2200:
2107:
2080:
2013:
53:
2180:
31:
2052:
2335:
polyphyletic before the advent of molecular information but that were left in their polyphyletic ranks because there was not enough information to do otherwise. The classification of ferns using these molecular studies, which have generally supported one another, reflects the best information available at present, because traditional morphological characters are not always informative in elucidating evolutionary relationships among ferns.
4569:
1902:
2358:). A number of other extinct families have been described. They are not included in the classification systems used for extant ferns, and so most cannot be assigned to orders used in these systems. Taylor et al. (2009) use the order "Filicales", which corresponds to four Polypodiidae orders in more modern systems: Hymenophyllales, Gleicheniales, Schizaeales and Cyatheales. The unplaced families include:
1958:
276:
ferns only into
Eusporangiatae and Leptosporangiatae in 1884–9. The latter group was treated at a variety of ranks in subsequent systems of classification. The subclass "Polypodiidae" was first published and used for the homosporous leptosporangiate ferns by Cronquist, Takhtajan and Zimmermann in
2334:
There has been some challenge to recent molecular studies, claiming that these provide a skewed view of the phylogenetic order because they do not take into account fossil representatives. However, the molecular studies have clarified relations among families that had already been thought to be
243:
arise from a single epidermal cell and not from a group of cells as in eusporangiate ferns (a polyphyletic lineage). The mature sporangia have a wall that is just a single cell thick, and are typically covered with a scale called the
2980:
Kramer, K. U. (1990). Notes on the Higher Level
Classification of the Recent Ferns. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. K. Kubitzki, K. U. Kramer and P. S. Green. New York, Springer-Verlag. 1:
228:. There are approximately 8465 species of living leptosporangiate ferns, compared with about 2070 for all other ferns, totalling 10535 species of ferns. Almost a third of leptosporangiate fern species are
1791:
The following phylogram shows a likely relationship between the other vascular plant classes and the leptosporangiate ferns. It was formerly unclear about the relationship between
1341:
In both the
Christenhusz and Chase, and the PPG classification, the extant Polypodiidae are divided into seven orders, 44 families, 300 genera, and an estimated 10,323 species.
301:) (placed in a separate subclass by Cronquist et al. due to their highly modified morphology) within the leptosporangiate ferns, which they elevated to the rank of class as the
2889:
Hardeep S. Rai; Sean W. Graham (2010). "Utility of a large, multigene plastid data set in inferring higher-order relationships in ferns and relatives (Monilophytes)".
268:
in 1881, who placed the eusporangiate ferns with seed plants and vascular plants into a coeval "Eusporangiateen". As this classification artificially split the ferns,
2199:
4280:
2588:
2363:
2946:
Rothwell, G. W. & Nixon, K. C. (2006). "How does the inclusion of fossil data change our conclusions about the phylogenetic history of euphyllophytes".
2384:
2377:
4268:
2398:
2370:
4274:
185:, the largest of these being the largest group of living ferns, including some 11,000 species worldwide. The group has also been treated as the class
4084:
326:. The following diagram shows a likely phylogenic relationship between subclass Polypodiidae and the other Equisetopsida subclasses in that system
4894:
4713:
4286:
4416:
3249:
1200:
grouped all the fern subclasses together as
Polypodiophyta and in 2016 the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG) adopted the class Polypodiopsida
4920:
4739:
2405:
2391:
1208:
shows the phylogenic relationship between the subclasses according to the PPG. The first three small subclasses being informally grouped as
4096:
4212:
252:, forming a ring or cup around the sorus, or can also be strongly reduced to completely absent. Many leptosporangiate ferns have an
4700:
3033:
322:. This subclass comprises leptosporangiate ferns as opposed to the remaining three subclasses which are informally referred to as
4907:
4726:
2828:
3216:
2559:
4912:
4731:
2106:
1077:
4692:
3242:
2598:
4925:
2079:
4992:
4827:
4819:
4744:
3292:
2012:
189:
or
Polypodiopsida, although other classifications assign them a different rank. Older names for the group include
3287:
52:
4814:
3171:
Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G. (2006).
3371:
3361:
3344:
3235:
3133:
4868:
4641:
3056:
4997:
4935:
4832:
4754:
204:
The leptosporangiate ferns are one of the four major groups of ferns, with the other three being the
2754:
Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022).
