810:
808:
807:Chera Kingdom
805:
804:
799: 300 BC
793:
791:
790:Pandya Empire
788:
787:
782: 300 AD
778: 300 BC
772:
770:
769:Sangam period
767:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
750:
749:Maurya Empire
747:
746:
742:
740:
737:
736:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
699:
698:
687:
685:
682:
681:
676: 600 BC
670:
668:
665:
664:
660:
658:
655:
654:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
638:
634:
633:
630:(1200–600 BC)
629:
627:
623:
622:
618:
616:
612:
611:
608:(1500–600 BC)
607:
605:
601:
600:
597:(1500–500 BC)
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:(1500–200 BC)
582:
577:
576:
567:(1600–500 BC)
566:
564:
560:
559:
555:
553:
549:
548:
545:(2000–500 BC)
544:
542:
539:
538:
534:
532:
528:
527:
523:
521:
517:
516:
512:
510:
506:
505:
501:
499:
496:
495:
487:
482:
481:
472:(1400–700 BC)
471:
469:
468:Jorwe culture
466:
465:
461:
459:
458:Malwa culture
456:
455:
452:(1600–750 BC)
451:
449:
448:Pandu culture
446:
445:
441:
439:
436:
435:
424:
422:
419:
418:
410:
405:
404:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
372:
369:
368:
360:
355:
354:
345:
343:
340:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
322:
317:
316:
311:
306:
305:
301:
297:
296:
293:
290:
289:
282:
279:
277:Today part of
275:
259:
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
241:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
195:
191:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
157:
154:
149:
146:
143:
139:
135:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
75:
74:Mahajanapadas
69:
64:
60:
57:
49:
44:
39:
29:
26:
22:
4403:Gaṇa saṅghas
4350:
4325:
4294:
4262:
4230:
4190:
4163:
4077:
4072:
4044:
4037:
4025:. Retrieved
4011:
4007:
3997:
3985:
3973:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3814:
3798:
3778:
3769:
3755:
3747:
3735:Roman Senate
3731:
3722:
3683:
3673:
3614:
3598:bhaṇḍāgārika
3580:bhaṇḍāgārika
3558:
3495:
3463:
3454:
3415:
3372:
3327:
3271:
3175:
3121:
3118:The Assembly
3101:
3084:
3074:Samudragupta
3066:Gupta Empire
3063:
3058:Samudragupta
3034:
3000:
2986:between the
2968:
2953:
2946:
2921:
2868:
2854:
2838:
2748:and adopted
2709:
2671:aristocratic
2660:
2640:
2621:
2564:
2517:
2502:
2445:
2435:
2432:Samudragupta
2425:
2416:
2407:aristocratic
2394:
2363:
2330:
2328:
2208:Demographics
2198:Architecture
1978:French India
1968:Danish India
1848:Bengal Subah
1838:Bhoi dynasty
1768:Koch Kingdom
1603:Ahom Kingdom
1477:Deva Kingdom
1169:Huna Kingdom
1109:Gupta Empire
1011:(AD 35–405 )
970:Kanva Empire
942: 50 BC
824:Chola Empire
763:(312–303 BC)
753:(321–184 BC)
743:(330–323 BC)
733:(380–321 BC)
729:Nanda Empire
723:(424–345 BC)
705:(550–330 BC)
661:(684–424 BC)
651:(799–684 BC)
641:(700–200 BC)
563:Swat culture
409:Chalcolithic
321:Palaeolithic
225:Succeeded by
224:
219:
25:
4330:Muzaffarpur
4307:E. J. Brill
4303:Netherlands
4212:Sharma 1968
4183:Sikdar 1964
4131:Sharma 1968
4112:Sharma 1968
3990:Sharma 1968
3978:Sharma 1968
3966:Sharma 1968
3868:(1): 2–15.
3787:Nagaravadhu
3706:aṭṭhakulika
3699:Gaṇa Mukhya
3687:aṭṭhakulika
3661:aṭṭhakulika
3655:aṭṭhakulika
3649:Gaṇa Mukhya
3643:aṭṭhakulika
3631:aṭṭhakulika
3625:Gaṇa Mukhya
3611:The Council
3562:Gaṇa Mukhya
3553:Gaṇa Mukhya
3547:gaṇa-pūraka
3535:Gaṇa Mukhya
3517:Gaṇa Mukhya
3499:Gaṇa Mukhya
3489:Gaṇa Mukhya
3479:gaṇa-pūraka
3458:gaṇa-pūraka
3374:Licchavika
3022:Tīrthaṅkara
3004:Gaṇa Mukhya
2998:republics.
2984:hostilities
2974:kingdom of
2778:Dadhivāhana
2742:Tīrthaṅkara
2737:, the 24th
2727:Gaṇa Mukhya
2713:Gaṇa Mukhya
2704:Gaṇa Mukhya
2540:, meaning "
2509:(Vaishali).
