5132:(1732). In this case, the defendant was on trial "for printing a libel reflecting upon the Portuguese Jews". The printing in question claimed that Jews who had arrived in London from Portugal burned a Jewish woman to death when she had a child with a Christian man, and that this act was common. Following Osborne's anti-Semitic publication, several Jews were attacked. Initially, the judge seemed to believe the court could do nothing since no individual was singled out by Osborne's writings. However, the court concluded that "since the publication implied the act was one Jews frequently did, the whole community of Jews was defamed." Though various reports of this case give differing accounts of the crime, this report clearly shows a ruling based on group libel. Since laws restricting libel were accepted at this time because of its tendency to lead to a breach of peace, group libel laws were justified because they showed potential for an equal or perhaps greater risk of violence. For this reason, group libel cases are criminal even though most libel cases are civil torts.
7310:(Chapter 24, Sections 9 and 10), punishable with a fine, or, if aggravated, with up to two years' imprisonment or a fine. Defamation is defined as spreading a false report or insinuation apt to cause harm to a person, or otherwise disparaging someone. Defamation of the deceased may also constitute an offence if apt to cause harm to surviving loved ones. In addition, there is a crime called "dissemination of information violating personal privacy" (Chapter 24, Section 8), which consists in disseminating information, even accurate, in a way that is apt to harm someone's right to privacy. Information that may be relevant with regard to a person's conduct in public office, in business, or in a comparable position, or of information otherwise relevant to a matter of public interest, is not covered by this prohibition. Finnish criminal law has no provisions penalizing the defamation of corporate entities, only of natural persons.
7367:
7256:, the crime of insult prescribes a penalty of up to three months in prison, or a fine of "up to 100 daily incomes" (Criminal Code, Article 199). If the crime is committed in public, penalties are aggravated to up to six months of imprisonment, or a fine of "up to 150 daily incomes" (Article 199–2). Moreover, the crime of defamation occurs when someone affirms or disseminates false facts about other person that can damage his reputation. The maximum penalty is one year in prison, or a fine of up to 150 daily incomes (Article 200–1). If the crime is committed in public, the prison term can reach one year (Article 200–2). On the other hand, according to Article 203, there is an exemption for the application of the aforementioned articles (insult and defamation) when the
3939:. New Zealand law allows for the following remedies in an action for defamation: compensatory damages; an injunction to stop further publication; a correction or a retraction; and in certain cases, punitive damages. Section 28 of the Act allows for punitive damages only when a there is a flagrant disregard of the rights of the person defamed. As the law assumes that an individual suffers loss if a statement is defamatory, there is no need to prove that specific damage or loss has occurred. However, Section 6 of the Act allows for a defamation action brought by a corporate body to proceed only when the body corporate alleges and proves that the publication of the defamation has caused or is likely to cause pecuniary loss to that body corporate.
3516:
defences: opinion and truth. Statements of opinion cannot be regarded as defamatory as they are inherently non-falsifiable. Where a statement has been shown to be one of fact rather than opinion, the most common defence in common law jurisdictions is that of truth. Proving the truth of an allegedly defamatory statement is always a valid defence. Where a statement is partially true, certain jurisdictions in the
Commonwealth have provided by statute that the defence "shall not fail by reason only that the truth of every charge is not proved if the words not proved to be true do not materially injure the claimant's reputation having regard to the truth of the remaining charges". Similarly, the American doctrine of
8137:; up to six months in prison, or a fine of up to 240 days), "injuries" (art. 181; up to three months in prison, or a fine up to 120 days), and "offence to the memory of a deceased person" (art. 185; up to 6 months in prison or a fine of up 240 days). Penalties are aggravated in cases with publicity (art. 183; up to two years in prison or at least 120 days of fine) and when the victim is an authority (art.184; all other penalties aggravated by an extra half). There is yet the extra penalty of "public knowledge of the court decision" (costs paid by the defamer) (art. 189 of Penal Code) and also the crime of "incitement of a crime" (article 297; up to three years in prison, or fine).
5125:(1700). In this case, the jury found that the defendant was guilty of libeling several subjects, though they did not specifically identify who these subjects were. A report of the case told that the jury believed that "where a writing ... inveighs against mankind in general, or against a particular order of men, as for instance, men of the gown, this is no libel, but it must descend to particulars and individuals to make it libel." This jury believed that only individuals who believed they were specifically defamed had a claim to a libel case. Since the jury was unable to identify the exact people who were being defamed, there was no cause to identify the statements were a libel.
8096:. Essentially, this Act provides that libel is criminally punishable and describes it as: "Libel – the unlawful or prohibited act as defined in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future." Professor Harry Roque of the University of the Philippines has written that under this law, electronic libel is punished with imprisonment from six years and one day to up to twelve years. As of 30 September 2012, five petitions claiming the law to be unconstitutional had been filed with the Philippine Supreme Court, one by Senator
2426:. In such a case the truth of the statements was no justification for the public and insulting manner in which they had been made, but, even in public matters, the accused had the opportunity to justify his actions by openly stating what he considered necessary for public safety to be denounced by the libel and proving his assertions to be true. The second head included defamatory statements made in private, and in this case the offense lay in the content of the imputation, not in the manner of its publication. The truth was therefore a sufficient defense, for no man had a right to demand legal protection for a false reputation.
6642:
3898:. Indian courts have endorsed the defences of absolute and qualified privilege, fair comment, and justification. While statutory law in the United Kingdom provides that, if the defendant is only successful in proving the truth of some of the several charges against him, the defence of justification might still be available if the charges not proved do not materially injure the reputation, there is no corresponding provision in India, though it is likely that Indian courts would treat this principle as persuasive precedent. Recently, incidents of defamation in relation to public figures have attracted public attention.
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16994:
16968:
16942:
16916:
16890:
16864:
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16812:
16786:
16760:
16734:
16708:
16682:
8662:
statement is true. The court ruled that untrue defamatory statements concerning public matters shall not be punished unless they are issued under actual malice. This includes situations where the offender knowingly or under gross negligence issued said defamatory statement. In terms of the burden of proof for actual malice, the court ruled that it shall be on the prosecutor or the accuser. To prevent fake news from eroding the marketplace of ideas, the court pointed out that the media (including mass media, social media, and self-media) shall be more thorough than the general public in fact-checking.
7142:(grave slander), including the imputation of a crime or misdemeanor that cannot lead to public prosecution, and the imputation of a vice or lack of morality, which are capable of harming considerably the reputation, credit or interests of the offended person. "Grave slander" in written form or with publicity are punished with "lower imprisonment" in its minimum to medium degrees plus a fine of eleven to twenty "vital wages". Calumny or slander of a deceased person (Article 424) can be prosecuted by the spouse, children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents, siblings and
6970:, defamation is a crime, which is prosecuted either as "defamation" (three months to a year in prison, plus fine; Article 139 of the Penal Code), "calumny" (six months to two years in prison, plus fine; Article 138 of the PC) or "injury" (one to six months in prison, or fine; Article 140), with aggravating penalties when the crime is practiced in public (Article 141, item III) or against a state employee because of his regular duties. Incitation to hatred and violence is also foreseen in the Penal Code (incitation to a crime, Article 286). Moreover, in situations like
2482:. Article 19 of the ICCPR expressly provides that the right to freedom of opinion and expression may be limited so far as it is necessary "for respect of the rights or reputations of others". Consequently, international human rights law provides that while individuals should have the right to a legal remedy for defamation, this right must be balanced with the equally protected right to freedom of opinion and expression. In general, ensuring that domestic defamation law adequately balances individuals' right to protect their reputation with freedom of expression and of
6596:
75:
11635:, Peter Lang, 2009, p. 190. "A statement can only be defamatory if it is false; therefore true statements of fact about others, regardless of the damage rendered, are not defamatory (although such comments might represent other sorts of privacy or hate speech violations). Defamation may occur when one party (the eventual defendant if a case goes forward) writes or says something that is false about a second party (plaintiff) such that some third party 'receives' the communication, and the communication of false information damages the plaintiff".
6434:
7478:. This section defines defamation and provides ten valid exceptions when a statement is not considered to be defamation. It says that defamation takes place, when someone "by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person". The punishment is simple imprisonment for up to two years, or a fine, or both (Section 500).
5408:
8413:) and has a penalty of up to two years in prison or a fine. In judging if the crime is gross, the court should consider whether the information, because of its content or the scope of its dissemination, is calculated to produce "serious damage". For example, if it can be established that the defendant knowingly conveyed untruths. Article 4 makes it a crime to defame a deceased person according to Article 1 or 2. Most obviously, the paragraph is meant to make it illegal to defame someone's parents as a way to bypass the law.
7572:
Code) refers to any other situation involving offending one's reputation before many persons, and is punishable with a penalty of up to a year in prison or up to €1,032 in fine, doubled to up to two years in prison or a fine of €2,065 if the offence consists in the attribution of a determined fact. When the offence happens by the means of the press or by any other means of publicity, or in a public demonstration, the penalty is of imprisonment from six months to three years, or a fine of at least €516. Both of them were
6458:
5452:
5384:
3978:
subsidiaries); this rule was introduced by the state of New South Wales in 2003, and then adopted nationwide in 2006. By contrast, Canadian law grants private corporations substantially the same right to sue for defamation as individuals possess. Since 2013, English law charts a middle course, allowing private corporations to sue for defamation, but requiring them to prove that the defamation caused both serious harm and serious financial loss, which individual plaintiffs are not required to demonstrate.
6711:
or that are not assertive (see
Article 113). When calumny or injury are committed through the press, a possible extra penalty is the publication of the judicial decision at the expenses of the guilty (Article 114). He who passes to someone else information about a person that is included in a personal database and that one knows to be false, is punished with six months to three years in prison. When there is harm to somebody, penalties are aggravated by an extra half (Article 117 bis, §§ 2nd and 3rd).
5523:
7912:
if the defamation happens in print, in broadcasting or through an especially aggravating circumstance, imprisonment may have reached two years (§ 247). When the offender acts "against his better judgment", he was liable to a maximum prison term of three years (§ 248). According to § 251, defamation lawsuits must be initiated by the offended person, unless the defamatory act was directed to an indefinite group or a large number of persons, when it may also have been prosecuted by public authorities.
3562:: A more limited, or 'qualified', form of privilege may be available to journalists as a defence in circumstances where it is considered important that the facts be known in the public interest; an example would be public meetings, local government documents, and information relating to public bodies such as the police and fire departments. Another example would be that a professor – acting in good faith and honesty – may write an unsatisfactory letter of reference with unsatisfactory information.
6574:
6174:
6129:
6105:
5919:
13832:
6529:
10599:
3370:
8380:, and is only applicable if the offence, by its nature, effects and circumstances, is considered by the general public as strong. Injury has a penalty of fine from three to seven months-fine, or from six to fourteen months-fine when it is strong and with publicity. According to Article 216, an additional penalty to calumny or injury may be imposed by the judge, determining the publication of the judicial decision (in a newspaper) at the expenses of the defamer.
7406:
increased penalties for offending against paras 186 and 187), §189 (denigration of a deceased person), §192 ("insult" with true statements). Other sections relevant to prosecution of these offences are §190 (criminal conviction as proof of truth), §193 (no defamation in the pursuit of rightful interests), §194 (application for a criminal prosecution under these paragraphs), §199 (mutual insult allowed to be left unpunished), and §200 (method of proclamation).
19539:
6886:", public work for up to 240 hours, correctional work for up to one year, or imprisonment of up to six months. Penalties are aggravated to up to three years of prison if the victim is falsely accused of having committed a crime "of grave or very grave nature" (Article 147.2). The crime of insult (Article 148) can lead to a fine of up to 1,000 times the minimum wage, or to the same penalties of defamation for public work, correctional work or imprisonment.
6618:
6482:
6082:
5875:
5851:
5336:
6291:
5966:
5943:
5185:
7119:) are covered by Articles 412 to 431 of the Penal Code. Calumny is defined as "the false imputation of a determined crime and that can lead to a public prosecution" (Article 412). If the calumny is written and with publicity, penalty is "lower imprisonment" in its medium degree plus a fine of 11 to 20 "vital wages" when it refers to a crime, or "lower imprisonment" in its minimum degree plus a fine of six to ten "vital wages" when it refers to a
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6035:
5896:
5500:
6151:
5687:
4098:
243:
5990:
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5139:, false statements in connection with elections, and the use of profanity in public, are also often used in contexts similar to criminal libel actions. The boundaries of a court's power to hold individuals in "contempt of court" for what amounts to alleged defamatory statements about judges or the court process by attorneys or other people involved in court cases is also not well established in many common law countries.
6410:
6198:
6267:
5617:
9377:
speech or publications critical of heads of state, public officials, state bodies, and the state itself. The report noted that blasphemy and religious insult laws existed in around one third of OSCE participating states; many of these combined blasphemy and/or religious insult with elements of hate speech legislation. A number of countries continued to include harsh punishments for blasphemy and religious insult.
5803:
3921:
information was published "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not". Later the
Supreme Court held that statements that are so ridiculous to be clearly not true are protected from libel claims, as are statements of opinion relating to matters of public concern that do not contain a provably false factual connotation. Subsequent state and federal cases have addressed defamation law and the Internet.
6386:
5827:
5758:
6703:, the crimes of calumny and injury are foreseen in the chapter "Crimes Against Honor" (Articles 109 to 117-bis) of the Penal Code. Calumny is defined as "the false imputation to a determined person of a concrete crime that leads to a lawsuit" (Article 109). However, expressions referring to subjects of public interest or that are not assertive do not constitute calumny. Penalty is a fine from 3,000 to 30,000
3740:", involving the making of a statement that is untrue even though not defamatory. Thus a surveyor who states a house is free from risk of flooding has not defamed anyone, but may still be liable to someone who purchases the house relying on this statement. Other increasingly common claims similar to defamation in U.S. law are claims that a famous trademark has been diluted through tarnishment, see generally
19549:
3570:: Statements made in a good faith and reasonable belief that they were true are generally treated the same as true statements; however, the court may inquire into the reasonableness of the belief. The degree of care expected will vary with the nature of the defendant: an ordinary person might safely rely on a single newspaper report, while the newspaper would be expected to carefully check multiple sources.
9318:. In at least 21 countries, defences to charges of defamation included truth and public interest. This included countries that had at least one truth or public interest defence to criminal or civil defamation (including countries where defence of truth was qualified or limited – for example, to statements of fact as opposed to opinions, or to libel as opposed to insult).
3540:
granted. While some privileges have long been recognised, courts may create a new privilege for particular circumstances – privilege as an affirmative defence is a potentially ever-evolving doctrine. Such newly created or circumstantially recognised privileges are referred to as residual justification privileges. There are two types of privilege in common law jurisdictions:
3969:. Once a claim has been made, the defendant may avail themselves of a defence of justification (the truth), fair comment, responsible communication, or privilege. Publishers of defamatory comments may also use the defence of innocent dissemination where they had no knowledge of the nature of the statement, it was not brought to their attention, and they were not negligent.
3438:. English law allows actions for libel to be brought in the High Court for any published statements alleged to defame a named or identifiable individual or individuals (under English law companies are legal persons, and allowed to bring suit for defamation) in a manner that causes them loss in their trade or profession, or causes a reasonable person to think worse of them.
11614:, Looseleaf Law Publications, 2008, p. 59. "There are five essential elements to defamation: (1) The accusation is false; and (2) it impeaches the subject's character; and (3) it is published to a third person; and (4) it damages the reputation of the subject; and (5) that the accusation is done intentionally or with fault such as wanton disregard of facts."
8400:) and consists of pointing out someone as a criminal or as "having a reprehensible way of living", or of providing information about them "intended to cause exposure to the disrespect of others". The penalty is a fine. It is generally not a requirement that the statements are untrue; it is enough if they statements are meant to be vilifying.
2381:
although punitive in its character, doubtless included practically the element of compensation. But a new remedy was introduced with the extension of the criminal law, under which many kinds of defamation were punished with great severity. At the same time increased importance attached to the publication of defamatory books and writings, the
7029:
civilly liable for them. The plaintiff must further demonstrate that the person who made the remarks committed a wrongful act. Defamation in Quebec is governed by a reasonableness standard, as opposed to strict liability; a defendant who made a false statement would not be held liable if it was reasonable to believe the statement was true.
8657:. The court dismissed all the complaints and upheld the constitutionality of the disputed provisions. It emphasized that excluding the application of substantial truth doctrine on defamatory speeches concerning private matters with no public concern, is proportionate in protecting the victim's reputation and privacy. The court reaffirmed
8925:(SLAPPs) following the rise of the internet, the federal and many state governments have adopted statutes limiting the enforceability of offshore defamation judgments and expediting the dismissal of defamation claims. American writers and publishers are shielded from the enforcement of offshore libel judgments not compliant under the
9200:. Civil defamation cases were increasingly used, as evidenced by the number of civil lawsuits and disproportionate fines against journalists and media critical of governments. In at least four countries, defamation laws were used by public officials, including heads of state, to restrict critical media across all platforms.
6825:. The judgment established that internet-published foreign publications that defamed an Australian in their Australian reputation could be held accountable under Australian defamation law. The case gained worldwide attention and is often said, inaccurately, to be the first of its kind. A similar case that predates
3928:. A comprehensive discussion of what is and is not libel or slander under American law is difficult, as the definition differs between different states and is further affected by federal law. Some states codify what constitutes slander and libel together, merging the concepts into a single defamation law.
3627:: Most jurisdictions require that a lawsuit be brought within a limited period of time. If the alleged libel occurs in a mass media publication such as a newspaper or the Internet, the statute of limitations begins to run at the time of publication, not when the plaintiff first learns of the communication.
9346:
Due to legal protection of speech, and practical and jurisdictional limits on effectiveness of controls, censorship was increasingly carried out by private bodies. Privatized censorship by internet intermediaries involved: (i) the widening range of content considered harmful and justified to block or
7947:
ARTICLE 353. Definition of Libel. – A libel is a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to
7288:
According to the Czech
Criminal Code, Article 184, defamation is a crime. Penalties may reach a maximum prison term of one year (Article 184–1) or, if the crime is committed through the press, film, radio, TV, publicly accessible computer network, or by "similarly effective" methods, the offender may
7126:
According to
Article 25 of the Penal Code, "lower imprisonment" is defined as a prison term between 61 days and five years. According to Article 30, the penalty of "lower imprisonment" in its medium or minimum degrees carries with it also the suspension of the exercise of a public position during the
6710:
He who publishes or reproduces, by any means, calumnies and injuries made by others, will be punished as responsible himself for the calumnies and injuries whenever its content is not correctly attributed to the corresponding source. Exceptions are expressions referring to subjects of public interest
3795:
estimates that 95% of libel cases involving news stories do not arise from high-profile news stories, but "run of the mill" local stories like news coverage of local criminal investigations or trials, or business profiles. Media liability insurance is available to newspapers to cover potential damage
10885:
While this holds true in the majority of common law jurisdictions, particularly in the
Commonwealth, a number of common law jurisdictions no longer recognise any legal distinction between fact and opinion. The Supreme Court of the United States, in particular, has ruled that the First Amendment does
9589:
were proposed, criminalizing online publication of content deemed as hate speech, and allowing the executive to order take downs of such content. Several states tried to pass legislation creating special criminal offences for online content that could damage the reputation and/or honour of a person.
9495:
Journalists were predominantly jailed under anti-state laws, with charges ranging from spreading chaos, promoting terrorism, and inciting dissidence, to incitement against the ruling government. Charges for publishing or spreading false news were the next most frequent. Other defamation or religious
8193:
This is distinct from and does not affect plaintiffs right of action under the common law torts of libel and slander as modified by the
Defamation Act 1957. The Protection of Harassment Act 2014, which provides for criminal penalties in addition to civil remedies, is specifically designed to address
8161:
legislation. In a 2015 case, a Saudi writer was arrested for defaming a former ruler of the country. Reportedly, under a counterterrorism law, "actions that 'threaten Saudi Arabia's unity, disturb public order, or defame the reputation of the state or the king' are considered acts of terrorism. The
7803:
In
Malaysia, defamation is both a tort and a criminal offence meant to protect the reputation and good name of a person. The principal statutes relied upon are the Defamation Act 1957 (Revised 1983) and the Penal Code. Following the practice of other common law jurisdictions like the United Kingdom,
7650:
Under article 723 of the
Japanese Civil Code, a court is empowered to order a tortfeasor in a defamation case to "take suitable measures for the restoration of the reputation either in lieu of or together with compensation for damages". An example of a civil defamation case in Japan can be found at
7417:
The crime of insult (Article 361, § 1, of the Penal Code) may have led to up to one year of imprisonment or a fine, while unprovoked insult (Article 361-A, § 1) was punished with at least three months in prison. In addition, defamation may have resulted in up to two months in prison or a fine, while
4065:
and the most common defence is "veritas" (i.e. proving the truth of otherwise defamatory statement). Defamation falls within the realm of non-patrimonial (i.e. dignitary) interests. The Scots law pertaining to the protection of non-patrimonial interests is said to be 'a thing of shreds and patches'.
3682:
If the plaintiff proves that such a statement was made and was false, to recover damages the plaintiff need only prove that someone had made the statement to any third party. No proof of special damages is required. However, to recover full compensation a plaintiff should be prepared to prove actual
3573:
Mere vulgar abuse: An insult that is not necessarily defamatory if it is not intended to be taken literally or believed, or likely to cause real damage to a reputation. Vituperative statements made in anger, such as calling someone "an arse" during a drunken argument, would likely be considered mere
3520:
provides that a statement is not defamatory if it has "slight inaccuracies of expression" but is otherwise true. Since a statement can only be defamatory if it harms another person's reputation, another defence tied to the ability of a statement to be defamatory is to demonstrate that, regardless of
2373:
Defamation law has a long history stretching back to classical antiquity. While defamation has been recognized as an actionable wrong in various forms across historical legal systems and in various moral and religious philosophies, defamation law in contemporary legal systems can primarily be traced
9455:
Civil society and press freedom organizations lobbied for changes to the penal codes in their respective countries – sometimes successfully. However, even in countries where libel or defamation were explicitly decriminalized, there were often other laws whose broad provisions allowed
9376:
issued a report on criminal defamation and anti-blasphemy laws among its member states, which found that defamation was criminalized in nearly three-quarters (42) of the 57 OSCE participating states. Many of the laws pertaining to defamation included specific provisions with harsher punishments for
9180:
The majority of countries (86%) had laws imposing criminal penalties for defamation. Six countries decriminalized defamation. Both criminal and civil defamation charges against journalists and media organizations continued. Other legal trends included using charges of terrorism, blasphemy, inciting
8616:
to protect reputation, privacy, and the public interest. It seemed to extend the defence of truth in ¶ 3, to providing evidence that a perpetrator had reasonable grounds in believing the allegations were true (even if they could not ultimately be proven). Regarding criminal punishments versus civil
7911:
In Norway, defamation was a crime punished with imprisonment of up to six months or a fine (Penal Code, Chapter 23, § 246). When the offense is likely to harm one's "good name" and reputation, or exposes him to hatred, contempt or loss of confidence, the maximum prison term went up to one year, and
7902:
holds: "When someone is liable towards another person under this
Section because of an incorrect or, by its incompleteness, misleading publication of information of factual nature, the court may, upon a right of action (legal claim) of this other person, order the tortfeasor to publish a correction
7327:
is particularly rooted in protecting the privacy of individuals. While the broader scope of the rights protected make defamation cases easier to prove in France than, for example, in England; awards in defamation cases are significantly lower and it is common for courts to award symbolic damages as
7297:
In Denmark, libel is a crime, as defined by Article 267 of the Danish Criminal Code, with a penalty of up to six months in prison or a fine, with proceedings initiated by the victim. In addition, Article 266-b prescribes a maximum prison term of two years in the case of public defamation aimed at a
3772:
Additionally, American courts apply special rules in the case of statements made in the press concerning public figures, which can be used as a defence. While plaintiff alleging defamation in an American court must usually prove that the statement caused harm, and was made without adequate research
3612:
Incapability of further defamation: Historically, it was a defence at common law that the claimant's position in the community is so poor that defamation could not do further damage to the plaintiff. Such a claimant could be said to be "libel-proof", since in most jurisdictions, actual damage is an
3515:
There are a variety of defences to defamation claims in common law jurisdictions. The two most fundamental defences arise from the doctrine in common law jurisdictions that only a false statement of fact (as opposed to opinion) can be defamatory. This doctrine gives rise to two separate but related
8726:
Whoever, imputing anything the deceased person before the third person, and that imputation to be likely to impair the reputation of the father, mother, spouse or child of the deceased or to expose that person hated or scammed to be said to commit defamation, and shall be punished as prescribed by
8371:
for truth. Penalties for cases with publicity are imprisonment from six months to two years or a fine of 12 to 24 months-fine, and for other cases only a fine of six to twelve months-fine (Article 206). Additionally, the crime of injury (Article 208 of the Penal Code) consists of hurting someone's
7093:
The rise of the internet as a medium for publication and the expression of ideas, including the emergence of social media platforms transcending national boundaries, has proven challenging to reconcile with traditional notions of defamation law. Questions of jurisdiction and conflicting limitation
6901:
of the alleged fact" and of defamation "when law does not admit this evidence" (Article 443). The penalty is eight days to one year of imprisonment, plus a fine (Article 444). In addition, the crime of "calumnious denunciation" (Article 445) is punished with 15 days to six months in prison, plus a
3950:
where the private law is derived from French civil law). In common law provinces and territories, defamation covers any communication that tends to lower the esteem of the subject in the minds of ordinary members of the public. Probably true statements are not excluded, nor are political opinions.
2509:
which requires that limitations be: 1) "provided by law that is clear and accessible to everyone", 2) "proven to be necessary and legitimate to protect the rights or reputations of others", and 3) "proportionate and the least restrictive to achieve the purported aim". This test is analogous to the
2380:
was aimed at giving sufficient scope for the discussion of a man's character, while it protected him from needless insult and pain. The remedy for verbal defamation was long confined to a civil action for a monetary penalty, which was estimated according to the significance of the case, and which,
9645:
countries in Western Europe retained criminal defamation laws. In several Western European countries, defamation was sanctioned more harshly if it involved a public official. In some instances, heads of state were provided more protection to their reputation and punishments were more severe. Some
9134:
recognized as a defence. Members of government continued to initiate most such cases. There was a trend towards using civil defamation in lieu of criminal defamation, but with demands for extremely high damages and the potential to bankrupt media outlets – although the courts often
8912:
is sometimes cited as precedent that truth is not always a defence to libel in the U.S., but the case is actually not valid precedent on that issue because Staples did not argue First Amendment protection, which is one theory for truth as complete defence, for its statements. The court assumed in
8679:
A person who, contrary to the truth, asserts or circulates as a fact that which injurious to the reputation or the credit of another or his earnings or prosperity in any other manner, shall compensate the other for any damage arising therefrom, even if he does not know of its untruth, provided he
7571:
In Italy, there used to be different crimes against honor. The crime of injury (Article 594 of the Penal Code) referred to the act of offending someone's honor in their presence and was punishable with up to six months in prison or a fine of up to €516. The crime of defamation (Article 595, Penal
7146:
of the offended person. Finally, according to Article 425, in the case of calumnies and slander published in foreign newspapers, are considered liable all those who from Chilean territory sent articles or gave orders for publication abroad, or contributed to the introduction of such newspapers in
4070:
heritage of Scots law gives the courts scope to recognise, and afford reparation in, cases in which no patrimonial (or 'quasi-patrimonial') 'loss' has occurred, but a recognised dignitary interest has nonetheless been invaded through the wrongful conduct of the defender. For such reparation to be
3463:
in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, such as spoken words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like, then it is slander. In contrast, libel encompasses defamation by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form other
9726:
branches of governments worldwide doubled in the last five years – to a total of approximately 117,000 requests in 2020. Of these companies, only Google published data on the rationale for content removal requests made by governments; that data showed "defamation" and "privacy and
9303:
Two countries decriminalized defamation in 2009, followed by another in 2010. In another case, there was no criminal libel at the federal level, and a minority of states still had criminal defamation laws. In general, criminal penalties for libel were imposed rarely, with two notable exceptions.
7332:
on criticism of public policy While the only statutory defence available under French defamation law is to demonstrate the truth of the defamatory statement in question, a defence that is unavailable in cases involving an individual's personal life; French courts have recognised three additional
3657:, the law recognises that certain false statements are so damaging that they create a presumption of injury to the plaintiff's reputation, allowing a defamation case to proceed to verdict with no actual proof of damages. Although laws vary by state, and not all jurisdictions recognise defamation
3539:
Privilege: A circumstance that justifies or excuses an act that would otherwise constitute a tort on the ground that it stemmed from a recognised interest of social importance, provides a complete bar and answer to a defamation suit, though conditions may have to be met before this protection is
2577:
in the subject matter of the criticism should be recognized as a defence. Care should be taken by States parties to avoid excessively punitive measures and penalties. Where relevant, States parties should place reasonable limits on the requirement for a defendant to reimburse the expenses of the
9151:
partially decriminalized defamation by eliminating prison terms. According to an analysis by the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life, sixteen countries (84%) had laws penalizing blasphemy, apostasy and/or defamation of religion. Lese-majesty laws existed in some parts of the
7540:
The 2009 Act repeals the Defamation Act 1961, which had, together with the underlying principles of the common law of tort, governed Irish defamation law for almost half a century. The 2009 Act represents significant changes in Irish law, as many believe that it previously attached insufficient
7028:
To establish civil liability for defamation, the plaintiff must establish, on a balance of probabilities, the existence of an injury (fault), a wrongful act (damage), and of a causal connection (link of causality) between the two. A person who has made defamatory remarks will not necessarily be
3471:
In common law jurisdictions, civil lawsuits alleging defamation have frequently been used by both private businesses and governments to suppress and censor criticism. A notable example of such lawsuits being used to suppress political criticism of a government is the use of defamation claims by
8661:
and further supplemented its decision. It elaborated on the offender's duty to check the validity of the defamatory statements regarding public matters, and dictated that the offender shall not be punished if there are objective and reasonable grounds for the offender to believe the defamatory
3920:
dramatically altered the nature of libel law in the country by elevating the fault element for public officials to actual malice – that is, public figures could win a libel suit only if they could demonstrate the publisher's "knowledge that the information was false" or that the
11628:, Routledge, 2006, p. 273. "Simplifying a very complicated decision, the court said that because the plaintiff must prove a statement is false in order to win an action in defamation, it is impossible to win an action in defamation if the statement, by its very nature, cannot be proven false."