4788:
4632:
3227:
338:
316:
2343:
The leptosporangiate ferns have a substantial fossil record. For example, fossils assigned to the
3376:
4780:
5025:
4961:
4899:
4718:
4594:
2314:
290:
265:
5020:
4956:
4948:
4775:
3339:
4767:
4577:
4664:
4572:
4318:
3172:
2843:
1803:, but recent studies have shown that Equisetopsida is most likely sister to Psilotopsida.
264:
The leptosporangiate ferns were first recognized as a group, the "Leptosporangiateen", by
8:
3737:
3720:
3630:
3478:
906:
39:
2847:
1212:, in contrast to the Polypodiidae or leptosporangiate ferns. Polypodiidae is shown as a
289:
Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level classification of ferns based on
4013:
3764:
3747:
3589:
3473:
3468:
3356:
3334:
3322:
3297:
3195:
3159:
3116:
3089:
2963:
2866:
2782:
2755:
2731:
2706:
2687:
2640:
2615:
2450:
Palmer, Jeffrey (2004), "The Plant Tree of Life: an
Overview and Some Points of View",
2307:
1209:
323:
269:
205:
47:
2925:
4943:
4762:
4479:
4380:
4368:
4191:
3905:
3725:
3656:
3646:
3576:
3366:
3329:
3317:
3307:
3212:
3121:
3047:
3028:
2906:
2871:
2787:
2736:
2645:
2614:
Llorens, C.; Argentina, M.; Rojas, N.; Westbrook, J.; Dumais, J.; Noblin, X. (2016).
2594:
2469:
3163:
2967:
4392:
4386:
4350:
4033:
3895:
3780:
3681:
3281:
3187:
3149:
3111:
3103:
3094:
3074:
3042:
3020:
2955:
2898:
2861:
2851:
2777:
2767:
2726:
2718:
2679:
2663:
2635:
2627:
2560:"Fern Phylogeny Inferred from 400 Leptosporangiate Species and Three Plastid Genes"
2459:
253:
4873:
4646:
286:. Other contemporary classifications used the name "Filicidae" for this subclass.
4484:
4467:
4374:
3900:
3883:
3666:
3625:
3493:
3483:
3463:
3024:
2856:
2667:
2074:
1840:
1611:
1396:
1171:
401:
315:
Later classifications renamed the group
Polypodiidae, initially as a subclass of
309:
178:
130:
4859:
4404:
4344:
4218:
4185:
4143:
4056:
3984:
3979:
3927:
3397:
3312:
3259:
2348:
2034:
1936:
1827:
1814:
1258:
1223:
875:
308:
The common ancestor of
Salviniales, Cyatheales and Polypodiales went through a
302:
77:
4984:
3079:
3060:
2722:
5014:
4617:
4494:
4338:
4301:
4258:
4171:
4147:
3964:
3686:
3661:
3543:
3488:
2772:
2670:& Zimmermann, Walter (April 1966). "On the Higher Taxa of Embryobionta".
2344:
2102:
1995:
1883:
1853:
1800:
1792:
1633:
1419:
1197:
294:
135:
30:
4974:
4806:
4555:
4410:
4398:
4138:
3969:
3959:
3759:
3711:
3584:
3125:
2910:
2875:
2791:
2740:
2649:
2631:
2473:
2464:
2412:
2195:
1923:
1796:
1723:
1504:
1213:
1176:
734:
217:
209:
155:
2707:"Fern genomes elucidate land plant evolution and cyanobacterial symbioses"
2433:
2431:
2429:
2179:
2051:
4881:
4626:
4362:
4356:
4151:
4132:
4090:
4040:
3847:
3790:
3731:
3676:
3609:
3559:
3529:
3511:
3503:
3107:
3061:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
2353:
2151:
2129:
2008:
1896:
1684:
1655:
1465:
1442:
1280:
1236:
1186:
1181:
844:
813:
298:
273:
221:
198:
145:
140:
4656:
3199:
2902:
2805:
4705:
4562:
4489:
4457:
4443:
4426:
3974:
3651:
3440:
3431:
3029:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
2753:
2691:
2426:
2174:
2047:
1952:
1699:
1589:
1488:
1373:
1166:
984:
279:
240:
213:
150:
125:
4886:
3154:
3137:
2705:
Li, Fay-Wei; Brouwer, Paul; Carretero-Paulet, L.; et al. (2018).
