40:
460:
4025:
4037:
212:
2919:
56:
691:, California, flew anti-submarine patrols. As the civilian crew was armed with a rifle, a persistent misconception arose that this made the ship a privateer and that she and sister commercial blimps were operated under letters of marque until the Navy took over operation. Without congressional authorization, the Navy would not have been able to legally issue any letters of marque.
981:
731:
was introduced, which would have granted the president the authority to use letters of marque and reprisal against the specific terrorists, instead of warring against a foreign state. The terrorists were compared to pirates in that they are difficult to fight by traditional military means. On April
146:
private captains and sailors in place of their own navies as a measure to save time and money. Instead of building, funding, and maintaining a navy in times of peace, governments would wait until the start of a war to issue letters of marque to privateers, who financed their own ships in expectation
625:
was captured in 1861, its crew was put on trial in New York. The
Confederate government, however, threatened to execute captured Union soldiers in retaliation if any of the Confederate sailors were convicted and hanged, and the Union eventually agreed to treat Confederate privateers as prisoners of
703:
of
Congress, alongside the power to tax and to declare war. However, since the American Civil War, the United States as a matter of policy has consistently followed the terms of the 1856 Paris Declaration forbidding the practice. The United States has not legally commissioned any privateers since
260:
The letter of marque and reprisal was documented in 1295, 50 years after wartime privateer licenses were first issued. According to
Grotius, letters of marque and reprisal were akin to a "private war", a concept alien to modern sensibilities but related to an age when the ocean was lawless and all
629:
Privateers were also required by the terms of their letters of marque to obey the laws of war, honour treaty obligations (avoid attacking neutrals), and in particular to treat captives as courteously and kindly as they safely could. If they failed to live up to their obligations, the admiralty
544:
for good behaviour. The details of the ship, including tonnage, crew and weapons were recorded. The ownership of these ships was often split into â…› shares. Prizes were assessed and valued with profits split in pre-agreed proportions among the government, the owners, and the captain and crew.
340:. They did not need permission to carry cannons to fend off warships, privateers, and pirates on their voyages to India and China but, the letters of marque provided that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the
261:
merchant vessels sailed armed for self-defense. A reprisal involved seeking the sovereign's permission to exact private retribution against some foreign prince or subject. The earliest instance of a licensed reprisal recorded in
England was in the year 1295 under the reign of
410:. The Indiamen were able to catch up with a number of the prizes, and, after a few cannon shots, were able to retake them. Had they not carried letters of marque, such behaviour might well have qualified as piracy. Similarly, on 10 November 1800, the East Indiaman
273:
Licensing privateers during wartime became widespread in Europe by the 16th century, when most countries began to enact laws regulating the granting of letters of marque and reprisal. Such business could be very profitable; during the eight years of the
312:, it was common to distinguish verbally between privateers (also known as private ships of war) on the one hand, and armed merchantmen, which were referred to as "letters of marque", on the other, though both received the same commission. The
118:
to the 19th century, cruising for enemy prizes with a letter of marque was considered an honorable calling that combined patriotism and profit. Such legally authorized privateering contrasted with unlicensed captures of random ships, known as
511:, and of international laws and customs. The United States granted the commission to the vessel, not to its captain, often for a limited time or specified area, and stated the enemy upon whom attacks were permitted. For example, during the
1352:
Eastman, Famous
Privateers of New England p. 44-45 (recounting a custom of the War of 1812, that British captives would insert in New England newspapers "a card of thanks expressing their appreciation for kind treatment accorded them as
642:
Nations often agreed by treaty to forgo privateering, as
England and France repeatedly did starting with the diplomatic overtures of Edward III in 1324; privateering nonetheless recurred in every war between them for the next 500 years.
252:
first issued what later became known as privateering commissions in 1243. These early licences were granted to specific individuals to seize the King's enemies at sea in return for splitting the proceeds between the privateers and
1460:
Theodore
Richard, Reconsidering the Letter of Marque: Utilizing Private Security Providers Against Piracy (April 1, 2010). Public Contract Law Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 411-464 at 429 n.121, Spring 2010. Available at
591:
The letter of marque by its terms required privateers to bring captured vessels and their cargoes before admiralty courts of their own or allied countries for condemnation. Applying the rules and customs of
269:
involved avenging a wrong, was associated with the letter of marque until 1620 in
England. To apply for such a letter, a shipowner had to submit to the Admiralty Court an estimate of actual losses incurred.
126:
The terms "letter of marque" and "privateer" were sometimes used to describe the ships which typically operated under the marque-and-reprisal licences. In this context, a letter of marque was a lumbering,
611:, for instance, the new Privy Council of England did not recognize the letters of marque issued by James while in exile in France, and prosecuted captured sailors operating under them as pirates.
548:
A letter of marque and reprisal in effect converted a private merchant vessel into a naval auxiliary. A commissioned privateer enjoyed the protection and was subject to the obligations of the
103:, to attack and capture vessels of a nation at war with the issuer, licensing international military operations against a specified enemy as reprisal for a previous attack or injury. Captured
226:, armed private vessels enjoying their sovereign's tacit consent, if not always an explicit formal commission, regularly raided shipping of other nations, as in the case of the English
507:, and force (armaments) of the vessel, the name and residence of the owner, and the intended number of crew, and tendered a bond promising strict observance of the country's laws and
649:
had attempted to persuade the French to lead by example and stop issuing letters of marque to their corsairs, but the effort foundered when war loomed with
Britain once again. The
604:
formal condemnation was required to transfer title; otherwise the vessel's previous owners might well reclaim her on her next voyage, and seek damages for the confiscated cargo.
596:, the courts decided whether the letter of marque was valid and current, and whether the captured vessel or its cargo in fact belonged to the enemy (not always easy, when flying
575:
and his lieutenants in just over two years commanded six vessels under the flags of three different nations and on opposite sides in the same war. Likewise the notorious
668:
renouncing privateering, and 45 more eventually joined them, which in effect abolished privateering worldwide. The United States was not a signatory to that declaration.
