102:
124:
5181:
598:
summarizes four systems; families are listed alphabetically within three broad groups. Although the same families are used in more than one system, circumscriptions may differ. Christenhusz and Chase in 2014 used a very broad circumscription of
Aspleniaceae and Polypodiaceae, reducing families used in other systems to subfamilies.
3766:
Li, F. W.; Villarreal, J. C.; Kelly, S.; Rothfels, C. J.; Melkonian, M.; Frangedakis, E.; Ruhsam, M.; Sigel, E. M.; Der, J. P.; Pittermann, J.; Burge, D. O.; Pokorny, L.; Larsson, A.; Chen, T.; Weststrand, S.; Thomas, P.; Carpenter, E.; Zhang, Y.; Tian, Z.; Chen, L.; Yan, Z.; Zhu, Y.; Sun, X.; Wang,
1218:
The PPG I classification (2016) used a process intermediate between the two previous approaches, by introducing a new rank, that of suborder, and organising 26 families (in some cases very narrowly circumscribed) into six suborders, largely returning to the families set out by
Christenhusz et al. in
1058:
circumscriptions, the authors noted that
Dryopteridaceae was more narrowly bounded than in historical circumscriptions, which had included their Tectariaceae, Onocleaceae and Woodsiaceae. The circumscription of Lomariopsidaceae changed dramatically, with most historical genera of that family (except
280:
Both
Polypodiales and Cyatheales differ from other ferns in having a photoreceptor called a neochrome, which allows them to perform photosynthesis better in low-light conditions, such as in the shadows on the forest floor. The common ancestor of the two groups appears to have derived the neochrome
597:
The division of the
Polypodiales into families has changed somewhat between the pioneering work of Smith et al. (2006) and the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group's classification of 2016, with a general increase in the number of divisions recognized, albeit sometimes at different ranks. The table below
336:
era. They referred to the ferns (now including horsetails) as monilophytes, dividing them into four groups, with the vast majority of species being placed in a taxon they called "Polypodiopsida". The four-fold grouping has persisted through subsequent systems, despite changes in nomenclature.
1057:
Smith et al. (2006) divided the
Polypodiales into fifteen families, a practice continued in their 2008 revision, with members of the eupolypods placed in two unranked clades. The families are listed in the table. While many of these families had previously been recognized with similar
3526:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond; Wolf, Paul G.; Hunt, Jeffrey S.; Sipes, Sedonia D. (2001). "Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants".
1129:
et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009), incorporated new phylogenetic evidence to make several changes at the familial level, resulting in an expansion to 23 families.
1209:, respectively. Former families became subfamilies (see the table above). The former Hemidictyaceae were included in the Asplenioideae, and the Onocleaceae in the Blechnoideae. In the new Polypodiaceae,
589:
Despite being the most diverse order of ferns, they appeared relatively late in the evolutionary history of the group, during the Early
Cretaceous, and diversified substantially throughout the period.
269:, to replace the ambiguously circumscribed term "polypods" when referring to the Polypodiales. The sporangia are born on stalks 1–3 cells thick and are often long-stalked. (In contrast, the
2967:
advanced orders of monilophytes (ferns), based on recent genetic analysis. They arose and diversified about 100 million years ago, probably subsequent to the diversification of the
5943:
5780:
5626:
5596:
5373:
4892:
1226:
Lindsaeinae corresponds to the
Lindseaceae of Smith et al., and includes the Cystodiaceae, Lindsaeaceae, and Lonchitidaceae. It is probably not monophyletic.
5806:
5786:
5774:
5548:
6012:
5961:
5846:
5820:
5800:
5714:
5620:
5503:
4880:
5840:
5828:
5814:
5602:
5590:
5572:
5554:
5515:
5509:
5359:
4886:
3768:
6001:
5949:
5909:
5834:
5744:
5738:
5726:
5720:
5614:
5608:
5584:
5521:
5732:
5632:
5560:
5446:
4696:
3679:
Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (1 July 2009). "Is
Morphology Really at Odds with Molecules in Estimating Fern Phylogeny?".