8719:
Whoever, imputes anything to the other person before a third person in a manner likely to impair the reputation of such other person or to expose such other person to be hated or scorned, is said to commit defamation, and shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding one year or fined not
7405:
are §90 (denigration of the Federal President), §90a (denigration of the State and its symbols), §90b (unconstitutional denigration of the organs of the Constitution), §185 ("insult"), §186 (defamation of character), §187 (defamation with deliberate untruths), §188 (political defamation with
6869:
In Austria, the crime of defamation is foreseen by Article 111 of the Criminal Code. Related criminal offences include "slander and assault" (Article 115), that happens "if a person insults, mocks, mistreats or threatens will ill-treatment another one in public", and yet "malicious falsehood"
5164:
opposes criminal defamation, arguing that civil defamation laws providing defences for statements on matters of public interest are better compliant with international human rights law. The European Court of Human Rights has placed restrictions on criminal libel laws because of the freedom of
11621:, Cengage Learning, 2007, p. 115. "In other words, making a negative statement about another person is not defamation unless the statement is false and represents something as a fact (for example, 'Vladik cheats on his taxes') rather than a personal opinion (for example, 'Vladik is a jerk')."
9181:
subversion of state power, acting against the state, and conducting activities to overthrow the state. In 2011, the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life found that anti-blasphemy laws existed in eight countries (18%), while 15 (34%) had laws against defamation of religion.
8325:, wasting the investigative capacity of police departments. One person could end up suing 50 others, or more. This led to the emergence of settlement-money hunters, provoking others to insult them, and then demanding compensation. According to statistics from the Cyber Security Bureau of the
6762:
The 2006 reforms also established across all Australian states the availability of truth as an unqualified defence; previously a number of states only allowed a defence of truth with the condition that a public interest or benefit existed. The defendant however still needs to prove that the
2500:
In most of Europe, article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights permits restrictions on freedom of speech when necessary to protect the reputation or rights of others. Additionally, restrictions of freedom of expression and other rights guaranteed by international human rights laws
3464:
than spoken words or gestures. The law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel. The highest award in an American defamation case, at US$ 222.7 million was rendered in 1997 against
2582:
of defamation and, in any case, the application of the criminal law should only be countenanced in the most serious of cases and imprisonment is never an appropriate penalty. It is impermissible for a State party to indict a person for criminal defamation but then not to proceed to trial
8116:
or expose him "to the loss of confidence necessary for a given position, occupation or type of activity". Penalties include fine, limitation of liberty and imprisonment for up to a year (Article 212.1 of the Criminal Code). The penalty is more severe when the offence happens through the
3977:
Common law jurisdictions vary as to whether they permit corporate plaintiffs in defamation actions. Under contemporary Australian law, private corporations are denied the right to sue for defamation, with an exception for small businesses (corporations with less than 10 employees and no
7824:) have been abolished in the Federal Penal Code as well as in fifteen states. These crimes remain in the penal codes of seventeen states, where penalty is, in average, from 1.1 years (for ones convicted for slanderous allegation) to 3.8 years in jail (for those convicted for calumny).
7736:). General defamation provision. Where the truth of the allegations is not a factor in determining guilt; but there is "Special Provision for Matters Concerning Public Interest", whereby proving the allegations is allowed as a defence. See also 232: "prosecuted only upon complaint".
3630:
No third-party communication: If an employer were to bring an employee into a sound-proof, isolated room, and accuse him of embezzling company money, the employee would have no defamation recourse, since no one other than the would-be plaintiff and would-be defendant heard the false
8213:. In addition to criminal law, which allows for imprisonment (up to seven years in case the allegations are false) and monetary fines, one can also sue for damages with civil actions. Generally, criminal actions proceed civil ones with South Korean police as judicial investigators.
3604:
is not liable if they had no actual knowledge of the defamatory statement or no reason to believe the statement was defamatory. Thus, a delivery service cannot be held liable for delivering a sealed defamatory letter. The defence can be defeated if the lack of knowledge was due to
11650:, Cengage Learning, 2008, p. 390. "Libel refers to written defamatory statements; slander refers to oral statements. Libel encompasses communications occurring in 'physical form'... defamatory statements on records and computer tapes are considered libel rather than slander."
12930:
9135:
dismissed such cases. According to an analysis by the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life, laws against defamation of religion remained on the books in 13 countries (27%), four countries had laws penalizing apostasy, and two had anti-blasphemy laws.
9690:
As of 2022, at least 160 countries had criminal defamation laws on the books, down from 166 in 2015. At least 57 laws and regulations across 44 countries were adopted or amended since 2016, containing vague language or disproportionate punishments, threatening online
7123:(Article 413). If it is not written or with publicity, penalty is "lower imprisonment" in its minimum degree plus a fine of six to fifteen "vital wages" when it is about a crime, or plus a fine of six to ten "vital wages" when it is about a misdemeanor (Article 414).
7915:
Under the new Penal Code, decided upon by the Parliament in 2005, defamation would cease to exist as a crime. Rather, any person who believes he or she has been subject to defamation will have to press civil lawsuits. The Criminal Code took effect on 1 October 2015.
7392:
Defined as "the allegation or allocation of a fact that damages the honor or reputation of the person or body to which the fact is imputed". A defamatory allegation is considered an insult if it does not include any facts or if the claimed facts cannot be verified.
7094:
periods in trans-border online defamation cases, liability for hyperlinks to defamatory content, filing lawsuits against anonymous parties, and the liability of internet service providers and intermediaries make online defamation a uniquely complicated area of law.
9126:, calling for the abolition of insult and criminal defamation laws. Such laws frequently led to the arrest and imprisonment of journalists across the continent. It was signed by two countries. In most cases – criminal or civil – the
8687:
The Court, when given judgment as to the liability for wrongful act and the amount of compensation, shall not be bound by the provisions of the criminal law concerning liability to punishment or by the conviction or non-conviction of the wrongdoer for a criminal
9283:
Defamation was a criminal offence in the vast majority of countries, occasionally leading to imprisonment or elevated fines. Criminal penalties for defamation remained, but there was a trend towards their repeal. Between 2007 and 2012, 23 of the 27 countries in
7618:", Article 368, Penal Code), which, under the Italian legal system, is defined as the crime of falsely accusing, before the authorities, a person of a crime they did not commit. As to the trial, judgment on the legality of the evidence fades into its relevance.
2433:, whose legal tradition is the predecessor of contemporary common law jurisdictions, slander was punished by cutting out the tongue. Historically, while defamation of a commoner in England was known as libel or slander, the defamation of a member of the English
7795:, and found procedural illegalities in the lower courts' judgments (regarding the exclusion of evidence from testimony, as hearsay). As a result, the court quashed the conviction on appeal, and remanded the case to a lower court for further proceedings.
7289:
stay in prison for up to two years or be prohibited of exercising a specific activity. However, only the most severe cases will be subject to criminal prosecution. The less severe cases can be solved by an action for apology, damages or injunctions.
5076:, a British free expression advocacy group, has published global maps charting the existence of criminal defamation law across the globe, as well as showing countries that have special protections for political leaders or functionaries of the state.
2564:
Defamation laws must be crafted with care to ensure that they comply with paragraph 3 , and that they do not serve, in practice, to stifle freedom of expression. All such laws, in particular penal defamation laws, should include such defences as the
4032:
is a generic term meaning 'worthiness, dignity, self-respect', and comprises related concerns like mental tranquillity and privacy. Because it is such a wide concept, its infringement must be serious. Not every insult is humiliating; one must prove
6729:
developed primarily out of the English law of defamation and its cases, though now there are differences introduced by statute and by the implied constitutional limitation on governmental powers to limit speech of a political nature established in
6758:(Vic), s 9). Corporations may, however, still sue for the tort of injurious falsehood, where the burden of proof is greater than in defamation, because the plaintiff must show that the defamation was made with malice and resulted in economic loss.
3913:
did not interpret the First Amendment as applying to libel cases involving media defendants. This left libel laws, based upon the traditional common law of defamation inherited from the English legal system, mixed across the states. The 1964 case
10130:, secrecy, loyalty, and treachery; dignity and honour are again mentioned. The author concludes that freedom of speech should be practised for the sake of justice, and can be lifted if it causes discomfort or unhealthy relationships in society.
6739:
In 2006, uniform defamation laws came into effect across Australia. In addition to fixing the problematic inconsistencies in law between individual States and Territories, the laws made a number of changes to the common law position, including:
5147:
While defamation torts are less controversial as they ostensibly involve plaintiffs seeking to protect their right to dignity and their reputation, criminal defamation is more controversial as it involves the state expressly seeking to restrict
9445:(ECOWAS). The journalist was subjected to censorship, excessive fines, and a lengthy imprisonment for defamation. Following this legally binding decision, the country in question proceeded to amend its laws and pay the journalist compensation.
3484:
has gained prominence in many common law jurisdictions outside Singapore as activists, journalists, and critics of corporations, political leaders, and public figures are increasingly targeted with vexatious defamation litigation. As a result,
9074:
Debate around defamation of religions, and how this impacts the right to free expression, continued to be an issue at a global level. In 2006, UNESCO's executive board adopted a decision on "Respect for freedom of expression and respect for
3712:
While defamation torts are broadly similar across common law jurisdictions; differences have arisen as a result of diverging case law, statutes and other legislative action, and constitutional concerns specific to individual jurisdictions.
7787:. The defence alleged, among other things, violation of Article 21 of the Constitution. The court found that none of the defence's grounds for appeal amounted to lawful grounds for a final appeal. Nevertheless, the court examined the case
10167:). The author concludes that in the Malaysian context, this proposed harmonization would be justified by Article 3 of the Constitution (with a passing reference to the "supremacy of the Constitution", apparently guaranteed in Article 4).
18565:
8426:), not characterised under Article 1 or 2, and is punishable with a fine or, if it is gross, with up to six months of prison or a fine. While an act of defamation involves a third person, it is not a requirement for insulting behaviour.
1205:
8798:, and the laws are rarely enforced. There are no criminal defamation or insult laws at the federal level. According to the Knowledge article, on the state level, 23 states and two territories have criminal defamation laws on the books:
6747:
Providing new defences including that of triviality, where it is a defence to the publication of a defamatory matter if the defendant proves that the circumstances of publication were such that the plaintiff was unlikely to sustain any
3695:
cannot survive. The conception of what type of allegation may support an action for defamation per se can evolve with public policy. For example, in May 2012 an appeals court in New York, citing changes in public policy with regard to
3543:
Absolute privilege has the effect that a statement cannot be sued on as defamatory, even if it were made maliciously; a typical example is evidence given in court (although this may give rise to different claims, such as an action for
2282:
Defamation and related laws can encompass a variety of acts (from general defamation and insult – as applicable to every citizen – to specialized provisions covering specific entities and social structures):
4066:
This notwithstanding, there is 'little historical basis in Scots law for the kind of structural difficulties that have restricted English law' in the development of mechanisms to protect so-called 'rights of personality'. The
9676:
According to the 2017 OSCE report, criminal defamation laws were in place in at least 21 of the 27 countries in Western Europe and North America. At least 13 states retained statutes penalizing blasphemy or religious insult.
7605:
in the exercise of that profession or art. Therefore, journalists convicted of libel may be banned from exercising their profession. Deliberately false accusations of defamation, as with any other crime, lead to the crime of
6902:
fine. In any of the crimes covered by Chapter V of the Penal Code, the minimum penalty may be doubled (Article 453-bis) "when one of the motivations of the crime is hatred, contempt or hostility of a person due to his or her
9042:
that was made accessible through their servers or services, if it was deemed illegal or harmful. Due to uncertain takedown procedures and the lack of legal resources, intermediaries sometimes were excessively compliant with
9817:
6991:, defamation is formally a criminal offence, but the penalty of imprisonment was abolished in 1999. Articles 146 (insult), 147 (criminal defamation) and 148 (public insult) of the Criminal Code prescribe a penalty of fine.
10966:
Conduct usually takes the form of statements, either oral or in writing; nevertheless, other forms of conduct, such as physical contact or gestures, could also arise. The principles are the same as those applicable to the
10005:. According to the text, allegations cannot be taken back, reparation methods proposed by theologians are unsatisfactory, and the only way is finding the right occasion for a favourable characterization of the defamed.
12293:
6974:
or moral constraint, defamation acts are also covered by the crimes of "illegal constraint" (Article 146 of the Penal Code) and "arbitrary exercise of discretion" (Article 345 of PC), defined as breaking the law as a
3994:, the general elements of delict must be present, but specific rules have been developed for each element. Causation, for example, is seldom in issue, and is assumed to be present. The elements of liability under the
9476:
and anti-terrorism laws, were frequently used as tools of government control on media. Emergency laws often superseded the general law. Defamation laws tended to favour those who could afford costly legal expenses.
8612:, Article 11 establishes freedom of speech. Article 23 allows restrictions to freedoms and rights, to prevent infringing on the freedoms and rights of others. The court found that Art. 310 ¶¶ 1-2 were necessary and
7065:
The criminal portion of the law has been rarely applied, but it has been observed that, when treated as an indictable offence, it often appears to arise from statements made against an agent of the Crown, such as a
3450:
jurisdictions, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions distinguish between spoken defamation, called
15096:
9516:, had civil and/or criminal defamation laws. Various cases indicated that such laws were used by political interests and powerful elites (individuals and corporations). Cases of online defamation were on the rise.
8757:, proving the truth of the allegation was originally a valid defence only in civil libel cases. Criminal libel was construed as an offence against the public at large based on the tendency of the libel to provoke
7640:
Article 21. Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed. No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be
8683:
A person who makes a communication the untruth of which is unknown to him, does not thereby render himself liable to make compensation, if he or the receiver of the communication has a rightful interest in it.
10144:
Fourth, the proposal of harmonization is discussed. The author proposes amending Malaysian laws to conform with Islamic legal principles, under the supervision of a specific department. Mentioned are: Islamic
3824:
on the charge of seditious libel, because it was proven that all the statements Zenger had published about Cosby had been true, so there was not an issue of defamation. Another example of libel is the case of
4045:
in the narrow sense), adultery, loss of consortium, alienation of affection, breach of promise (but only in a humiliating or degrading manner), et cetera. "Fama" is a generic term referring to reputation and
3873:
Provide that, while most instances of slander continue to require special damage to be proved (i.e. prove that pecuniary loss was caused by the defamatory statement), instances such as slander of title shall
11712:
9463:
The majority of countries had defamation laws, that were used to charge and imprison journalists. Media outlets were suspended after publishing reports critical of the government or other political elites.
6691:). In addition, defamation of authorities, public officials or foreign representatives (Articles 227, 239 to 241) are separate crimes with maximum penalties varying from one to three years of imprisonment.
8329:, the number of cyber defamation and insult reports was 5,712 in 2010, 8,880 in 2014, and at least 8,488 in 2015. More than half of the complaints for cyber insults were game-related (the article mentions
7674:
defiles the national flag or other national emblem of a foreign state for the purpose of insulting the foreign state", can be construed to include more abstract defiling; translations of the Japanese term
8178:
provides for individuals who have been affected by false statements online to seek a variety of court orders under the tort of harassment that are not available under the pre-internet tort of defamation:
7978:
Conditions for defence of truth: good motives, justifiable ends; not available for allegations of non-criminal activities – unless related to official duties of government employees (Art.
15239:
8731:
Criminal defamation charges in Thailand under Section 326 of the Criminal Code are frequently used to censor journalists and activists critical of human rights circumstances for workers in the country.
2477:
This implies a right to legal protection against defamation; however, this right co-exists with the right to freedom of opinion and expression under Article 19 of the ICCPR as well as Article 19 of the
15825:
7081:
According to the OSCE official report on defamation laws issued in 2005, 57 persons in Canada were accused of defamation, libel and insult, among which 23 were convicted – 9 to prison sentences, 19 to
8206:, both true and false statements can be considered defamation. The penalties increase for false statements. It is also possible for a person to be criminally defamed when they are no longer alive.
7078:. In the most recent case, in 2012, an Ottawa restaurant owner was convicted of ongoing online harassment of a customer who had complained about the quality of food and service in her restaurant.
14886:
9634:
Legal developments varied across the region. While criminal defamation and insult laws were repealed in some countries, stronger defamation laws were produced or reintroduced in other countries.
4050:
pertaining to it encompasses defamation more broadly Beyond simply covering actions that fall within the broader concept of defamation, "actio iniuriarum" relating to infringements of a person's
9164:
users reporting on political matters were arrested. The charges were defamation or insult, typically with respect to heads of state. There was a trend towards trying journalists and bloggers in
3580:: Statements made with an honest belief in their soundness on a matter of public interest (such as regarding official acts) are defendable against a defamation claim, even if such arguments are
9848:; anything that can injure the honour or character of another. With two exceptions: for the good of the guilty, or when necessary to prevent a greater evil – and then, only with
9783:
7101:
held that a person who posts hyperlinks on a website which lead to another site with defamatory content is not publishing that defamatory material for the purposes of libel and defamation law.
13180:"IRIS 2006–10:2/1: Ilia Dohel, Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. Representative on Freedom of the Media: Report on Achievements in the Decriminalization of Defamation"
8630:) argued against Articles 309 and 310. Its position was abolishing prison sentences in practice, on the way to full decriminalization. It argued that insulting language should be tackled via
5079:
There can be regional statutes that may differ from the national norm. For example, in the United States, criminal defamation is generally limited to the living. However, there are 7 states (
9355:; and (iii) a lack of transparency regarding blocking and filtering processes (including the relationship between the state and private bodies, in the setting of filters and the exchange of
8771:
allowed the proven truth of the allegation to be used as a valid defence in criminal libel cases, but only if the defendant also demonstrated that publication was for the "public benefit".
18539:
14859:
13792:
9063:, where companies conducted their own monitoring and filtering to avoid possible repercussions. This contributed to a process of privatized censorship, where some governments may rely on
7953:
Malice presumed, even if true; exceptions: private communications in the course of duty, fair reports – without comments – on official proceedings (Art. 354)
1171:
12648:
9570:
country. Other forms of criminal offences existed in some countries: insulting public officials, harming the reputation and honour of the head of state, insulting or defaming the state.
4075:
requires that the conduct of the defender be 'contumelious'—that is, it must show such hubristic disregard of the pursuer's recognised personality interest that an intention to affront (
3787:(or other legitimate public figure) to win a libel case in an American court, the statement must have been published knowing it to be false or with reckless disregard to its truth (i.e.
3732:" in which the making of a true statement may give rise to liability: but neither of these comes under the general heading of "defamation". The tort of harassment created by Singapore's
13382:
12252:
8445:. There is wilful defamation when the offender knows the falsity of his/her allegations and intentionally looks to ruin the reputation of one's victim (see Articles 174-1 and 174–2).
5121:
Questions of group libel have been appearing in common law for hundreds of years. One of the earliest known cases of a defendant being tried for defamation of a group was the case of
4071:
offered, however, the non-patrimonial interest must be deliberately affronted: negligent interference with a non-patrimonial interest will not be sufficient to generate liability. An
3638:
third-party communication, but the third-party hearing the defamatory statement does not believe the statement, or does not care, then there is no injury, and therefore, no recourse.
10292:
The two terms seem to be conflated. It is not clear which, if any, corresponds to harmful and true speech, and which to harmful and false speech. Combined with Knowledge's entry on
7465:, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.]
17090:
12117:
8617:
remedies, it noted that if the law allowed anyone to avoid a penalty for defamation by offering monetary compensation, it would be tantamount to issuing them a licence to defame.
3909:
was designed to protect freedom of the press, it was primarily envisioned to prevent censorship by the state rather than defamation suits; thus, for most of American history, the
15679:
14993:
8693:
6889:
According to the OSCE report on defamation laws, "Azerbaijan intends to remove articles on defamation and insult from criminal legislation and preserve them in the Civil Code".
14417:
7590:
and therefore no criminal prosecution at all. Beginning from 15 January 2016, injury is no longer a crime but a tort, while defamation is still considered a crime like before.
12301:
9577:
turned to the courts, seeking relief for reputational injuries. Civil defamation lawsuits by politicians limited press freedom, in at least one country of the CIS sub-region.
2573:, consideration should be given to avoiding penalizing or otherwise rendering unlawful untrue statements that have been published in error but without malice. In any event, a
15093:
12669:
8448:
On the other hand, defamation is punished only with a maximum monetary penalty of 180 daily penalty units (Article 173–1). When it comes to a deceased or absent person, the
10093:
8441:, the crime of wilful defamation is punished with a maximum term of three years in prison, or with a fine of at least thirty days' worth, according to Article 174-2 of the
8194:
a narrower scope of conduct in order to avoid outlawing an overly broad range of speech, and is confined to addressing speech that causes "harassment, alarm, or distress".
7563:
As a criminal offence, defamation is punishable by a year of imprisonment. In order to constitute a felony, defamation must be intentional and target at least two persons.
14196:
7161:
14910:
7054:
of any person by exposing him to hatred, contempt or ridicule, or that is designed to insult the person of or concerning whom it is published", receives the same penalty.
7652:
7244:) makes serious defamation punishable by fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention upon complaint, unless it is against the government.
5114:(OSCE) has also published a detailed database on criminal and civil defamation provisions in 55 countries, including all European countries, all member countries of the
9215:
country still had such a provision. According to the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life, 17 countries had laws penalizing religious hate speech.
2399:, the dissemination of which was regarded as particularly dangerous, and visited with very severe punishment, whether the matters contained in them were true or false.
2583:
expeditiously – such a practice has a chilling effect that may unduly restrict the exercise of freedom of expression of the person concerned and others.
2569:
and they should not be applied with regard to those forms of expression that are not, of their nature, subject to verification. At least with regard to comments about
2469:
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation.
7903:
in a way to be set by court." If the court grants an injunction, the defendant is usually ordered to delete the publication or to publish a rectification statement.
7627:
13205:
10050:
the false statement, which undoes the injury (even if this requires exposing the perpetrator as a liar). Compensation for the victim's losses may also be required.
19028:
11335:
10900:
10839:.For instance, despite the common belief that the term "tort" exclusively refers to civil liability in common law jurisdictions, Knowledge has articles discussing
7972:
Slander by deed – "any act not included and punished in this title, which shall cast dishonor, discredit or contempt upon another person" (Art. 359)
3986:
Defamation in jurisdictions applying Roman Dutch law (i.e. most of Southern Africa, Indonesia, Suriname, and the Dutch Caribbean) gives rise to a claim by way of "
1672:
9400:
Between 2012 and 2017, four AU member states decriminalized defamation. Other national courts defended criminal defamation's place in their constitution [
14941:
11881:
10378:
9307:
According to the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life, eight countries had blasphemy legislation, though these laws were used infrequently.
7804:
Singapore, and India, Malaysia relies on case law. In fact, the Defamation Act 1957 is similar with the English Defamaiton Act 1952. The Malaysian Penal Code is
18091:
15229:
11441:
9193:
fully decriminalized defamation. An additional four abolished prison sentences for defamation convictions, although the offence remained in the criminal code.
8087:
7784:
2239:
and causes a legally redressable injury. The precise legal definition of defamation varies from country to country. It is not necessarily restricted to making
715:
15833:
8074:, and ordered the Philippine government to provide remedy, including compensation for time served in prison, and to prevent similar violations in the future.
15880:"Venezuelan Court Sentences Newspaper Publisher to Prison Four-year sentence raises concerns about press intimidation in the troubled South American country"
6897:
In Belgium, crimes against honor are foreseen in Chapter V of the Belgian Penal Code, Articles 443 to 453-bis. Someone is guilty of calumny "when law admits
3773:
into the truthfulness of the statement; where the plaintiff is a celebrity or public official, they must additionally prove that the statement was made with
9626:
New cybercrime laws were passed in two Caribbean countries. In 2017, one country passed an anti-hate law that was criticized for stifling political debate.
8308:, that would allow imprisonment up to three years for online defamation, and would authorize the police to investigate cyber defamation cases without prior
8300:, for spreading false information. According to the decision, Minerva's online comments affected national credibility negatively. Lawmakers from the ruling
7401:
In German law, there is no distinction between libel and slander. As of 2006, German defamation lawsuits are increasing. The relevant offences of Germany's
11101:
11067:
10835:
is used to refer to this category of civil wrong, though it can also refer to criminal offences in some jurisdictions and tort is the general term used in
9438:
9102:. Similar resolutions were made in 2012 and 2013. In 2013, 87 governments agreed on the Rabat Plan of Action, for the prohibition of incitement to hatred.
8986:
7533:
According to the (revised) Defamation Act 2009, the last criminal offences (Sections 36–37, blasphemy) seem to have been repealed. The
5157:
5111:
2461:
6861:. This judgment was significant as it demonstrated that tweets, consisting of even as little as three words, can be defamatory, as was held in this case.
18294:
13309:
7241:
926:
14896:
3468:
in favour of MMAR Group Inc; however, the verdict was dismissed in 1999 amid allegations that MMAR failed to disclose audiotapes made by its employees.
15675:
10928:, and not a case where the defence acquitted itself as a matter of law, as before the Zenger case defamation law had not provided the defence of truth.
9111:
9055:
for the affected content producer. Intermediaries were at times held criminally liable for content posted by a user, when others perceived it violated
9914:
is given as example) might be a mortal sin. While an offence of considerable magnitude (drunkenness is given as example), attributed to a member of a
9152:
region. There were vaguely worded concepts and terms, interpreted narrowly by the judiciary. The number of bloggers imprisoned was rising. Among some
3651:, such that people making a defamation claim for these statements do not need to prove that the statement was defamatory. In an action for defamation
19423:
18806:
14002:
10904:
8429:
Under exemptions in the Freedom of the Press Act, Chapter 7, both criminal and civil lawsuits may be brought to court under the laws on denigration.
7237:
3906:
2083:
1444:
13083:
9392:
appeared before courts, with some serving time in prison. Technological advancements strengthened governments' abilities to monitor online content.
8540:
Slander and libel as distinct offences, with harsher punishment for libel; truth as a defence – except for private matters (Art. 310)
8054:
published an article on a criminal defamation case. A broadcaster was jailed for more than two years, following conviction on libel charges, by the
7328:
low as €1. Controversially, damages in defamation cases brought by public officials are higher than those brought by ordinary citizens, which has a
18245:
12782:
11986:
11485:
9224:
2404:
qui, adversus bonos mores convicium cui fecisse cuiusve opera factum esse dicitur, quo adversus bonos mores convicium fieret, in eum iudicium dabo.
2215:
877:
14963:
11206:
10031:
In a somewhat contradictory opinion, it is stated that there are circumstances where misdeeds can be lawfully exposed, but a lie is intrinsically
8921:
In response to the expansion of other jurisdictions' attempts to enforce judgements in cases of trans-border defamation and to a rise in domestic
13614:
11239:
10864:
10488:, which would result in the perpetrator receiving same punishment, as the one their false testimony would have brought upon the falsely accused.
9434:
8922:
7385:
7165:
2542:
2518:
in assessing whether limitations on constitutional rights are "demonstrably justifiable in a free and democratic society" under Section 1 of the
15856:
15388:
14863:
13796:
13386:
9573:
Civil laws to protect the reputation of individuals or their privacy were increasingly used. There was an increase in the number of cases where
8209:
Criminal defamation occurs when a public statement damages the subject's reputation, unless the statement was true and presented solely for the
18166:
14443:
13304:
12654:
10798:
10772:
8697:
8417:
7721:) seems to include any act of 'disrespect' and 'blasphemy' – a standard term; as long as it is performed in a place of worship.
3755:
Although laws vary by state; in America, a defamation action typically requires that a plaintiff claiming defamation prove that the defendant:
3481:
2531:
790:
15117:
14067:
7492:
Some other offences related to insults: against public servants in judicial proceedings (Section 228), against religion or religious beliefs (
7418:
aggravated defamation could have led to at least three months of prison, plus a possible fine (Article 363) and deprivation of the offender's
7019:, defamation was originally grounded in the law inherited from France and is presently established by Chapter III, Title 2 of Book One of the
3728:, involving the making of a statement, even if truthful, intended to harm the claimant out of malice; some have a separate tort or delict of "
11190:
11169:
11148:
10692:
9430:
15272:
12931:"An analysis of three distinct approaches to using defamation to protect corporate reputation from Australia, England and Wales, and Canada"
11803:
18811:
17245:
15411:
15167:
13064:
12378:
10069:
8477:
7956:
Punishment for libel in writing or similar medium (including radio, painting, theatre, cinema): imprisonment, fine, civil action (Art. 355)
3809:
3725:
2653:
2402:
The Praetorian Edict, codified circa AD 130, declared that an action could be brought up for shouting at someone contrary to good morals: "
1449:
15431:
14510:
13470:
12230:
11902:
11612:
Navigating the Legal Minefield of Private Investigations: A Career-Saving Guide for Private Investigators, Detectives, And Security Police
18781:
18387:
17929:
11105:
11071:
9373:
7966:
of private-life facts – connected to official proceedings – offending virtue, honour, reputation (Art. 357)
6732:
1419:
1019:
545:
15144:
11945:
3765:
if the defamatory matter is of public concern, acted in a manner which amounted at least to negligence on the part of the defendant; and
18076:
17460:
9593:
Public officials throughout the region initiated criminal proceedings against internet users, predominantly against those opposing the
8175:
8162:
law decrees that a suspect can be held incommunicado for 90 days without the presence of their lawyer during the initial questioning."
8100:. The petitions all claim that the law infringes on freedom of expression, due process, equal protection and privacy of communication.
6850:
student Andrew Farley was ordered to pay $ 105,000 to a teacher for writing defamatory remarks about her on the social media platform.
6807:, justification (truth), honest opinion, publication of public documents, fair report of proceedings of public concern and triviality.
3752:
protects plaintiffs against statements which are not technically false but are misleading. Libel and slander both require publication.
2793:
700:
15307:
15001:
14291:
14032:
8650:(in order to reserve public resources for major crimes, rather than private disputes and quarrels irrelevant to the public interest).