406:, with some six or seven British prizes, with a crew replenishing her water casks ashore. The three British vessels immediately gave chase. The frigate fled towards the
521:
600:
was common practice), and if so the prize and its cargo were "condemned", to be sold at auction with the proceeds divided among the privateer's owner and crew. A
583:
cruised under letters of marque secured by bribery from corrupt officials of tenuous
Central American governments, to cloak plunder with a thin veil of legality.
2981:
607:
Questions sometimes arose as to the legitimacy of a letter of marque, especially in cases of disputed sovereignty during civil wars or rebellions. Following the
293:
Although privateering commissions and letters of marque were originally distinct legal concepts, such distinctions became purely technical by the 18th century.
2971:
39:
572:
540:
issued Letters of Marque. It was customary for the proposed privateer to pay a deposit or bond, possibly ÂŁ1,500 (equivalent to ÂŁ284,456 in 2023) as
203:
to a subject, authorizing him to make reprisals on the subjects of a hostile state for injuries alleged to have been done to him by the enemy's army".
891:
pp 170–171; 176. Discusses the history of letters of marque and reprisal. Upton is considered the foremost 19th-century American scholar on prize law.
4076:
123:, which was universally condemned. In practice, the differences between privateers and pirates were slight, or merely a matter of interpretation.
3218:
294:
3690:
3107:
657:, in August 1795; on 26 September 1797, the Ministry of the Navy was authorized to sell small ships to private parties for this purpose.
3938:
1049:
pp. 62 (stating "the power to wage war privately resides in the individual, and the power to wage war publicly resides in the state").
3321:
1493:
3948:
1366:
p. 158 (noting that in 1803 Lord Stowall fined the British captors of two vessels for keeping the captive Spanish crews in irons).
3437:
1474:
525:(out of Salem, Massachusetts) to cruise against "Algerine vessels, public or private, goods and effects, of or belonging to the
424:, an action made legal by a letter of marque. Additionally, vessels with a letter of marque were exempt from having to sail in
3523:
1101:
p. 11(discussing history of letters of marque: in France the first recorded use of letters of marque and reprisal was 1681).
3849:
1889:
1010:
pp 216-182 (Carnegie endowment translation of Grotius's Commentaries; the 12th Chapter later became the basis of the noted
480:
475:, the result of confusion over whether Captain Kidd took prizes legally under a letter of marque, or illegally as a pirate.
2762:
1992:
1787:
571:" letters of marque, shopping for cooperative governments to license and legitimize their depredations. French/Irishman
305:
shall have Power To ... grant Letters of marque and reprisal ...", without separately addressing privateer commissions.
2991:
2792:
1247:
1906:
1652:
1602:
1448:
1411:
716:
as operating under a "privateer status", but Congress never authorized a commission, nor did the President sign one.
488:
699:
Article I of the United States Constitution lists issuing letters of marque and reprisal in Section 8 as one of the
618:, Union authorities likewise attempted to prosecute Confederate privateers for the criminal act of piracy. When the
3875:
3697:
3001:
2389:
1987:
1929:
744:
677:
537:
320:
195:, the first recorded use of "letters of marque and reprisal" was in an English statute in 1354 during the reign of
3979:
1951:
1934:
1088:
p. 1 (recounting early letters of marque issued in contest between Spain and her revolted Low Countries in 1569).
373:
630:
courts could — and did — revoke the letter of marque, refuse to award prize money, forfeit bonds, or even award
131:
cargo carrier that might pick up a prize if the opportunity arose in its normal commerce. In contrast, the term
3406:
3233:
3228:
3201:
3061:
2379:
752:
500:
398:
of the port. Afterwards, while sailing to China, the same three East Indiamen participated in an action in the
341:
17:
2767:
823:
3776:
3414:
3248:
3243:
3120:
3112:
3081:
2772:
2474:
313:
503:
signed letters of marque. A shipowner applied for such a letter of marque by stating the name, description,
479:
The procedure for issuing letters of marque, and the issuing authority, varied by time and circumstance. In
3662:
3543:
2737:
1913:
1876:
1677:
972:
2nd ed. (Clarendon Press, 1989) (def. 1 of "marque" & def. 2a of "marque" defining "letter of marque").
688:
391:
286:
900,000 (equivalent to ÂŁ145,029,851 in 2023). Privateers from Guernsey continued to operate during the
3136:
3305:
2951:
2544:
930:
p. 4: Noting cumberous square-rigged cargo carriers that often secured letters of marque "just in case",
369:
sailed the seas as privateers; their expedition reports helped shape the age of Elizabethan exploration.
335:
1392:
p. 34-35(discussing Franklin's efforts to persuade the French Legislative Assembly to ban privateering).
4066:
3989:
3378:
3192:
2946:
2052:
1946:
1687:
530:
484:
298:
275:
3718:
3450:
3427:
3128:
3026:
2941:
2936:
2334:
1669:
665:
191:
44:
2294:
4061:
3974:
3422:
3330:
3311:
3261:
3175:
2757:
1899:
3281:
1163:
948:
529:". (This particular commission was never put to use, as it was issued July 3, 1815, the same day
4086:
3999:
3984:
3881:
3338:
3271:
3021:
2996:
2956:
2853:
2559:
1884:
1379:
at 13-33 (discussing repeated diplomatic efforts to ban privateering between France and England).