4677:
4227:
4123:
3989:
3873:
3671:
3451:
3420:
3191:
3065:
2996:
1205:
969:
4588:
3257:
3138:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
2683:
4969:
4853:
4801:
4611:
4499:
3932:
3915:
3351:
2959:
1015:
639:
245:
229:
225:
4682:
4452:
4155:
3954:
3411:
2984:
2923:
2509:
2507:
2505:
1030:
1901:
2616:"The fern cavitation catapult: Mechanism and design principles"
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
3846:
2613:
2502:
4669:
4438:
3851:
3549:
3263:
249:
64:
3132:
2888:
2662:
2479:
2437:
4223:
3942:
1957:
1866:
528:
182:
97:
87:
4793:
3551:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2704:
2541:
2539:
2329:
3209:
Paleobotany, The
Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants
2519:
3265:
2536:
305:(published by Cronquist et al. to include all ferns).
3207:
Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009).
2756:"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life"
2567:
The
Evolution and Diversification of Epiphytic Ferns
3211:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press.
3088:Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Chase, Mark W. (2014).
3055:
2513:
4073:
3206:
3002:
2990:
2829:"Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life"
4022:
3746:
3087:
3059:; Zhang, X.C.; Schneider, H. (18 February 2011).
2496:
2347:, a member of the Cyatheales, are known from the
5012:
3575:
2806:"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL"
256:around the sporangium, which ejects the spores.
4254:
2826:
197:, although at least the "water ferns" (now the
4204:
3853:
2656:
208:comprising the marattioid ferns (Marattiidae,
3395:
3243:
2945:
2820:
1786:
1204:for the four fern subclasses. The following
3170:
3090:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
2924:Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz (2009).
2698:
2530:
3019:
2931:. In S. Blair Hedges; Sudhir Kumar (eds.).
2557:
2545:
4568:
3250:
3236:
2939:
2917:
29:
4122:
3871:
3153:
3115:
3078:
3046:
2865:
2855:
2781:
2771:
2730:
2639:
2587:Lack, Andrew J.; Evans, David E. (2005).
2586:
2463:
3034:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2882:
2569:(Doctoral dissertation). Duke University
1830:(club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)
1350:Nitta et al. 2022 and Fern Tree of life
2948:International Journal of Plant Sciences
5013:
2620:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
2449:
2330:Discussion of molecular classification
4593:
4592:
3845:
3231:
2551:
2443:
4936:fc81a60b-4c81-46a9-a51f-f30593f4bf7d
4820:6ac14188-70de-11e6-a989-005056b0018f
4755:9e178bb5-c314-47ca-88dd-31a54155e7b3
4693:897478cb-590d-485f-8bd2-786923344a02
3142:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
3173:"A classification for extant ferns"
2438:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (2016)
2338:
13:
3003:Taylor, Taylor & Krings (2009)
2991:Taylor, Taylor & Krings (2009)
14:
5037:
4567:
3048:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
2198:
2178:
2105:
2078:
2050:
2011:
1956:
1900:
201:) were then treated separately.
51:
3012:
2974:
2798:
2747:
2497:Christenhusz & Chase (2014)
112:Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm.
4578:Current definitions of Plantae
2607:
2580:
1336:
1:
2419:
1347:Christenhusz and Chase 2014
3134:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
2857:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851
248:, which can cover the whole
7:
1805:
328:
259:
10:
5042:
2891:American Journal of Botany
2760:Frontiers in Plant Science
2558:Schuettpelz, Eric (2007).
2514:Christenhusz et al. (2011)
2452:American Journal of Botany
1787:Phylogenetic relationships
1196:In 2014, Christenhusz and
4843:
4601:
4550:
4466:
4425:
4314:
4299:
4250:
4241:
4200:
4180:
4169:
4118:
4109:
4069:
4054:
4050:
4010:
4006:
3941:
3914:
3882:
3867:
3863:
3841:
3789:
3773:
3755:
3709:
3705:
3639:
3618:
3606:
3602:
3571:
3542:
3520:
3502:
3450:
3430:
3410:
3406:
3391:
3275:
3080:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
2723:10.1038/s41477-018-0188-8
2546:Chase & Reveal (2009)
2193:
2172:
2165:
2149:
2142:
2127:
2120:
2100:
2093:
2072:
2065:
2045:
2038:
2006:
1999:
1989:
1950:
1934:
1927:
1894:
1887:
1877:
1870:
1851:
1844:
1825:
1818:
1721:
1697:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1653:
1646:
1631:
1624:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1580:
1507:6 suborders, 26 families
1502:
1486:
1479:
1463:
1456:
1440:
1433:
1417:
1410:
1394:
1387:
1371:
1364:
1349:
1346:
1293:
1278:
1271:
1256:
1249:
1234:
1227:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1028:
1013:
1006:
982:
967:
960:
953:
946:
904:
897:
873:
866:
842:
835:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
122:
117:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
2827:Samuli Lehtonen (2011).