6707:. He who intentionally dishonor or discredit a determined person is punished with a penalty from 1,500 to 20,000 pesos (Article 110).
3507:
is suspended and which, if successful, would terminate the lawsuit and allow the party to recover its legal costs from the plaintiff.
14421:
12348:
10107:, many more concepts might be included. The author concludes that Islamic definitions are better for classifying defamatory actions.
10081:
9442:
9228:
8993:
also provided technical assistance to governments on revising legislation, to align with international standards and best practices.
7898:
In the Netherlands, defamation is mostly dealt with by lodging a civil complaint at the District Court. Article 167 of book 6 of the
17034:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America 2017/2018
13561:
11509:
10924:
sowed the seed for the later establishment of truth as an absolute defence against libel charges. The outcome of the case is one of
10552:
of his newly married wife; and divorce was disallowed (similarly with calumny). The article notes that after the destruction of the
9208:
increased pressure on authorities, to stop granting public officials a higher degree of protection against defamation in the media.
7422:. Finally, disparaging the memory of a deceased person is punished with imprisonment of up to six months (Penal Code, Article 365).
18011:
17899:
17637:
17008:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean 2017/2018
15879:
12421:
9771:
8795:
7930:
7520:
3953:
627:
515:
13588:
12673:
12461:
12033:
9585:
There were attempts to pass legislation allowing content removal based on different claims, including defamation and hate speech.
7754:
Article 233, "Damage to Credibility; Obstruction of Business". Special provision for damaging the reputation of, or 'confidence' (
7366:
3413:
While each legal tradition approaches defamation differently, it is typically regarded as a tort for which the offended party can
2505:(ECHR)) and by the constitutions of a variety of countries are subject to some variation of the three-part test recognised by the
16852:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America (2014)
14680:
13409:"European Council – Aperçu des legislations nationales en matière de diffamation et d'injure – English version – Section Albania"
9143:
All Arab States retained criminal penalties for defamation. Truth was rarely a defence to defamation and libel charges. In 2012,
2519:
16826:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean (2014)
15328:
13094:
9566:
retained imprisonment as a possibility. Defamation of public officials, state bodies, or state institutions was criminalized in
3877:
Clarify that broadcast statements (including those that are only broadcast in spoken form) constitute libel rather than slander.
3736:
is an example of a tort of this type being created by statute. There is also, in almost all jurisdictions, a tort or delict of "
19524:
18250:
18021:
17844:
17829:
17824:
17670:
15725:
14918:
9260:
laws, which refer specifically to defamation of public officials. The OAS Special Rapporteur expressed concern over the use of
8785:
5059:
2728:
2184:
882:
637:
460:
445:
440:
270:
16982:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe 2017/2018
13902:
11776:
9527:
law or the affairs of the state. From 2014, criminal defamation laws were challenged, both in South and East Asian countries.
7323:
While defamation law in most jurisdictions centres on the protection of individuals' dignity or reputation, defamation law in
19552:
18081:
17809:
17205:
16524:
16485:
16442:
16399:
16358:
16294:
16253:
16208:
16167:
16120:
16079:
16038:
16002:
15966:
15930:
13179:
12807:
8609:
7541:
importance to the media's freedom of expression and weighed too heavily in support of the individual's right to a good name.
7524:
6903:
2554:
2506:
2479:
705:
425:
209:
16473:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America 2017/2018
15451:
15360:
15054:
15015:
14837:
12171:
11427:
10508:
8121:(Article 212.2). When the insult is public and aims at offending a group of people or an individual because of his or their
7496:), against religious feelings (Section 298), against breach of peace (Section 504), against modesty of women (Section 509).
19584:
18587:
17904:
17721:
17126:
16800:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe (2014)
16430:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean 2017/2018
11869:
10803:
9239:, defamation, slander, and libel. Some countries proposed reforming the IACHR, which could have weakened the office of the
8326:
7703:
7482:
6847:
3532:. Public interest is generally not "what the public is interested in", but rather "what is in the interest of the public".
3417:. The range of remedies available to successful plaintiffs in defamation cases varies between jurisdictions and range from
2208:
1227:
520:
329:
14487:
14395:
14323:
14257:
14213:
13881:
13845:
13770:
13748:
13033:
11524:
10020:
According to the text, theologians say that the act of lying might not be grievous in itself, but advise mentioning it in
9418:
violations since 2005, set a precedent with two rulings in favour of cases challenging the criminalization of defamation.
8913:
this case that the Massachusetts law was constitutional under the First Amendment without it being argued by the parties.
7578:
crimes, that is, the victim had the right of choosing, in any moment, to stop the criminal prosecution by withdrawing the
7446:
19233:
18903:
18816:
18707:
18377:
18197:
17834:
17819:
17060:
Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022
15658:
14662:
13408:
11372:
10968:
10263:
10077:
9666:
9240:
9091:
8335:
specifically). Most of the accused were teenagers. Parents often paid settlement fees, ranging from 300,000 to 2,000,000
8066:, who subsequently filed a complaint. Questioned were the conviction's compatibility with freedom of expression, and the
2502:
1885:
1541:
1454:
1345:
1009:
827:
450:
435:
14235:
9321:
Civil defamation continued, particularly about content related to the rich and powerful, including public officials and
8955:
In March 2016, a civil action for defamation led to imposition of a four-year prison sentence on a newspaper publisher.
7136:
as "all expression said or action performed that dishonors, discredits or causes contempt". Article 417 defines broadly
18801:
18277:
14821:
9544:
7500:
7414:
In Greece, the maximum prison term for defamation, libel or insult was five years, while the maximum fine was €15,000.
7085:
and one to a fine. The average period in prison was 270 days, and the maximum sentence was four years of imprisonment.
5160:, have campaigned against strict defamation laws that criminalise defamation. The freedom of expression advocacy group
5115:
3832:
3491:
3400:
1439:
909:
16387:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe 2017/2018
14949:
14710:
13675:"Judgments – Berezovsky v. Michaels and Others Glouchkov v. Michaels and Others (Consolidated Appeals)"
12560:
10161:), and "other laws" practised by people in various countries; provided that they are in line with Islamic divine law (
10133:
Third, Malaysian laws related to defamation are enumerated. According to the author, there were cases with exorbitant
5072:
In addition to tort law, many jurisdictions treat defamation as a criminal offence and provide for penalties as such.
18449:
18282:
17773:
17751:
16748:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia and the Pacific (2014)
12911:
12891:
11586:
11336:"Response to the consultations of the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression on her report on disinformation"
11249:
9456:
governments to imprison journalists for a wide range of reasons (cybercrime, anti-terrorism, incitement to violence,
8601:
8530:
8222:
8083:
7885:
7528:
3931:
New Zealand received English law with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840. The current Act is the
3421:
to court orders requiring the defendant to retract the offending statement or to publish a correction or an apology.
2523:
2490:
Providing for truth (i.e., demonstrating that the content of the defamatory statement is true) to be a valid defence,
1081:
914:
381:
359:
11960:
8947:
who initiated the state and federal laws). Both the New York state law and the federal law were passed unanimously.
8189:
Disabling Order (an order requiring an internet-based intermediaries to disable access to the defamatory statement).
7867:
7601:, or with the violation of a duty inherent to that profession or art, lead to the additional penalty of a temporary
6684:). If the slandering occurs in public or damages multiple people, the fine is 40,000 ALL to three million ALL (c. $
19186:
19023:
18923:
18382:
18272:
15701:
13703:
13679:
13635:
13432:
12695:
10099:
First, definitions of defamation from Malaysian and Islamic law are listed. According to the paper, definitions by
10063:
9448:
In 2016, the Constitutional Court of Zimbabwe declared its criminal defamation laws unconstitutional. In 2017, the
6883:
6771:
4695:
4459:
2308:
1838:
1667:
1561:
1014:
904:
16155:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America
14619:
11843:
18776:
18289:
18051:
17849:
17582:
16930:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia Pacific, 2017/2018
16512:
Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022
16108:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean
15335:, No. 22 (I) – Issued by the Documentation Office for East European Law, from the University of Leyden, page 114)
13209:
12018:
10476:
cannot repair subtle damage to reputation – with two exceptions. Bringing an evil name upon one's
9821:
9803:
9232:
9153:
4035:
3119:
2201:
1414:
921:
675:
465:
16956:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Arab States, 2017/2018
16774:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of the Arab region (2014)
13921:
11882:
High Court awards PM Lee $ 210,000 in damages in defamation suits against TOC editor Terry Xu and article author
4054:
provides civil remedies for assaults, acts of a sexual or indecent nature, and 'wrongful arrest and detention'.
19594:
17914:
12447:
9654:
7863:
4931:
4184:
3916:
3827:
3779:
3051:
2527:
2454:
530:
18056:
15488:
14166:
14129:
13674:
11307:
10103:
can include: mislead, accuse of adultery, and embarrass or discredit the dignity or honour of another. In the
9886:(honestly believed real by the detractor). Contrasted with calumny, where the assertions are knowingly false.
4041:
680:
19604:
19455:
19171:
17894:
15606:
11740:
11057:
11053:
9123:
8742:
8017:
Offending religious feelings – in places of worship, or during religious ceremonies (Art. 133)
7481:
Some other offences related to false allegations: false statements regarding elections (Section 171G), false
7298:
group of persons because of their race, colour, national or ethnic origin, religion or "sexual inclination".
4941:
2115:
1823:
510:
16067:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe
12907:
12887:
10876:
In recent times, internet publications such as defamatory comments on social media can also constitute libel
8014:
Statute of limitations: Two years for libel, six months for slander, two months for light offences (Art. 90)
4454:
18734:
18682:
17660:
17630:
17508:
17159:
14681:"Commento alla decisione della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo di ricevibilità del ricorso n. 48898/99"
14010:
10755:
8932:
8895:
8627:
8564:
Increased punishment for injuring the reputation of heads and representatives of friendly states (Art. 116)
8297:
5016:
4925:
3851:
printed was false, the court ruled in its favour, saying that libel of a public official requires proof of
3762:
shared the statement with a third party (that is, somebody other than the person defamed by the statement);
3647:
Many common law jurisdictions recognise that some categories of statements are considered to be defamatory
2909:
2538:
1372:
1320:
260:
16904:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa 2017/2018
15895:... defamation of a businessman connected to government-owned iron miner Ferrominera Orinoco ...
14542:
11409:
9957:
to publish the fact outside said community. But even if the sin is not public, it may be revealed for the
9008:
enabled powerful individuals to limit critical and dissenting voices by shopping around the world for the
8746:. There were only a few instances of the criminal libel law being applied. Notably, the Italian anarchist
8543:
Defences related to protection of legal interests, reports on public matters, and fair comments (Art. 311)
8257:
committed suicide while suffering from depression, later linked to personal attacks about her appearance.
7537:
is one year from the time of first publication (may be extended to two years by the courts) (Section 38).
3594:: In rare cases, a defendant can argue that the plaintiff consented to the dissemination of the statement.
2942:
2557:
published their General comment No. 34 (CCPR/C/GC/34) – regarding Article 19 of the ICCPR.
2541:, and Section 24 of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya. Nevertheless, the worldwide use of criminal and civil
19366:
19218:
18637:
18240:
18186:
16346:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia Pacific, 2017/2018
13080:
11213:
11001:
10860:
9964:
The damage from failing to reveal another's sin must be balanced against the evil of defamation [
8404:
7859:
7556:
As a civil offence, defamation is considered a tort case and the court may award a compensation of up to
3521:
whether the statement is true or is a statement of fact, it does not actually harm someone's reputation.
3125:
2026:
1870:
1275:
872:
810:
16282:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Arab States, 2017/2018
13869:
13502:
13255:
12836:
12265:
11993:
11461:"The "misuse" of the judicial system to attack freedom of expression, trends, challenges and responses""
7560:
to the person targeted by the defamation, while the plaintiff does not have to prove a material damage.
7503:
defamation is prosecuted only upon a complaint (within six months from the act) (Section 199), and is a
7200:
Liability for fact fabrication, distortion, lack of verification, misrepresentation, insults (Art. 1025)
6751:
The defences against defamation may be negated if there is proof the publication was actuated by malice.
3843:
guilty of libel for printing an advertisement that criticised Alabama officials for mistreating student
3777:(i.e. the intent to do harm or with reckless disregard for the truth). A series of court rulings led by
2393:; and under the later emperors the latter term came to be specially applied to anonymous accusations or
19614:
19599:
19475:
18262:
17949:
17675:
16722:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa (2014)
14971:
13735:
12142:
11387:
10499:, and this was in accordance with the ethical principle of treating the honour of others as one's own.
10096:
provides for freedom of speech, with expressly permitted restrictions for defamation-related offences.
9849:
9190:
7419:
6858:
5052:
4615:
4263:
2899:
2135:
894:
565:
275:
17:
16026:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia and the Pacific
15633:
15347:
14580:
National Informatics Centre (Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India)
13239:
National Informatics Centre (Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India)
12197:
11027:
8996:
The use of civil defamation increased, often in lieu of criminal cases, resulting in disproportionate
7709:
Article 188, "Desecrating Places of Worship; Interference with Religious Service". The Japanese term (
7667:(translation from government, but still not official text) seems to prescribe these related offences:
3951:
Intent is always presumed, and it is not necessary to prove that the defendant intended to defame. In
18828:
18642:
18544:
18429:
18098:
18066:
17731:
17665:
17198:
16649:
16316:
15580:
14092:
13545:
13531:
Pearson, Mark (1 July 2007). "A review of Australia's defamation reforms after a year of operation".
12867:
12103:
10115:
8158:
7050:, defined as "matter published, without lawful justification or excuse, that is likely to injure the
4909:
3214:
3063:
1466:
1280:
1176:
1061:
722:
690:
339:
265:
202:
13314:
12746:
12721:
10323:. And classifies all of slander, defamation, and calumny, as the same – and equal to
8608:("The Defamation Case"). They upheld the constitutionality of Art. 310 of the Criminal Code. In the
8367:) consists of accusing someone of a crime knowing the falsity of the accusation, or with a reckless
7670:
Article 92, "Damage to a Foreign National Flag". Seems relevant to the extent that the wording: "...
7184:
Liability for infringement; and requests to stop, restore reputation, offer apology (Arts. 995–1000)
4028:, harm consists in the infringement of a personality right, either "corpus", "dignitas", or "fama".
19088:
18976:
18823:
18592:
18529:
18359:
18314:
18176:
18061:
18043:
17979:
17909:
17788:
17465:
17346:
17119:
15791:
13657:
13452:
12764:
12386:
10824:
9990:
9642:
7848:
7355:
is backed by a serious investigation that dutifully sought to ascertain the truth of the statement.
7307:
4956:
4179:
3500:
3473:
3247:
3231:
2798:
2758:
1732:
1620:
1461:
1232:
1161:
991:
946:
800:
685:
665:
595:
525:
396:
46:
16241:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa 2017/2018
15799:
15746:
13008:
A Historical Survey of Delictual Liability in Scotland for Personal Injuries and Death (Continued)
11812:
11561:
11187:
11166:
11145:
10567:
against slander are described as very stringent. Abusive language might have been exempt from any
8549:
Damage to credibility, with increased penalties when done via the media or the Internet (Art. 313)
8183:
Stop Publication Order (an order requiring the tortfeasor to stop making the defamatory statement)
8020:
Disrespectful behaviour towards legislature or related bodies, during their proceedings (Art. 144)
3924:
American defamation law is much less plaintiff-friendly than its counterparts in European and the
2422:") the person exposed thereto. Any act apt to bring another person into disrepute gave rise to an
19542:
19371:
19351:
19213:
19203:
19161:
18791:
18632:
18494:
18464:
18459:
18409:
18339:
18324:
18257:
18230:
18215:
17623:
17575:
17549:
17529:
17149:
16654:
16626:
15990:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of the Arab region
15530:
15262:
15206:
14096:
13981:
13961:
13941:
13661:
13456:
13339:
12871:
10645:
10285:
9982:
must be able to document the causes and connections of events, and strengthen public conscience.
9795:
8322:
7852:
7098:
7000:
6816:
6766:
The law as it currently stands in Australia was summarised in the 2015 case of Duffy v Google by
6720:
4774:
3958:
3943:
3925:
3859:
3613:
essential element for a libel claim. Essentially, the defence was that the person had such a bad
3553:
3112:
2937:
2904:
2515:
2031:
2011:
1865:
1855:
1813:
1429:
1270:
1126:
1096:
1091:
1041:
971:
956:
889:
862:
847:
226:
156:
120:
18439:
17045:
17019:
16993:
16967:
16941:
16915:
16889:
16863:
16837:
16811:
16785:
16759:
16733:
16707:
16681:
15676:"Thailand: UN experts condemn use of defamation laws to silence human rights defender Andy Hall"
15408:
14349:
13061:
12374:
8283:, warned how rumours around celebrities can impact their lives, in unexpected and serious ways.
1071:
19470:
19443:
19433:
18913:
18893:
18756:
18627:
18524:
18474:
18444:
18424:
18354:
18334:
18309:
18304:
18299:
18210:
18181:
18154:
18130:
18125:
17716:
17706:
17545:
17442:
17154:
14520:
13986:
13966:
13946:
13925:
13540:
12222:
11924:
10630:
10039:
9897:
9723:
9297:
9119:
9039:
9020:
8505:
8449:
8321:, submitted complaints for insults during online games were increasing. Complainants aimed for
8238:
8134:
7780:
7534:
7435:
7257:
7039:
7025:, which provides that "every person has a right to the respect of his reputation and privacy".
5413:
4946:
4685:
4675:
4361:
4210:
4159:
4112:
3624:
3597:
3465:
3435:
3393:
3308:
3130:
3041:
2884:
2829:
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2628:
2411:
2130:
2103:
2093:
1551:
1531:
1394:
1265:
1156:
1106:
1076:
1056:
986:
966:
941:
936:
931:
842:
805:
778:
754:
749:
324:
314:
42:
17095:
15428:
14298:
9372:
As of 2017, at least 130 UNESCO member states retained criminal defamation laws. In 2017, the
8750:
was convicted of criminal libel for denouncing the Italian state agent Ennio Belelli in 1912.
6870:(Article 297), defined as a false accusation that exposes someone to the risk of prosecution.
19609:
19589:
19438:
19398:
19331:
19228:
19176:
19103:
18858:
18622:
18534:
18509:
18504:
18489:
18484:
18479:
18419:
18369:
18329:
18235:
18205:
18108:
17726:
17470:
17369:
17341:
17263:
16594:"Defamation: A comparative study between the Malaysian laws and the Islamic legal principles"
16577:
16554:
14450:
14142:
13276:
11916:
10908:
10840:
10749:
10655:
10650:
10492:
10426:
9857:
9692:
9201:
9127:
9060:
9035:
8613:
8364:
8097:
7633:
7594:
7442:
7402:
7261:
6831:
5149:
5045:
4966:
4670:
4590:
3745:
3545:
3268:
3242:
3161:
3046:
3008:
2803:
2763:
2750:
2406:" In this case, the offence was constituted by the unnecessary act of shouting. According to
2098:
2058:
1991:
1880:
1828:
1747:
1496:
1260:
1166:
1141:
1136:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1051:
1001:
961:
867:
837:
732:
334:
16878:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report
13731:
13631:
7381:
6882:, the crime of defamation (Article 147) may result in a fine up to "500 times the amount of
6673:, defamation is a crime. Slandering in the knowledge of falsity is subject to fines of from
19309:
18843:
18717:
18434:
18394:
18344:
18319:
18140:
18103:
17839:
17701:
17331:
17191:
16621:
15295:
15234:
13906:
13653:
13448:
13102:
11141:
10682:
10138:
9971:
9945:, or their deeds have been forgotten. But this does not apply to particular communities (a
9244:
8573:
Insults against public officials, combined with physical damage to proclamations (Art. 141)
8301:
8229:
8055:
7021:
4760:
4680:
4665:
4449:
3813:
2740:
2680:
2483:
2255:. In the English-speaking world, the law of defamation traditionally distinguishes between
1969:
1481:
1355:
1066:
1026:
976:
951:
764:
727:
455:
309:
195:
15175:
15071:
11754:
11474:
9543:
to monitor content, as a matter of national security – particularly in the
9329:, and disproportionate damages. This prompted a campaign against what was seen by some as
8508:: Two years after injury and tortfeasor known, otherwise ten years from the act (Art. 197)
5135:
In a variety of Common Law jurisdictions, criminal laws prohibiting protests at funerals,
4061:, which is closely related to Roman Dutch law, the remedy for defamation is similarly the
2414:, he asserted that the offence consisted in shouting contrary to the morals of the city ("
2247:, and can extend to concepts that are more abstract than reputation – like
8:
19579:
19485:
19346:
18981:
18883:
18863:
18652:
18560:
18519:
18499:
18469:
18364:
18159:
17974:
17569:
17403:
17112:
13648:
13565:
12548:
10856:
10855:
in articles about jurisdictions which specifically use the term to refer to torts (e.g.,
10571:, unless it was considered slander (against both the living and the deceased). Fines and
10553:
10514:
10350:
10219:
9986:
9616:
9604:
9481:
9449:
9385:
9339:
9311:
9095:
9027:, 32 had laws or policies prohibiting blasphemy, and 87 had defamation of religion laws.
9024:
8647:
8516:
Injury to personality of creditor, by debtor's non-performance; compensation (Art. 227-1)
8442:
8280:
8272:
8125:, ethnicity, race, religion or lack of religion, the maximum prison term is three years.
7664:
7071:
6821:
6804:
5787:
4904:
4292:
4244:
4174:
4164:
3902:
3883:
3729:
3691:
if false, if the defendant establishes that it is in fact true, an action for defamation
3559:
3105:
3099:
3058:
2995:
2818:
2619:
2472:
Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
2430:
2312:
2145:
2006:
1625:
1521:
1501:
1290:
1200:
1151:
1131:
1101:
996:
783:
590:
17054:
17028:
17002:
16976:
16950:
16924:
16898:
16872:
16846:
16820:
16794:
16768:
16742:
16716:
16690:
15954:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa
15740:
12469:
12425:
11866:
The Singapore Chill: Political Defamation and the Normalization of a Statist Rule of Law
11555:
10937:
The vast majority of southern African states apply Roman Dutch law with regard to their
7203:
Verification considerations, source credibility, controversial information, timeliness,
5198:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3486:
19258:
19253:
19243:
19191:
19181:
19156:
19098:
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18966:
18961:
18956:
18868:
18171:
17379:
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16144:
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15720:
14369:
14193:
14109:
13160:
12390:
12053:
11734:
11717:
11286:
11265:
Lassiter, John C. (1978). "Defamation of Peers: The Rise and Decline of the Action for
10938:
10925:
10828:
10625:
10557:
10279:
10223:
10119:
10028:
do not consider slander distinct from detraction). The method of injury is negligible.
9662:
9620:
9562:
retained criminal defamation offences but without the possibility of imprisonment, and
9348:
9157:
8754:
8253:
hanged herself, unable to deal with remarks about her physical appearance and surgery.
8186:
Correction Order (an order for the tortfeasor to publish a correction of the statement)
7936:
7508:
7204:
7058:
6927:
6800:
5167:
5165:
expression provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights. One notable case was
5008:
4825:
4815:
4464:
4444:
4396:
4377:
4307:
4204:
3910:
3741:
3348:
3235:
3166:
3135:
3026:
2990:
2966:
2922:
2705:
2647:
2493:
Recognising reasonable publication on matters of public concern as a valid defence, and
1910:
1905:
1895:
1843:
1833:
1808:
1742:
1700:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1506:
795:
14688:
14575:
13592:
12815:
11865:
11686:
9380:
Countries in every region extended criminal defamation legislation to online content.
9067:
companies to regulate online content, outside of electoral accountability and without
8604:) – the Constitutional Court of Taiwan – delivered the
8589:
Insulting the remains of deceased persons, in combination with gravedigging (Art. 249)
8041:
Lesser physical injury, when intended to insult, offend, cause ignominy (Art. 265 ¶ 2)
7776:
3683:
damages. As with any defamation case, truth remains an absolute defence to defamation
19624:
19517:
19428:
19356:
19341:
19140:
19083:
18888:
18796:
18687:
18607:
18454:
17756:
17554:
17524:
17437:
17058:
17032:
17006:
16980:
16954:
16928:
16902:
16876:
16850:
16824:
16798:
16772:
16746:
16720:
16694:
16593:
16548:
16520:
16510:
16481:
16471:
16438:
16428:
16395:
16385:
16354:
16344:
16290:
16280:
16249:
16239:
16204:
16194:
16163:
16153:
16116:
16106:
16075:
16065:
16034:
16024:
15998:
15988:
15962:
15952:
15926:
15916:
14373:
13608:
13234:
13091:
12950:
11460:
11245:
10954:
10942:
10921:
10887:
10848:
10844:
10719:
10620:
10614:
10227:
9551:
9457:
9275:, and political issues were identified as the principal motives for content removal.
8982:
8794:
have criminal defamation laws, but the applicability of those laws is limited by the
8533:), under "Chapter 27 Offenses Against Reputation and Credit", lists these articles:
8526:
8466:
8394:) is criminalised by Chapter 5 of the Criminal Code. Article 1 regulates defamation (
8331:
8067:
8063:
7653:
Japan civil court finds against ZNTIR President Yositoki (Mitsuo) Hataya and Yoshiaki
7475:
7276:, or the defence of a right or the protection of justifiable interests, in all cases
5645:
5153:
4987:
4961:
4846:
4469:
4337:
4302:
3895:
3891:
3797:
3737:
3585:
3517:
3386:
3293:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3089:
3068:
2932:
2878:
2865:
2813:
2773:
2579:
2361:
2177:
2088:
2016:
2001:
1784:
1727:
1526:
1434:
1325:
1247:
1086:
364:
183:
130:
94:
89:
31:
16457:
16196:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report
16135:
15763:
13019:
David Ibbetson, 'Iniuria, Roman and English' in Eric Descheemaeker and Helen Scott,
12722:"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1964)"
12410:
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1964)
12034:"The Origins and Constitutionality of Limitations on Truth as a Defense in Tort Law"
9296:, defamation, slander, insult, and lese-majesty laws – but excluding
8740:
The United Kingdom abolished criminal libel on 12 January 2010 by section 73 of the
8592:
Threat to injure the reputation of another, if it endangered their safety (Art. 305)
3552:) or statements made in a session of the legislature by a member thereof (known as '
19480:
19465:
19393:
19314:
19284:
19115:
18951:
18657:
18225:
18220:
18071:
17969:
17564:
17427:
17336:
17288:
17258:
17222:
14891:
14361:
13152:
12942:
12045:
11780:
11278:
11097:
Libel and Insult Laws: A matrix on where we stand and what we would like to achieve
10911:
which courts must take into account in developing the case law regarding defamation
10788:
10734:
10709:
10446:
10370:
10024:
to determine reparation methods. The important act is injuring a reputation (hence
9779:
9767:
9736:
9665:) prison sentences for defamation were considered a violation of Article 10 of the
9646:
governments strengthened criminal defamation laws to counter online hate speech or
9623:
removed prison sentences for defamation of government bodies and public officials.
9536:
9492:
videos), based on allegations of insulting religion and defaming powerful figures.
9433:
overturned the conviction of a journalist, characterizing it as a violation of the
9083:
8944:
8747:
8643:
8336:
8050:
8038:
Spreading false rumours, when aiming to monopolize or restrain trade (Art. 186 ¶ 2)
7963:
7047:
6943:
4936:
4894:
4889:
4746:
4640:
4535:
4230:
4088:
3987:
3792:
3477:
3303:
3283:
3156:
3084:
3036:
2985:
2918:
2860:
2768:
2745:
2687:
2675:
2450:
2298:
2140:
2125:
2053:
1974:
1944:
1759:
1595:
1295:
857:
852:
695:
585:
135:
74:
16571:
16423:
16421:
16419:
16417:
16101:
16099:
16097:
15094:
România, printre puținele state europene care au dezincriminat insulta și calomnia
14418:"In France, judicial evolution in defamation cases protects work of civil society"
13183:
9673:
had a mixed record when evaluating criminal defamation and freedom of expression.
8635:
8512:"Section 3 – Effects Of Obligations", "Sub-section 1 Performance":
8355:, defamatory insults can "only constitute a criminal offence, not a civil wrong".
7584:(a formal complaint), or even prosecute the fact only with a civil action with no
3748:", and "negligent misrepresentation". In America, for example, the unique tort of
3675:
adversely reflecting on a person's fitness to conduct their business or trade; and
3528:
in the specific information being widely known, and this may be the case even for
2244:
19495:
19403:
19299:
19248:
19108:
19093:
19073:
19038:
18751:
18662:
18597:
18404:
18349:
18135:
17994:
17447:
17432:
17397:
17313:
17085:
16380:
16378:
16376:
16060:
16058:
16056:
15435:
15415:
15267:
15100:
15058:
15051:
14825:
14666:
14200:
14181:
13098:
13087:
13068:
12382:
11194:
11173:
11152:
10836:
10766:
10714:
10572:
10568:
10391:
10073:
9787:
9719:
9314:
or defamation expanded, with growing recognition of the public-interest value of
9197:
9131:
9118:(AU) member countries to repeal criminal defamation or insult laws. In 2012, the
9044:
9031:
8758:
8709:
8577:
8340:
8288:
8210:
7691:
7486:
7377:
7329:
7208:
6134:
4880:
4570:
4499:
4425:
4384:
4282:
4220:
4150:
4135:
3817:
3784:
3567:
3525:
3504:
3298:
2960:
2889:
2872:
2574:
2545:, to censor, intimidate or silence critics, has been increasing in recent years.
2329:
2323:
2155:
2063:
1959:
1900:
1752:
1737:
1717:
1682:
1389:
1300:
1237:
1036:
981:
759:
610:
38:
10255:
10047:
9110:
By 2013, at least 19% of the region had decriminalized defamation. In 2010, the
8576:
Insult against the state, by dishonouring the flag, emblem, or portraits of its
8472:"Part I General Principles", "Chapter II Persons", "Section I Natural Persons":
7959:
Threat to publish libel concerning one's family, for extracting money (Art. 356)
7790:
7511:
and compoundable offence (See: The First Schedule, Classification of Offences).