265:
to define a group of ferns he called the "Cathetogyratae"; the
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group has suggested reviving this name as the informal term
6444:
5387:
5331:
5325:
4898:
6076:
5381:
5319:
5028:
3861:
6483:
6067:
5867:
5792:
5222:
5955:
5345:
4708:
5339:
4824:
3155:
Du, Xin‐Yu; Lu, Jin‐Mei; Zhang, Li‐Bing; Wen, Jun; Kuo, Li‐Yaung; Mynssen, Claudine M.; Schneider, Harald; Li, De‐Zhu (October 2021).
1197:
The classification of Christenhusz and Chase (2014) dramatically reduced the number of families recognized in this order to eight by "
1258:), Hypodematiaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Lomariopsidaceae, Nephrolepidaceae, Tectariaceae, Oleandraceae, Davalliaceae, and Polypodiaceae.
6418:
5265:
3328:
3833:
6457:
1201:", reducing many families to subfamilies and expanding the circumscription of Polypodiaceae and Aspleniaceae to encompass all of
3828:
273:
have a stalk composed of four rows of cells.) The sporangia do not reach maturity simultaneously. Many groups in the order lack
3634:
Schneider, Harald; Schuettpelz, Eric; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Cranfill, Raymond; Magallón, Susana; Lupia, Richard (1 April 2004).
1219:
2011. In lieu of the expansion of Aspleniaceae and Polypodiaceae, eupolypods I and II were recognized and named as suborders:
3823:
3624:
6462:
3854:
5215:
3749:
6594:
6573:
3904:
6488:
3899:
1235:
Aspleniinae (formerly eupolypods I) includes the families Cystopteridaceae, Rhachidosoraceae, Diplaziopsidaceae,
6568:
309:
193:
6470:
5244:
3983:
3973:
3956:
3847:
1096:. Woodsiaceae was acknowledged to be of uncertain circumscription and perhaps paraphyletic; the inclusion of
229:, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including
5270:
5260:
5208:
1270:
3710:
Smith, Alan R.; Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz; Petra Korall; Harald Schneider; Paul G. Wolf (2006).
1245:), Hemidictyaceae, Aspleniaceae, Woodsiaceae, Onocleaceae, Blechnaceae, Athyriaceae, and Thelypteridaceae.
6379:
123:
3443:
3824:
Eric Schuettpelz. The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns. PhD Thesis Duke University 2007
3748:
Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G.
3616:
1148:
respectively. Within eupolypods I, Woodsiaceae proved to be paraphyletic and was reduced to the genera
313:
6537:
6599:
6498:
3206:
Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022).
5255:
3839:
365:
position of Polypodiales in relation to the other orders of Polypodiidae is shown in the following
282:
3988:
1194:
was split from Dryopteridaceae to contain the three problematic genera mentioned by Smith et al.
110:
6524:
6370:
6332:
3295:
333:
262:
277:, but when present, they are attached either along the edge of the indusium or in its center.
6622:
6519:
3951:
350:
178:
6449:
5189:
6627:
6511:
6392:
5184:
4930:
3784:
3711:
3649:
3538:
3486:
3435:
377:
346:
8:
5566:
4349:
4332:
4242:
4090:
296:
are green, usually heart-shaped, and grow at the surface (rather than underground, as in
3788:
3653:
3542:
3490:
3156:
6581:
5367:
5250:
4625:
4376:
4359:
4201:
4085:
4080:
3968:
3946:
3934:
3909:
3807:
3772:
3736:
3698:
3597:
3562:
3509:
3472:
3418:
3391:
3234:
3207:
354:
118:
6506:
6264:
6203:
6042:
5421:
5415:
5091:
4992:
4980:
4803:
4517:
4337:
4268:
4258:
4188:
3978:
3941:
3929:
3919:
3812:
3681:
3667:
3620:
3554:
3514:
3423:
3342:
3323:
3239:
3176:
2653:
2353:
1796:
1518:
1249:
1165:
1084:
937:
818:
238:
3773:"Horizontal transfer of an adaptive chimeric photoreceptor from bryophytes to ferns"
3702:
3601:
6586:
6279:
6274:
6223:
6213:
6198:
6193:
6179:
5890:
5527:
5489:
5004:
4998:
4962:
4645:
4507:
4392:
4293:
3893:
3834:
Australian National Botanic Gardens. A classification of the ferns and their allies
3802:
3792:
3728:
3690:
3657:
3640:
3635:
3587:
3566:
3546:
3529:
3504:
3494:
3457:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3369:
3337:
3229:
3219:
3168:
2719:
2697:
2470:
2382:
2331:
2302:
2269:
2263:
1884:
1869:
1635:
1540:
1496:
1467:
1434:
1236:
1187:
1169:
1161:
1001:
985:
882:
866:
802:
786:
651:
254:
6384:
6269:
6259:
6125:
6119:
6052:
5882:
5684:
5497:
5483:
5460:
5353:
5096:
5079:
4986:
4512:
4495:
4278:
4237:
4105:
4095:
4075:
3719:
3610:
3499:
3319:
2675:
2631:
2114:
2108:
1840:
1818:
1304:
1191:
969:
953:
715:
412:
358:
270:
219:
6475:
3299:
6208:
6146:
5919:
5676:
5454:
5399:
5310:
5016:
4956:
4830:
4797:
4755:
4668:
4596:
4591:
4539:
4009:
3924:
3871:
3777:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3694:
3462:
2397:
2161:
1562:
1348:
1177:
1141:
834:
683:
338:
297:
148:
6560:
3374:
3355:
3157:"Simultaneous diversification of Polypodiales and angiosperms in the Mesozoic"
101:
6616:
6355:
6299:
6091:
6047:
5914:
5900:
5440:
5106:
4950:
4913:
4870:
4783:
4759:
4576:
4298:
4273:
4155:
4100:
3439:
3387:
3315:
3224:
3180:
2800:
2618:
1974:
1783:
1254:
1241:
1211:
1206:
1119:
1104:
1033:
434:
325:
59:
6550:
3797:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6218:
6151:
6141:
6133:
6017:
6006:
5982:
5967:
5749:
5637:
5578:
5167:
5022:
5010:
4750:
4581:
4571:
4371:
4323:
4196:
3816:
3671:
3558:
3518:
3427:
3383:
3351:
3243:
2785:
2763:
2741:
2421:
2289:
2176:
2139:
2126:
1959:
1937:
1915:
1577:
1454:
1363:
1326:
1202:
1145:
1126:
1098:
1089:
1066:
1049:
1017:
921:
738:
667:
635:
362:
349:. This group, which includes Polypodiales, is also informally known as the
329:
321:
234:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
6431:
6364:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6167:
6161:
6096:
6086:
6081:
6057:
5992:
5977:
5934:
5924:
5872:
5705:
5666:
5539:
4974:
4968:
4763:
4744:
4702:
4652:
4459:
4402:
4343:
4288:
4221:
4171:
4141:
4123:
4115:
3444:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
3409:
3356:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
2560:
2536:
2521:
2492:
2235:
2229:
1716:
1701:
1679:
1657:
1412:
1182:
1173:
1110:
1078:
1072:
1060:
898:
850:
770:
754:
699:
478:
456:
293:
34:
3829:
Michael Hassler and Brian Swale. Checklist of Ferns and Fern Allies 2001
3740:
3662:
3257:
6027:
5972:
5858:
5658:
5174:
5101:
5069:
5055:
5038:
4586:
4263:
4052:
4043:
3324:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
3205:
2980:
2968:
1140:
were removed from the Lindsaeaceae and incorporated into new families,
500:
390:
79:
44:
5200:
3592:
3575:
3172:
6436:
6405:
4839:
4735:
4601:
4485:
4283:
4063:
4032:
3732:
3550:
3448:
3360:
2964:
1132:
1115:
1093:
366:
250:
84:
6326:
3869:
3576:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
6545:
6423:
6349:
5111:
4544:
4527:
3963:
3477:
1082:
were added. Saccolomataceae were removed from the dennstaedtioids.
353:, while the remaining three groups (subclasses) are referred to as
286:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
6410:
3138:
3136:
3134:
5064:
4767:
4566:
4023:
1198:
274:
258:
230:
89:
64:
328:, 2014). Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level
3131:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
320:
have been classified in many different ways (see the review by
4458:
6532:
6397:
5297:
5291:
5050:
4463:
4161:
3875:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
1248:
Polypodiineae (formerly eupolypods II) includes the families
1232:
Dennstaedtiineae includes the single family Dennstaedtiaceae.