2503:Licchavikas
2395:Licchavikas
2193:Agriculture
2163:South India
2138:Maharashtra
2088:Balochistan
2028:Afghanistan
2002:(1858–1947)
1998:British Raj
1992:(1757–1858)
1988:Company Raj
1982:(1759–1954)
1972:(1620–1869)
1962:(1605–1825)
1958:Dutch India
1952:(1510–1961)
1939:(1510–1961)
1922:(1799–1849)
1918:Sikh Empire
1912:(1729–1947)
1902:(1707–1799)
1892:(1674–1818)
1882:(1650–1948)
1872:(1642–1975)
1862:(1600–1750)
1852:(1576–1757)
1842:(1541–1804)
1832:(1532–1673)
1822:(1529–1736)
1812:(1540–1556)
1802:(1526–1858)
1789:(1526–1858)
1772:(1515–1947)
1762:(1499–1763)
1752:(1518–1687)
1741:(1492–1686)
1730:(1492–1619)
1719:(1490–1574)
1708:(1490–1636)
1697:(1490–1596)
1687:(1470–1842)
1677:(1434–1541)
1667:(1399–1947)
1657:(1358–1803)
1647:(1352–1576)
1637:(1336–1646)
1627:(1325–1448)
1617:(1300–1779)
1607:(1228–1826)
1597:(1451–1526)
1586:(1414–1451)
1575:(1320–1414)
1564:(1290–1320)
1553:(1206–1290)
1542:(1206–1526)
1532:(1170–1206)
1509:(1206–1526)
1490: 1300
1486: 1200
1471:(1187–1673)
1461:(1156–1184)
1441:(1102–1766)
1431:(1083–1323)
1421:(1078–1434)
1411:(1070–1230)
1407:Sena Empire
1401:(1040–1347)
1391:(1003–1320)
1317:Pala Empire
1179:Rai Kingdom
1021:(AD 60–240)
954:(185–73 BC)
710:Ror Dynasty
430: 3950
243:Mahā-Videha
220:Preceded by
163:Legislature
153:Gaṇa Mukhya
4377:Categories
3838:References
3811:The police
3739:Punic Wars
3425:santhāgāra
3399:santhāgāra
3384:santhāgāra
3349:, and the
3347:magistracy
3325:directly.
3280:Patricians
3112:republican
3106:gaṇasaṅgha
2982:, and the
2956:Ajātasattu
2916:See also:
2762:Prabhāvatī
2731:Siddhārtha
2674:oligarchic
2665:gaṇasaṅgha
2624:Indo-Aryan
2454:, and the
2410:oligarchic
2401:gaṇasaṅgha
2376:Indo-Aryan
2273:Philosophy
2253:Metallurgy
2243:Literature
2168:Tamil Nadu
2033:Bangladesh
1808:Sur Empire
1522:(977–1186)
1488: – c.
1451:(675–1210)
1381:(973–1189)
1371:(942–1244)
1361:(882–1110)
1351:(850–1334)
1341:(800–1327)
1321:(750–1174)
1301:(694–1947)
1281:(650–1036)
1261:(624–1075)
1229: 700
1227: – c.
1225: 550
1198: 500
1143:(350–1100)
1133:(350–1000)
1101: 600
1099: – c.
1097: 250
1080: 500
1078: – c.
1076: 250
999: 130
974:(75–26 BC)
940: – c.
938: 150
869: – c.
835:– AD 1279)
818:– AD 1102)
801:– AD 1345)
780: – c.