833:
216:
2404:
2149:
3761:
3704:
3301:
3238:
3066:
3011:
2966:
2961:
2931:
2742:
1508:
748:
380:
302:
4081:
4071:
3854:
3844:
3739:
3478:
3144:
3056:
3041:
2782:
2534:
2494:
2464:
2409:
2399:
2209:
2169:
1982:
1802:
1772:
1747:
1645:
1546:
Tidewater Triumph: The Development and Worldwide Success of the Chesapeake Bay Pilot Schooner
778:
654:
619:
557:
196:
1188:
828:
483:, for instance, colonial governors issued such letters in the name of the Crown. During the
176:
3732:
3391:
3183:
3152:
3099:
3006:
2926:
2825:
2309:
2139:
2134:
1972:
1819:
1730:
1725:
1682:
1267:
720:
492:
464:
249:
31:
2419:
2289:
1027:
221, 270–71 (Faculty of Political Sci. of Columbia Univ. eds., Columbia University, 1897).
8:
3793:
3638:
3548:
3396:
3170:
3071:
2881:
2154:
2042:
1941:
1740:
1489:
1240:
More of Peter Girard's Guernsey: A Second Miscellany of Guernsey's History and Its People
798:
788:
783:
608:
568:
421:
385:
262:
164:
2129:
2047:
2017:
3953:
3943:
3910:
3655:
3563:
3518:
3508:
3401:
3365:
3356:
3286:
3223:
3157:
3036:
2986:
2976:
2504:
2489:
2354:
2339:
2259:
2199:
2164:
1492:
on the homepage of United States House of Representatives, accessed at April 29, 2007.
1193:
615:
586:
512:
399:
327:
2574:
1471:
938:, pp ?: Discusses the difference between letter of marque vessels and privateers.
704:
1815, although the status of submarine-hunting Goodyear airships in the early days of
3888:
3823:
3683:
3623:
3618:
3513:
3468:
3373:
3266:
3253:
3210:
3051:
2874:
2699:
2694:
2674:
2514:
2454:
2369:
2304:
2124:
1598:
1444:
1407:
1243:
1151:
838:
760:
733:
700:
650:
646:
442:
358:
246:), was an advocate's brief defending Dutch raids on Spanish and Portuguese shipping.
4004:
3803:
3725:
3711:
3598:
3578:
3473:
3276:
3094:
3076:
3031:
2888:
2860:
2818:
2664:
2649:
2614:
2599:
2579:
2564:
2499:
2469:
2429:
2314:
2279:
2264:
1849:
1757:
1638:
1023:
Francis R. Stark, "The Abolition of Privateering and the Declaration of Paris," in
773:
732:
15, 2009, Paul also advocated the use of letters of marque to address the issue of
436:
366:
354:
136:
4040:
3994:
3958:
3933:
3756:
3676:
3669:
3588:
3583:
3553:
3538:
3503:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3334:
2839:
2679:
2634:
2629:
2609:
2484:
2459:
2434:
2114:
2109:
2062:
2032:
1859:
1777:
1735:
1720:
1541:, Vol. II, Aaron Seehan Dean (ed.), (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
1497:
1478:
553:
403:
287:
266:
108:
100:
88:
80:
2374:
1266:
pp. 3-6, 68, 145 (noting difference between privateering and piracy; some, like
3573:
3162:
2787:
2669:
2594:
2569:
2529:
2244:
2204:
2159:
2104:
2099:
1782:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1283:
p. 68 (discussing Luke Ryan--in these two years they took 140 recorded prizes).
858:
848:
526:
411:
362:
283:
282:
carrying letter of marque captured French and American vessels to the value of
3568:
234:(despite protestations of innocence) took a share of the prizes. Dutch jurist
4055:
4029:
3813:
3533:
3528:
3488:
2797:
2752:
2732:
2704:
2589:
2539:
2519:
2439:
2284:
2239:
2194:
2089:
2012:
1977:
1829:
863:
694:
681:
516:
331:
227:
60:
1581:
The Prize Game: Lawful Looting on the High Seas in the Days of Fighting Sail
934:
such vessels were themselves called 'letters of marque'." Geoffrey Footner,
3893:
3818:
3608:
3558:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3089:
3016:
2895:
2846:
2832:
2747:
2709:
2684:
2639:
2624:
2604:
2524:
2424:
2414:
2364:
2359:
2349:
2329:
2319:
2234:
2094:
2002:
1894:
1809:
1762:
1610:
Predators and Prizes: American Privateering and Imperial Warfare, 1739-1748
853:
843:
818:
737:
727:
on July 21, 2007. The attacks were defined as acts of "air piracy" and the
705:
576:
567:
For this reason, enterprising maritime raiders commonly took advantage of "
496:
448:
425:
407:
235:
2554:
459:
3808:
3783:
3771:
3633:
2619:
2549:
2344:
2324:
2274:
2189:
2179:
1956:
1309:
p. 188 (saying prize court condemnation essential to convey clear title).
1152:"The Constitution of the United States", Article 1, Section 8, Clause 11.
868:
793:
661:
601:
593:
580:
429:
347:
309:
231:
223:
115:
104:
92:
1047:
De Iure Praedae Commentarius (Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty),
454:
3905:
3839:
3603:
3463:
3383:
3326:
3046:
2727:
2689:
2654:
2449:
2269:
2249:
2219:
2214:
2174:
2119:
2057:
2037:
2022:
1834:
1792:
1553:
De Iure Praedae Commentarius (Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty)
1008:
De Iure Praedae Commentarius (Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty)
813:
756:
597:
549:
128:
48:
1525:
The Pirates Laffite: the Treacherous World of the Corsairs of the Gulf
1164:"The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Privateers | Alexander T. Tabarrok"
949:"The Rise, Fall, and Rise Again of Privateers | Alexander T. Tabarrok"
719:
The issue of marque and reprisal was raised before Congress after the
428:, and nominally their crew members were exempt, during a voyage, from
357:, because privateers were used to explore the seas. Under the Crown,
308:
During the American War of Independence, the Napoleonic Wars, and the
3788:
2867:
2479:
2384:
2254:
2224:
1797:
1752:
1472:
TST: Statement on the Congressional Authorization of the Use of Force
808:
634:(personal injury) damages against the privateer's officers and crew.