2773:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768
310:whole genome duplication
291:molecular phylogenetics
235:These ferns are called
2632:10.1098/rsif.2015.0930
2465:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437
266:Karl Ritter von Goebel
171:leptosporangiate ferns
24:Leptosporangiate fern
4957:Paleobiology Database
4776:Paleobiology Database
4690:Euro+Med PlantBase:
4573:List of plant orders
4453:Pinopsida (conifers)
4439:Cycadopsida (cycads)
4431:(living gymnosperms)
3928:Leiosporocerotopsida
3647:Nephroselmidophyceae
3057:Christenhusz, M.J.M.
2933:The Timetree of Life
2354:201 to 175
4281:Archaeopteridopsida
4014:Polysporangiophytes
3738:Klebsormidiophyceae
3721:Mesostigmatophyceae
3667:Chlorodendrophyceae
3631:Pyramimonadophyceae
3585:Prasinodermophyceae
3479:Compsopogonophyceae
3005:, pp. 436–476.
2903:10.3732/ajb.0900305
2848:2011PLoSO...624851L
2808:. FTOL v1.3.0. 2022
2531:Smith et al. (2006)
2364:Anachoropteridaceae
1210:eusporangiate ferns
324:eusporangiate ferns
206:eusporangiate ferns
40:Pteridium aquilinum
4472:(flowering plants)
4393:Lyginopteridopsida
4186:Eophyllophytopsida
4139:Zosterophyllopsida
4077:Paratracheophytes*
3855:sensu strictissimo
3765:Coleochaetophyceae
3748:Phragmoplastophyta
3590:Palmophyllophyceae
3512:Glaucocystophyceae
3474:Stylonematophyceae
3469:Porphyridiophyceae
3258:Classification of
3108:10.1093/aob/mct299
2385:Psalixochlaenaceae
2378:Kaplanopteridaceae
1939:(grapeferns etc.)
277:1966, typified on
270:Christian Luerssen
177:, are one of four
169:, commonly called
5008:
5007:
4944:Open Tree of Life
4763:Open Tree of Life
4595:Taxon identifiers
4586:
4585:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4480:Basal angiosperms
4381:Gigantopteridales
4330:seed plant groups
4328:and other extinct
4295:
4294:
4269:Noeggerathiopsida
4237:
4236:
4192:Trimerophytopsida
4165:
4164:
4105:
4104:
4061:(vascular plants)
4026:Protracheophytes*
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3965:Andreaeobryopsida
3906:Jungermanniopsida
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3726:Chlorokybophyceae
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3657:Chloropicophyceae
3598:
3597:
3577:Prasinodermophyta
3538:
3537:
3218:978-0-12-373972-8
3155:10.1111/jse.12229
3136:(November 2016).
2935:. Oxford Biology.
2664:Cronquist, Arthur
2399:Skaaripteridaceae
2371:Botryopteridaceae
2356:million years ago
2324:
2323:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2024:
2023:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1913:
1912:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1710:
1709:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1194:
1193:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
995:
994:
935:
934:
926:
925:
917:
916:
886:
885:
855:
854:
824:
823:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
686:
685:
677:
676:
668:
667:
659:
658:
650:
649:
584:
583:
575:
574:
566:
565:
557:
556:
548:
547:
539:
538:
466:
465:
457:
456:
448:
447:
439:
438:
430:
429:
421:
420:
412:
411:
285:
175:Leptosporangiatae
163:
162:
113:
16:Subclass of ferns
5033:
5001:
5000:
4988:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4965:
4964:
4952:
4951:
4939:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4916:
4915:
4903:
4902:
4890:
4889:
4877:
4876:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4836:
4835:
4823:
4822:
4810:
4809:
4797:
4796:
4784:
4783:
4771:
4770:
4758:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4735:
4734:
4722:
4721:
4709:
4708:
4696:
4695:
4686:
4685:
4673:
4672:
4660:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4590:
4589:
4571:
4570:
4485:Core angiosperms
4473:
4432:
4427:Acrogymnospermae
4405:Peltaspermopsida
4387:Glossopteridales
4369:Corystospermales
4351:Callistophytales
4331:
4323:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4275:Aneurophytopsida
4257:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4202:
4201:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4133:Barinophytopsida
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4051:
4034:Horneophytopsida
4025:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4008:
4007:
3948:
3933:Anthocerotopsida
3921:
3916:Anthocerotophyta
3896:Haplomitriopsida
3889:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3843:
3842:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3781:Zygnematophyceae
3771:
3770:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3714:
3707:
3706:
3682:Trebouxiophyceae
3652:Picocystophyceae
3616:
3615:
3612:
3604:
3603:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3555:
3457:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3304:
3284:
3269:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3203:
3192:10.2307/25065646
3177:
3167:
3157:
3129:
3119:
3095:Annals of Botany
3084:
3082:
3052:
3050:
3025:Reveal, James L.