693: 600
678:– AD 1600)
486:Bronze Age
206:c. 468 BCE
200:Ajātasattu
141:Government
136:Licchavika
132:Demonym(s)
56:Gaṇasaṅgha
4383:Licchavis
4195:Jain 1974
4168:Jain 1974
3843:Citations
3319:Bimbisāra
3239:s, these
2992:Philip II
2928:Bimbisāra
2830:Bimbisāra
2822:Kuṇḍagāma
2774:Padmāvatī
2758:Sujyeṣṭhā
2657:Statehood
2362:: ऋक्षवी
2223:Education
2213:Dynasties
2133:Rajasthan
2118:Karnataka
2063:Sri Lanka
1331:(753–982)
1311:(736–916)
1291:(661–750)
1271:(632–661)
1251:(618–841)
1241:(606–647)
1210:(543–753)
1183:(489–632)
1173:(475–576)
1163:(475–767)
1153:(420–624)
1123:(345–525)
1113:(280–550)
1061:(230–360)
1051:(224–651)
1041:(210–340)
1031:(170–350)
994:(AD 21 –
852:– AD 800)
604:Janapadas
432:–1900 BC)
359:Neolithic
113:Religion
4348:(2016),
4156:Deo 1956
3882:25203320
3826:See also
3818:kṣatriya
3795:The army
3781:Ampabālī
3775:Ambapālī
3759:brāhmaṇa
3752:Villages
3741:and the
3712:senāpati
3628:and the
3604:senāpati
3574:senāpati
3492:(Consul)
3351:Germanic
3333:Athenian
3308:senāpati
3290:brāhmaṇa
3275:kṣatriya
3231:Sanskrit
3204:kṣatriya
3163:kṣatriya
3151:kṣatriya
3138:kṣatriya
3025:Mahāvīra
2938:Kusinārā
2857:Pasenadi
2841:Mallakas
2806:Pradyota
2790:Śatānīka
2786:Mṛgāvatī
2746:Mahāvīra
2735:Mahāvīra
2683:kṣatriya
2677:republic
2651:Assembly
2606:Licchavi
2572:Licchavi
2567:Sanskrit
2553:Lecchavi
2547:Licchivi
2521:Licchavi
2464:Sadānirā
2456:Mahānadī
2442:Location
2413:republic
2387:Iron Age
2360:Sanskrit
2355:Licchavi
2345:Licchavi
2288:Timeline
2278:Religion
2258:Military
2248:Maritime
2238:Language
2228:Indology
2058:Pakistan
2048:Maldives
1746: –
1735: –
1724: –
1713: –
1702: –
1591: –
1580: –
1569: –
1558: –
1547: –
695:–300 BC)
635: –
624: –
613: –
602: –
581:Iron Age
561: –
550: –
529: –
518: –
507: –
177:Iron Age
121:Buddhism
4413:Mithila
4356:Pearson
4222:Sources
3805:Magadha
3678:uparājā
3586:uparājā
3568:uparājā
3440:s. The
3323:Council
3254:uparājā
3191:uparājā
2924:Magadha
2834:Magadha
2826:Cellaṇā
2814:Jyeṣṭhā
2798:Udayana
2766:Udāyana
2750:Jainism
2722:Trisalā
2695:Nāyikas
2636:Mithilā
2613:History
2584:ऋक्षवी
2559:Licchaī
2530:) is a
2468:Magadha
2389:to the
2368:English
2218:Economy
2203:Coinage
2123:Kashmir
2103:Gujarat
1200:– 1026)
310:Outline
256:Magadha
125:Jainism
107:Prākrit
93:Capital
4362:
4313:
4299:Leiden
4282:
4249:
4084:
4060:
4027:4 June
3880:
3541:salākā
3514:, the
3473:salākā
3449:saṅgha
3437:salākā
3431:chaṇḍa
3396:, the
3342:, the
3314:Nāyaka
3299:vaiśya
3008:Ceḍaga
2996:Theban
2980:Athens
2976:Sparta
2964:Ceḍaga
2942:Buddha
2933:Nāyaka
2871:Sakyas
2849:Kosala
2810:Avanti
2754:Vesālī
2718:Ceṭaka
2647:Vesālī
2618:Origin
2578:Ṛkṣavī
2556:, and
2537:liccha
2507:Vesālī
2491:Vesālī
2472:Vesālī
2462:, and
2364:Ṛkṣavī
2153:Odisha
2148:Punjab
2093:Bengal
2038:Bhutan
158:
97:Vesālī
82:Status
4338:India
4334:Bihar
4272:India
4268:Delhi
4239:India
3878:JSTOR
3392:sabhā
3363:thing
3356:thing
3344:Roman
3338:boulē
2990:king
2949:Gaṅgā
2794:Vatsa
2643:Gaṅgā
2489:, at
2460:Gaṅgā
2379:tribe
2173:Tibet
2158:Sindh
2113:Kabul
2098:Bihar
2083:Assam
2053:Nepal
2043:India
281:India
167:Sabhā
4360:ISBN
4311:ISBN
4280:ISBN
4247:ISBN
4235:Pune
4082:ISBN
4058:ISBN
4029:2022
3693:rājā
3637:rājā
3619:rājā
3592:rājā
3523:rājā
3511:rājā
3505:rājā
3496:The
3486:The
3419:rājā
3377:rājā
3295:and
3272:Non-
3266:rājā
3260:rājā
3248:rājā
3236:rājā
3221:Pāli
3210:rājā
3179:rājā
3170:rājā
3157:rājā
3131:rājā
3125:rājā
3019:Jain
3013:rājā
2960:Aṅga
2863:rājā
2845:Kāsī
2802:Śivā
2782:Aṅga
2739:Jain
2669:(an
2601:Pāli
2596:ऋक्ष
2590:ṛkṣa
2565:The
2542:bear
2514:Name
2405:(an
2372:Bear
2350:Pāli
2329:The
4050:doi
4016:doi
3870:doi
3866:104
3269:s.
3251:s'
3229:in
3219:in
2832:of
2820:of
2812:;
2808:of
2792:of
2780:of
2768:of
2370:: "
4379::
4358:,
4354:,
4336:,
4332:,
4328:.
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4175:^
4138:^
4119:^
4096:^
4056:.
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3890:^
3876:.
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4319:.
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