7214:
Depictions of real people and events, in literary and artistic works (Art. 1027)
3661:, there are four general categories of false statement that typically support a
19619:
19490:
19448:
19418:
19408:
19326:
19319:
19304:
19294:
19130:
19066:
19008:
19003:
18988:
18771:
18766:
18761:
18647:
18582:
18113:
18086:
17939:
17646:
17559:
17452:
17356:
17275:
17235:
17230:
16414:
16094:
15300:[An online game full of swear words, 'Roll' ... accusation of insult].
14970:. Office of the President of the Philippines. 12 September 2012. Archived from
13037:
11660:
11557:
The Law of Torts: A Treatise on the English Law of Liability for Civil Injuries
11482:
10867:, uses the term "tortfeasor" to refer to individuals who incur civil liability.
10793:
10729:
10704:
10687:
10667:
10661:
10526:
10496:
10468:, the article refers to ethical and religious sanctions from the Bible and the
10465:
10251:
10100:
10089:
9930:
9825:
9813:
9763:
9703:
9641:
countries, criminal defamation laws mostly fell into disuse. In contrast, most
9520:
9509:
9452:
declared Section 194 (criminal defamation) of the Penal Code unconstitutional.
9334:
9330:
9293:
9285:
9211:
Blasphemy was not a widespread phenomenon in Central and Eastern Europe, where
9165:
9064:
9052:
8997:
8871:
8859:
8767:
8276:
8113:
7221:
7075:
7067:
6951:
6931:
6898:
6704:
6579:
5528:
4992:
4950:
4509:
4504:
4474:
4367:
3862:(e.g. Singapore, Ontario, and the United Kingdom) have enacted legislation to:
3653:
3338:
3094:
2976:
2894:
2696:
2642:
2637:
2458:
2457:, the right to a legal remedy for defamation was included in Article 17 of the
2336:
2150:
2108:
2078:
2068:
1986:
1979:
1964:
1954:
1774:
1710:
1652:
1647:
1632:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1285:
1222:
737:
710:
555:
234:
16373:
16053:
15517:
15502:
15475:
14659:
13771:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Azerbaijan"
12650:
The Tort of Defamation: An Analysis of the Law in India and the United Kingdom
11364:
11023:
10564:
9934:
9841:
9519:
One recently enacted defamation law received condemnation, including from the
9038:
gained increasing importance. Private companies could be held responsible for
6754:
Greatly restricting the right of corporations to sue for defamation (see e.g.
2240:
19573:
19502:
19125:
19061:
19046:
18908:
18873:
18853:
18724:
18667:
18602:
18016:
17919:
17080:
15518:
Swiss Penal Code – Defamation and calumny against a deceased or absent person
14560:
14365:
13107:
No Place in the Law: The Ignominy of Criminal Libel in American Jurisprudence
12954:
11886:
10996:
10744:
10698:
10672:
10146:
9806:"), have argued against expressions (true and false) that can offend others.
9740:
9696:
9647:
9473:
9422:
9356:
9289:
9254:, fully or partially decriminalized defamation. Another trend was abolishing
9205:
9115:
9087:
9005:
8851:
8827:
8597:
8268:
8062:. The radio broadcast dramatized a newspaper report regarding former speaker
7751:). General insult provision. See also 232: "prosecuted only upon complaint".
6782:
the defendant participates in publication to a third party of a body of work;
6601:
5924:
4756:
4610:
4322:
4272:
3852:
3805:
3788:
3774:
3721:
3697:
3529:
3178:
2570:
2496:
Ensuring that defamation may only be addressed by the legal system as a tort.
2232:
2162:
1769:
1705:
1690:
1546:
1511:
1491:
1362:
1305:
1242:
632:
535:
179:
115:
99:
17170:
15715:
15201:
14819:"Delitos de injuria, difamación y calumnia en los códigos penales de México"
14502:
12323:
10203:
Acts against honour and dignity that do not fall under the previous category
9954:
9942:
9845:
9406:]. Regional courts pressured countries to decriminalize defamation. The
9256:
9172:; although this was not limited to countries where such uprisings occurred.
8487:"Section 1 – Sources of Obligations", "Sub-section 5 Torts":
8044:
Threats to harm honour – e.g. for extracting money (Art. 282)
8006:
3480:. Over the first few decades of the twenty first century, the phenomenon of
3434:
Modern defamation in common law jurisdictions are historically derived from
37:"Libel" and "Slander" redirect here. For the Knowledge policy on libel, see
19336:
19223:
19051:
19018:
18998:
18928:
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18898:
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17889:
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16894:
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16842:
16816:
16790:
16764:
16738:
16712:
16686:
16598:
15659:"Civil and Commercial Code: Torts (Section 420-437) – Thailand Law Library"
15611:
15555:
15302:
14887:"Libel law violates freedom of expression – UN rights panel"
13882:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Bulgary"
13749:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Austria"
12568:
11907:
11525:"An Opportunity Lost: The United Kingdom's Failed Reform of Defamation Law"
11442:"How powerful people use criminal-defamation laws to silence their critics"
10761:
10541:
10537:
10231:
10171:
10013:
Defined as attributing fault to another, when the slanderer knows they are
9915:
9889:
The degree of sinfulness depends on the harm done, based on three things:
9760:
9658:
9594:
9558:, three repealed all general provisions on criminal defamation and insult,
9415:
9411:
9407:
9352:
9337:; and that led to reforming the country's defamation law, resulting in the
9161:
9048:
9009:
8974:
8936:
8863:
8622:
8567:
Insults against foreign states, by dishonouring flags or emblems (Art. 118)
8352:
8317:
8254:
8246:
8242:
8157:, defamation of the state, or a past or present ruler, is punishable under
8154:
8059:
7999:
Crime committed in contempt of, or with insult to, public authorities (¶ 2)
7493:
7431:
6955:
6915:
6767:
6647:
6534:
5096:
4997:
4560:
4484:
4357:
4342:
4254:
4105:
3867:
3844:
3577:
3535:
Other defences recognised in one or more common law jurisdictions include:
3459:. The fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the
3356:
3343:
3333:
3252:
2838:
2316:
2288:
1996:
1875:
1695:
1662:
1642:
1566:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1146:
1046:
1031:
769:
744:
600:
540:
505:
475:
470:
170:
125:
58:
16696:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development (2014)
14818:
12085:
10580:
10266:, finding ways for people to express their views and opinions, education.
9714:, the number of content removal requests received by those platforms from
9523:. The law allowed journalists to be jailed if they were found questioning
9292:
imposed criminal penalties for various exercises of expression (including
8002:
Act committed with insult or disrespect, regarding rank, age, or sex (¶ 3)
3946:
jurisdictions, Canada follows English law on defamation issues (except in
19238:
19198:
19166:
19033:
18993:
18833:
18746:
18697:
18672:
18572:
18267:
18006:
17989:
17944:
17864:
17475:
17326:
10946:
10783:
10724:
10640:
10336:
9958:
9910:
A relatively small defect alleged against a person of eminent station (a
9715:
9485:
9326:
9322:
9169:
9099:
9068:
9056:
8891:
8839:
8438:
8377:
8203:
8122:
7940:
7272:, public information conducted by a politician or a government official,
7269:
7227:
Honorary titles and awards: protection, recording, correction (Art. 1031)
7143:
7120:
6919:
6911:
6439:
6179:
6110:
5012:
4768:
4764:
4630:
4287:
4216:
4140:
3749:
3524:
It is also necessary in these cases to show that there is a well-founded
3209:
2808:
2723:
2434:
2357:
2264:
1890:
1850:
1818:
1677:
1637:
1471:
1384:
1335:
1310:
1212:
899:
622:
605:
560:
480:
161:
14547:
Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India
12946:
9938:
9903:
8494:
Damage to reputation, credit, privacy, chastity, personality (Art. 195)
8108:
In Poland, defamation is a crime that consists of accusing someone of a
7474:
defamation, "reasonable restrictions" are defined in Section 499 of the
7192:
Right to reputation, protection from defamation and insults (Art. 1024)
3855:, which was defined as a "knowing or reckless disregard for the truth".
3455:, and defamation in other media such as printed words or images, called
19512:
19507:
19388:
19383:
19279:
19263:
19120:
19013:
18971:
18933:
18741:
18729:
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18692:
18033:
18028:
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14468:
13164:
13058:
12057:
11835:
10950:
10677:
10635:
10604:
10358:
10320:
10021:
9975:
9923:
9879:
9873:
9744:
9670:
9638:
9586:
9574:
9505:
9381:
9315:
8978:
8927:
8855:
8791:
8639:
8305:
8118:
8109:
8030:, endangering public order, or damaging state interests or credit (¶ 1)
7899:
7699:
7273:
7265:
7051:
6947:
6879:
6623:
6487:
6296:
6087:
5971:
5880:
5856:
5341:
5161:
5073:
5033:
4919:
4871:
4726:
4721:
4555:
4347:
4327:
4317:
4249:
4169:
4122:
3687:. This means that even if the statement would be considered defamatory
3614:
3606:
3447:
3374:
3318:
3221:
3173:
2843:
2784:
2602:
2511:
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2048:
2043:
1939:
1915:
1764:
1657:
1615:
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1379:
1367:
1340:
1330:
649:
644:
615:
550:
386:
14794:
14769:
14744:
13206:"PACE Resolution 1577 (2007): Towards decriminalisation of defamation"
11290:
10403:
10390:] tongue ruins the slanderer, the listener, and the maligned. The
9535:
Since 2014, use of criminal defamation and insult laws increased. New
9004:, particularly against media and journalists critical of governments.
8981:, 174 countries retained criminal penalties for defamation, with full
8476:
Personality (and name) infringement; prevention, removal, damages for
19413:
19361:
19078:
18677:
17804:
15702:"Criminal Code: Defamation (Sections 326–333) – Thailand Law Library"
14515:
12294:"Defamation Per Se: Be Prepared to Plead (and Prove!) Actual Damages"
11308:"Briefing Note on International and Comparative Defamation Standards"
10739:
10584:
10549:
10518:
10399:
10296:(terms are spelled somewhat differently), it might be deduced that:
10259:
10127:
10043:
10014:
9979:
9950:
9837:
9775:
9755:
9513:
9272:
9261:
9251:
8887:
8835:
8823:
8765:; its veracity was therefore considered irrelevant. Section 6 of the
8631:
8553:
8309:
8258:
8234:
8171:
8133:
In Portugal, defamation crimes are: "defamation" (article 180 of the
8027:
7695:
7602:
7082:
6976:
6726:
6700:
5948:
5128:
Another early English group libel which has been frequently cited is
5088:
4861:
4856:
4830:
4799:
4789:
4751:
4645:
4625:
4565:
4540:
4514:
4494:
4479:
4058:
3796:
awards from libel lawsuits. An early example of libel is the case of
3601:
3588:
could honestly entertain such an opinion, the statement is protected.
3581:
3352:
2535:
2377:
2353:
2346:
2073:
2021:
1722:
1315:
420:
151:
15826:"The SPEECH Act Provides Protection Against Foreign Libel Judgments"
14594:
13156:
12509:
12049:
10598:
9998:
9994:
8271:
was falsely reported to have died in a car accident. A professor of
7837:
7818:
In Mexico, crimes of calumny, defamation and slanderous allegation (
7593:
Article 31 of the Penal Code establishes that crimes committed with
7553:(1965), defamation can constitute either civil or criminal offence.
3369:
3017:
19378:
19208:
19135:
18786:
18712:
18617:
18577:
17964:
17959:
17954:
17879:
17874:
17814:
17498:
17389:
17298:
17283:
17214:
16339:
16337:
14324:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Finland"
14258:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Denmark"
14214:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Croatia"
13497:
13495:
13208:. Assembly of the Council of Europe. 4 October 2007. Archived from
12531:
11626:
Law for advertising, broadcasting, journalism, and public relations
11282:
10411:
10407:
10181:
10111:
10038:
Slander violates commutative justice, so the perpetrator must make
10025:
9809:
9791:
9389:
9016:
8903:
8883:
8867:
8831:
8819:
8811:
8491:
General: Compensation for damaging the rights of another (Art. 184)
8368:
7975:
Responsibility for dissemination; same as for authorship (Art. 360)
7609:
7471:
7453:
19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
7175:
Personality rights: reputation, honour, privacy, dignity (Art. 990)
6988:
6971:
6935:
6907:
6367:
6344:
6227:
6064:
5434:
5136:
5100:
4982:
4914:
4866:
4820:
4784:
4736:
4711:
4649:
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4434:
4411:
4406:
4389:
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4129:
3328:
3188:
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2670:
2342:
2038:
1860:
1779:
1424:
1350:
1255:
1217:
580:
575:
570:
495:
490:
430:
16275:
16273:
16271:
15452:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Sweden"
14488:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Greece"
14396:"France: Strict defamation and privacy laws limit free expression"
13846:"European Council – Laws on Defamation – Section Belgium (French)"
13586:
11063:
Defamation and Insult Laws in the OSCE Region: A Comparative Study
11061:
10517:) of another's reputation and character, disgracing them in their
10170:
Finally, the author enumerates proposed steps to bring about this
9597:. Claims were based on defamation laws, including charges against
5152:. Human rights organisations, and other organisations such as the
4002:
harm, in the form of a violation of a personality interest (one's
3881:
Libel law in England and Wales was overhauled even further by the
17884:
17783:
17763:
17736:
17711:
17615:
17599:
17503:
17293:
17253:
16547:
15535:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)
15418:(in Swedish) Department of Work Science, University of Gothenburg
15361:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Spain"
15030:
13344:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)
12086:"Protection from Harassment Act 2014 - Singapore Statutes Online"
11095:
10576:
10545:
10530:
10485:
10481:
10442:
10438:
10430:
10374:
10275:
10163:
10134:
10002:
9946:
9711:
9612:
9608:
9489:
9265:
9148:
9144:
9001:
8843:
8803:
8799:
8373:
8145:
Since 2014, defamation is no longer criminalized in the country.
7615:
7253:
7147:
Chile with the intention of propagating the calumny and slander.
6839:
6670:
6558:
6251:
6019:
5739:
5716:
5668:
5598:
5575:
5551:
5481:
5389:
5365:
5317:
5294:
5270:
5248:
4899:
4851:
4794:
4741:
4716:
4690:
4620:
4600:
4595:
4575:
4545:
4416:
4401:
4312:
4277:
4239:
4097:
3836:
3618:
3591:
3549:
3418:
3414:
3183:
3151:
3031:
2853:
2395:
2248:
500:
391:
371:
344:
319:
242:
16647:
16334:
16017:
14638:
14272:
13492:
12602:
Rustom K. Karanjia and Anr v Krishnaraj M.D. Thackersey and Ors.
11828:
9864:
Defamation and calumny seem to be used as synonyms for slander.
5107:) that have criminal statutes regarding defamation of the dead.
18838:
17869:
17768:
17746:
17741:
17691:
17303:
17099:
17064:
17038:
17012:
16986:
16960:
16934:
16908:
16882:
16856:
16830:
16804:
16778:
16752:
16726:
16700:
16516:
16477:
16434:
16391:
16350:
16286:
16268:
16245:
16200:
16159:
16112:
16071:
16030:
15994:
15981:
15958:
15922:
15680:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
15016:"European Council – Defamation Laws (English) – Section Poland"
14838:"European Council – Defamation Laws (English) – Section Norway"
14715:
Official Website of the Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet
13305:"Act No. 3815, s. 1930 (Revised Penal Code of the Philippines)"
13250:
13248:
11633:
Intellectual property law and interactive media: free for a fee
11343:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
11313:. Article 19 Global Campaign for Free Expression. February 2004
10852:
10832:
10469:
10458:
10454:
10434:
10415:
10362:
10191:
10137:, interference by third parties, and selective actions against
10059:
9919:
9911:
9799:
9707:
9524:
9235:(OAS), recommended repealing or amending laws that criminalize
9076:
8990:
8847:
8815:
8694:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
8339:(US$ 300–2000 as of 2015), to save their children from getting
8263:
8245:, there were rumours online of a significant loan to the actor
8035:
False testimony against defendant, in criminal cases (Art. 180)
7982:
Malicious comments cancel the exceptions of Art. 354 (Art. 362)
7324:
7016:
6967:
6939:
6923:
6510:
6463:
6415:
6320:
6272:
6203:
6156:
6040:
5901:
5692:
5622:
5505:
5457:
5092:
5084:
4779:
4605:
4439:
4372:
4200:
3947:
3759:
made a false and defamatory statement concerning the plaintiff;
3621:
could possibly have been caused by the making of the statement.
3226:
3193:
2407:
2272:
2259:(written, printed, posted online, published in mass media) and
2252:
1476:
485:
376:
354:
349:
299:
16570:
14568:
14068:"Canada: Internet Defamation For Businesses And Professionals"
11646:
Linda L. Edwards, J. Stanley Edwards, Patricia Kirtley Wells,
11414:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, as amended
11124:
11122:
9882:
of damaging another's good name, by revealing their faults or
9861:
has entries for two related concepts, detraction and slander.
9832:. It is never lawful to tell a lie. In general, forbidden are
9122:
passed a resolution encouraging AU heads of state to sign the
9059:
or defamation laws. Such cases indicated an emerging trend of
8692:
In practice, defamation law in Thailand has been found by the
8653:
In June 2023, the Constitutional Court delivered its judgment
2410:, not all shouting was actionable. Drawing on the argument of
18848:
17696:
17364:
17104:
16505:
16503:
16234:
16232:
16230:
16228:
16226:
16189:
16187:
16185:
15911:
15909:
15907:
15905:
15903:
15202:"Is South Korea's Criminal Defamation Law Hurting Democracy?"
13109:
by Gregory C. Lisby, 9 Comm. L. & Pol'y 433 footnote 386.
11795:
10778:
10450:
10422:
10366:
10346:
10237:
10212:
10196:
10123:
10104:
10085:
10068:
In a 2018 academic paper, the author (a law student from the
9883:
9829:
9079:
8875:
8807:
8761:, rather than being a crime based upon the actual defamation
8293:
8250:
7340:
References to a person's pardoned or expunged criminal record
7195:
Reputation includes moral character, prestige, talent, credit
7110:
6954:, political belief, physical or genetical characteristic, or
6785:
the body of work contains a passage alleged to be defamatory;
6391:
5995:
5832:
5808:
5763:
5080:
4635:
4580:
4530:
3707:
3003:
2276:
1486:
304:
15556:"Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan) (Main text)"
13383:"Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania – English version"
13245:
11713:"Firm Awarded $ 222.7 Million in a Libel Suit Vs. Dow Jones"
11365:"European Convention on Human Rights and its Five Protocols"
9961:, or for the benefit of the narrator, listener, or culprit.
9496:
insult laws were laid against journalists in several cases.
8092:
In 2012, the Philippines enacted Republic Act 10175, titled
7280:
the conduct was not aimed at damaging someone's reputation.
27:
Any communication that can injure a third party's reputation
19460:
19289:
17183:
15918:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development
15227:
14444:"Bundeskriminalamt (Federal Police) Yearly Statistics 2006"
13433:
Argentine Penal Code (official text) – Crimes Against Honor
12146:
11912:
11119:
10477:
10186:
10151:
10032:
9997:) must provide restitution. They must restore the victim's
9598:
8899:
8879:
7504:
6778:
The tort can be divided up into the following ingredients:
5104:
5002:
4731:
4489:
3717:
2610:
2593:
2268:
2120:
1949:
16500:
16223:
16182:
15945:
15900:
14236:"Czech Criminal Code – Law No. 40/2009 Coll., Article 184"
14047:
13811:
13299:
13297:
12670:"Pattnaik, Aju John 'Defamation Law in India'2 March 2013"
9941:
to refer to them – unless the accused have
9130:
continued to be on the defendant, and it was rare to have
8296:
court approved the arrest of online financial commentator
7931:
Mass media in the Philippines § Libel and cyber libel
7485:(Section 182), false claims in court (Section 209), false
7188:"Chapter V" ("Rights to Reputation and Rights to Honor"):
3935:
which came into force on 1 February 1993 and repealed the
15118:"Saudi Arabia passes anti-terror law, banning defamation"
11992:. Advocates for International Development. Archived from
11920:
11721:. Houston. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013
11024:"Defamation | Definition, Slander vs. Libel, & Facts"
10473:
10395:
10386:
10342:
10207:
There would be three types of punishment for defamation:
10157:
9966:
9833:
9540:
9402:
9015:
As of 2011, 47% of countries had laws against blasphemy,
8675:
The Civil and Commercial Code of Thailand provides that:
8070:. The United Nations Human Rights Committee recalled its
7598:
7343:
A plea of good faith, which may be made if the statement
6794:
the imputation is damaging to the plaintiff's reputation.
3701:
66:
13589:"Electronic Frontiers Australia: civil liberties online"
10901:
Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
10110:
Second, freedom of speech is compared with teachings of
9196:
At the same time, an emerging trend was using fines and
15329:"Copyright, Defamation and Privacy in Soviet Civil Law"
13294:
11631:
Edward Lee Lamoureux, Steven L. Baron, Claire Stewart,
10379:
Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour
10017:. It combines damaging another's reputation and lying.
8786:
United States defamation law § Criminal defamation
7220:
Right to request correction or deletion, for incorrect
7061:, for which the prison term is a maximum of five years.
16619:
16591:
15857:"On Libel and the Law, U.S. And U.K. Go Separate Ways"
15136:
11345:. Article 19 Global Campaign for Free Expression. 2021
11241:
Capital and Corporal Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England
8484:"Part II Obligations", "Chapter I General Provisions"
8088:
People of the Philippines v. Santos, Ressa and Rappler
7761:
7746:
7731:
7716:
7682:
7430:
In India, a defamation case can be filed under either
6819:
delivered judgment in the Internet defamation case of
3672:
alleging that someone has a foul or loathsome disease;
14620:"Dei delitti contro la persona. Libro II, Titolo XII"
14033:"Cyberbullying restaurant owner gets 90 days in jail"
13334:
13332:
13034:"Map showing countries with criminal defamation laws"
12995:
Personality, Confidentiality and Privacy in Scots Law
12982:
Personality, Confidentiality and Privacy in Scots Law
12969:
Personality, Confidentiality and Privacy in Scots Law
12166:
12164:
9993:'s defamation, are also guilty. Detractors (or their
9970:]. No more than necessary should be exposed, and
9629:
8700:
by business interests seeking to suppress criticism.
8646:
to decriminalize defamation, or at least limit it to
6744:
Abolishing the distinction between libel and slander.
2578:
successful party. States parties should consider the
2418:") something apt to bring in disrepute or contempt ("
15145:"Saudi writer arrested for insulting long-dead king"
14884:
13793:"Criminal Code of the Azerbaijan Republic (English)"
13509:. NSW Parliamentary Counsel's Office. 1 January 2006
13471:"Research Brief No 2005/14: Uniform Defamation Laws"
13271:
13269:
13229:
13227:
12765:"Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1 (1990)"
11553:
11523:
Vick, Douglas W.; Macpherson, Linda (1 April 1997).
11102:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
11068:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
11054:
Scott Griffen (Director of Press Freedom Programmes)
10594:
10289:
has two articles on the topic: calumny and slander.
9580:
9439:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
9310:
The range of defences available to those accused of
8987:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
8586:
Insulting the remains of deceased persons (Art. 247)
7306:
In Finland, defamation is a crime, according to the
6799:
Defences available to defamation defendants include
5158:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
5112:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3804:. When he printed another man's article criticising
2462:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
15230:"Celebrities driven over the edge by online rumors"
14703:
14535:
14393:
14347:
13562:"Australian Press Council – Press Law in Australia"
13310:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
12349:"Label of Gay Is No Longer Defamatory, Court Rules"
12172:"Equity and Rights in Society, Defamation Defences"
9278:
8363:In Spain, the crime of calumny (Article 205 of the
8261:was falsely rumoured to have been castrated by the
7969:
Slander – oral defamation (Art. 358)
7217:
Right to request correction or deletion (Art. 1028)
7113:, the crimes of calumny and slanderous allegation (
2530:in assessing limitations on rights under the ECHR,
2420:
quae... ad infamiam vel invidiam alicuius spectaret
2389:, from which is derived the modern use of the word
16581:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
15634:"Case News on TCC Judgment 112 Hsien-Pan-8 (2023)"
13559:
13329:
12223:"Is Your Reputation So Bad You Cannot Be Defamed?"
12161:
11811:
11416:. Government Printer. 1996 – via Wikisource.
11385:
11090:
11088:
11048:
11046:
11044:
10384:According to the article, the slanderous [
9325:. There were a high number of claims, prohibitive
9268:offences against those who criticize governments.
9218:
8989:(OSCE) had an ongoing decriminalization campaign.
8023:"Unlawful use of means of publication" (Art. 154)
3476:to harass and suppress opposition leaders such as
19424:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
16558:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
15877:
15670:
15668:
13266:
13224:
12747:"Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988)"
12107:, 30 Wis.2d 146, 158, 140 N.W.2d 417, 423 (1966).
11769:
11755:"Judge dismisses verdict in Dow Jones libel suit"
11330:
11328:
10905:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
10525:by being deliberately false. Punishments include
10445:attributes hardships of various figures (such as
8497:Compensation even if loss is not purely pecuniary
7690:Article 172, "False Accusations". That is, false
6842:defamation case to go to trial is believed to be
2084:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
19571:
15228:Lee Hyun-taek; Park Sun-young (3 October 2008).
14292:"The Criminal Code of Finland (English version)"
11486:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
10406:, and slanderers. Slander is morally equated to
9427:Lohé Issa Konaté v. the Republic of Burkina Faso
8583:Insulting religious or memorial sites (Art. 246)
8546:Insult and defamation of the deceased (Art. 312)
8009:, in addition to other effects of the act (¶ 17)
7988:Intrigue against honour or reputation (Art. 364)
7178:Protection of personality rights (Arts. 991–993)
3901:The origins of U.S. defamation law pre-date the
3489:have been enacted in various jurisdictions; the
19084:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
15260:
14939:
14420:. International Press Institute. Archived from
14143:"IEstudiosPenales.com.ar – Penal Code of Chile"
13728:Hockey v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited
13621:
11085:
11041:
10491:The authors conclude that calumny was met with
9619:partially repealed criminal libel in 2014. The
9590:As of 2017, none of these bills were approved.
9530:
9112:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
9012:most likely to approve their defamation suits.
8923:strategic lawsuits against public participation
8634:, and not in the courts (with the exception of
8233:published an article on online attacks against
6855:Hockey v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited
6763:defamatory imputations are substantially true.
3482:strategic lawsuits against public participation
1728:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
18566:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
15665:
15107:, 31 martie 2014; accesat la 5 octombrie 2015.
14203:, Congressional-Executive Commission on China.
14194:Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
14065:
12626:Santosh Tewari and Ors V State of U.P. and Anr
11961:"Protection of Public Participation Act, 2015"
11573:english law individual corporation defamation.
11522:
11510:"Civil Code of the People's Republic of China"
11325:
11237:
10799:Strategic lawsuit against public participation
10773:Rector v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media
10548:who, without reasonable cause, questioned the
9922:is given as example), might constitute only a
9351:of decisions to exclude content or to conduct
8376:, depreciating his reputation or injuring his
8315:In September 2015, according to an article in
7772:President of the Yukan Wakayama Jiji v. States
7755:
7740:
7725:
7710:
7676:
7238:Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
7043:specifies the following as criminal offences:
1206:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
17631:
17199:
17175:
17120:
15384:
15382:
15380:
15378:
14994:"Cybercrime law Draws Outrage Among Netizens"
14415:
11894:
11777:"History of the Workers' Party: 1991 to 2000"
11587:"Defamation of corporate entities in England"
10693:Defamation of religion and the United Nations
10513:Defined as "false and malicious defamation" (
10155:), secondary sources of Islamic law (such as
9554:sub-region decriminalized defamation. Of the
9184:
8977:laws, existed across the world. According to
8421:
8408:
8395:
8389:
7819:
7810:with the Indian and Singaporean Penal Codes.
7607:
7585:
7579:
7573:
7447:fundamental right to free speech (Article 19)
7438:or cyber crime law, together or in sequence.
7181:Personality rights of the deceased (Art. 994)
7137:
7131:
7114:
5053:
3783:, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) established that for a
3394:
2209:
203:
17246:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
17049: This article incorporates text from a
17023: This article incorporates text from a
16997: This article incorporates text from a
16971: This article incorporates text from a
16945: This article incorporates text from a
16919: This article incorporates text from a
16893: This article incorporates text from a
16867: This article incorporates text from a
16841: This article incorporates text from a
16815: This article incorporates text from a
16789: This article incorporates text from a
16763: This article incorporates text from a
16737: This article incorporates text from a
16711: This article incorporates text from a
16685: This article incorporates text from a
15604:
14911:"Lee: The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012"
13918:Société Radio-Canada c. Radio Sept-îles inc.
13526:
13524:
11302:
11300:
10865:Civil Code of the People's Republic of China
10304:, is true speech that is negative or harmful
10070:International Islamic University of Malaysia
9818:his interpretation of the Eighth Commandment
9435:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
9225:Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression
8973:As of 2012, defamation, slander, insult and
8906:without statutorily defining it as a crime.
8655:Case on the Criminalization of Defamation II
8286:In January 2009, according to an article in
7943:("Title Thirteen", "Crimes Against Honor"):
7783: 25 June 1969) – also on
7371:
7166:Civil Code of the People's Republic of China
3981:
3907:First Amendment of the American Constitution
3726:intentional infliction of emotional distress
2654:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
18782:List of people killed for being transgender
15802:(1st Cir. 2009); accessed 15 December 2014.
15764:"Criminal Defamation Laws in North America"
15409:"Om att utsättas för kränkningar på jobbet"
15195:
15193:
15036:
14644:
14474:
14278:
14182:Biblioteca.jus.gov.ar – Penal Code of Chile
14053:
13817:
13613:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
13372:Albanian Penal Code (2017), Art. 120 par. 2
13363:Albanian Penal Code (2017), Art. 120 par. 1
12341:
12287:
12285:
12283:
11238:Gates, Jay Paul; Marafioti, Nicole (2014).
11128:
11106:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
11094:
11072:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
11052:
9978:are allowed to criticize public officials.