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2897:(9): 1444–1456.
2886:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2775:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2668:Takhtajan, Armen
2660:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2517:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2357:
2339:Extinct families
2315:Leptosporangiate
2202:
2182:
2168:
2167:
2154:(heterosporous)
2145:
2144:
2123:
2122:
2109:
2096:
2095:
2082:
2068:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1960:
1930:
1929:
1904:
1890:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1847:
1846:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1649:
1648:
1627:
1626:
1605:
1604:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1482:
1481:
1459:
1458:
1436:
1435:
1413:
1412:
1390:
1389:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1274:
1273:
1252:
1251:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1216:of Marattiidae.
1071:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1009:
1008:
963:
962:
956:
955:
949:
948:
900:
899:
869:
868:
838:
837:
807:
806:
800:
799:
793:
792:
786:
785:
728:
727:
721:
720:
714:
713:
707:
706:
700:
699:
633:
632:
626:
625:
619:
618:
612:
611:
605:
604:
598:
597:
522:
521:
515:
514:
508:
507:
501:
500:
494:
493:
487:
486:
480:
479:
395:
394:
388:
387:
381:
380:
374:
373:
367:
366:
360:
359:
353:
352:
346:
345:
334:
333:
329:
293:. They included
283:
237:leptosporangiate
111:
56:
55:
33:
21:
20:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4996:
4991:
4983:
4981:
4973:
4968:
4960:
4955:
4947:
4942:
4934:
4932:
4924:
4919:
4911:
4906:
4898:
4893:
4885:
4880:
4872:
4867:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4839:
4831:
4826:
4818:
4813:
4805:
4800:
4792:
4787:
4779:
4774:
4766:
4761:
4753:
4751:
4743:
4738:
4730:
4725:
4717:
4712:
4704:
4699:
4691:
4689:
4681:
4676:
4668:
4663:
4655:
4653:
4645:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4597:
4587:
4582:
4506:
4471:
4470:
4462:
4430:
4429:
4421:
4375:Czekanowskiales
4329:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4315:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4291:
4255:
4242:
4233:
4205:Moniliformopses
4196:
4170:
4161:
4111:Eutracheophytes
4110:
4101:
4074:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4046:
4023:
4011:
3994:
3985:Polytrichopsida
3980:Tetraphidopsida
3946:
3945:
3937:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3901:Marchantiopsida
3887:
3886:
3884:Marchantiophyta
3872:
3859:
3805:
3794:
3793:
3785:
3769:
3742:
3710:
3693:
3635:
3626:Mamiellophyceae
3607:
3594:
3563:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3534:
3516:
3498:
3494:Florideophyceae
3484:Rhodellophyceae
3464:Cyanidiophyceae
3455:
3454:
3446:
3426:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3302:
3280:
3271:
3256:
3226:
3219:
3175:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2993:, pp. 464.