468:
254:
200:
163:, which means boundary, or boundary marker. This is derived from the
143:
132:
96:
1624:
The Confederacy on Trial: The Piracy and Sequestration Cases of 1861
587:
Adjudicating captures, invalid letters of marque, or illegal cruelty
55:
3766:
3613:
3593:
3458:
2444:
2394:
2299:
2184:
1767:
1459:
803:
724:
395:
279:
1114:
p. 176 (discussing the history of letters of marque and reprisal).
708:
created significant confusion. Various accounts refer to airships
211:
2902:
2509:
1844:
1824:
740:. However, the bills Paul introduced were not enacted into law.
561:
504:
215:
Drake viewing treasure taken from a Spanish ship, print courtesy
1534:(Boston: Privately printed by State Street Trust Company, 1927).
142:
Letters of marque allowed governments to fight their wars using
3900:
3798:
2777:
2659:
2144:
1839:
1814:
1661:
552:. If captured, the crew was entitled to honorable treatment as
541:
508:
472:
120:
2918:
353:
Letters of marque and privateers are largely credited for the
111:
for condemnation and transfer of ownership to the privateer.
3628:
2644:
2584:
2027:
1854:
1619:(New York: John Voorhies Law Bookseller and Publisher, 1863).
1406:. illustrations by Alain Coz. Marines Ă©ditions. p. 341.
1322:, "Chapter Three: Dominion of the Seas: Pirates and the Law."
1224:
p. 45 (reproducing a letter of marque granted in 1815 to the
64:
1443:, Bloomington IL, Airship International Press, 2002, p. 43,
2229:
1590:(Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1928).
755:
to issue letters of marque and reprisal" in order to seize
631:
556:, while without the licence they were deemed mere pirates "
997:
p. 10 (discussing history of private plundering ventures).
695:
21st-century American reconsideration of letters of marque
1630:
1140:
British Privateering Enterprise in the Eighteenth Century
653:
did forbid the practice, but it was reinstated after the
447:, British privateers, spent some months off the coast of
150:
660:
Finally, after the Congress of Paris at the end of the
1490:
Paul offers President New Tool in the War on Terrorism
533:
was signed, ending the U.S. involvement in the war.)
455:
Applying for, and legal effect of, a letter of marque
350:of only six guns, also carried a letter of marque.
43:Copy of a letter of marque and reprisal issued by
4053:
1062:p. 1 (citing Edward I 1295 reprisal commission).
199:. The phrase referred to "a licene granted by a
186:, also Provençal, meaning to seize as a pledge.
114:A common practice among Europeans from the late
1562:(Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing, 2005)
1539:The Cambridge History of the American Civil War
1126:The Reclamation of the Braye du Valle 1806-2006
676:In December 1941 and the first months of 1942,
1612:(Columbia, SC: U. South Carolina Press, 1991).
1583:(Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1999).
1646:
1626:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005).
265:. The notion of reprisal, and behind it that
95:that authorized a private person, known as a
3691:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island
1548:(Mystic, Conn: Mystic Seaport Museum, 1998).
1430:p. 143 (discussing the end of privateering.)
1075:p. 12(discussing early practice in England).
1025:Studies in History, Economics and Public Law
637:
238:'s 1604 seminal work on international law,
1653:
1639:
984:, New York Public Library (Drake/treasure)
171:, meaning boundary, or border. The French
27:Governmental authorization of privateering
3322:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
135:generally referred to a fighting vessel,
71:, a 15-tonne privateer, 27 February 1809
63:via the shipowner Dominique Malfino from
4077:Naval warfare of the Early Modern period
3949:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
1270:, crossed back and forth over the line).
1187:
495:, and lastly, after ratification of the
487:, authorization shifted from individual
458:
210:
54:
38:
1401:
330:arranged for letters of marque for its
14:
4054:
1574:British Pirates and Society, 1680-1730
1532:Some Famous Privateers of New England,
1404:Histoire des Marins français 1789-1815
1237:
491:, followed by both the states and the
51:for South America, 1 June 1618, page 1
3108:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham
1634:
1509:H.R.6869 — 117th Congress (2021-2022)
1117:
151:Etymology and history of nomenclature
3850:International Talk Like a Pirate Day
1537:Lorien Foote, "Prisoners of War" in
664:, seven European nations signed the
536:In Britain in the 18th century, the
155:Marque derives from the Old English
107:were judged before the government's
1565:Angus Komstan, Roger Michael Kean,
1211:, Vol. 1, â„–9 (September), pp.255-6.
499:, only Congress authorized and the
24:
2917:
1617:Upton's Maritime Warfare and Prize
1439:Shock, James R.; Smith, David R.,
1331:Foote, "Prisoners of War," p. 295.
85:lettre de marque; lettre de course
59:Letter of marque given to Captain
25:
4098:
3740:Silver: Return to Treasure Island
1123:
1014:(Freedom of the Seas) principle).
609:deposition of James II of England
301:, for instance, states that "The
4036:
4035:
4023:
3876:A General History of the Pyrates
3698:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
3219:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
1586:William Morrison Robinson, Jr.,
1555:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950).
1527:(Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 2005).
1197:. August 15, 1801. p. 1006.
1086:Famous Privateers of New England
1060:Famous Privateers of New England
745:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
435:During the Napoleonic Wars, the
372:In July 1793, the East Indiamen
278:, ships from the tiny island of
230:'s attacks on Spanish shipping.
206:
1502:
1483:
1465:
1453:
1433:
1420:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1346:
1334:
1325:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1273:
1256:
1231:
1214:
1201:
1181:
1156:
1145:
1132:
1104:
1091:
1078:
1065:
1052:
1039:
1030:
1017:
729:Marque and Reprisal Act of 2001
671:
560:," criminals who were properly
451:hunting slave-trading vessels.