9824:: The commandment above all forbids giving
9730:
9661:according to the court's standards, where (
9374:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
8939:in 2010. It is based on the New York State
8570:Insults against public officials (Art. 140)
8249:, who killed himself earlier due to debts.
8071:
7985:Incriminating an innocent person (Art. 363)
7866:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7805:
7788:
6733:Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1420:List of people killed for being transgender
17638:
17624:
17461:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
17206:
17192:
17127:
17113:
15871:
15832:. American Bar Association. Archived from
15403:
15401:
15399:
15397:
15375:
15263:"Parties Clash Over Freedom Of Expression"
15072:"Portuguese Penal Code (official version)"
14942:"Cybercrime law and freedom of expression"
13833:Belgian Penal Code – Crimes against honour
12080:
12078:
12076:
12074:
11900:
11624:Michael G. Parkinson, L. Marie Parkinson,
11501:
10357:, "the evil tongue"). Intentionally false
10230:) – the author mentions 80
9953:are given as examples), where it would be
9918:in which such things frequently happen (a
9431:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
9243:, but the proposal was not adopted by the
7777:Vol. 23 No. 7 Minshu 1966 (A) 2472
5060:
5046:
3708:Variations within common law jurisdictions
3401:
3387:
2794:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
2216:
2202:
210:
196:
16592:Hasbollah Bin Mat Saad (September 2018).
14511:"Defamation litigation: a survivor's kit"
13701:
13544:
13521:
12504:
12502:
12490:
11578:
11297:
10863:). Similarly, the English version of the
10480:(punished with a fine and by disallowing
9727:security" as the leading justifications.
9488:made requests to remove content (such as
9443:Economic Community of West African States
9229:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
8720:exceeding twenty thousand Baht, or both.
7886:Learn how and when to remove this message
7449:is subject to "reasonable restrictions":
7384:by the barrister Maître Barboux, and the
6853:A more recent case in defamation law was
3800:in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish the
2548:
17900:Social determinants of health in poverty
17089:) is being considered for deletion. See
17053:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
17027:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
17001:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16975:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16949:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16923:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16897:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16871:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16845:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16819:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16793:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16767:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16741:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16715:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16689:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16648:Wilhelm Bacher; Judah David Eisenstein.
15745:. London: Butterworth & Co. p.
15190:
15142:
14885:Frank Lloyd Tiongson (30 January 2012).
14860:"Norwegian Penal Code (English version)"
14509:Swamy, Subramanian (21 September 2004).
13587:Australian Law Reform Commission, 1979.
13340:"Criminal Code of the Republic of China"
13281:Japanese Law Translation Database System
13143:Kallgren, Edward (1953). "Group Libel".
13142:
12640:
12280:
12031:
11710:
11684:
11516:
11264:
9347:filter; (ii) inadequate due process and
9168:, particularly during and following the
8796:First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
7769:For a sample penal defamation case, see
7521:Blasphemy law in the Republic of Ireland
7460:(a) to freedom of speech and expression;
7365:
7337:References to matters over ten years old
6680:ALL (c. $ 350) to one million ALL (c. $
4082:
3954:Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
2294:Insult against a legal person in general
516:Social determinants of health in poverty
16317:"Government requests to remove content"
15854:
15738:
15531:"Civil Code (of the Republic of China)"
15394:
14678:
13530:
13445:Lange v Australian Broadcasting Company
12291:
12071:
11757:. Amarillo: Amarillo.com. 6 August 1999
11680:
11678:
11547:
11475:"General comment No. 34 (CCPR/C/GC/34)"
11458:
11386:Tjaco Van Den Hout (15 February 2013).
10141:; having a negative impact on society.
9484:showed that several governments in the
9472:Libel, defamation, slander, as well as
9250:Seven countries, three of which in the
7501:Indian Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
7457:(1) All citizens shall have the right—
7352:is prudent and measured in presentation
5174:
3972:
3499:do so by enabling defendants to make a
2587:
2520:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
14:
19572:
16568:
16545:
15168:"Problems with Korea's Defamation Law"
14394:Index on Censorship (19 August 2013).
14343:
14341:
12646:
12499:
12419:
12367:
12233:from the original on 30 September 2020
11846:from the original on 28 September 2018
11801:
11687:"Trial of john peter zenger for libel"
11617:Roger LeRoy Miller, Gaylord A. Jentz,
11584:
11388:"Freedom of Expression and Defamation"
10953:deriving from English common law) via
10243:(lashing, imprisonment, fine, "other")
9852:intentions and without exaggerations.
9840:, detraction, calumny, slander, false
8723:Section 327. Defamation to the Family
8346:
7948:blacken the memory of one who is dead.
7724:Articles 230 and 230-2, "Defamation" (
7168:, "Book Four" ("Personality Rights").
6946:, present or future health condition,
6791:the imputation is about the plaintiff;
3746:intentional interference with contract
3497:Protection of Public Participation Act
17619:
17187:
17174:
17108:
15607:"Taiwan needs to decriminalize libel"
15560:Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)
14940:Harry Roque Jr. (20 September 2012).
14862:. Legislationline.org. Archived from
14685:Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online
14508:
13795:. Legislationline.org. Archived from
13564:. Presscouncil.org.au. Archived from
13468:
13385:. Legislationline.org. Archived from
12924:
12922:
12920:
12870:, 3 SCR 640 (22 December 2009),
12198:"Opinion and Fair Comment Privileges"
11984:
11271:The American Journal of Legal History
11244:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 150.
10945:(which generally applies Roman Dutch
9615:(in 2012), abolished criminal libel.
9094:made further calls for strengthening
8943:(also known as "Rachel's Law", after
8620:In January 2022, an editorial in the
7525:Censorship in the Republic of Ireland
2555:United Nations Human Rights Committee
2507:United Nations Human Rights Committee
2480:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2441:literally "the scandal of magnates".
2374:back to Roman and early English law.
19548:
18588:Capital punishment for homosexuality
17905:Social determinants of mental health
15638:Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan)
15585:Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan)
15389:Swedish Penal Code (English version)
15200:Park, S. Nathan (15 December 2014).
15199:
14562:Defamation – Indian Penal Code, 1860
14095:, 3 SCR 269 (19 October 2011),
14000:
13870:Brazilian Penal Code (official text)
13702:Whitbourn, Michaela (4 March 2014).
12614:Ram Jethmalani Vs. Subramaniam Swamy
12401:50 Am.Jur.2d libel and slander 1–546
11901:Rafsanjani, Nazanin (2 April 2010).
11870:Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal
11675:
11507:
11375:from the original on 1 January 2024.
11058:Barbara Trionfi (Executive Director)
10804:United States free speech exceptions
9893:The criminality of the thing alleged
8237:, and their potential connection to
7996:Aggravating circumstances (Art. 14)
7864:adding citations to reliable sources
7831:
7380:stands in court during the cases of
7349:is not driven by animosity or malice
5221:Criminal defamation laws by country
5178:
3847:activists. Even though some of what
3642:
2416:adversus bonos mores huius civitatis
1228:Capital punishment for homosexuality
521:Social determinants of mental health
18708:Genital modification and mutilation
15878:Anatoly Kurmanaev (12 March 2016).
15310:from the original on 31 August 2023
15293:
15275:from the original on 31 August 2023
15261:Kang Hyun-kyung (11 January 2009).
15242:from the original on 31 August 2023
15172:Korea Economic Institute of America
15000:. 30 September 2012. Archived from
14917:. 21 September 2012. Archived from
14416:Scott Griffen (25 September 2014).
14338:
13649:Dow Jones and Company Inc v Gutnick
13634: at 158 (27 October 2015),
13182:. Council of Europe. Archived from
13136:
12928:
10556:, these laws prescribing fines and
10441:, as deserved punishments. And the
10264:Human Rights Commission of Malaysia
10072:) argued for harmonization between
9667:European Convention on Human Rights
9601:parodying political personalities.
9092:United Nations Human Rights Council
8941:2008 Libel Terrorism Protection Act
8626:(written by a law student from the
8465:According to the Civil Code of the
8176:Protection from Harassment Act 2014
7626:Further information (in Japanese):
3734:Protection from Harassment Act 2014
3716:Some jurisdictions have a separate
3700:, ruled that describing someone as
3678:imputing serious sexual misconduct.
2503:European Convention on Human Rights
1346:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
17645:
15859:. National Public Radio. Parallels
15147:. Middle East Eye. Middle East Eye
14184:(see articles 416–417 and 424–425)
14003:"The trouble with criminal speech"
13480:. Queensland Parliamentary Library
12917:
12176:Hobart Community Legal Service Inc
11802:Burton, John (30 September 2008).
11619:Business Law Today: The Essentials
11529:Federal Communications Law Journal
9896:The reputation of the detractor's
9778:(like the one commissioned by the
9550:Since 2012, more countries in the
9545:Commonwealth of Independent States
8596:In July 2000, the Justices of the
7057:A "libel known to be false" is an
6788:the passage conveys an imputation;
6669:According to the Criminal Code of
5116:Commonwealth of Independent States
3833:Supreme Court of the United States
3617:before the libel, that no further
3492:California Code of Civil Procedure
3472:politicians in Singapore's ruling
2453:and with the rise of contemporary
2263:(oral speech). It is treated as a
25:
19636:
17093:to help reach a consensus. ›
17072:
15925:, 2014, pp. 29, 31, 33, 39,
15823:
15581:"No. 509 ("The Defamation Case")"
14576:"Criminal Procedure Code (India)"
14348:Dominique Mondoloni (June 2014).
14001:Mann, Arshy (29 September 2014).
13924:, RJQ 1811 (1 August 1994),
13503:"Defamation Act 2005 No 77 (NSW)"
13177:
13103:Nevada Revised Statutes § 200.510
13092:Louisiana Revised Statute § 14:47
12997:, (W. Green, 2010), at para.17.13
12984:, (W. Green, 2010), at para.17.17
12567:. 19 October 2020. Archived from
10521:. Here, it is distinguished from
10250:Other proposed measures include:
10218:(which category seems to include
9702:According to reports provided by
9499:
9114:adopted a resolution, calling on
8958:
8935:and signed into law by President
8735:
8638:). According to the article, 180
8223:South Korean cyber defamation law
8094:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
8084:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
7597:or with abuse of a profession or
7529:Statute of Limitations in Ireland
7283:
2524:necessary in a democratic society
2303:Acts against state institutions (
19547:
19538:
19537:
19187:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
19024:Law for Protection of the Nation
18924:White genocide conspiracy theory
17044:
17018:
16992:
16966:
16940:
16914:
16888:
16862:
16836:
16810:
16784:
16758:
16732:
16706:
16680:
16641:
16613:
16585:
16575:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
16562:
16552:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
16539:
16309:
15848:
15817:
15805:
15781:
15768:Committee to Protect Journalists
15756:
15732:
15708:
15694:
15651:
15626:
15605:Huang Yu-zhe (26 January 2022).
15598:
15573:
15548:
15523:
15508:
15493:
15487:(Swiss criminal code in English
15481:
15466:
15444:
15421:
15353:
15338:
15322:
15287:
15254:
15221:
15165:
15159:
15143:Alsaafin, Linah (15 July 2015).
15110:
15086:
15064:
15042:
15008:
14986:
14956:
14933:
14903:
14878:
14852:
14830:
14812:
14787:
14762:
14737:
14728:
14672:
14650:
14612:
14592:
14586:
14553:
14480:
14436:
14409:
14387:
14316:
14284:
14250:
14228:
14206:
14187:
14172:
14157:
14135:
14120:
14102:
14082:
14059:
14025:
13994:
13974:
13954:
13934:
13911:
13896:
13874:
13860:
13838:
13823:
13785:
13763:
13741:
13721:
13695:
13680:Parliament of the United Kingdom
13667:
13641:
13580:
13553:
13462:
13438:
13423:
13401:
13375:
13366:
13357:
13260:Law Reform Commission of Ireland
13198:
13171:
13124:
12971:, (W. Green, 2010), at para.1.02
12696:"The Trial of John Peter Zenger"
12253:Arthur Alan Wolk v. Walter Olson
11711:Peterson, Iver (21 March 1997).
11390:. Latvijas Ārpolitikas Institūts
10597:
10544:and monetary compensation for a
10064:Application of Sharia by country
9933:, or their misdeeds are already
9929:If the victim has been publicly
9820:, gives practical advice to the
9630:Western Europe and North America
9467:
9279:Western Europe and North America
8902:criminalizes defamation through
8774:
8698:hostile and vexatious litigation
7836:
7470:Accordingly, for the purpose of
6772:Supreme Court of South Australia
6640:
6616:
6594:
6572:
6551:
6527:
6503:
6480:
6456:
6432:
6408:
6384:
6360:
6337:
6313:
6289:
6265:
6244:
6220:
6196:
6172:
6149:
6127:
6103:
6080:
6057:
6033:
6012:
5988:
5964:
5941:
5917:
5894:
5873:
5849:
5825:
5801:
5780:
5756:
5732:
5709:
5685:
5661:
5638:
5615:
5591:
5568:
5544:
5521:
5498:
5474:
5450:
5427:
5406:
5382:
5358:
5334:
5310:
5287:
5263:
5241:
5215:
5183:
4696:Perverting the course of justice
4096:
3768:caused damages to the plaintiff.
3574:vulgar abuse and not defamatory.
3368:
1839:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1668:Law for Protection of the Nation
1562:White genocide conspiracy theory
241:
73:
19029:MSM blood donation restrictions
18777:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
17583:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
16569:Delany, Joseph Francis (1912).
16546:Delany, Joseph Francis (1908).
16437:, 2018, pp. 7, 9, 34, 39,
15997:, 2014, pp. 8, 9, 30, 31,
15739:Folkard, Henry Coleman (1908).
15716:"Coroners and Justice Act 2009"
13704:"The tweet that cost $ 105,000"
13256:"Defamation Act 2009 (Ireland)"
13112:
13074:
13052:
13036:. Article19.org. Archived from
13026:
13013:
13000:
12987:
12974:
12961:
12897:
12877:
12857:
12845:
12830:
12800:
12775:
12757:
12739:
12714:
12688:
12662:
12637:Defamation Act, 1952 (England).
12631:
12619:
12607:
12595:
12583:
12561:"Defamation under Law of Torts"
12553:
12542:
12524:
12484:
12454:
12440:
12413:
12404:
12395:
12355:. Associated Press. 31 May 2012
12316:
12292:Bossary, Andrew (3 June 2014).
12258:
12245:
12215:
12190:
12135:
12110:
12096:
12025:
12019:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
12011:
11978:
11965:Legislative Assembly of Ontario
11953:
11939:
11875:
11858:
11804:"Death of Singaporean maverick"
11747:
11704:
11653:
11640:
11601:
11467:
11452:
11434:
11420:
11402:
11379:
11357:
11258:
11231:
11104:(prepared by the office of the
10960:
10931:
10920:one famous 1734 case involving
10914:
10893:
10879:
10870:
10817:
10626:Annie Oakley § Libel cases
10421:According to the authors, some
9770: – full text on
9749:
9581:Latin America and the Caribbean
9233:Organization of American States
9219:Latin America and the Caribbean
9175:
8452:is 30 years (after the death).
8148:
7766:) in, the business of another.
7171:"Chapter I" ("General rules"):
4591:Intellectual property violation
3120:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
2444:
1673:MSM blood donation restrictions
1415:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
19042:(as religious or racial quota)
17134:
16620:Kaufmann Kohler; S. Schulman.
16248:, 2018, pp. 6, 8, 9, 48,
15855:Shapiro, Ari (21 March 2015).
15297:욕설 넘치는 온라인게임 '롤' ... 모욕죄 고소 난무
14799:Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary
14774:Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary
14749:Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary
14110:"Cyber Libel Updates Archives"
14066:Karem Tirmandi (12 May 2022).
12914:(British Columbia, Canada)
12904:Farallon Mining Ltd. v. Arnold
12448:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
11947:Cal. Code of Civil Procedure §
11560:. Stevens and Haynes. p.
11199:
11178:
11157:
11134:
11016:
10989:
10886:not require recognition of an
10536:According to the authors, the
10114:. Mentioned among others are:
9655:European Court of Human Rights
9138:
8552:Offences only prosecuted upon
8500:Measures to restore reputation
8432:
8197:
8174:, Division 2 of Part 3 of the
7919:
7827:
3967:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3917:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3858:Many jurisdictions within the
3828:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3820:. The verdict was returned as
3780:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
2528:European Court of Human Rights
2455:international human rights law
1686:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
19456:Second-generation gender bias
19172:Constitutional colorblindness
17895:Social determinants of health
17457:Specific types of negligence
17078:
16519:, 2022, pp. 48, 49, 52,
15503:Swiss Penal Code – Defamation
13835:(see Articles 443 to 453-bis)
11648:Tort Law for Legal Assistants
11585:Howard, Sam (15 March 2007).
11554:John William Salmond (1907).
11508:Congress, National People's.
10977:
10583:also seemed to be acceptable
10084:of the Constitution declares
9867:
9388:passed throughout the world;
9124:Declaration of Table Mountain
8779:
8743:Coroners and Justice Act 2009
8703:
8520:
7924:
7658:
7361:
7231:
6873:
3556:' in Commonwealth countries).
3429:
3424:
3230:(term used for torts in some
2566:
2235:that injures a third party's
2116:Second-generation gender bias
1824:Constitutional colorblindness
511:Social determinants of health
17213:
17055:license statement/permission
17029:license statement/permission
17003:license statement/permission
16977:license statement/permission
16951:license statement/permission
16925:license statement/permission
16899:license statement/permission
16873:license statement/permission
16847:license statement/permission
16821:license statement/permission
16795:license statement/permission
16769:license statement/permission
16743:license statement/permission
16717:license statement/permission
16691:license statement/permission
16162:, 2014, pp. 7, 10, 29,
15742:The Law of Slander and Libel
14687:(in Italian). Archived from
14477:, p. 68, items 6 and 7.
13591:. Efa.org.au. Archived from
13533:Australian Journalism Review
12590:Pukhraj v State of Rajasthan
12466:stylebook.fredericksburg.com
11840:Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada
10982:
10756:Martin v. Hearst Corporation
10720:Freedom of speech/expression
10502:
10373:, relevant is the ninth (in
10174:. Defamation would include:
10035:and can never be justified.
8950:
8933:111th United States Congress
8628:National Chengchi University
8165:
6714:
6694:
5142:
4926:Ignorantia juris non excusat
3965:test adopted in the US case
3669:accusing someone of a crime;
2539:Constitution of South Africa
2514:applied domestically by the
2464:(ICCPR), which states that:
7:
19585:Communication of falsehoods
19367:Medical model of disability
19219:Hate speech laws by country
16480:, 2018, pp. 6, 7, 40,
15961:, 2014, pp. 7, 8, 24,
14679:Buonomo, Giampiero (2001).
14595:"Defamation Law in Ireland"
14130:Chilean Penal Code, Book II
13010:, (1975) 8 CILS 189, at 195
12787:Defamation and the Internet
12532:"Law Document English View"
12512:. Singapore Statutes Online
12145:. legal.org. Archived from
11428:"The Constitution of Kenya"
11410:"Chapter 2: Bill of Rights"
11002:Legal Information Institute
10861:South African law of delict
10590:
9685:
9395:
9367:
8916:
8665:
8659:J.Y. Interpretation No. 509
8606:J.Y. Interpretation No. 509
8216:
8128:
8077:
7798:
7762:
7747:
7732:
7717:
7683:
7088:
7032:
6982:
3990:". For liability under the
3835:overruled a state court in
3634:No actual injury: If there
3510:
3441:
3126:Joint and several liability
2027:Medical model of disability
1871:Hate speech laws by country
10:
19641:
19476:Social model of disability
17950:Discrimination against men
16673:
16321:Google Transparency Report
15476:Swiss Penal Code – Calumny
14626:(in Italian). 22 June 2018
14167:Chilean Penal Code, Book I
13560:Jack Herman; David Flint.
13071:on criminalised defamation
13021:Iniuria and the Common Law
12032:Franklin, Mark A. (1963).
10506:
10334:
10330:
10273:
10269:
10057:
10008:
9871:
9798: – see his
9753:
9734:
9531:Central and Eastern Europe
9191:Central and Eastern Europe
9185:Central and Eastern Europe
8931:, which was passed by the
8783:
8670:
8460:
8416:Article 3 regulates other
8220:
8140:
8081:
7928:
7645:
7625:
7551:Defamation Prohibition Law
7518:
7514:
7396:
7318:
7301:
7292:
7247:
7155:
6998:
6892:
6864:
6859:Federal Court of Australia
6718:
6664:
4616:Possessing stolen property
4264:Offense against the person
4086:
3894:largely resembles that of
2900:Comparative responsibility
2591:
2368:
2136:Social model of disability
566:Discrimination against men
82:Foundations and Philosophy
36:
29:
19533:
19272:
19149:
18942:
18829:Opposition to immigration
18553:
18195:
18042:
17797:
17747:Race / Ethnicity
17684:
17653:
17592:
17538:
17517:
17486:
17413:
17388:
17355:
17312:
17274:
17221:
17181:
17176:Links to related articles
17142:
16289:, 2018, pp. 10, 43,
16203:, 2018, pp. 38, 39,
15294:정준호 (10 September 2015).
14199:20 September 2021 at the
14132:(see Articles 412 to 431)
14114:McConchie Law Corporation
13708:The Sydney Morning Herald
13435:(Articles 109 to 117-bis)
12929:Coe, Peter (March 2021).
12910: (10 November 2011),
12892:Superior Court of Justice
12812:Media Law Resource Center
12647:Ayesha (6 October 2010),
12328:Digital Media Law Project
12202:Digital Media Law Project
11739:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11459:Soraide, Rosario (2022).
10461:) to sins of the tongue.
10315:The Knowledge article on
9657:had limited influence in
9414:over cases pertaining to
9105:
8968:
8525:The Criminal Code of the
8455:
8383:
8103:
8026:Publication of malicious
7906:
7813:
7756:
7741:
7726:
7711:
7677:
7544:
7409:
7313:
7010:
6994:
6961:
6815:On 10 December 2002, the
6810:
5192:This section needs to be
4910:Diminished responsibility
4704:Crimes against the public
3982:Roman Dutch and Scots law
3215:Non-economic damages caps
1467:Opposition to immigration
355:Race / Ethnicity
144:Methodological background
18824:Occupational segregation
18593:Compulsory sterilization
17347:Alienation of affections
17091:templates for discussion
15434:26 February 2021 at the
15296:
15057:17 December 2009 at the
14964:"Republic Act No. 10175"
14366:10.1177/0306422014537174
14169:(see Articles 25 and 30)
12495:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
12387:Cumberland School of Law
12381:27 February 2008 at the
12298:American Bar Association
11903:"SLAPP Back: Transcript"
10831:jurisdictions, the term
10810:
10575:were a possibility. But
10437:speaking ill of Moses),
10365:. Both forbidden in the
10116:fragmentation of society
10078:Islamic legal principles
10053:
9731:Defamation and religions
9441:, and the treaty of the
8716:Section 326. Defamation
8560:Other related articles:
8388:In Sweden, denigration (
8358:
8110:conduct that may degrade
7739:Article 231, "Insults" (
7621:
7566:
7425:
7346:pursues a legitimate aim
7150:
7104:
7005:
6846:. The defendant, former
4839:Crimes against the state
4759:(such as prohibition of
4039:. This includes insult (
3942:As is the case for most
3816:, Zenger was accused of
3503:or dismiss during which
3501:special motion to strike
3248:Private attorney general
3202:Other topics in tort law
2830:Principles of negligence
2759:Alienation of affections
1462:Occupational segregation
1233:Compulsory sterilization
47:Slander (disambiguation)
19352:Internalized oppression
19214:Fighting Discrimination
19204:Fat acceptance movement
19162:Anti-discrimination law
18802:Native American mascots
17576:Volenti non fit injuria
17550:contributory negligence
17530:Ultrahazardous activity
16655:The Jewish Encyclopedia
16627:The Jewish Encyclopedia
16394:, 2018, pp. 5, 8,
16353:, 2018, pp. 7, 8,
16115:, 2014, pp. 7, 8,
16074:, 2014, pp. 8, 9,
16033:, 2014, pp. 8, 9,
15884:The Wall Street Journal
15207:The Wall Street Journal
15099:1 February 2021 at the
14734:MINPO art. 723 (Japan)
14035:. CBC. 16 November 2012
13632:[2015] SASC 170
13469:Dixon, Nicolee (2005).
11987:"A4ID Defamation Guide"
11512:– via Wikisource.
11430:– via Wikisource.
11193:7 December 2009 at the
11172:7 December 2009 at the
11151:7 December 2009 at the
11028:Encyclopædia Britannica
10907:provide protection for
10646:Character assassination
10286:The Jewish Encyclopedia
9796:Jean-Baptiste Massillon
9782: – see "
9680:
9408:ECOWAS Court of Justice
9362:
9090:symbols". In 2011, the
9036:internet intermediaries
8963:
8239:suicides in the country
7628:Defamation law of Japan
7476:Indian Penal Code, 1860
7099:Supreme Court of Canada
7040:Criminal Code of Canada
7001:Canadian defamation law
6934:, place of birth, age,
6817:High Court of Australia
6721:Defamation in Australia
5118:, America, and Canada.
4523:Crimes against property
4213:(also called violation)
3959:Supreme Court of Canada
3870:and qualified privilege
3866:Codify the defences of
3802:New York Weekly Journal
3554:Parliamentary privilege
3113:Volenti non fit injuria
2938:Ultrahazardous activity
2905:Contributory negligence
2516:Supreme Court of Canada
2012:Internalized oppression
1866:Fighting Discrimination
1856:Fat acceptance movement
1814:Anti-discrimination law
1440:Native American mascots
121:Judicial interpretation
19471:Social identity threat
19444:Reverse discrimination
19434:Racial color blindness
18914:Violence against women
18894:Sex-selective abortion
17443:Calculus of negligence
15429:"I väntan på juryn..."
15331:(Levitsky, Serge L.) (
15039:, p. 117, item 6.
14711:"Constitution (Japan)"
14543:"Constitution (India)"
13987:Criminal Code (Canada)
13967:Criminal Code (Canada)
13947:Criminal Code (Canada)
13732:[2015] FCA 652
12864:Grant v. Torstar Corp.
12493:The American Democracy
12451:, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).
12422:"Us political systems"
12420:Sexton, Kevin (2010).
12268:. Dancing With Lawyers
12266:"Dancing With Lawyers"
10851:, only using the term
10823:In some, but not all,
10631:Anti-Defamation League
10495:and penal severity in
9784:The Eighth Commandment
9298:incitement to violence
9120:Pan-African Parliament
9040:user-generated content
9021:defamation of religion
8729:
8690:
8506:Statute of limitations
8450:statute of limitations
8422:
8409:
8396:
8390:
8327:National Police Agency
8241:. Before the death of
8072:General comment No. 34
8005:Intentionally causing
7950:
7820:
7806:
7789:
7781:Supreme Court of Japan
7687:) include 'defacing'.
7643:
7608:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7535:statute of limitations
7468:
7389:
7388:'s assault on Barboux.
7372:
7138:
7132:
7115:
6906:, colour of the skin,
6797:
5414:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4975:Other common-law areas
4808:Crimes against animals
4676:Miscarriage of justice
4658:Crimes against justice
3926:Commonwealth countries
3625:Statute of limitations
3598:Innocent dissemination
3436:English defamation law
3131:Market share liability
3064:Shopkeeper's privilege
3042:Statute of limitations
2885:Restitutio ad integrum
2734:Intrusion on seclusion
2629:Trespass to the person
2585:
2549:General comment No. 34
2526:" test applied by the
2475:
2131:Social identity threat
2104:Reverse discrimination
2094:Racial color blindness
1552:Violence against women
1532:Sex-selective abortion
43:Libel (disambiguation)
41:. For other uses, see
19595:Freedom of expression
19439:Religious intolerance
19399:Political correctness
19229:Intersex human rights
19177:Cultural assimilation
18859:Religious persecution
18623:Disability hate crime
17370:Tortious interference
17342:Malicious prosecution
16578:Catholic Encyclopedia
16555:Catholic Encyclopedia
15726:The National Archives
15414:30 April 2010 at the
15350:(Articles 205 to 216)
15333:Law in Eastern Europe
15061:(articles 180 to 189)
15052:Portuguese Penal Code
14952:on 22 September 2012.
14665:17 March 2015 at the
14647:, p. 79, item 8.
14281:, p. 51, item 6.
13928:(Quebec, Canada)
13654:[2002] HCA 56
13478:Queensland Parliament
13449:[1997] HCA 25
13145:California Law Review
13067:18 April 2009 at the
13023:, (Hart, 2013), at 40
12894:(Ontario, Canada)
12890: (14 June 2011),
12854:(1970), 73 W.W.R. 114
12700:National Park Service
12510:"Defamation Act 1957"
12491:Patterson, T (2009).
12104:Lathan v. Journal Co.
11985:Brown, Mayer (2013).
11917:National Public Radio
11070:(Commissioned by the
10909:freedom of expression
10841:conflict of tort laws
10750:Malicious prosecution
10656:Collateral censorship
10651:Chilling effect (law)
10507:Further information:
10493:righteous indignation
10341:It is described as a
10335:Further information:
9872:Further information:
9858:Catholic Encyclopedia
9693:freedom of expression
9061:preventive censorship
8985:in 21 countries. The
8714:
8677:
8227:In October 2008, the
8221:Further information:
8098:Teofisto Guingona III
7945:
7638:
7634:Constitution of Japan
7451:
7443:Constitution of India
7369:
6832:Berezovsky v Michaels
6776:
5150:freedom of expression
4881:Defenses to liability
4671:Malfeasance in office
4083:Defamation as a crime
4017:wrongful conduct; and
3546:malicious prosecution
3474:People's Action Party
3243:Conflict of tort laws
3009:Tortious interference
2764:Criminal conversation
2751:Malicious prosecution
2592:Further information:
2562:
2560:Paragraph 47 states:
2466:
2287:Defamation against a
2099:Religious intolerance
2059:Political correctness
1881:Intersex human rights
1829:Cultural assimilation
1497:Religious persecution
1261:Disability hate crime
19605:Freedom of the press
18844:Political repression
17850:Anti-left handedness
17840:Anti-intellectualism
17332:Breach of confidence
15235:Korea JoongAng Daily
15178:on 22 September 2019
14921:on 22 September 2012
14824:21 July 2011 at the
14238:. Business.center.cz
13907:Civil Code of Quebec
13277:"Penal Code (Japan)"
13235:"Penal Code (India)"
13081:Idaho Code § 18-4801
11685:Benenson, R (1981).