2989:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2944:
2940:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2887:
2883:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2752:
2748:
2703:
2699:
2684:10.2307/1217531
2661:
2657:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2520:
2512:
2503:
2495:
2480:
2458:(10): 1437–45,
2448:
2444:
2436:
2427:
2422:
2352:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2075:Hymenophyllales
2025:
1979:
1970:
1914:
1828:Lycopodiophytes
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1711:
1612:Hymenophyllales
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1397:Hymenophyllales
1339:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:lycopodiophytes
1169:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1051:
1042:
996:
936:
927:
918:
887:
856:
825:
773:
764:
755:
746:
687:
678:
669:
660:
651:
585:
576:
567:
558:
549:
540:
467:
458:
449:
440:
431:
422:
413:
272:subdivided the
262:
216:(Equisetiidae,
131:Hymenophyllales
110:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5039:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4989:
4979:
4966:
4953:
4940:
4930:
4917:
4904:
4891:
4878:
4865:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4824:
4811:
4798:
4785:
4772:
4759:
4749:
4736:
4723:
4710:
4697:
4687:
4674:
4661:
4651:
4638:
4633:Polypodiopsida
4623:
4607:
4605:
4603:Polypodiopsida
4599:
4598:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4565:
4559:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4411:Pentoxylopsida
4407:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4345:Calamopityales
4341:
4334:
4332:
4309:
4302:Spermatophytes
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4264:
4262:
4259:Progymnosperms
4245:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4224:Polypodiopsida
4221:
4219:Cladoxylopsida
4215:
4208:
4206:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4181:
4175:
4172:Euphyllophytes
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4144:Lycopodiopsida
4141:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4085:Cooksoniopsida
4080:
4078:
4064:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4029:
4027:
4017:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Oedipodiopsida
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3877:
3861:
3860:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3619:Prasinophytina
3613:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3566:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3522:incertae sedis
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3401:
3398:Archaeplastida
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3377:Mesomycetozoea
3374:
3369:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3313:Diaphoretickes
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3260:Archaeplastida
3255:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3232:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3204:
3186:(3): 705–731.
3168:
3148:(6): 563–603.
3130:
3102:(4): 571–594.
3085:
3053:
3041:(2): 122–127.
3021:Chase, Mark W.
3016:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2973:
2960:10.1086/503298
2954:(3): 737–749.
2938:
2916:
2881:
2842:(10): e24851.
2819:
2797:
2746:
2717:(7): 460–472.
2697:
2678:(4): 129–134.
2655:
2606:
2599:
2579:
2550:
2535:
2518:
2501:
2478:
2442:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2349:Lower Jurassic
2340:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2077:(filmy ferns)
2071:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:Polypodiopsida
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1955:(whisk ferns)
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:Ophioglossales
1933:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:(seed plants)
1854:Spermatophytes
1850:
1845:
1843:
1841:Euphyllophytes
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:Ophioglossidae
1255:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1224:Polypodiopsida
1218:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
992:
989:
988:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
966:
961:
959:
954:
952:
947:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
924:
923:
920:
919:
915:
914:
911:
910:
903:
898:
896:
893:
892:
889:
888:
884:
883:
880:
879:
876:Ophioglossidae
872:
867:
865:
862:
861:
858:
857:
853:
852:
849:
848:
841:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
822:
821:
818:
817:
810:
805:
803:
798:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
770:
769:
766:
765:
761:
760:
757:
756:
752:
751:
748:
747:
743:
742:
739:
738:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
696:
693:
692:
689:
688:
684:
683:
680:
679:
675:
674:
671:
670:
666:
665:
662:
661:
657:
656:
653:
652:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:Anthocerotidae
636:
631:
629:
624:
622:
617:
615:
610:
608:
603:
601:
596:
594:
591:
590:
587:
586:
582:
581:
578:
577:
573:
572:
569:
568:
564:
563:
560:
559:
555:
554:
551:
550:
546:
545:
542:
541:
537:
536:
533:
532:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
483:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
464:
463:
460:
459:
455:
454:
451:
450:
446:
445:
442:
441:
437:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:
424:
423:
419:
418:
415:
414:
410:
409:
406:
405:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
379:
377:
372:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
349:
344:
342:
332:
303:Polypodiopsida
261:
258:
239:because their
161:
160:
159:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
120:
119:
115:
114:
105:
101:
100:
98:Polypodiopsida
95:
91:
90:
88:Polypodiophyta
85:
81:
80:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5038:
5027:
5026:Plant classes
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:Bennettitales
4336:
4335:
4333:
4320:
4319:Pteridosperms
4313:
4310:
4306:(seed plants)
4303:
4298:
4288:
4287:Protopityales
4284:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4240:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4168:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4108:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4058:
4057:Tracheophytes
4053:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4009:
4005:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3970:Andreaeopsida
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3795:(land plants)
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3688:
3687:Chlorophyceae
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Pedinophyceae
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:Chlorophytina
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3544:Viridiplantae
3541:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Bangiophyceae
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:Stramenopiles
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3303:(major groups
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2807:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:Nature Plants
2708:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2600:9780415356435
2596:
2592:
2591:
2590:Plant Biology
2583:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2345:Dicksoniaceae
2336:
2327:
2318:
2311:
2308:Eusporangiate
2304:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2177:(tree ferns)
2176:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:Gleicheniales
2098:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1996:Marattiopsida
1994:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1899:(horsetails)
1898:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:Equisetopsida
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Marattiopsida
1798:
1794:
1793:Equisetopsida
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:Gleicheniales
1629:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Gleicheniales
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
991:
990:
987:
986:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
965:
964:
958:
957:
951:
950:
944:
943:
940:
939:
931:
930:
922:
921:
913:
912:
909:
908:
902:
901:
895:
894:
891:
890:
882:
881:
878:
877:
871:
870:
864:
863:
860:
859:
851:
850:
847:
846:
840:
839:
833:
832:
829:
828:
820:
819:
816:
815:
809:
808:
802:
801:
795:
794:
788:
787:
781:
780:
777:
776:
768:
767:
759:
758:
750:
749:
741:
740:
737:
736:
730:
729:
723:
722:
716:
715:
709:
708:
702:
701:
695:
694:
691:
690:
682:
681:
673:
672:
664:
663:
655:
654:
646:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
628:
627:
621:
620:
614:
613:
607:
606:
600:
599:
593:
592:
589:
588:
580:
579:
571:
570:
562:
561:
553:
552:
544:
543:
535:
534:
531:
530:
524:
523:
517:
516:
510:
509:
503:
502:
496:
495:
489:
488:
482:
481:
475:
474:
471:
470:
462:
461:
453:
452:
444:
443:
435:
434:
426:
425:
417:
416:
408:
407:
404:
403:
402:Marchantiidae
397:
396:
390:
389:
383:
382:
376:
375:
369:
368:
362:
361:
355:
354:
348:
347:
341:
340:
339:Equisetopsida
336:
335:
331:
330:
327:
325:
321:
318:
317:Equisetopsida
313:
311:
306:
304:
300:
297:water ferns (
296:
295:heterosporous
292:
287:
282:
281:
275:
271:
267:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
136:Gleicheniales
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
121:
116:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Tracheophytes
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5021:Polypodiidae
4845:Polypodiidae
4844:
4789:Tree of Life
4602:
4556:paraphyletic
4468:Angiospermae
4445:
4444:Ginkgoales (
4417:Petriellales
4399:Medullosales
4326:(seed ferns)
4039:
3960:Sphagnopsida
3955:Takakiopsida
3888:(liverworts)
3854:
3848:Embryophytes
3802:(see below↓)
3760:Charophyceae
3730:
3712:Streptophyta
3564:land plants)
3552:
3521:
3439:
3432:Rhodelphidia
3419:
3362:Opisthokonta
3266:
3223:</ref>
3208:
3183:
3179:
3145:
3141:
3099:
3093:
3070:
3064:
3038:
3032:
3013:Bibliography
2998:
2986:
2976:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2932:
2919:
2894:
2890:
2884:
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2835:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2800:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2714:
2710:
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2671:
2658:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2589:
2582:
2571:. Retrieved
2566:
2553:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2413:Tempskyaceae
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2342:
2333:
2325:
2196:Polypodiales
2194:
2173:
2150:
2128:
2101:
2073:
2046:
2007:
1951:
1935:
1924:Psilotopsida
1895:
1852:
1826:
1815:Tracheophyta
1797:Psilotopsida
1790:
1724:Polypodiales
1722:
1698:
1683:
1654:
1632:
1610:
1588:
1505:Polypodiales
1503:
1487:
1464:
1441:
1418:
1395:
1372:
1361:Polypodiidae
1360:
1340:
1296:Polypodiidae
1295:
1294:
1279:
1257:
1235:
1214:sister group
1201:
1195:
1177:monilophytes
1076:
1029:
1014:
983:
968:
907:Polypodiidae
905:
874:
843:
812:
735:Lycopodiidae
733:
638:
527:
400:
337:
319:
314:
307:
288:
278:
263:
236:
234:
218:Equisetaceae
210:Marattiaceae
203:
194:
190:
187:Pteridopsida
186:
174:
170:
167:Polypodiidae
166:
164:
156:Polypodiales
108:Polypodiidae
107:
71:
38:
18:
4882:iNaturalist
4627:Wikispecies
4363:Cordaitales
4357:Caytoniales
4243:Lignophytes
4226:(ferns and
4152:spikemosses
4091:Rhyniopsida
4041:Aglaophyton
3920:(hornworts)
3791:Embryophyta
3774:Anydrophyta
3732:Spirotaenia
3677:Ulvophyceae
3610:Chlorophyta
3560:green algae
3530:Algospongia
3504:Glaucophyta
3456:(red algae)
2812:12 December
2406:Tedeleaceae
2392:Sermayaceae
2152:Salviniales
2130:Schizaeales
2009:Marattiales
1897:Equisetales
1685:Salviniales
1656:Schizaeales
1491:8 families
1468:2 families
1466:Salviniales
1445:3 families
1443:Schizaeales
1422:3 families
1337:Subdivision
1281:Marattiidae
1237:Equisetidae
1187:angiosperms
1182:gymnosperms
1078:Magnoliidae
845:Marattiidae
814:Equisetidae
299:Salviniales
274:homosporous
222:whisk ferns
199:Salviniales
173:, formerly
146:Salviniales
141:Schizaeales
5015:Categories
4490:Magnoliids
4458:Gnetopsida
4228:horsetails
4156:quillworts
4148:clubmosses
4124:Lycophytes
4097:Renaliales
3874:Bryophytes
3452:Rhodophyta
3441:Rhodelphis
2573:2019-12-04
2420:References
2175:Cyatheales
2048:Osmundales
1953:Psilotales
1700:Cyatheales
1590:Osmundales
1489:Cyatheales
1374:Osmundales
1202:sensu lato
1167:bryophytes
985:Ginkgoidae
320:sensu lato
280:Polypodium
214:horsetails
179:subclasses
151:Cyatheales
126:Osmundales
104:Subclass:
84:Division:
4975:100352370
3990:Bryopsida
3943:Bryophyta
3672:UTC clade
3421:Picomonas
3357:Amoebozoa
3335:Alveolata
3323:Cryptista
3298:Eukaryota
3066:Phytotaxa
1399:1 family
1376:1 family
1206:cladogram
970:Cycadidae
241:sporangia
230:epiphytes
226:moonworts
195:Filicales
191:Filicidae
61:Kingdom:
4982:VASCAN:
4970:Tropicos
4900:11907107
4860:Q3395756
4854:Wikidata
4815:VicFlora
4807:43000111
4802:Tropicos
4719:11905164
4654:BioLib:
4612:Wikidata
4500:Eudicots
4495:Monocots
4213:Ibykales
3947:(mosses)
3852:Plantae
3550:Plantae
3352:Amorphea
3330:Rhizaria
3318:Hacrobia
3308:Excavata
3293:Bacteria
3264:Plantae
3200:25065646
3164:39980610
3126:24532607
3073:(1): 7.
3027:(2009).
2968:86172890
2911:21616899
2876:22022365
2836:PLOS ONE
2792:36092417
2741:29967517
2650:26763327
2474:21652302
1016:Gnetidae
260:Taxonomy
246:indusium
4949:5662210
4926:1521262
4706:7228684
4618:Q373615
4563:extinct
3412:Picozoa
3367:Animals
3288:Archaea
3117:3936591
2926:"Ferns"
2867:3192703
2844:Bibcode
2783:9449725
2732:6786969
2692:1217531
2641:4759797
2626:(114).
1031:Pinidae
529:Bryidae
254:annulus
220:), and
212:), the
118:Orders
94:Class:
65:Plantae
4998:449899
4933:NZOR:
4913:846532
4887:764796
4874:224852
4833:596330
4781:196331
4768:166292
4752:NZOR:
4745:241806
4732:846528
4647:223523
4558:groups
4446:Ginkgo
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4012:
3608:
3345:Plants
3282:Domain
3215:
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4993:WoRMS
4962:55185
4895:IRMNG
4828:WoRMS
4794:20615
4714:IRMNG
4683:1PTEC
3562:&
3372:Fungi
3196:JSTOR
3180:Taxon
3176:(PDF)
3160:S2CID
2981:49-52
2964:S2CID
2929:(PDF)
2832:(PDF)
2688:JSTOR
2672:Taxon
2563:(PDF)
2317:Ferns
2310:Ferns
1867:Ferns
1198:Chase
250:sorus
183:ferns
72:Clade
4921:NCBI
4908:ITIS
4869:APNI
4740:NCBI
4727:ITIS
4701:GBIF
4678:EPPO
4670:4495
4657:3076
4642:APNI
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3267:s.l.
3213:ISBN
3122:PMID
2907:PMID
2872:PMID
2814:2022
2788:PMID
2737:PMID
2646:PMID
2595:ISBN
2470:PMID
224:and
193:and
165:The
4665:EoL
3850:or
3548:or
3262:or
3188:doi
3150:doi
3112:PMC
3104:doi
3100:113
3075:doi
3043:doi
3039:161
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2899:doi
2862:PMC
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