390:participated in the capture of
3234:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
3229:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
2982:Anti-piracy in the West Indies
1567:Pirates: Predators of the Seas
1000:
987:
975:
966:
941:
920:
915:Pirates: Predators of the Seas
907:
894:
881:
416:captured the French privateer
355:age of Elizabethan exploration
326:was an armed merchantman. The
159:, which is from the Germanic *
47:to Captain Johan de Moor from
13:
1:
3090:Blockade of Charleston (Vane)
1597:(London: Robert Hale, 2001).
1516:
244:Of The Law of Prize and Booty
77:letter of marque and reprisal
3663:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea
2913:Pirate battles and incidents
1576:(New York: Routledge, 2016).
1569:(Skyhorse Publishing, 2007).
485:American War of Independence
7:
3062:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
2545:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami
1593:Lord Russell of Liverpool,
1320:British Pirates and Society
766:
751:considered a bill to " the
10:
4103:
3939:Pirate films and TV series
3379:African Slave Trade Patrol
2947:Action of 11 November 2008
1736:Barbary pirates (corsairs)
1660:
1588:The Confederate Privateers
1307:Maritime Warfare and Prize
1112:Maritime Warfare and Prize
889:Maritime Warfare and Prize
689:Moffett Field in Sunnyvale
402:. They came upon a French
299:United States Constitution
276:American Revolutionary War
29:
4017:
3967:
3926:
3919:
3867:
3832:
3749:
3647:
3449:
3436:
3428:Trans-Saharan slave trade
3364:
3295:
3027:Battle off Minicoy Island
3002:Battle of Cape Fear River
2972:Anti-piracy in the Aegean
2942:Action of 28 October 2007
2937:Action of 9 November 1822
2912:
2810:
2718:
2082:
2075:
2001:
1965:
1922:
1875:
1868:
1713:
1668:
1342:The Confederacy on Trial.
1168:The Independent Institute
953:The Independent Institute
723:and again by Congressman
666:Paris Declaration of 1856
638:Abolition of privateering
558:at war with all the world
250:King Henry III of England
192:Oxford English Dictionary
45:Maurice, Prince of Orange
3423:Indian Ocean slave trade
3312:International piracy law
3249:Pirate attacks in Borneo
3121:Capture of the schooner
3113:Capture of the schooner
3047:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
2773:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
1402:Granier, Hubert (1998).
982:from the Digital Gallery
875:
481:colonial British America
346:, an East India Company
3882:Captain Charles Johnson
3306:1717–1718 Acts of Grace
3017:Battle of Mandab Strait
2997:Battle of Boca Teacapan
2992:Balanguingui Expedition
2957:Action of 23 March 2010
834:Ambroise Louis Garneray
538:High Court of Admiralty
217:New York Public Library
139:, fast, and weatherly.
3239:Operation Ocean Shield
3067:Battle of Tonkin River
3012:Battle of Doro Passage
2967:Action of 5 April 2010
2962:Action of 1 April 2010
2952:Action of 9 April 2009
2932:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
2922:
2758:Jose Campuzano-Polanco
2743:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
1890:British Virgin Islands
1238:Girard, Peter (1990).
1222:Some Famous Privateers
749:United States Congress
476:
219:
84:
72:
52:
3855:Pirates versus Ninjas
3282:Slave raid of SuĂ°uroy
3244:Persian Gulf Campaign
3129:Capture of the sloop
3057:Battle of the Leotung
3042:Battle of New Orleans
2921:
2783:Richard Avery Hornsby
2535:Piet Pieterszoon Hein
2495:Moses Cohen Henriques
2465:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
2210:Christina Anna Skytte
1748:Brethren of the Coast
1731:Baltic Slavic pirates
1678:Ancient Mediterranean
1441:The Goodyear Airships
779:Confederate privateer
655:Thermidorian Reaction
620:Confederate privateer
462:
319:was a privateer; the
214:
58:
42:
3777:skull and crossbones
3733:Mistress of the Seas
3415:Capture of the brig
3392:Atlantic slave trade
3153:Falklands Expedition
3007:Battle of Cape Lopez
2927:1582 Cagayan battles
2854:Queen Anne's Revenge
2405:José Joaquim Almeida
2390:John Newland Maffitt
2310:Hayreddin Barbarossa
2150:Bartolomeu PortuguĂŞs
2140:Artemisia I of Caria
2135:Alexandre Exquemelin
1973:Baltic Slavic piracy
1726:Anglo-Turkish piracy
1572:Margarette Lincoln,
1496:May 2, 2007, at the
1268:Captain William Kidd
721:September 11 attacks
519:authorized the brig
493:Continental Congress
465:Captain William Kidd
367:Sir Martin Frobisher
32:The Letter of Marque
3794:No purchase, no pay
3762:Davy Jones's locker
3705:The Angel's Command
3549:Guybrush Threepwood
3397:Barbary slave trade
3374:African slave trade
3171:Jiajing wokou raids
3072:Battle of Ty-ho Bay
2295:François l'Olonnais
2155:Bartholomew Roberts
2043:Republic of Pirates
1595:The French Corsairs
1390:French Privateering
1294:The Pirates Laffite
1099:The French Corsairs
1073:The French Corsairs
995:The French Corsairs
799:Punitive expedition
789:No purchase, no pay
784:Hired armed vessels
569:flag of convenience
422:Jean-Marie Dutertre
334:ships, such as the
322:Sir John Sherbrooke
315:Sir John Sherbrooke
165:Proto-Indo-European
137:fore-and-aft rigged
30:For the novel, see
3954:Timeline of piracy
3911:Piracy kidnappings
3564:Jacquotte Delahaye
3519:Charlotte de Berry
3509:Captain Sabertooth
3402:Blockade of Africa
3357:Piracy Law of 1820
3287:Turkish Abductions
3224:Operation Atalanta
3158:Great Lakes Patrol
3037:Battle of Nam Quan
2987:Attack on Veracruz
2923:
2505:Nicholas van Hoorn
2490:Michel de Grammont
2355:Jacquotte Delahaye
2340:Hippolyte Bouchard
2260:Elise Eskilsdotter
2200:Charlotte de Berry
2165:Benjamin Hornigold
1544:Geoffrey Footner,
1530:Ralph M. Eastman,
1523:William C. Davis,
1477:2007-09-30 at the
1242:. Guernsey Press.