10683:Cyber defamation law
10345:, based on both the
10139:political opposition
10046:seems achievable by
9972:fraternal correction
9482:transparency reports
9245:OAS General Assembly
9047:, often outside the
8648:private prosecutions
8403:Article 2 regulates
8302:Grand National Party
8230:Korea JoongAng Daily
8056:Regional Trial Court
7860:improve this section
7382:character defamation
7130:Article 416 defines
7022:Civil Code of Quebec
5235:Custodial sentences
5175:Laws by jurisdiction
4727:Censorship violation
4450:Cybersex trafficking
4079:) might be imputed.
3973:Corporate defamation
3487:tort reform measures
2741:Breach of confidence
2588:Defamation as a tort
1482:Political repression
466:Anti-left handedness
456:Anti-intellectualism
19347:Historical eugenics
18884:Segregation academy
18864:Religious terrorism
18653:Enemy of the people
18561:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
18082:Jehovah's Witnesses
17975:Perpetual foreigner
17570:Vicarious liability
17509:Attractive nuisance
17404:Rylands v. Fletcher
17327:Invasion of privacy
17057:). Text taken from
17031:). Text taken from
17005:). Text taken from
16979:). Text taken from
16953:). Text taken from
16927:). Text taken from
16901:). Text taken from
16875:). Text taken from
16849:). Text taken from
16823:). Text taken from
16797:). Text taken from
16771:). Text taken from
16745:). Text taken from
16719:). Text taken from
16693:). Text taken from
15661:. 12 February 2015.
15454:. Council of Europe
15363:. Council of Europe
15348:Penal Code of Spain
15092:Mona Scărișoreanu,
15018:. Council of Europe
15004:on 29 October 2012.
14866:on 24 February 2021
14840:. Council of Europe
14691:on 11 December 2019
14490:. Council of Europe
14354:Index on Censorship
14326:. Council of Europe
14260:. Council of Europe
14216:. Council of Europe
13884:. Council of Europe
13848:. Council of Europe
13773:. Council of Europe
13638:(SA, Australia)
13568:on 12 November 2010
12947:10.1017/lst.2020.38
12838:Defamation Act 1992
12818:on 9 September 2021
12676:on 23 February 2015
12604:(1970) 72 BOMLR 94.
12549:Defamation Act 1952
12428:on 18 February 2011
12038:Stanford Law Review
12022:, 497 U.S. 1 (1990)
11816:on 10 December 2022
10957:under colonial rule
10857:Scots Law of Delict
10554:Temple in Jerusalem
10515:circular definition
10472:, arguing that the
10361:and also injurious
10351:rabbinic literature
10258:, mediation via an
9617:Trinidad and Tobago
9605:Antigua and Barbuda
9450:High Court of Kenya
9386:anti-terrorism laws
9340:Defamation Act 2013
9312:invasion of privacy
9158:citizen journalists
9096:religious tolerance
9025:Pew Research Center
9023:. According to the
8790:Fewer than half of
8443:Swiss Criminal Code
8418:insulting behaviour
8347:Former Soviet Union
8281:Soongsil University
7665:Penal Code of Japan
7378:Mme Camille du Gast
7236:Article 246 of the
7160:Based on text from
7072:corrections officer
6827:Dow Jones v Gutnick
6822:Dow Jones v Gutnick
6805:qualified privilege
6756:Defamation Act 2005
5222:
4905:Defense of property
4757:Illegal consumption
4293:Criminal negligence
4193:Severity of offense
3937:Defamation Act 1954
3933:Defamation Act 1992
3903:American Revolution
3884:Defamation Act 2013
3730:invasion of privacy
3704:is not defamation.
3560:Qualified privilege
3236:mixed legal systems
3106:Respondeat superior
3100:Vicarious liability
3059:Defence of property
2996:Insurance bad faith
2910:Attractive nuisance
2729:Invasion of privacy
2439:scandalum magnatum,
2431:Anglo-Saxon England
2313:government agencies
2007:Historical eugenics
1522:Segregation academy
1502:Religious terrorism
1291:Enemy of the people
1201:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
706:Jehovah's Witnesses
591:Perpetual foreigner
19259:Social integration
19254:Self-determination
19244:Racial integration
19192:Diversity training
19182:Cultural pluralism
19157:Affirmative action
19057:Racial segregation
18967:Crime of apartheid
18869:Religious violence
18374:Indigenous people
17774:Sexual orientation
17380:Restraint of trade
17241:False imprisonment
16549:"Detraction"
15836:on 7 November 2017
15721:legislation.gov.uk
15124:. 17 December 2013
14974:on 9 December 2021
14660:Italian Penal Code
14304:on 26 October 2021
13628:Duffy v Google Inc
13186:on 20 January 2013
13097:2011-07-04 at the
13086:2009-10-01 at the
13040:on 3 November 2011
12842:as at 1 March 2017
12702:. 26 February 2015
12628:1996 (20) ACR 808.
12616:2006 (87) DRJ 603.
12391:Samford University
12373:Edward C. Martin.
12353:The New York Times
12304:on 31 October 2017
12118:"Legal dictionary"
11999:on 9 February 2014
11836:"J. B. Jeyaretnam"
11783:on 6 February 2005
11718:The New York Times
11267:Scandalum Magnatum
11207:"Book 9, Title 36"
10939:law of obligations
10926:jury nullification
10558:capital punishment
10394:will be denied to
10311:, is untrue speech
10280:Rabbinic authority
10120:divine retribution
9621:Dominican Republic
9547:(CIS) sub-region.
9504:Most countries in
9349:judicial oversight
9333:libel laws in the
9331:plaintiff-friendly
9241:special rapporteur
9189:Four countries in
8755:English common law
8710:Thai Criminal Code
8680:ought to know it.
8537:Insults (Art. 309)
8478:emotional distress
7992:Related articles:
7937:Revised Penal Code
7575:a querela di parte
7390:
7224:(Arts. 1029, 1030)
7059:indictable offence
6928:sexual orientation
6848:Orange High School
6838:Australia's first
6801:absolute privilege
6725:Defamation law in
5220:
5168:Lingens v. Austria
4826:Wildlife smuggling
4816:Cruelty to animals
4445:Child sexual abuse
4397:Negligent homicide
4308:False imprisonment
4205:Indictable offense
4149:Scope of criminal
3841:The New York Times
3742:trademark dilution
3136:Transferred intent
3027:Assumption of risk
2991:Restraint of trade
2967:Rylands v Fletcher
2799:Employment-related
2648:False imprisonment
1911:Social integration
1906:Self-determination
1896:Racial integration
1844:Diversity training
1834:Cultural pluralism
1809:Affirmative action
1701:Racial segregation
1611:Crime of apartheid
1507:Religious violence
1006:Indigenous people
382:Sexual orientation
30:For the film, see
19615:Journalism ethics
19600:Freedom of speech
19567:
19566:
19561:
19560:
19429:Racism by country
19357:Intersectionality
19342:Heteronormativity
19141:Voter suppression
18889:Sexual harassment
18688:Forced conversion
18608:Cultural genocide
18273:African Americans
18092:post–Cold War era
18077:Eastern Orthodoxy
17835:Anti-drug addicts
17830:Anti-homelessness
17757:Scientific racism
17613:
17612:
17555:Last clear chance
17525:Product liability
17438:Res ipsa loquitur
17223:Intentional torts
17168:
17167:
16526:978-92-3-100509-1
16487:978-92-3-100296-0
16444:978-92-3-100295-3
16401:978-92-3-100294-6
16360:978-92-3-100293-9
16296:978-92-3-100297-7
16255:978-92-3-100291-5
16210:978-92-3-100242-7
16169:978-92-3-100018-8
16122:978-92-3-100013-3
16081:978-92-3-100012-6
16040:978-92-3-100010-2
16004:978-92-3-100009-6
15968:978-92-3-100008-9
15932:978-92-3-001201-4
15794:(1st Cir. 2009),
15788:Noonan v. Staples
15166:Back, Sang Hyun.
14998:The Daily Tribune
14350:"Legal Divisions"
14154:(see pages 75–78)
14089:Crookes v. Newton
13799:on 13 August 2015
13119:R v Orme and Nutt
12993:Elspeth C. Reid,
12980:Elspeth C. Reid,
12967:Elspeth C. Reid,
12852:Murphy v. LaMarsh
12808:"Defamation FAQs"
12657:on 1 October 2011
12571:on 14 August 2021
11923:). Archived from
11887:The Straits Times
11842:. 26 March 2012.
11691:The CQ Researcher
11131:, pp. 31–33.
10955:reception statute
10943:South African law
10941:, having adopted
10922:John Peter Zenger
10888:opinion privilege
10849:Tort Law in China
10845:European tort law
10621:Abu Dhabi Secrets
10615:Absence of Malice
10309:(hotzaat) shem ra
10262:, empowering the
10178:Libel and slander
9552:South-East Europe
9537:legal obligations
9458:national security
8983:decriminalization
8910:Noonan v. Staples
8696:to be facilitate
8527:Republic of China
8467:Republic of China
8332:League of Legends
8068:trial in absentia
8064:Prospero Nograles
8048:In January 2012,
7935:According to the
7896:
7895:
7888:
7499:According to the
7441:According to the
7376:on 25 July 1902.
7274:journalistic work
6662:
6661:
5232:Special offences
5229:General offences
5213:
5212:
5154:Council of Europe
5123:R v Orme and Nutt
5070:
5069:
4470:Indecent exposure
4338:Human trafficking
4303:Domestic violence
4231:Inchoate offenses
4077:animus iniuriandi
4063:actio iniuriarium
3998:are as follows:
3896:England and Wales
3814:Colonial New York
3798:John Peter Zenger
3738:misrepresentation
3643:Defamation per se
3586:reasonable person
3582:logically unsound
3518:substantial truth
3415:take civil action
3411:
3410:
3284:England and Wales
3239:
3090:Last clear chance
3085:Intentional torts
3069:Neutral reportage
3052:Defense of others
3000:
2933:Product liability
2879:Res ipsa loquitur
2866:Reasonable person
2774:Breach of promise
2623:
2580:decriminalization
2362:contempt of court
2352:Acts against the
2328:Acts against the
2226:
2225:
2089:Racism by country
2017:Intersectionality
2002:Heteronormativity
1785:Voter suppression
1527:Sexual harassment
1326:Forced conversion
1248:Cultural genocide
905:African Americans
716:post–Cold War era
701:Eastern Orthodoxy
451:Anti-drug addicts
446:Anti-homelessness
365:Scientific racism
220:
219:
184:judicial opinions
131:Law and economics
32:Defamation (film)
16:(Redirected from
19632:
19551:
19550:
19541:
19540:
19481:Social privilege
19466:Social exclusion
19394:Police brutality
19315:Multiculturalism
19285:Amatonormativity
19116:Social exclusion
18952:Age of candidacy
18752:Homeless dumping
18658:Ethnic cleansing
17640:
17633:
17626:
17617:
17616:
17565:Small penis rule
17518:Strict liability
17487:Duty to visitors
17428:Standard of care
17337:Abuse of process
17208:
17201:
17194:
17185:
17184:
17172:
17171:
17129:
17122:
17115:
17106:
17105:
17048:
17022:
16996:
16970:
16944:
16918:
16892:
16866:
16840:
16814:
16788:
16762:
16736:
16710:
16699:, 29,31,33,39,
16684:
16667:
16666:
16664:
16662:
16645:
16639:
16638:
16636:
16634:
16617:
16611:
16610:
16608:
16606:
16589:
16583:
16582:
16574:
16566:
16560:
16559:
16551:
16543:
16537:
16536:
16535:
16533:
16507:
16498:
16497:
16496:
16494:
16468:
16455:
16454:
16453:
16451:
16425:
16412:
16411:
16410:
16408:
16382:
16371:
16370:
16369:
16367:
16341:
16332:
16331:
16329:
16327:
16313:
16307:
16306:
16305:
16303:
16277:
16266:
16265:
16264:
16262:
16236:
16221:
16220:
16219:
16217:
16191:
16180:
16179:
16178:
16176:
16150:
16133:
16132:
16131:
16129:
16103:
16092:
16091:
16090:
16088:
16062:
16051:
16050:
16049:
16047:
16021:
16015:
16014:
16013:
16011:
15985:
15979:
15978:
15977:
15975:
15949:
15943:
15942:
15941:
15939:
15913:
15898:
15897:
15892:
15890:
15875:
15869:
15868:
15866:
15864:
15852:
15846:
15845:
15843:
15841:
15821:
15815:
15809:
15803:
15796:rehearing denied
15785:
15779:
15778:
15776:
15774:
15760:
15754:
15753:
15736:
15730:
15729:
15712:
15706:
15705:
15704:. 19 March 2015.
15698:
15692:
15691:
15689:
15687:
15672:
15663:
15662:
15655:
15649:
15648:
15646:
15644:
15630:
15624:
15623:
15621:
15619:
15602:
15596:
15595:
15593:
15591:
15577:
15571:
15570:
15568:
15566:
15552:
15546:
15545:
15543:
15541:
15527:
15521:
15516:
15512:
15506:
15501:
15497:
15491:
15485:
15479:
15474:
15470:
15464:
15463:
15461:
15459:
15448:
15442:
15441:25 November 2008
15425:
15419:
15405:
15392:
15386:
15373:
15372:
15370:
15368:
15357:
15351:
15346:
15342:
15336:
15326:
15320:
15319:
15317:
15315:
15291:
15285:
15284:
15282:
15280:
15258:
15252:
15251:
15249:
15247:
15225:
15219:
15218:
15216:
15214:
15197:
15188:
15187:
15185:
15183:
15174:. Archived from
15163:
15157:
15156:
15154:
15152:
15140:
15134:
15133:
15131:
15129:
15114:
15108:
15090:
15084:
15082:
15078:
15077:(in Portuguese).
15076:
15068:
15062:
15050:
15046:
15040:
15037:OSCE Report 2005
15034:
15028:
15027:
15025:
15023:
15012:
15006:
15005:
14990:
14984:
14983:
14981:
14979:
14968:Official Gazette
14960:
14954:
14953:
14948:. Archived from
14937:
14931:
14930:
14928:
14926:
14915:Sun*Star – Davao
14907:
14901:
14900:
14895:. Archived from
14892:The Manila Times
14882:
14876:
14875:
14873:
14871:
14856:
14850:
14849:
14847:
14845:
14834:
14828:
14816:
14810:
14809:
14807:
14805:
14791:
14785:
14784:
14782:
14780:
14766:
14760:
14759:
14757:
14755:
14741:
14735:
14732:
14726:
14725:
14723:
14721:
14707:
14701:
14700:
14698:
14696:
14676:
14670:
14658:
14654:
14648:
14645:OSCE Report 2005
14642:
14636:
14635:
14633:
14631:
14616:
14610:
14609:
14607:
14605:
14590:
14584:
14583:
14572:
14566:
14565:
14557:
14551:
14550:
14539:
14533:
14532:
14530:
14528:
14519:. Archived from
14506:
14500:
14499:
14497:
14495:
14484:
14478:
14475:OSCE Report 2005
14472:
14466:
14465:
14463:
14461:
14456:on 14 April 2008
14455:
14449:. Archived from
14448:
14440:
14434:
14433:
14431:
14429:
14413:
14407:
14406:
14404:
14402:
14391:
14385:
14384:
14382:
14380:
14345:
14336:
14335:
14333:
14331:
14320:
14314:
14313:
14311:
14309:
14303:
14297:. Archived from
14296:
14288:
14282:
14279:OSCE Report 2005
14276:
14270:
14269:
14267:
14265:
14254:
14248:
14247:
14245:
14243:
14232:
14226:
14225:
14223:
14221:
14210:
14204:
14191:
14185:
14180:
14176:
14170:
14165:
14161:
14155:
14153:
14149:
14147:
14139:
14133:
14128:
14124:
14118:
14117:
14106:
14100:
14086:
14080:
14079:
14077:
14075:
14063:
14057:
14054:OSCE Report 2005
14051:
14045:
14044:
14042:
14040:
14029:
14023:
14022:
14020:
14018:
14009:. Archived from
13998:
13992:
13991:
13978:
13972:
13971:
13958:
13952:
13951:
13938:
13932:
13931:
13922:1994 CanLII 5883
13915:
13909:
13900:
13894:
13893:
13891:
13889:
13878:
13872:
13868:
13864:
13858:
13857:
13855:
13853:
13842:
13836:
13831:
13827:
13821:
13818:OSCE Report 2005
13815:
13809:
13808:
13806:
13804:
13789:
13783:
13782:
13780:
13778:
13767:
13761:
13760:
13758:
13756:
13745:
13739:
13725:
13719:
13718:
13716:
13714:
13699:
13693:
13692:
13690:
13688:
13671:
13665:
13645:
13639:
13625:
13619:
13618:
13612:
13604:
13602:
13600:
13595:on 16 April 2021
13584:
13578:
13577:
13575:
13573:
13557:
13551:
13550:
13548:
13546:10.1.1.1030.7304
13528:
13519:
13518:
13516:
13514:
13499:
13490:
13489:
13487:
13485:
13475:
13466:
13460:
13442:
13436:
13431:
13427:
13421:
13420:
13418:
13416:
13405:
13399:
13398:
13396:
13394:
13379:
13373:
13370:
13364:
13361:
13355:
13354:
13352:
13350:
13336:
13327:
13326:
13324:
13322:
13313:. Archived from
13301:
13292:
13291:
13289:
13287:
13273:
13264:
13263:
13252:
13243:
13242:
13231:
13222:
13221:
13219:
13217:
13202:
13196:
13195:
13193:
13191:
13175:
13169:
13168:
13140:
13134:
13128:
13122:
13116:
13110:
13078:
13072:
13056:
13050:
13049:
13047:
13045:
13030:
13024:
13017:
13011:
13004:
12998:
12991:
12985:
12978:
12972:
12965:
12959:
12958:
12926:
12915:
12901:
12895:
12884:Astley v. Verdun
12881:
12875:
12861:
12855:
12849:
12843:
12834:
12828:
12827:
12825:
12823:
12814:. Archived from
12804:
12798:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12779:
12773:
12772:
12761:
12755:
12754:
12743:
12737:
12736:
12734:
12732:
12718:
12712:
12711:
12709:
12707:
12692:
12686:
12685:
12683:
12681:
12672:. Archived from
12666:
12660:
12658:
12653:, archived from
12644:
12638:
12635:
12629:
12623:
12617:
12611:
12605:
12599:
12593:
12587:
12581:
12580:
12578:
12576:
12557:
12551:
12546:
12540:
12539:
12528:
12522:
12521:
12519:
12517:
12506:
12497:
12496:
12488:
12482:
12481:
12479:
12477:
12468:. Archived from
12458:
12452:
12444:
12438:
12437:
12435:
12433:
12424:. Archived from
12417:
12411:
12408:
12402:
12399:
12393:
12371:
12365:
12364:
12362:
12360:
12345:
12339:
12338:
12336:
12334:
12320:
12314:
12313:
12311:
12309:
12300:. Archived from
12289:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12262:
12256:
12249:
12243:
12242:
12240:
12238:
12227:Hodgson Russ LLP
12219:
12213:
12212:
12210:
12208:
12194:
12188:
12187:
12185:
12183:
12168:
12159:
12158:
12156:
12154:
12149:on 22 April 2008
12139:
12133:
12132:
12130:
12128:
12114:
12108:
12100:
12094:
12093:
12082:
12069:
12068:
12066:
12064:
12029:
12023:
12015:
12009:
12008:
12006:
12004:
11998:
11991:
11982:
11976:
11975:
11973:
11971:
11957:
11951:
11948:
11943:
11937:
11936:
11934:
11932:
11898:
11892:
11891:1 September 2021
11879:
11873:
11862:
11856:
11855:
11853:
11851:
11832:
11826:
11825:
11823:
11821:
11815:
11810:. Archived from
11799:
11793:
11792:
11790:
11788:
11779:. Archived from
11773:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11751:
11745:
11744:
11738:
11730:
11728:
11726:
11708:
11702:
11701:
11699:
11697:
11682:
11673:
11672:
11670:
11668:
11657:
11651:
11644:
11638:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11596:
11594:
11582:
11576:
11575:
11570:
11568:
11551:
11545:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11520:
11514:
11513:
11505:
11499:
11498:
11496:
11494:
11479:
11471:
11465:
11464:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11438:
11432:
11431:
11424:
11418:
11417:
11406:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11395:
11383:
11377:
11376:
11361:
11355:
11354:
11352:
11350:
11340:
11332:
11323:
11322:
11320:
11318:
11312:
11304:
11295:
11294:
11262:
11256:
11255:
11235:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11224:
11218:
11212:. Archived from
11211:
11203:
11197:
11182:
11176:
11167:47. 10. 15. 3–6.
11161:
11155:
11138:
11132:
11129:OSCE Report 2017
11126:
11117:
11116:
11115:
11113:
11092:
11083:
11082:
11081:
11079:
11074:Dunja Mijatović)
11056:(7 March 2017),
11050:
11039:
11038:
11036:
11034:
11020:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11009:
10993:
10971:
10964:
10958:
10935:
10929:
10918:
10912:
10897:
10891:
10883:
10877:
10874:
10868:
10821:
10789:Small penis rule
10735:Intentional tort
10710:False accusation
10607:
10602:
10601:
10371:Ten Commandments
10246:Monetary damages
9804:On evil-speaking
9780:Council of Trent
9768:Epistle of James
9737:Law and religion
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9539:were imposed on
9214:
9051:and with little
9045:takedown notices
8945:Rachel Ehrenfeld
8748:Errico Malatesta
8644:Legislative Yuan
8425:
8412:
8399:
8393:
8341:criminal records
8337:South Korean won
8323:settlement money
8051:The Manila Times
7891:
7884:
7880:
7877:
7871:
7840:
7832:
7823:
7809:
7794:
7774:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7692:criminal charges
7686:
7680:
7679:
7673:
7613:
7589:
7583:
7577:
7559:
7487:criminal charges
7375:
7373:La Vie Illustrée
7258:specific context
7141:
7135:
7118:
7048:Defamatory libel
6944:religious belief
6884:minimum salaries
6690:
6689:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6018:
6016:
6015:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5947:
5945:
5944:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5574:
5572:
5571:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5223:
5219:
5208:
5205:
5199:
5187:
5186:
5179:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5019:
4890:Actual innocence
4747:Ethnic cleansing
4641:Trespass to land
4536:Arms trafficking
4100:
4093:
4092:
4089:Defamatory libel
4073:actio iniuriarum
4068:actio iniuriarum
4048:actio iniuriarum
4026:actio iniuriarum
3996:actio iniuriarum
3992:actio iniuriarum
3988:actio iniuriarum
3793:Associated Press
3478:J. B. Jeyaretnam
3446:In contemporary
3403:
3396:
3389:
3373:
3372:
3229:
2998:
2861:Standard of care
2746:Abuse of process
2656:
2617:
2598:
2597:
2567:defence of truth
2451:Second World War
2299:public officials
2277:criminal offence
2218:
2211:
2204:
2141:Social privilege
2126:Social exclusion
2054:Police brutality
1975:Multiculturalism
1945:Amatonormativity
1760:Social exclusion
1596:Age of candidacy
1390:Homeless dumping
1296:Ethnic cleansing
245:
222:
221:
212:
205:
198:
136:Sociology of law
77:
54:
53:
21:
19640:
19639:
19635:
19634:
19633:
19631:
19630:
19629:
19570:
19569:
19568:
19563:
19562:
19557:
19529:
19404:Polyculturalism
19300:Civil liberties
19268:
19249:Reappropriation
19150:Countermeasures
19145:
19074:Racial steering
19040:Numerus clausus
18944:
18938:
18663:Ethnic conflict
18598:Corrective rape
18549:
18191:
18038:
17930:HIV/AIDS stigma
17793:
17742:Mental disorder
17680:
17649:
17644:
17614:
17609:
17588:
17534:
17513:
17482:
17448:Rescue doctrine
17433:Proximate cause
17409:
17398:Public nuisance
17384:
17351:
17314:Dignitary torts
17308:
17270:
17217:
17212:
17177:
17169:
17164:
17143:By jurisdiction
17138:
17133:
17094:
17075:
17070:
16907:, 9,11,12,51,
16676:
16671:
16670:
16660:
16658:
16646:
16642:
16632:
16630:
16618:
16614:
16604:
16602:
16590:
16586:
16572:"Slander"
16567:
16563:
16544:
16540:
16531:
16529:
16527:
16509:
16508:
16501:
16492:
16490:
16488:
16470:
16469:
16458:
16449:
16447:
16445:
16427:
16426:
16415:
16406:
16404:
16402:
16384:
16383:
16374:
16365:
16363:
16361:
16343:
16342:
16335:
16325:
16323:
16315:
16314:
16310:
16301:
16299:
16297:
16279:
16278:
16269:
16260:
16258:
16256:
16238:
16237:
16224:
16215:
16213:
16211:
16193:
16192:
16183:
16174:
16172:
16170:
16152:
16151:
16136:
16127:
16125:
16123:
16105:
16104:
16095:
16086:
16084:
16082:
16064:
16063:
16054:
16045:
16043:
16041:
16023:
16022:
16018:
16009:
16007:
16005:
15987:
15986:
15982:
15973:
15971:
15969:
15951:
15950:
15946:
15937:
15935:
15933:
15915:
15914:
15901:
15888:
15886:
15876:
15872:
15862:
15860:
15853:
15849:
15839:
15837:
15830:Litigation News
15822:
15818:
15810:
15806:
15786:
15782:
15772:
15770:
15762:
15761:
15757:
15751:public benefit.
15737:
15733:
15714:
15713:
15709:
15700:
15699:
15695:
15685:
15683:
15674:
15673:
15666:
15657:
15656:
15652:
15642:
15640:
15632:
15631:
15627:
15617:
15615:
15603:
15599:
15589:
15587:
15579:
15578:
15574:
15564:
15562:
15554:
15553:
15549:
15539:
15537:
15529:
15528:
15524:
15514:
15513:
15509:
15499:
15498:
15494:
15486:
15482:
15472:
15471:
15467:
15457:
15455:
15450:
15449:
15445:
15436:Wayback Machine
15426:
15422:
15416:Wayback Machine
15406:
15395:
15391:(see Chapter 5)
15387:
15376:
15366:
15364:
15359:
15358:
15354:
15344:
15343:
15339:
15327:
15323:
15313:
15311:
15298:
15292:
15288:
15278:
15276:
15268:The Korea Times
15259:
15255:
15245:
15243:
15226:
15222:
15212:
15210:
15198:
15191:
15181:
15179:
15164:
15160:
15150:
15148:
15141:
15137:
15127:
15125:
15116:
15115:
15111:
15101:Wayback Machine
15091:
15087:
15080:
15074:
15070:
15069:
15065:
15059:Wayback Machine
15049:(in Portuguese)
15048:
15047:
15043:
15035:
15031:
15021:
15019:
15014:
15013:
15009:
14992:
14991:
14987:
14977:
14975:
14962:
14961:
14957:
14946:Manila Standard
14938:
14934:
14924:
14922:
14909:
14908:
14904:
14883:
14879:
14869:
14867:
14858:
14857:
14853:
14843:
14841:
14836:
14835:
14831:
14826:Wayback Machine
14817:
14813:
14803:
14801:
14793:
14792:
14788:
14778:
14776:
14768:
14767:
14763:
14753:
14751:
14743:
14742:
14738:
14733:
14729:
14719:
14717:
14709:
14708:
14704:
14694:
14692:
14677:
14673:
14667:Wayback Machine
14656:
14655:
14651:
14643:
14639:
14629:
14627:
14618:
14617:
14613:
14603:
14601:
14591:
14587:
14574:
14573:
14569:
14559:
14558:
14554:
14541:
14540:
14536:
14526:
14524:
14523:on 22 July 2013
14507:
14503:
14493:
14491:
14486:
14485:
14481:
14473:
14469:
14459:
14457:
14453:
14446:
14442:
14441:
14437:
14427:
14425:
14424:on 3 March 2021
14414:
14410:
14400:
14398:
14392:
14388:
14378:
14376:
14346:
14339:
14329:
14327:
14322:
14321:
14317:
14307:
14305:
14301:
14294:
14290:
14289:
14285:
14277:
14273:
14263:
14261:
14256:
14255:
14251:
14241:
14239:
14234:
14233:
14229:
14219:
14217:
14212:
14211:
14207:
14201:Wayback Machine
14192:
14188:
14178:
14177:
14173:
14163:
14162:
14158:
14151:
14145:
14141:
14140:
14136:
14126:
14125:
14121:
14108:
14107:
14103:
14087:
14083:
14073:
14071:
14064:
14060:
14052:
14048:
14038:
14036:
14031:
14030:
14026:
14016:
14014:
14013:on 7 March 2017
14007:Canadian Lawyer
13999:
13995:
13980:
13979:
13975:
13960:
13959:
13955:
13940:
13939:
13935:
13929:
13926:Court of Appeal
13916:
13912:
13903:Book 1, Title 2
13901:
13897:
13887:
13885:
13880:
13879:
13875:
13867:(in Portuguese)
13866:
13865:
13861:
13851:
13849:
13844:
13843:
13839:
13829:
13828:
13824:
13816:
13812:
13802:
13800:
13791:
13790:
13786:
13776:
13774:
13769:
13768:
13764:
13754:
13752:
13747:
13746:
13742:
13726:
13722:
13712:
13710:
13700:
13696:
13686:
13684:
13673:
13672:
13668:
13646:
13642:
13626:
13622:
13606:
13605:
13598:
13596:
13585:
13581:
13571:
13569:
13558:
13554:
13529:
13522:
13512:
13510:
13507:NSW legislation
13501:
13500:
13493:
13483:
13481:
13473:
13467:
13463:
13443:
13439:
13429:
13428:
13424:
13414:
13412:
13407:
13406:
13402:
13392:
13390:
13389:on 13 June 2010
13381:
13380:
13376:
13371:
13367:
13362:
13358:
13348:
13346:
13338:
13337:
13330:
13320:
13318:
13303:
13302:
13295:
13285:
13283:
13275:
13274:
13267:
13254:
13253:
13246:
13233:
13232:
13225:
13215:
13213:
13212:on 10 July 2010
13204:
13203:
13199:
13189:
13187:
13176:
13172:
13157:10.2307/3478081
13141:
13137:
13131:King v. Osborne
13129:
13125:
13117:
13113:
13099:Wayback Machine
13088:Wayback Machine
13079:
13075:
13069:Wayback Machine
13057:
13053:
13043:
13041:
13032:
13031:
13027:
13018:
13014:
13005:
13001:
12992:
12988:
12979:
12975:
12966:
12962:
12927:
12918:
12902:
12898:
12882:
12878:
12862:
12858:
12850:
12846:
12835:
12831:
12821:
12819:
12806:
12805:
12801:
12791:
12789:
12781:
12780:
12776:
12763:
12762:
12758:
12745:
12744:
12740:
12730:
12728:
12720:
12719:
12715:
12705:
12703:
12694:
12693:
12689:
12679:
12677:
12668:
12667:
12663:
12645:
12641:
12636:
12632:
12624:
12620:
12612:
12608:
12600:
12596:
12588:
12584:
12574:
12572:
12559:
12558:
12554:
12547:
12543:
12538:. 24 July 2014.