1194:The London Gazette
1138:David J. Starkey,
829:René Duguay-Trouin
616:American Civil War
515:(1815), President
513:Second Barbary War
489:state legislatures
477:
400:Straits of Malacca
363:Sir Walter Raleigh
343:Earl of Mornington
328:East India Company
220:
177:Provençal language
73:
53:
4067:Letters (message)
4049:
4048:
4030:Piracy portal
4013:
4012:
3990:Fictional pirates
3889:Truce of Ratisbon
3863:
3862:
3824:Walking the plank
3684:On Stranger Tides
3624:Tony Tony Chopper
3514:Captain Stingaree
3451:Fictional pirates
3267:Sack of Baltimore
3262:Raid on Cartagena
3204:Moscow University
3083:Beluga Nomination
3052:Battle of Pianosa
2977:Antelope incident
2868:Marquis of Havana
2806:
2805:
2515:Olivier Levasseur
2455:Louis-Michel Aury
2420:Klaus Störtebeker
2370:Jeanne de Clisson
2290:François Le Clerc
2125:Anne Dieu-le-Veut
2071:
2070:
1988:South China Coast
1952:Strait of Malacca
1608:Carl E. Swanson,
1560:Skull and Saltire
1207:"Answers" (1911)
936:Tidewater Triumph
839:Alexander Godfrey
761:Russian oligarchs
736:operating in the
701:enumerated powers
687:operating out of
651:French Convention
647:Benjamin Franklin
573:Captain Luke Ryan
394:by maintaining a
359:Sir Francis Drake
232:Queen Elizabeth I
228:Sir Francis Drake
189:According to the
16:(Redirected from
4094:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4027:
4026:
3924:
3923:
3726:Pirate Latitudes
3719:Long John Silver
3712:Voyage of Slaves
3579:Long John Silver
3474:Captain Birdseye
3447:
3446:
3317:Letter of marque
3277:Salvador Pirates
3272:Sack of Campeche
3095:Chepo Expedition
3077:Battle of Tysami
3032:Battle off Mukah
3022:Battle of Manila
2861:Quedagh Merchant
2819:Adventure Galley
2665:Victual Brothers
2650:Thomas Cavendish
2615:Sayyida al Hurra
2600:Samuel Hall Lord
2580:Roche Braziliano
2565:Robert Culliford
2500:Nathaniel Gordon
2470:Martin Frobisher
2430:Laurens de Graaf
2400:Jørgen Jørgensen
2335:Henry Strangways
2315:Hendrick Lucifer
2265:Eustace the Monk
2130:AntĂłnio de Faria
2080:
2079:
2048:Republic of Salé
2018:ĂŽle Sainte-Marie
1873:
1872:
1850:Victual Brothers
1758:Cilician pirates
1655:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1487:
1481:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1229:
1218:
1212:
1209:Mariner's Mirror
1205:
1199:
1198:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1056:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1004:
998:
991:
985:
979:
973:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
945:
939:
933:
924:
918:
911:
905:
902:Skull and Satire
898:
892:
885:
774:Commerce raiding
577:Lafitte brothers
554:prisoners of war
418:General Malartic
182:, which is from
147:of prize money.
21:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4062:Legal documents
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4024:
4022:
4009:
3975:Barbary pirates
3963:
3959:Women in piracy
3915:
3859:
3828:
3757:Buried treasure
3745:
3677:Facing the Flag
3670:Treasure Island
3643:
3589:Vaas Montenegro
3584:Monkey D. Luffy
3554:Hector Barbossa
3539:Elizabeth Swann
3504:Captain Pugwash
3441:
3439:
3432:
3409:Veloz Passagera
3407:Capture of the
3360:
3291:
3100:Capture of the
2908:
2840:Flying Dutchman
2802:
2768:Miguel EnrĂquez
2720:
2714:
2680:William Dampier
2635:Simon Mascarino
2630:Shirahama Kenki
2610:Samuel Pallache
2575:Roberto CofresĂ
2485:Mary Wolverston
2460:Mansel Alcantra
2435:Lawrence Prince
2115:Albert W. Hicks
2067:
2005:
1997:
1961:
1918:
1864:
1860:Women in piracy
1825:Sindhi corsairs
1778:French corsairs
1768:Cossack pirates
1721:Albanian piracy
1714:Types of pirate
1709:
1664:
1659:
1629:
1622:Mark A. Weitz,
1615:Francis Upton,
1579:Donald Petrie,
1519:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1498:Wayback Machine
1488:
1484:
1479:Wayback Machine
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1377:French Corsairs
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1292:William Davis,
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1262:Donald Petrie,
1261:
1257:
1250:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1005:
1001:
992:
988:
980:
976:
971:
967:
957:
955:
947:
946:
942:
931:
926:Donald Petrie,
925:
921:
912:
908:
899:
895:
886:
882:
878:
873:
824:Miguel EnrĂquez
769:
697:
674:
640:
589:
457:
375:Royal Charlotte
288:Napoleonic Wars
240:De Iure Praedae
209:
197:King Edward III
153:
109:admiralty court
91:license in the
67:, owner of the
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4100:
4090:
4089:
4087:Captured ships
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
4000:Piracy by year
3997:
3992:
3987:
3985:Female pirates
3982:
3980:By nationality
3977:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:Joshamee Gibbs
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3177:Maersk Alabama
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2788:Robert Maynard
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2670:Vincenzo Gambi
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Samuel Bellamy
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Robert Surcouf
2567:
2562:
2560:Richard Glover
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:Pierre Lafitte
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:Grace O'Malley
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Edward England
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2205:Cheung Po Tsai
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2160:Benito de Soto
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:Abraham Samuel
2102:
2100:Adam Baldridge
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:Saint Augustin
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1930:Horn of Africa
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1914:Gulf of Guinea
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1900:Lake Nicaragua
1892:
1881:
1879:
1877:Atlantic World
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:Jewish pirates
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1558:Jim Hewitson,
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1482:
1464:
1452:
1432:
1428:The Prize Game
1419:
1412:
1394:
1388:Lord Russell,
1381:
1375:Lord Russell,
1368:
1364:The Prize Game
1355:
1345:
1333:
1324:
1311:
1298:
1285:
1281:The Prize Game
1272:
1264:The Prize Game
1255:
1249:978-0902550421
1248:
1230:
1213:
1200:
1180:
1155:
1144:
1142:20, 81 (1990).
1131:
1116:
1103:
1097:Lord Russell,
1090:
1077:
1071:Lord Russell,
1064:
1051:
1038:
1029:
1016:
999:
993:Lord Russell,
986:
974:
965:
940:
928:The Prize Game
919:
906:
893:
879:
877:
874:
872:
871:
866:
861:
859:Robert Surcouf
856:
851:
849:Pierre Lafitte
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
770:
768:
765:
734:Somali pirates
696:
693:
673:
670:
639:
636:
588:
585:
527:Dey of Algiers
456:
453:
208:
205:
152:
149:
26:
18:Letter of mark
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4099:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4042:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:Miscellaneous
3866:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:Miscellaneous
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Pirate utopia
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:Elaine Marley
3532:
3530:
3529:Edward Kenway
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Captain Flint
3487:
3485:
3484:Captain Crook
3482:
3480:
3479:Captain Blood
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3302:Acts of grace
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3195:Orkim Harmony
3191:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3138:Carré d'As IV
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3102:Ambrose Light
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2882:Royal Fortune
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:Ambrose Light
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2798:Woodes Rogers
2796:
2794:
2793:Thomas Warren
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Julius Caesar
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Chaloner Ogle
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2705:Zheng Zhilong
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Sadie Farrell
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Princess Sela
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2520:Pedro Gilbert
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Liang Daoming
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Francis Drake
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Dominique You
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Charles Gibbs
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:Abduwali Muse
2088:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:Major figures
2074:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Barataria Bay
2011:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:Pirate havens
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Barbary Coast
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Timber pirate
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:0-7091-1693-4
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1449:0-9711637-0-7
1446:
1442:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1413:2-909675-41-6
1409:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1003:
996:
990:
983:
978:
969:
954:
950:
944:
937:
929:
923:
916:
910:
903:
897:
890:
884:
880:
870:
867:
865:
864:Joseph Potier
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
692:
690:
686:
683:
682:L-class blimp
679:
669:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
635:
633:
627:
624:
621:
617:
612:
610:
605:
603:
602:prize court's
599:
595:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
517:James Madison
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
470:
467:hanging in a
466:
461:
452:
450:
446:
445:
440:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:
383:
382:
377:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
344:
339:
338:
333:
332:East Indiamen
329:
325:
323:
318:
316:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
271:
268:
264:
263:King Edward I
258:
256:
251:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
218:
213:
207:Early history
204:
202:
198:
194:
193:
187:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
148:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
129:square-rigged
124:
122:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
70:
66:
62:
61:Antoine Bollo
57:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4082:Privateering
4072:Military law
4021:
3894:Pirate Round
3874:
3845:Space pirate
3819:Treasure map
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3609:Roronoa Zoro
3559:Jack Sparrow
3499:Captain Nemo
3494:Captain Hook
3416:
3408:
3384:
3316:
3254:
3211:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3163:
3146:Dai Hong Dan
3145:
3137:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3101:
3082:
2901:
2896:Whydah Gally
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2847:Ganj-i-Sawai
2845:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2811:Pirate ships
2763:Luis Fajardo
2748:James Brooke
2738:David Porter
2710:Zheng Yi Sao
2685:William Kidd
2640:Stede Bonnet
2625:Shap-ng-tsai
2605:Samuel Mason
2525:Peter Easton
2475:Mary Lindsey
2425:Lai Choi San
2415:Joseph Barss
2410:Joseph Baker
2380:John Hawkins
2375:Johanna HĂĄrd
2365:Jean Lafitte
2360:Jan Janszoon
2350:Israel Hands
2330:Henry Morgan
2320:Henri Caesar
2235:Dirk Chivers
2170:Black Caesar
2095:Abshir Boyah
1966:Other waters
1947:Persian Gulf
1935:Somali Coast
1923:Indian Ocean
1895:Spanish Main
1810:River pirate
1788:Moro pirates
1763:Child pirate
1688:21st century
1623:
1616:
1609:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1504:
1485:
1467:
1455:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1422:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1263:
1258:
1239:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1192:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1147:
1139:
1134:
1125:
1124:Henry, R.A.
1119:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1036:Stark at 272
1032:
1024:
1019:
1012:Mare Liberum
1011:
1007:
1002:
994:
989:
977:
968:
956:. Retrieved
952:
943:
935:
932:"onfusingly,
927:
922:
914:
909:
901:
896:
888:
883:
854:Henry Morgan
844:Jean Lafitte
819:Enos Collins
742:
738:Gulf of Aden
728:
718:
713:
709:
706:World War II
698:
684:
675:
672:20th century
659:
645:
641:
628:
622:
613:
606:
590:
566:
547:
535:
520:
497:Constitution
478:
463:The body of
449:Sierra Leone
443:
437:
434:
417:
412:
408:Sunda Strait
386:
379:
374:
371:
352:
342:
336:
324:(Saint John)
321:
314:
307:
292:
272:
259:
248:
243:
239:
236:Hugo Grotius
221:
190:
188:
183:
179:
175:is from the
172:
168:
160:
156:
154:
141:
125:
113:
105:naval prizes
76:
74:
68:
36:
3809:Pirate code
3784:Keelhauling
3772:Jolly Roger
3634:Will Turner
3569:José Gaspar
3469:Barbe Rouge
3366:Slave trade
2620:Sister Ping
2550:Rachel Wall
2345:Huang Bamei
2325:Henry Every
2280:FĹ«ma KotarĹŤ
2275:Flying Gang
2190:Calico Jack
2180:Bully Hayes
1983:Falcon Lake
1957:Nosy Boraha
1815:Sea Beggars
1803:Confederate
1773:Filibusters
1353:prisoners."