12530:
12529:
12525:
12515:
12513:
12508:
12507:
12500:
12489:
12485:
12475:
12473:
12472:on 1 March 2021
12460:
12459:
12455:
12445:
12441:
12431:
12429:
12418:
12414:
12409:
12405:
12400:
12396:
12383:Wayback Machine
12372:
12368:
12358:
12356:
12347:
12346:
12342:
12332:
12330:
12322:
12321:
12317:
12307:
12305:
12290:
12281:
12271:
12269:
12264:
12263:
12259:
12250:
12246:
12236:
12234:
12229:. 9 June 2020.
12221:
12220:
12216:
12206:
12204:
12196:
12195:
12191:
12181:
12179:
12178:. 20 March 2018
12170:
12169:
12162:
12152:
12150:
12141:
12140:
12136:
12126:
12124:
12116:
12115:
12111:
12101:
12097:
12084:
12083:
12072:
12062:
12060:
12050:10.2307/1227028
12030:
12026:
12016:
12012:
12002:
12000:
11996:
11989:
11983:
11979:
11969:
11967:
11959:
11958:
11954:
11946:
11944:
11940:
11930:
11928:
11899:
11895:
11880:
11876:
11863:
11859:
11849:
11847:
11834:
11833:
11829:
11819:
11817:
11808:Financial Times
11800:
11796:
11786:
11784:
11775:
11774:
11770:
11760:
11758:
11753:
11752:
11748:
11732:
11731:
11724:
11722:
11709:
11705:
11695:
11693:
11683:
11676:
11666:
11664:
11659:
11658:
11654:
11645:
11641:
11606:
11602:
11592:
11590:
11583:
11579:
11566:
11564:
11552:
11548:
11538:
11536:
11521:
11517:
11506:
11502:
11492:
11490:
11477:
11473:
11472:
11468:
11457:
11453:
11448:. 13 July 2017.
11440:
11439:
11435:
11426:
11425:
11421:
11408:
11407:
11403:
11393:
11391:
11384:
11380:
11363:
11362:
11358:
11348:
11346:
11338:
11334:
11333:
11326:
11316:
11314:
11310:
11306:
11305:
11298:
11263:
11259:
11252:
11236:
11232:
11222:
11220:
11216:
11209:
11205:
11204:
11200:
11195:Wayback Machine
11188:47. 10. 15. 25.
11183:
11179:
11174:Wayback Machine
11162:
11158:
11153:Wayback Machine
11139:
11135:
11127:
11120:
11111:
11109:
11108:), 9 March 2005
11093:
11086:
11077:
11075:
11051:
11042:
11032:
11030:
11022:
11021:
11017:
11007:
11005:
10995:
10994:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10974:
10969:Aquilian action
10965:
10961:
10936:
10932:
10919:
10915:
10898:
10894:
10884:
10880:
10875:
10871:
10837:comparative law
10822:
10818:
10813:
10808:
10767:Political libel
10715:Food libel laws
10603:
10596:
10593:
10573:excommunication
10569:legal liability
10511:
10505:
10392:divine presence
10349:("gossip") and
10339:
10333:
10325:hotzaat shem ra
10282:
10272:
10135:monetary awards
10101:Muslim scholars
10066:
10056:
10011:
9974:is preferable.
9902:The dignity or
9898:trustworthiness
9876:
9870:
9788:Roman Catechism
9764:religious texts
9758:
9752:
9747:
9733:
9720:law enforcement
9688:
9683:
9632:
9611:(in 2013), and
9583:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9556:eight countries
9555:
9533:
9502:
9470:
9398:
9370:
9365:
9281:
9231:(IACHR) of the
9221:
9212:
9187:
9178:
9166:military courts
9156:in particular,
9141:
9132:public interest
9128:burden of proof
9108:
9098:and preventing
9082:and values and
9032:legal liability
8971:
8966:
8961:
8953:
8919:
8898:. In addition,
8788:
8782:
8777:
8759:breach of peace
8738:
8712:provides that:
8706:
8673:
8668:
8523:
8463:
8458:
8435:
8386:
8361:
8349:
8289:The Korea Times
8225:
8219:
8211:public interest
8200:
8168:
8151:
8143:
8131:
8106:
8090:
8080:
7962:Publication in
7933:
7927:
7922:
7909:
7892:
7881:
7875:
7872:
7857:
7841:
7830:
7816:
7801:
7770:
7671:
7661:
7648:
7630:
7624:
7569:
7558:NIS 50,000
7557:
7547:
7531:
7517:
7489:(Section 211).
7428:
7412:
7399:
7386:Prince of Sagan
7364:
7330:chilling effect
7321:
7316:
7304:
7295:
7286:
7262:scientific work
7250:
7234:
7158:
7153:
7139:injurias graves
7107:
7091:
7035:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6997:
6985:
6964:
6952:native language
6912:national origin
6895:
6876:
6867:
6857:, heard in the
6844:Mickle v Farley
6813:
6723:
6717:
6697:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6676:
6674:
6667:
6641:
6639:
6617:
6615:
6595:
6593:
6573:
6571:
6552:
6550:
6528:
6526:
6504:
6502:
6481:
6479:
6457:
6455:
6433:
6431:
6409:
6407:
6385:
6383:
6361:
6359:
6338:
6336:
6314:
6312:
6290:
6288:
6266:
6264:
6245:
6243:
6221:
6219:
6197:
6195:
6173:
6171:
6150:
6148:
6135:North Macedonia
6128:
6126:
6104:
6102:
6081:
6079:
6058:
6056:
6034:
6032:
6013:
6011:
5989:
5987:
5965:
5963:
5942:
5940:
5918:
5916:
5895:
5893:
5874:
5872:
5850:
5848:
5826:
5824:
5802:
5800:
5781:
5779:
5757:
5755:
5733:
5731:
5710:
5708:
5686:
5684:
5662:
5660:
5639:
5637:
5616:
5614:
5592:
5590:
5569:
5567:
5545:
5543:
5522:
5520:
5499:
5497:
5475:
5473:
5451:
5449:
5428:
5426:
5407:
5405:
5383:
5381:
5359:
5357:
5335:
5333:
5311:
5309:
5288:
5286:
5264:
5262:
5242:
5240:
5218:
5209:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5145:
5130:King v. Osborne
5066:
5007:
4571:False pretenses
4500:Sex trafficking
4426:Sexual offenses
4385:Preterintention
4221:Summary offense
4091:
4085:
3984:
3975:
3892:Indian tort law
3839:that had found
3818:seditious libel
3785:public official
3710:
3645:
3568:Mistake of fact
3526:public interest
3513:
3444:
3432:
3427:
3407:
3367:
3261:By jurisdiction
2961:Public nuisance
2890:Rescue doctrine
2873:Proximate cause
2785:Negligent torts
2697:Dignitary torts
2652:
2596:
2590:
2575:public interest
2551:
2501:(including the
2447:
2424:actio injurarum
2371:
2222:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2064:Polyculturalism
1960:Civil liberties
1932:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1901:Reappropriation
1801:
1800:Countermeasures
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1718:Racial steering
1684:Numerus clausus
1588:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1301:Ethnic conflict
1238:Corrective rape
1193:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
830:
819:
818:
817:
816:
815:
668:
658:
657:
656:
655:
654:
546:HIV/AIDS stigma
413:
405:
404:
403:
402:
401:
350:Mental disorder
292:
284:
283:
282:
281:
280:
253:
216:
50:
39:Knowledge:Libel
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19638:
19628:
19627:
19622:
19617:
19612:
19607:
19602:
19597:
19592:
19587:
19582:
19565:
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19478:
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19468:
19463:
19458:
19453:
19452:
19451:
19449:Reverse racism
19441:
19436:
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19426:
19421:
19419:Prisoner abuse
19416:
19411:
19409:Power distance
19406:
19401:
19396:
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19376:
19375:
19374:
19364:
19359:
19354:
19349:
19344:
19339:
19334:
19329:
19327:Ethnic penalty
19324:
19323:
19322:
19320:Neurodiversity
19317:
19307:
19305:Dehumanization
19302:
19297:
19295:Cisnormativity
19292:
19287:
19282:
19276:
19274:
19273:Related topics
19270:
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19138:
19133:
19131:State religion
19128:
19123:
19118:
19113:
19112:
19111:
19106:
19101:
19096:
19086:
19081:
19076:
19071:
19070:
19069:
19067:Nuremberg Laws
19064:
19054:
19049:
19044:
19036:
19031:
19026:
19021:
19016:
19011:
19009:Ghetto benches
19006:
19004:Gerrymandering
19001:
18996:
18991:
18989:Gender pay gap
18986:
18985:
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18979:
18969:
18964:
18959:
18954:
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18943:Discriminatory
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18794:
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18779:
18774:
18772:Lavender scare
18769:
18767:Kill Haole Day
18764:
18762:Indian rolling
18759:
18754:
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18650:
18648:Eliminationism
18645:
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18605:
18600:
18595:
18590:
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18583:Cancel culture
18580:
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18557:
18555:
18554:Manifestations
18551:
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18450:Middle Eastern
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18187:Zoroastrianism
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18114:Untouchability
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17647:Discrimination
17643:
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17560:Eggshell skull
17557:
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17455:
17453:Duty to rescue
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17357:Economic torts
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17074:
17073:External links
17071:
17069:
17068:
17042:
17016:
17011:, 7,9,34,39,
16990:
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16886:
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15443:
15427:Frigyes, Paul
15420:
15393:
15374:
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15337:
15321:
15286:
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15220:
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15135:
15109:
15105:România Liberă
15085:
15063:
15041:
15029:
15007:
14985:
14955:
14932:
14902:
14899:on 9 May 2013.
14877:
14851:
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14671:
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14637:
14611:
14593:Wood, Kieron.
14585:
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14552:
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14479:
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14408:
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13552:
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13422:
13400:
13374:
13365:
13356:
13328:
13317:on 8 June 2023
13293:
13265:
13244:
13223:
13197:
13170:
13151:(2): 290–299.
13135:
13123:
13111:
13073:
13051:
13025:
13012:
13006:Robert Black,
12999:
12986:
12973:
12960:
12941:(1): 111–129.
12916:
12908:2011 BCSC 1532
12896:
12888:2011 ONSC 3651
12876:
12856:
12844:
12829:
12799:
12774:
12769:Google Scholar
12756:
12751:Google Scholar
12738:
12726:Google Scholar
12713:
12687:
12661:
12639:
12630:
12618:
12606:
12594:
12592:SCC (Cri) 944.
12582:
12552:
12541:
12523:
12498:
12483:
12453:
12439:
12412:
12403:
12394:
12366:
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12315:
12279:
12257:
12244:
12214:
12189:
12160:
12134:
12109:
12095:
12090:sso.agc.gov.sg
12070:
12044:(4): 789–848.
12024:
12010:
11977:
11952:
11938:
11927:on 21 May 2013
11893:
11874:
11857:
11827:
11794:
11768:
11746:
11703:
11674:
11652:
11639:
11637:
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11629:
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11600:
11577:
11546:
11515:
11500:
11489:. 29 July 2011
11483:United Nations
11466:
11451:
11433:
11419:
11401:
11378:
11356:
11324:
11296:
11283:10.2307/845182
11277:(3): 216–236.
11269:, 1497-1773".
11257:
11250:
11230:
11219:on 15 May 2011
11198:
11177:
11156:
11146:47. 10. 15. 2.
11133:
11118:
11084:
11040:
11015:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10959:
10930:
10913:
10899:For instance,
10892:
10878:
10869:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10807:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10794:Smear campaign
10791:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10730:Insult (legal)
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10705:Dignitary tort
10702:
10695:
10690:
10688:Defamation Act
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10668:Criminal libel
10665:
10662:Crimen injuria
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10610:
10609:
10608:
10592:
10589:
10509:he:הוצאת שם רע
10504:
10501:
10497:Jewish thought
10466:legal remedies
10332:
10329:
10319:equates it to
10313:
10312:
10305:
10271:
10268:
10252:right of reply
10248:
10247:
10244:
10234:
10205:
10204:
10201:
10179:
10090:state religion
10074:Malaysian laws
10055:
10052:
10010:
10007:
9908:
9907:
9900:
9894:
9869:
9866:
9826:false evidence
9814:Joseph Deharbe
9812:and catechist
9751:
9748:
9732:
9729:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9631:
9628:
9582:
9579:
9532:
9529:
9521:United Nations
9501:
9498:
9474:emergency laws
9469:
9466:
9397:
9394:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9335:United Kingdom
9294:criminal libel
9286:Western Europe
9280:
9277:
9220:
9217:
9186:
9183:
9177:
9174:
9140:
9137:
9107:
9104:
9065:private-sector
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8959:UNESCO reports
8957:
8952:
8949:
8918:
8915:
8896:Virgin Islands
8872:South Carolina
8860:North Carolina
8784:Main article:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8768:Libel Act 1843
8737:
8736:United Kingdom
8734:
8705:
8702:
8672:
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8482:
8481:
8480:(Arts. 18, 19)
8462:
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8457:
8454:
8434:
8431:
8385:
8382:
8360:
8357:
8351:In the former
8348:
8345:
8277:social studies
8218:
8215:
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8196:
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8114:public opinion
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7894:
7893:
7876:September 2022
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7595:abuse of power
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7509:non-cognisable
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7370:Front page of
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7284:Czech Republic
7282:
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6999:Main article:
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5529:Czech Republic
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2449:Following the
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2019:
2014:
2009:
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1999:
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1987:Ethnic penalty
1984:
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1980:Neurodiversity
1977:
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1965:Dehumanization
1962:
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1955:Cisnormativity
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1407:
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1400:Indian rolling
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811:Zoroastrianism
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738:Untouchability
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19503:Social stigma
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19132:
19129:
19127:
19126:State atheism
19124:
19122:
19119:
19117:
19114:
19110:
19107:
19105:
19102:
19100:
19097:
19095:
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19090:
19087:
19085:
19082:
19080:
19077:
19075:
19072:
19068:
19065:
19063:
19062:Jim Crow laws
19060:
19059:
19058:
19055:
19053:
19050:
19048:
19047:One-drop rule
19045:
19043:
19041:
19037:
19035:
19032:
19030:
19027:
19025:
19022:
19020:
19017:
19015:
19012:
19010:
19007:
19005:
19002:
19000:
18997:
18995:
18992:
18990:
18987:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18974:
18973:
18970:
18968:
18965:
18963:
18962:Blood quantum
18960:
18958:
18955:
18953:
18950:
18949:
18947:
18941:
18935:
18932:
18930:
18927:
18925:
18922:
18920:
18917:
18915:
18912:
18910:
18909:Victimisation
18907:
18905:
18904:Trans bashing
18902:
18900:
18897:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18885:
18882:
18880:
18877:
18875:
18874:Religious war
18872:
18870:
18867:
18865:
18862:
18860:
18857:
18855:
18854:Racialization
18852:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18837:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18825:
18822:
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18810:
18808:
18805:
18804:
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18798:
18795:
18793:
18790:
18788:
18785:
18783:
18780:
18778:
18775:
18773:
18770:
18768:
18765:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18736:
18733:
18732:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18725:Glass ceiling
18723:
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18716:
18715:
18714:
18711:
18709:
18706:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18676:
18674:
18671:
18669:
18668:Ethnic hatred
18666:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18649:
18646:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18636:
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18631:
18629:
18626:
18624:
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18619:
18616:
18614:
18611:
18609:
18606:
18604:
18603:Counter-jihad
18601:
18599:
18596:
18594:
18591:
18589:
18586:
18584:
18581:
18579:
18576:
18574:
18571:
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18556:
18552:
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18528:
18526:
18523:
18521:
18518:
18516:
18513:
18511:
18508:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18491:
18488:
18486:
18483:
18481:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18463:
18461:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18446:
18443:
18441:
18438:
18436:
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18428:
18426:
18423:
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18418:
18416:
18413:
18411:
18408:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18398:
18396:
18393:
18389:
18388:United States
18386:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18376:
18375:
18373:
18371:
18368:
18366:
18363:
18361:
18358:
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18353:
18351:
18348:
18346:
18343:
18341:
18338:
18336:
18333:
18331:
18328:
18326:
18323:
18321:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18311:
18308:
18306:
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18296:
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18284:
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18279:
18276:
18274:
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18256:
18252:
18251:United States
18249:
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18242:
18239:
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18234:
18232:
18229:
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18219:
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18203:
18201:
18199:
18194:
18188:
18185:
18183:
18180:
18178:
18175:
18173:
18172:Protestantism
18170:
18168:
18165:
18161:
18158:
18157:
18156:
18153:
18147:
18144:
18142:
18139:
18137:
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18129:
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18124:
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18115:
18112:
18110:
18107:
18106:
18105:
18102:
18100:
18097:
18093:
18090:
18088:
18087:LDS or Mormon
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18073:
18070:
18069:
18068:
18065:
18063:
18060:
18058:
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18050:
18049:
18047:
18045:
18041:
18035:
18032:
18030:
18027:
18023:
18020:
18018:
18017:Transmisogyny
18015:
18013:
18010:
18009:
18008:
18005:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17992:
17991:
17988:
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17958:
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17948:
17946:
17943:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17920:Gerontophobia
17918:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17888:
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17883:
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17878:
17876:
17873:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17845:Anti-intersex
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17820:Anti-albinism
17818:
17816:
17813:
17811:
17808:
17806:
17803:
17802:
17800:
17796:
17790:
17787:
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17690:
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17677:
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17669:
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17662:
17661:Institutional
17659:
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17648:
17641:
17636:
17634:
17629:
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17497:
17495:
17492:
17491:
17489:
17485:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17466:In employment
17464:
17462:
17459:
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17209:
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17197:
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17160:United States
17158:
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17097:
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17088:
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17082:
17077:
17076:
17066:
17063:, 48,49,52,
17062:
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17047:
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17040:
17036:
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17026:
17021:
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15906:
15904:
15896:
15885:
15881:
15874:
15858:
15851:
15835:
15831:
15827:
15824:Green, Dana.
15820:
15813:
15808:
15801:
15797:
15793:
15789:
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15769:
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15759:
15752:
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15703:
15697:
15682:. 17 May 2018
15681:
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15536:
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15526:
15520:(Article 175)
15519:
15511:
15505:(Article 173)
15504:
15496:
15489:
15484:
15478:(Article 174)
15477:
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15341:
15334:
15330:
15325:
15309:
15306:(in Korean).
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15081:(641 KB)
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14712:
14706:
14690:
14686:
14682:
14675:
14669:, Article 31.
14668:
14664:
14661:
14653:
14646:
14641:
14625:
14621:
14615:
14600:
14599:www.lawyer.ie
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14152:(578 KB)
14148:(in Spanish).
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14097:Supreme Court
14094:
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14085:
14069:
14062:
14056:, p. 40.
14055:
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14028:
14012:
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13997:
13989:
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13977:
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13908:
13904:
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13883:
13877:
13871:
13863:
13847:
13841:
13834:
13826:
13820:, p. 19.
13819:
13814:
13798:
13794:
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13772:
13766:
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13744:
13737:
13736:Federal Court
13733:
13729:
13724:
13709:
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13698:
13682:
13681:
13676:
13670:
13663:
13659:
13656:, (2002) 210
13655:
13651:
13650:
13644:
13637:
13636:Supreme Court
13633:
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13594:
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13525:
13508:
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13479:
13472:
13465:
13458:
13454:
13451:, (1997) 189
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13249:
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13230:
13228:
13211:
13207:
13201:
13185:
13181:
13178:Dohel, Ilia.
13174:
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12935:Legal Studies
12932:
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12921:
12913:
12912:Supreme Court
12909:
12905:
12900:
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12885:
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12872:Supreme Court
12869:
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12783:"Court Cases"
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12375:"False light"
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12148:
12144:
12143:"Legal Terms"
12138:
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11897:
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11864:Cameron Sim,
11861:
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11476:
11470:
11462:
11455:
11447:
11446:The Economist
11443:
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10745:Libel tourism
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10699:Depp v. Heard
10696:
10694:
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10673:Cyberbullying
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10532:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10516:
10510:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10489:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10462:
10460:
10456:
10452:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10424:
10419:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10388:
10382:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10344:
10338:
10328:
10326:
10322:
10318:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10299:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10290:
10288:
10287:
10281:
10277:
10267:
10265:
10261:
10257:
10253:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10235:
10233:
10229:
10225:
10221:
10217:
10215:
10210:
10209:
10208:
10202:
10199:
10198:
10193:
10189:
10188:
10183:
10180:
10177:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10168:
10166:
10165:
10160:
10159:
10154:
10153:
10148:
10147:customary law
10142:
10140:
10136:
10131:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10108:
10106:
10102:
10097:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10065:
10061:
10051:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10036:
10034:
10029:
10027:
10023:
10018:
10016:
10006:
10004:
10001:and pay them
10000:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9983:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9968:
9962:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9936:
9932:
9927:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9906:of the victim
9905:
9901:
9899:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9881:
9875:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9859:
9853:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9805:
9801:
9797:
9793:
9789:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9766:(such as the
9765:
9762:
9757:
9746:
9742:
9741:Religious law
9738:
9728:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9700:
9698:
9697:press freedom
9694:
9678:
9674:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9659:legal reforms
9656:
9651:
9649:
9648:cyberbullying
9644:
9640:
9635:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9602:
9600:
9596:
9591:
9588:
9578:
9576:
9571:
9553:
9548:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9528:
9526:
9522:
9517:
9515:
9511:
9507:
9497:
9493:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9478:
9475:
9465:
9461:
9459:
9453:
9451:
9446:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9423:landmark case
9419:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9404:
9393:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9378:
9375:
9360:
9358:
9357:personal data
9354:
9350:
9344:
9342:
9341:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9319:
9317:
9313:
9308:
9305:
9301:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9290:North America
9287:
9276:
9274:
9269:
9267:
9263:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9246:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9216:
9209:
9207:
9206:civil society
9203:
9199:
9194:
9192:
9182:
9173:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9155:
9150:
9146:
9136:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9117:
9116:African Union
9113:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9078:
9072:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9028:
9026:
9022:
9018:
9013:
9011:
9010:jurisdictions
9007:
9006:Libel tourism
9003:
8999:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8976:
8956:
8948:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8929:
8924:
8914:
8911:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8857:
8853:
8852:New Hampshire
8849:
8845:
8841:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8828:Massachusetts
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8787:
8775:United States
8772:
8770:
8769:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8751:
8749:
8745:
8744:
8733:
8728:
8724:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8711:
8701:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8676:
8663:
8660:
8656:
8651:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8624:
8618:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8598:Judicial Yuan
8591:
8588:
8585:
8582:
8579:
8575:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8555:
8551:
8548:
8545:
8542:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8507:
8504:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8485:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8453:
8451:
8446:
8444:
8440:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8398:
8392:
8381:
8379:
8375:
8370:
8366:
8356:
8354:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8333:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8319:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8290:
8284:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8270:
8269:Byun Jung-soo
8266:
8265:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8231:
8224:
8214:
8212:
8207:
8205:
8195:
8188:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8173:
8163:
8160:
8156:
8146:
8138:
8136:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8115:
8111:
8101:
8099:
8095:
8089:
8085:
8075:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8052:
8043:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8029:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7993:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7961:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7917:
7913:
7904:
7901:
7890:
7887:
7879:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7850:
7845:This section
7843:
7839:
7834:
7833:
7825:
7822:
7811:
7808:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7773:
7767:
7764:
7752:
7749:
7737:
7734:
7722:
7719:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7688:
7685:
7668:
7666:
7656:
7654:
7642:
7637:
7635:
7629:
7619:
7617:
7612:
7611:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7591:
7588:
7582:
7576:
7564:
7561:
7554:
7552:
7549:According to
7542:
7538:
7536:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7497:
7495:
7490:
7488:
7484:
7479:
7477:
7473:
7464:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7448:
7444:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7423:
7421:
7415:
7407:
7404:
7403:Criminal Code
7394:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7374:
7368:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7326:
7311:
7309:
7308:Criminal Code
7299:
7290:
7281:
7279:
7278:provided that
7275:
7271:
7267:
7266:literary work
7263:
7260:is that of a
7259:
7255:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7199:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7148:
7145:
7140:
7134:
7128:
7127:prison term.
7124:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7102:
7100:
7097:In 2011, the
7095:
7086:
7084:
7079:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7030:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7002:
6992:
6990:
6980:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6959:
6957:
6956:social origin
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6940:philosophical
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6904:intended race
6900:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6881:
6871:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6808:
6806:
6802:
6793:
6790:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6764:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6712:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6692:
6672:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6602:United States
6592:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6525:
6524:
6520:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6430:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6406:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6311:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6101:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6010:
6009:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5986:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:Liechtenstein
5915:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5892:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5216:Summary table
5207:
5195:
5190:
5181:
5180:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5140:
5138:
5133:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5075:
5063:
5058:
5056:
5051:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:Justification
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:Miscegenation
4773:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Pickpocketing
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4460:Homosexuality
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:Home invasion
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4273:Assassination
4271:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:actual malice
3961:rejected the
3960:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3911:Supreme Court
3908:
3905:. Though the
3904:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3853:actual malice
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:William Cosby
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3789:actual malice
3786:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3775:actual malice
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3720:or delict of
3719:
3714:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:homosexuality
3694:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3404:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3309:United States
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:Sexual torts
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Appropriation
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:In 2011, the
2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:Acts against
2340:
2338:
2335:Acts against
2334:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:state symbols
2322:Acts against
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2297:Acts against
2296:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:communication
2230:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Social stigma
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:State atheism
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:Jim Crow laws
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:One-drop rule
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:Blood quantum
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Victimisation
1545:
1543:
1542:Trans bashing
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:Religious war
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:Racialization
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:Glass ceiling
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:Ethnic hatred
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Counter-jihad
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:United States
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
884:
883:United States
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
829:
823:
822:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
796:Protestantism
794:
792:
789:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
724:
721:
717:
714:
712:
711:LDS or Mormon
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
667:
662:
661:
651:
648:
646:
643:
639:
636:
634:
633:Transmisogyny
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:Gerontophobia
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Anti-intersex
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:Anti-albinism
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
409:
408:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
288:
287:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:Institutional
259:
258:
249:
248:
244:
240:
239:
236:
233:
232:
228:
224:
223:
213:
208:
206:
201:
199:
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
169:
168:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
143:
142:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
116:Jurisprudence
114:
113:
112:
111:
107:
106:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
19610:Honor crimes
19590:Criminal law
19337:Gender-blind
19224:Human rights
19052:Racial quota
19039:
19019:Jewish quota
18999:Gerontocracy
18994:Gender roles
18972:Disabilities
18957:Blood purity
18929:Wife selling
18919:White flight
18899:Slut-shaming
18879:Scapegoating
18797:Murder music
18612:
18470:Palestinians
18283:South Africa
18268:Black people
18246:South Africa
18067:Christianity
18057:Baháʼí Faith
17985:Sectarianism
17925:Heterosexism
17890:Ephebiphobia
17860:Antisemitism
17855:Anti-Masonry
17722:Hair texture
17581:
17574:
17423:Duty of care
17402:
17321:
17264:Self defense
17135:
17084:
17059:
17051:free content
17033:
17025:free content
17007:
16999:free content
16981:
16973:free content
16955:
16947:free content
16929:
16921:free content
16903:
16895:free content
16877:
16869:free content
16855:, 7,10,29,
16851:
16843:free content
16825:
16817:free content
16799:
16791:free content
16773:
16765:free content
16747:
16739:free content
16721:
16713:free content
16695:
16687:free content
16659:. Retrieved
16653:
16643:
16631:. Retrieved
16625:
16615:
16603:. Retrieved
16599:ResearchGate
16597:
16587:
16576:
16564:
16553:
16541:
16530:, retrieved
16511:
16491:, retrieved
16472:
16448:, retrieved
16429:
16405:, retrieved
16386:
16364:, retrieved
16345:
16324:. Retrieved
16320:
16311:
16300:, retrieved
16281:
16259:, retrieved
16240:
16214:, retrieved
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16085:, retrieved
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16044:, retrieved
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16019:
16008:, retrieved
15989:
15983:
15972:, retrieved
15953:
15947:
15936:, retrieved
15917:
15894:
15887:. Retrieved
15883:
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15861:. Retrieved
15850:
15838:. Retrieved
15834:the original
15829:
15819:
15811:
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15795:
15792:556 F. 3d 20
15787:
15783:
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15767:
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15750:
15741:
15734:
15728:, 2009 c. 25
15719:
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15653:
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15637:
15628:
15616:. Retrieved
15612:Taipei Times
15610:
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15588:. Retrieved
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15550:
15538:. Retrieved
15534:
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15439:Journalisten
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15211:. Retrieved
15205:
15182:22 September
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15176:the original
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14935:
14925:20 September
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14914:
14905:
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14880:
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14864:the original
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14689:the original
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14521:the original
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14451:the original
14438:
14426:. Retrieved
14422:the original
14411:
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14299:the original
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14230:
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14011:the original
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13797:the original
13787:
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13765:
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13743:
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13727:
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13711:. Retrieved
13707:
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13683:. 8 May 2000
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13593:the original
13582:
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13315:the original
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13038:the original
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12664:
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12327:
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12318:
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11980:
11968:. Retrieved
11964:
11955:
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11925:the original
11908:On The Media
11906:
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11818:. Retrieved
11813:the original
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11781:the original
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11749:
11723:. Retrieved
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11694:. Retrieved
11690:
11665:. Retrieved
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11625:
11618:
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11610:Ron Hankin,
11603:
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11214:the original
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11110:, retrieved
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11076:, retrieved
11062:
11031:. Retrieved
11018:
11006:. Retrieved
11000:
10997:"Defamation"
10991:
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10933:
10916:
10895:
10881:
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10819:
10771:
10762:McLibel case
10754:
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10562:
10542:flagellation
10538:Law of Moses
10535:
10522:
10512:
10490:
10463:
10433:(related to
10420:
10385:
10383:
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10307:slander, or
10301:
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9412:jurisdiction
9410:, which had
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9271:Defamation,
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9176:Asia-Pacific
9162:social media
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9073:
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8995:
8975:lese-majesty
8972:
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8940:
8937:Barack Obama
8926:
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8864:North Dakota
8789:
8766:
8762:
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8730:
8727:Section 326.