1189:"No. 15397"
904:, p. 19–20.
869:Amaro Pargo
794:Prize (law)
743:During the
680:commercial
662:Crimean War
614:During the
598:false flags
581:New Orleans
550:laws of war
430:impressment
348:packet ship
337:Lord Nelson
310:War of 1812
224:Middle Ages
222:During the
116:Middle Ages
93:Age of Sail
4056:Categories
3968:Categories
3944:Privateers
3906:Matelotage
3840:Air pirate
3804:Pet parrot
3656:The Pirate
3604:Nico Robin
3524:Davy Jones
3464:Tom Ayrton
3438:Pirates in
3327:Piracy Act
3296:Piracy law
3212:North Star
2875:My Revenge
2728:Angelo Emo
2690:Zheng Jing
2655:Thomas Tew
2450:Lo Hon-cho
2270:Flora Burn
2250:Edward Low
2220:Dan Seavey
2215:Chui A-poo
2175:Blackbeard
2120:Anne Bonny
2058:Saint-Malo
2038:Port Royal
2023:Libertatia
1835:Ushkuyniks
1798:Privateers
1793:Narentines
1753:Buccaneers
1683:Golden Age
1517:References
1296:p. ?.
1226:Grand Turk
900:Hewitson,
814:Blackbeard
531:the treaty
522:Grand Turk
392:Pondichéry
89:government
49:Vlissingen
3789:Marooning
3417:Brillante
3206:hijacking
3197:hijacking
3188:hijacking
3179:hijacking
2480:Mary Read
2385:John Hoar
2255:Eli Boggs
2225:Diabolito
2006:and bases
1942:Indonesia
1907:Venezuela
1885:Caribbean
1551:Grotius,
1318:Lincoln,
1220:Eastman,
1173:March 24,
1084:Eastman,
1058:Eastman,
1045:Grotius,
1006:Grotius,
958:March 24,
913:Konstam,
809:Jean Bart
759:owned by
753:President
714:Volunteer
594:prize law
501:President
471:over the
317:(Halifax)
295:Article I
255:the Crown
201:sovereign
144:mercenary
133:privateer
97:privateer
4041:Category
3767:Eyepatch
3639:Zanzibar
3614:Sandokan
3594:Mr. Smee
3459:Askeladd
3387:Incident
3257:incident
3166:incident
3148:incident
3140:incident
3085:incident
2700:Zheng Yi
2695:Zheng Qi
2675:Wang Zhi
2555:Redbeard
2445:Limahong
2395:John Pro
2300:Gan Ning
2185:Cai Qian
1993:Sulu Sea
1820:Sea Dogs
1494:Archived
1475:Archived
1461:ssrn.com
1426:Petrie,
1362:Petrie,
1279:Petrie,
1110:Upton's
917:, p. 10.
887:Upton's
804:Reprisal
767:See also
725:Ron Paul
710:Resolute
685:Resolute
678:Goodyear
623:Savannah
509:treaties
420:, under
396:blockade
303:Congress
280:Guernsey
267:just war
87:) was a
4005:Pirates
3934:Pirates
3442:culture
3440:popular
3385:Amistad
3186:Zafirah
2889:Saladin
2721:hunters
2510:Ng Akew
2110:Alfhild
2083:Pirates
2063:Tortuga
1845:Vikings
1741:Algiers
1670:Periods
1340:Weitz,
1305:Upton,
505:tonnage
413:Phoenix
404:frigate
297:of the
101:corsair
3995:Piracy
3901:Mutiny
3799:Pegleg
3750:Tropes
3648:Novels
3544:Franky
3214:affair
2778:Pompey
2719:Pirate
2660:Veborg
2145:Awilda
2033:Mamora
1840:Uskoks
1662:Piracy
1601:
1447:
1410:
1246:
757:yachts
747:, the
626:war.
562:hanged
542:surety
473:Thames
469:gibbet
426:convoy
387:Warley
384:, and
381:Triton
365:, and
184:marcar
173:marque
169:*merǵ-
121:piracy
81:French
3927:Lists
3629:Usopp
3619:Sanji
3255:Quest
3164:Irene
3123:Fancy
3115:Bravo
2833:Fancy
2645:Teuta
2585:Rusla
2028:Lundy
1869:Areas
1855:Wokou
876:Notes
444:Kitty
180:marca
167:root
161:mark-
157:mearc
69:Furet
65:Genoa
3920:Meta
3599:Nami
3351:1850
3347:1837
3343:1721
3339:1717
3335:1698
3331:1536
3131:Anne
2903:York
2230:Dido
1703:2024
1698:2023
1693:2022
1599:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1175:2021
960:2021
712:and
632:tort
441:and
438:Dart
3202:MV
3193:MT
3184:MT
579:in
99:or
4058::
3349:,
3345:,
3341:,
3337:,
3333:,
1228:).
1191:.
1166:.
951:.
763:.
564:.
432:.
378:,
361:,
290:.
257:.
83::
75:A
3353:)
3329:(
3308:)
3304:(
1654:e
1647:t
1640:v
1605:.
1416:.
1252:.
1177:.
1128:.
962:.
284:ÂŁ
242:(
79:(
34:.
20:)
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