8725:
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8614:proportional
8610:Constitution
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8407:defamation (
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8350:
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8318:Hankook Ilbo
8316:
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7420:civil rights
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6768:Justice Blue
6765:
6761:
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6535:Turkmenistan
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5097:North Dakota
5078:
5071:
4967:Self-defense
4924:
4847:Lèse-majesté
4561:Embezzlement
4485:Prostitution
4475:Masturbation
4358:Manslaughter
4343:Intimidation
4297:
4255:Solicitation
4128:
4121:
4106:Criminal law
4076:
4072:
4067:
4062:
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4051:
4047:
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3952:
3944:Commonwealth
3941:
3936:
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3930:
3923:
3915:
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3889:
3882:
3880:
3868:fair comment
3860:Commonwealth
3857:
3848:
3845:civil rights
3840:
3831:(1964). The
3826:
3821:
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3578:Fair comment
3534:
3523:
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3470:
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3452:
3445:
3433:
3412:
3334:Criminal law
3253:Class action
3118:
3111:
3104:
3047:Self-defense
2965:
2943:Deep pockets
2877:
2839:Duty of care
2710:
2601:Part of the
2563:
2559:
2552:
2534:of the post-
2499:
2476:
2448:
2445:Human rights
2438:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2403:
2401:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2317:armed forces
2289:legal person
2281:
2260:
2256:
2228:
2227:
1997:Gender-blind
1876:Human rights
1696:Racial quota
1683:
1663:Jewish quota
1643:Gerontocracy
1638:Gender roles
1616:Disabilities
1601:Blood purity
1567:Wife selling
1557:White flight
1537:Slut-shaming
1517:Scapegoating
1435:Murder music
1102:Palestinians
915:South Africa
900:Black people
878:South Africa
691:Christianity
681:Baháʼí Faith
601:Sectarianism
541:Heterosexism
506:Ephebiphobia
476:Antisemitism
471:Anti-Masonry
330:Hair texture
171:Legal debate
157:Prescriptive
126:Positive law
108:Legal theory
51:
19239:Nonviolence
19234:LGBT rights
19199:Empowerment
19167:Anti-racism
19089:Segregation
19034:No kid zone
18834:Persecution
18747:Hate speech
18698:Gay bashing
18673:Ethnic joke
18628:Dog whistle
18573:Blood libel
18263:Azerbaijani
18167:Neopaganism
18160:Persecution
18126:Persecution
18109:Persecution
18072:Catholicism
18007:Transphobia
17990:Supremacism
17945:Lesbophobia
17865:Aporophobia
17825:Anti-autism
17676:Taste-based
17671:Statistical
17546:Comparative
17494:Trespassers
17476:Malpractice
17471:Entrustment
17079:‹ The
17037:, 6,7,40,
16725:, 7,8,24,
15515:(in French)
15500:(in French)
15473:(in French)
15458:7 September
15367:7 September
15083:(full text)
15022:7 September
14870:7 September
14844:7 September
14604:19 February
14527:28 November
14494:7 September
14460:7 September
14330:7 September
14308:15 February
14264:7 September
14242:7 September
14220:7 September
14093:2011 SCC 47
14039:23 February
13930:(in French)
13888:7 September
13852:7 September
13830:(in French)
13803:7 September
13777:7 September
13755:7 September
13687:7 September
13599:7 September
13572:7 September
13513:8 September
13484:6 September
13415:7 September
13393:7 September
13321:2 September
13216:7 September
13190:7 September
13044:7 September
12868:2009 SCC 61
12840:New Zealand
12272:7 September
12127:24 November
12122:findlaw.com
11872:319 (2011).
11820:19 November
11787:19 November
11223:7 September
10947:private law
10784:Section 230
10725:Hate speech
10641:Blood libel
10563:Rabbinical
10540:prescribed
10523:leshon hara
10359:accusations
10355:leshon hara
10337:Lashon hara
10317:lashon hara
10302:leshon hara
10294:lashon hara
10254:, order of
10241:punishments
10216:punishments
10040:restitution
9976:Journalists
9959:common good
9786:" from its
9671:high courts
9607:(in 2015),
9587:Draft bills
9575:politicians
9486:Arab region
9468:Arab region
9327:legal costs
9323:celebrities
9170:Arab Spring
9154:Gulf States
9139:Arab region
9100:hate speech
9069:due process
8892:Puerto Rico
8840:Mississippi
8792:U.S. states
8640:prosecutors
8636:hate speech
8439:Switzerland
8433:Switzerland
8378:self-esteem
8304:proposed a
8273:information
8235:celebrities
8204:South Korea
8198:South Korea
8123:nationality
7941:Philippines
7920:Philippines
7828:Netherlands
7779:, 975 (
7704:information
7483:information
7270:work of art
7211:(Art. 1026)
7121:misdemeanor
6920:nationality
6440:Switzerland
6180:Philippines
6111:Netherlands
4962:Provocation
4686:Obstruction
4666:Compounding
4631:Tax evasion
4455:Fornication
4288:Child abuse
4217:Misdemeanor
4141:Concurrence
3750:false light
3210:Tort reform
2844:Trespassers
2809:Malpractice
2804:Entrustment
2724:False light
2437:was called
2435:aristocracy
2358:legislature
2279:, or both.
2265:civil wrong
2245:falsifiable
1891:Nonviolence
1886:LGBT rights
1851:Empowerment
1819:Anti-racism
1733:Segregation
1678:No kid zone
1472:Persecution
1385:Hate speech
1336:Gay bashing
1311:Ethnic joke
1266:Dog whistle
1213:Blood libel
895:Azerbaijani
791:Neopaganism
784:Persecution
750:Persecution
733:Persecution
696:Catholicism
623:Transphobia
606:Supremacism
561:Lesbophobia
481:Aporophobia
441:Anti-autism
276:Taste-based
271:Statistical
162:Jurimetrics
19580:Defamation
19574:Categories
19513:Stereotype
19508:Speciesism
19389:Oppression
19384:Oikophobia
19280:Allophilia
19264:Toleration
19121:Sodomy law
19014:Internment
18934:Witch-hunt
18812:Blackhawks
18742:Hate group
18730:Hate crime
18703:Gendercide
18693:Freak show
18683:Excellence
18643:Employment
18613:Defamation
18545:Vietnamese
18540:Venezuelan
18430:Lithuanian
18099:Falun Gong
18034:Xenophobia
18029:Vegaphobia
18012:Non-binary
17970:Pedophobia
17935:Homophobia
17752:Skin color
17712:Disability
17685:Attributes
17666:Structural
17605:Injunction
17415:Negligence
17375:Conspiracy
17322:Defamation
17289:Conversion
17136:Defamation
17096:Defamation
16959:, 10,43,
16881:, 38,39,
15863:31 October
15840:31 October
15800:561 F.3d 4
15773:31 October
15407:Ström, E.
15213:14 January
13662:High Court
13457:High Court
13062:statements
13059:ARTICLE 19
12822:31 October
12792:31 October
12731:31 October
12706:31 October
12680:16 January
12565:LawPage.In
12536:Ontario.ca
12462:"Foreword"
12432:8 November
12333:31 October
12308:31 October
12237:7 November
12207:31 October
12153:22 October
12063:31 October
11696:8 November
11667:8 November
11589:. Lexology
10978:References
10951:public law
10678:Cybercrime
10636:Blind item
10605:Law portal
10585:atonements
10565:enactments
10400:hypocrites
10321:detraction
10274:See also:
10256:retraction
10094:Article 10
10058:See also:
10048:retracting
10022:confession
9985:Those who
9980:Historians
9924:venial sin
9880:mortal sin
9874:Detraction
9868:Detraction
9850:charitable
9810:Theologian
9776:catechisms
9772:Wikisource
9754:See also:
9745:Divine law
9735:See also:
9639:common law
9382:Cybercrime
9316:journalism
8979:ARTICLE 19
8928:SPEECH Act
8856:New Mexico
8642:urged the
8580:(Art. 160)
8556:(Art. 314)
8365:Penal Code
8135:Penal Code
8082:See also:
7929:See also:
7900:Civil Code
7791:ex officio
7785:Wikisource
7733:meiyokison
7700:indictment
7519:See also:
7162:Wikisource
7052:reputation
6948:disability
6880:Azerbaijan
6874:Azerbaijan
6624:Uzbekistan
6488:Tajikistan
6297:San Marino
6088:Montenegro
5972:Luxembourg
5881:Kyrgyzstan
5857:Kazakhstan
5342:Azerbaijan
5204:April 2020
5162:Article 19
5074:Article 19
4920:Entrapment
4895:Automatism
4872:Subversion
4831:Bestiality
4800:War crimes
4795:Usurpation
4722:Corruption
4681:Misprision
4556:Cybercrime
4348:Kidnapping
4328:Hate crime
4318:Harassment
4298:Defamation
4250:Incitement
4245:Conspiracy
4211:Infraction
4170:Complicity
4165:Accomplice
4123:Actus reus
4087:See also:
4036:contumelia
4024:Under the
4020:intention.
3822:not guilty
3631:statement.
3615:reputation
3607:negligence
3448:common law
3430:Background
3425:Common law
3319:common law
3222:Quasi-tort
3174:Injunction
3167:Incidental
2986:Conspiracy
2711:Defamation
2688:Conversion
2603:common law
2543:defamation
2532:Section 36
2512:Oakes Test
2309:ministries
2305:government
2291:in general
2241:assertions
2237:reputation
2229:Defamation
2173:Stereotype
2168:Speciesism
2049:Oppression
2044:Oikophobia
1940:Allophilia
1916:Toleration
1765:Sodomy law
1658:Internment
1572:Witch-hunt
1450:Blackhawks
1380:Hate group
1368:Hate crime
1341:Gendercide
1331:Freak show
1321:Excellence
1281:Employment
1252:Defamation
1177:Vietnamese
1172:Venezuelan
1062:Lithuanian
723:Falun Gong
650:Xenophobia
645:Vegaphobia
628:Non-binary
586:Pedophobia
551:Homophobia
360:Skin color
320:Disability
291:Attributes
266:Structural
95:Philosophy
90:Definition
18:Libel suit
19486:Christian
19414:Prejudice
19362:Masculism
19310:Diversity
19104:religious
19079:Redlining
18678:Ethnocide
18638:Education
18530:Ukrainian
18465:Pakistani
18455:Mongolian
18378:Australia
18360:Hungarian
18315:Colombian
18295:Bulgarian
18177:Rastafari
18131:Ahmadiyya
18044:Religious
18022:Trans men
17980:Pregnancy
17915:Gayphobia
17910:Fatphobia
17810:Acephobia
17805:Arophobia
17789:Viewpoint
17499:Licensees
17259:Necessity
17250:Concepts
16650:"Slander"
16622:"Calumny"
16515:, Paris:
16476:, Paris:
16433:, Paris:
16390:, Paris:
16349:, Paris:
16285:, Paris:
16244:, Paris:
16199:, Paris:
16158:, Paris:
16111:, Paris:
16070:, Paris:
16029:, Paris:
15993:, Paris:
15957:, Paris:
15921:, Paris:
15540:19 August
15314:16 August
15279:12 August
15246:12 August
15122:Gulf News
14516:The Hindu
14374:147433423
13751:. Coe.int
13541:CiteSeerX
13411:. Coe.int
12955:0261-3875
12575:2 January
12003:14 August
11735:cite news
11539:12 August
11493:30 August
11463:. UNESCO.
10983:Citations
10829:mixed law
10740:Libel Act
10550:virginity
10519:community
10369:. Of the
10260:ombudsman
10236:Criminal
10211:Criminal
10128:afterlife
10082:Article 3
10044:Atonement
10026:moralists
9991:principal
9951:monastery
9935:notorious
9931:sentenced
9842:suspicion
9838:hypocrisy
9792:preachers
9761:Christian
9756:Canon law
9724:executive
9663:suspended
9643:civil law
9514:East Asia
9510:Southeast
9273:copyright
9262:terrorism
9252:Caribbean
9198:sanctions
9084:religious
8951:Venezuela
8888:Wisconsin
8836:Minnesota
8824:Louisiana
8632:education
8554:complaint
8310:complaint
8279:from the
8259:Na Hoon-a
8251:U;Nee
8172:Singapore
8166:Singapore
8159:terrorism
8028:fake news
7964:the press
7847:does not
7696:complaint
7641:violated.
7436:civil law
7242:中华人民共和国刑法
7083:probation
6977:vigilante
6936:patrimony
6916:ethnicity
6727:Australia
6715:Australia
6701:Argentina
6695:Argentina
5949:Lithuania
5143:Criticism
5089:Louisiana
4983:Contracts
4957:Necessity
4862:Secession
4857:Espionage
4790:Terrorism
4752:Smuggling
4646:Vandalism
4626:Smuggling
4566:Extortion
4541:Blackmail
4515:Voyeurism
4495:Pederasty
4480:Obscenity
4362:corporate
4185:Vicarious
4180:Principal
4175:Corporate
4160:Accessory
4151:liability
4136:Causation
4059:Scots law
3849:The Times
3602:defendant
3505:discovery
3466:Dow Jones
3329:Contracts
3269:Australia
3077:Liability
3037:Necessity
2925:liability
2849:Licensees
2769:Seduction
2536:Apartheid
2486:entails:
2484:the press
2378:Roman law
2354:judiciary
2347:blasphemy
2343:religions
2243:that are
2146:Christian
2074:Prejudice
2022:Masculism
1970:Diversity
1748:religious
1723:Redlining
1316:Ethnocide
1276:Education
1162:Ukrainian
1097:Pakistani
1087:Mongolian
1010:Australia
992:Hungarian
947:Colombian
927:Bulgarian
801:Rastafari
755:Ahmadiyya
666:Religious
638:Trans men
596:Pregnancy
531:Gayphobia
526:Fatphobia
426:Acephobia
421:Arophobia
397:Viewpoint
152:Normative
19625:Tort law
19543:Category
19525:The talk
19461:Snobbery
19379:Net bias
19209:Feminism
19136:Ugly law
18977:Catholic
18945:policies
18792:Mortgage
18787:Lynching
18718:examples
18713:Genocide
18633:Economic
18618:Democide
18578:Bullying
18495:Romanian
18460:Nigerian
18410:Japanese
18340:Georgian
18325:Filipino
18258:Assyrian
18231:Armenian
18221:American
18216:Albanian
18198:National
18182:Yazidism
18104:Hinduism
18062:Buddhism
17965:Nepotism
17960:Misogyny
17955:Misandry
17880:Clannism
17875:Biphobia
17815:Adultism
17732:Language
17593:Remedies
17539:Defenses
17504:Invitees
17390:Nuisance
17299:Replevin
17284:Trespass
17215:Tort law
17081:template
16985:, 5,8,
16933:, 7,8,
16829:, 7,8,
16803:, 8,9,
16751:, 8,9,
16661:6 August
16633:6 August
16605:5 August
16326:1 August
15889:16 March
15643:4 August
15618:4 August
15590:4 August
15565:5 August
15432:Archived
15412:Archived
15308:Archived
15273:Archived
15240:Archived
15128:30 March
15097:Archived
15055:Archived
14822:Archived
14695:17 March
14663:Archived
14197:Archived
14099:(Canada)
14070:. Mondaq
13982:"s. 300"
13962:"s. 301"
13942:"s. 298"
13609:cite web
13349:4 August
13095:Archived
13084:Archived
13065:Archived
12874:(Canada)
12476:30 March
12379:Archived
12231:Archived
11970:27 March
11844:Archived
11593:15 March
11567:15 March
11373:Archived
11191:Archived
11170:Archived
11149:Archived
10949:despite
10903:and the
10591:See also
10560:ceased.
10412:adultery
10408:idolatry
10404:scoffers
10228:apostasy
10220:corporal
10182:Adultery
10112:Muhammad
10015:innocent
9955:unlawful
9943:reformed
9937:, it is
9846:judgment
9822:faithful
9802:titled "
9669:. Other
9390:bloggers
9257:desacato
9237:desacato
9213:only one
9088:cultural
9053:recourse
9017:apostasy
8904:case law
8884:Virginia
8868:Oklahoma
8832:Michigan
8820:Kentucky
8812:Illinois
8780:Criminal
8704:Criminal
8688:offence.
8666:Thailand
8521:Criminal
8369:contempt
8129:Portugal
8007:ignominy
7925:Criminal
7821:injurias
7799:Malaysia
7763:shinnyou
7659:Criminal
7636:reads:
7610:calunnia
7505:bailable
7472:criminal
7362:Criminal
7232:Criminal
7116:injurias
7033:Criminal
6989:Bulgaria
6983:Bulgaria
6972:bullying
6908:ancestry
6736:(1997).
6368:Slovenia
6345:Slovakia
6228:Portugal
6065:Mongolia
5655:Unclear
5435:Bulgaria
5304:Unclear
5226:Country
5171:(1986).
5137:sedition
5101:Oklahoma
4998:Property
4993:Evidence
4988:Defenses
4937:Insanity
4867:Sedition
4821:Poaching
4785:Regicide
4737:Genocide
4712:Apostasy
4650:Mischief
4586:Gambling
4551:Burglary
4435:Adultery
4412:Stabbing
4407:Stalking
4390:Homicide
4353:Menacing
4333:Homicide
4130:Mens rea
4113:Elements
4030:Dignitas
4008:dignitas
3665:action:
3511:Defences
3442:Overview
3344:Property
3339:Evidence
3189:Replevin
3157:Punitive
3144:Remedies
3018:Defences
2952:Nuisance
2923:absolute
2854:Invitees
2681:chattels
2671:Trespass
2611:Tort law
2396:pasquils
2275:), as a
2185:The talk
2121:Snobbery
2039:Net bias
1861:Feminism
1780:Ugly law
1621:Catholic
1587:Policies
1430:Mortgage
1425:Lynching
1356:examples
1351:Genocide
1271:Economic
1256:Democide
1218:Bullying
1127:Romanian
1092:Nigerian
1042:Japanese
972:Georgian
957:Filipino
890:Assyrian
863:Armenian
853:American
848:Albanian
828:national
806:Yazidism
728:Hinduism
686:Buddhism
581:Nepotism
576:Misogyny
571:Misandry
496:Clannism
491:Biphobia
431:Adultism
340:Language
227:a series
225:Part of
59:a series
57:Part of
19553:Commons
19332:Figleaf
18757:Housing
18525:Turkish
18475:Pashtun
18445:Mexican
18425:Kurdish
18405:Italian
18400:Israeli
18350:Haitian
18335:Finnish
18310:Chinese
18305:Chechen
18300:Catalan
18290:Bengali
18211:African
18196:Ethnic/
18155:Judaism
18146:Sunnism
18136:Shi'ism
18052:Atheism
17885:Elitism
17779:Species
17717:Genetic
17707:Dialect
17600:Damages
17294:Detinue
17254:Consent
17236:Battery
17231:Assault
17155:England
17083:below (
16674:Sources
16532:26 July
16493:26 July
16450:26 July
16407:26 July
16366:26 July
16302:26 July
16261:26 July
16216:26 July
16175:26 July
16128:26 July
16087:26 July
16046:26 July
16010:26 July
15974:26 July
15938:26 July
15814:, n.15.
14804:28 July
14779:28 July
14754:28 July
14720:28 July
14624:AltaLex
14091:,
14017:6 March
13920:,
13905:of the
13713:2 March
13286:28 July
13165:3478081
12906:,
12886:,
12866:,
12182:2 March
12058:1227028
11931:29 June
11850:1 April
11661:"Libel"
11607:False:
11112:26 July
11078:26 July
11060:(ed.),
11033:27 July
11008:27 July
10581:apology
10577:fasting
10546:husband
10531:damages
10503:Slander
10486:Perjury
10482:divorce
10464:As for
10443:Midrash
10439:stoning
10431:leprosy
10375:Judaism
10331:Calumny
10276:Halakha
10270:Judaism
10224:capital
10164:Maqasid
10126:in the
10122:by the
10088:as the
10009:Slander
10003:damages
9947:college
9844:, rash
9790:), and
9712:Twitter
9613:Grenada
9609:Jamaica
9490:YouTube
9480:Google
9421:In the
9266:treason
9227:of the
9149:Tunisia
9145:Algeria
9080:beliefs
9057:privacy
9002:damages
8844:Montana
8804:Florida
8800:Alabama
8578:founder
8374:dignity
8298:Minerva
8141:Romania
8112:him in
7939:of the
7868:removed
7853:sources
7694:(as in
7616:calumny
7587:querela
7581:querela
7515:Ireland
7397:Germany
7302:Finland
7293:Denmark
7254:Croatia
7248:Croatia
7133:injuria
7074:, or a
6893:Belgium
6865:Austria
6840:Twitter
6770:in the
6671:Albania
6665:Albania
6606:Unclear
6559:Ukraine
6252:Romania
6020:Moldova
5788:Ireland
5740:Iceland
5717:Hungary
5669:Germany
5652:Unclear
5646:Georgia
5599:Finland
5576:Estonia
5552:Denmark
5482:Croatia
5390:Belgium
5366:Belarus
5318:Austria
5301:Unclear
5295:Armenia
5271:Andorra
5249:Albania
5194:updated
5026:Portals
5017:estates
4949: (
4947:Mistake
4932:Infancy
4900:Consent
4852:Treason
4769:smoking
4765:alcohol
4732:Dueling
4717:Begging
4691:Perjury
4621:Robbery
4601:Looting
4596:Larceny
4576:Forgery
4546:Bribery
4417:Torture
4402:Robbery
4360: (
4313:Frameup
4283:Battery
4278:Assault
4240:Attempt
4042:iniuria
3837:Alabama
3791:). The
3592:Consent
3584:; if a
3550:perjury
3453:slander
3419:damages
3357:estates
3184:Detinue
3179:Tracing
3162:Special
3152:Damages
3032:Consent
2819:medical
2715:Slander
2643:Battery
2638:Assault
2620:Outline
2522:, the "
2369:History
2261:slander
2249:dignity
1992:Figleaf
1395:Housing
1157:Turkish
1107:Pashtun
1077:Mexican
1057:Kurdish
1037:Italian
1032:Israeli
982:Haitian
967:Finnish
942:Chinese
937:Chechen
932:Catalan
922:Bengali
843:African
826:Ethnic/
779:Judaism
770:Sunnism
760:Shi'ism
676:Atheism
501:Elitism
387:Species
325:Genetic
315:Dialect
100:History
19518:threat
19372:autism
19109:sexual
19099:racial
18982:Jewish
18839:Pogrom
18817:Chiefs
18807:Braves
18535:Uyghur
18510:Somali
18505:Slavic
18490:Romani
18485:Quebec
18480:Polish
18420:Korean
18415:Jewish
18383:Canada
18370:Indian
18355:Hazara
18330:Fulani
18241:France
18206:Afghan
18141:Sufism
17870:Audism
17798:Social
17727:Height
17304:Trover
17150:Canada
17100:Curlie
17086:Curlie
17065:UNESCO
17039:UNESCO
17013:UNESCO
16987:UNESCO
16961:UNESCO
16935:UNESCO
16909:UNESCO
16883:UNESCO
16857:UNESCO
16831:UNESCO
16805:UNESCO
16779:UNESCO
16753:UNESCO
16727:UNESCO
16701:UNESCO
16523:
16517:UNESCO
16484:
16478:UNESCO
16441:
16435:UNESCO
16398:
16392:UNESCO
16357:
16351:UNESCO
16293:
16287:UNESCO
16252:
16246:UNESCO
16207:
16201:UNESCO
16166:
16160:UNESCO
16119:
16113:UNESCO
16078:
16072:UNESCO
16037:
16031:UNESCO
16001:
15995:UNESCO
15965:
15959:UNESCO
15929:
15923:UNESCO
15812:Noonan
15686:26 May
15151:1 June
15079:
14978:22 May
14630:27 May
14428:25 May
14401:25 May
14379:25 May
14372:
14150:
14074:30 May
13543:
13163:
13133:, 1732
13121:, 1700
13105:, and
12953:
12516:25 May
12359:3 June
12056:
11761:15 May
11725:4 June
11663:. 2010
11394:26 May
11369:HR-Net
11349:26 May
11317:26 May
11291:845182
11289:
11248:
11185:Digest
11164:Digest
11142:Digest
10853:delict
10847:, and
10833:delict
10470:Talmud
10459:Isaiah
10455:Elijah
10447:Joseph
10435:Miriam
10427:quinsy
10423:rabbis
10416:murder
10414:, and
10363:gossip
10232:lashes
10192:sodomy
10190:) and
10124:angels
10060:Sharia
9939:lawful
9920:sailor
9912:bishop
9904:esteem
9884:crimes
9800:sermon
9794:(like
9743:, and
9722:, and
9710:, and
9708:Google
9686:Global
9525:Sharia
9512:, and
9437:, the
9429:, the
9396:Africa
9368:Global
9106:Africa
9077:sacred
8991:UNESCO
8969:Global
8917:Online
8848:Nevada
8816:Kansas
8763:per se
8753:Under
8602:司法院大法官
8531:中華民國刑法
8456:Taiwan
8397:förtal
8384:Sweden
8264:yakuza
8217:Online
8104:Poland
8078:Online
7907:Norway
7814:Mexico
7775:,
7748:bujoku
7672:
7545:Israel
7527:, and
7445:, the
7410:Greece
7325:France
7314:France
7209:morals
7089:Online
7017:Quebec
7011:Quebec
6995:Canada
6968:Brazil
6962:Brazil
6924:gender
6811:Online
6645:
6621:
6599:
6577:
6556:
6532:
6511:Turkey
6508:
6485:
6464:Taiwan
6461:
6437:
6416:Sweden
6413:
6389:
6365:
6342:
6321:Serbia
6318:
6294:
6273:Russia
6270:
6249:
6225:
6204:Poland
6201:
6177:
6157:Norway
6154:
6132:
6108:
6085:
6062:
6041:Monaco
6038:
6017:
5993:
5969:
5946:
5922:
5902:Latvia
5899:
5878:
5854:
5830:
5806:
5785:
5761:
5737:
5714:
5693:Greece
5690:
5666:
5643:
5623:France
5620:
5596:
5573:
5549:
5526:
5506:Cyprus
5503:
5479:
5458:Canada
5455:
5432:
5411:
5387:
5363:
5339:
5315:
5292:
5268:
5246:
5093:Nevada
5085:Kansas
5013:trusts
4951:of law
4915:Duress
4780:Piracy
4767:, and
4606:Payola
4465:Incest
4440:Bigamy
4378:felony
4373:Murder
4368:Mayhem
4201:Felony
4052:corpus
4004:corpus
3948:Quebec
3808:, the
3722:injury
3693:per se
3689:per se
3685:per se
3663:per se
3659:per se
3654:per se
3649:per se
3619:damage
3355:, and
3353:trusts
3317:Other
3304:Taiwan
3274:Canada
3227:Delict
3194:Trover
2919:Strict
2605:series
2408:Ulpian
2332:itself
2273:delict
2253:honour
2178:threat
2032:autism
1753:sexual
1743:racial
1626:Jewish
1477:Pogrom
1455:Chiefs
1445:Braves
1167:Uyghur
1142:Somali
1137:Slavic
1122:Romani
1117:Quebec
1112:Polish
1052:Korean
1047:Jewish
1015:Canada
1002:Indian
987:Hazara
962:Fulani
873:France
838:Afghan
765:Sufism
486:Audism
412:Social
335:Height
19620:Lying
19496:white
18849:Purge
18515:Tatar
18440:Māori
18435:Malay
18395:Irish
18345:Greek
18320:Croat
18278:China
18236:Asian
18121:Islam
17995:White
17737:Looks
17702:Class
17697:Caste
17654:Forms
17365:Fraud
15103:, în
15075:(PDF)
14454:(PDF)
14447:(PDF)
14370:S2CID
14302:(PDF)
14295:(PDF)
14146:(PDF)
13730:
13660:575,
13652:
13630:
13539:(1).
13474:(PDF)
13455:520,
13447:
13161:JSTOR
12054:JSTOR
11997:(PDF)
11990:(PDF)
11868:, 20
11478:(PDF)
11339:(PDF)
11311:(PDF)
11287:JSTOR
11217:(PDF)
11210:(PDF)
10825:civil
10811:Notes
10779:Rumor
10527:fines
10451:Moses
10396:liars
10367:Torah
10347:Bible
10239:tazir
10197:liwat
10105:Quran
10086:Islam
10054:Islam
9995:heirs
9830:court
9816:, in
9599:memes
9506:South
9202:Media
8998:fines
8876:Texas
8808:Idaho
8671:Civil
8461:Civil
8405:gross
8359:Spain
8294:Seoul
8119:media
8060:Davao
7718:fukei
7702:, or
7646:Civil
7622:Japan
7567:Italy
7426:India
7319:Civil
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14795:"信用"
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14770:"不敬"
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14745:"汚損"
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