135:
3767:
J.; Stevenson, D. W.; Crandall-Stotler, B. J.; Shaw, A. J.;
3573:
3272:
3076:
3003:
5231:
4835:
4554:
1223:
Saccolomatineae includes the single family Saccolomataceae.
317:
226:
168:
158:
4163:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3064:
3040:
3009:
1190:, due to uncertainty in its phylogenetic placement, while
3121:
3119:
1114:
perhaps also rendering Dryopteridaceae paraphyletic. The
3187:
3028:
3097:
602:
Comparison of alternative subdivisions of Polypodiales
3877:
3609:
Ranker, Tom A.; Haufler, Christopher H., eds. (2008).
3116:
1215:
was placed in its own subfamily, Didymochlaenoideae.
3208:"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life"
3052:
1160:, while the remainder of its genera were removed to
3350:
3142:
1229:
Pteridineae includes the single family Pteridaceae.
4685:
3473:"Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life"
3354:; Zhang, X. C.; Schneider, H. (18 February 2011).
3300:"Dritter Versuch einer Anordnung der Farrnkräuter"
4634:
4358:
3382:
3091:
6614:
4187:
3678:
3636:"Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms"
3633:
3434:
3278:
3258:"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL"
2963:Polypodiales may be regarded as one of the most
357:. The Polypodiidae have been divided into seven
4866:
2932:Now-obsolete families of Polypodiales include:
4816:
4465:
3574:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016).
308:The order Polypodiales was first described by
5216:
4007:
3855:
3760:
3612:Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
3608:
1092:, away from its historical position with the
3747:
3709:
3525:
3392:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
3193:
3154:
3110:
3070:
3046:
3022:
345:), with Smith et al.'s group being subclass
3314:
3125:
261:. These sporangial characters were used by
5704:
5223:
5209:
5180:
3862:
3848:
2951:Pleursoriopsidaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
2942:Gymnogrammitidaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
225:encompasses the major lineages of polypod
100:
4734:
4483:
3806:
3796:
3765:
3661:
3591:
3508:
3498:
3461:
3417:
3373:
3341:
3294:
3233:
3223:
3058:
3034:
3470:
3329:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1276:Nitta et al. 2022 and Fern Tree of life
1070:) being moved to Dryopteridaceae, while
5230:
6615:
361:, Polypodiales being the largest. The
316:of the order has changed over time as
6331:
6330:
5204:
4457:
3843:
3771:; Soltis, D. E.; et al. (2014).
2948:Platyceriaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
2945:Loxogrammaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
2939:Grammitidaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
6574:637a1375-6859-43cb-a826-a64c73317cb1
6538:CE300D02-4144-CCE3-902D-369915E580EC
6499:f6ca2221-23d2-4def-99e6-648856ab9de6
3580:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
2927:
1122:to render that family monophyletic.
3712:"A classification for extant ferns"
2936:Drynariaceae - now in Polypodiaceae
249:Polypodiales are unique in bearing
13:
14:
6639:
3004:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016
2954:Vittariaceae - now in Pteridaceae
934:Polypodiaceae: Didymochlaenoideae
5179:
3343:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
1186:was placed in a new family, the
982:Polypodiaceae: Lomariopsidoideae
815:Aspleniaceae: Diplaziopsidoideae
332:classification published in the
122:
32:
3287:
3250:
3199:
3148:
966:Polypodiaceae: Hypodematioideae
950:Polypodiaceae: Dryopteridoideae
879:Aspleniaceae: Thelypteridoideae
863:Aspleniaceae: Rhachidosoroideae
783:Aspleniaceae: Cystopteridoideae
615:Christenhusz & Chase (2014)
5190:Current definitions of Plantae
2958:
592:
244:
1:
3304:Neues Journal für die Botanik
3092:Christenhusz & Chase 2014
2974:
1030:Polypodiaceae: Polypodioideae
257:interrupted by the stalk and
3500:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851
1271:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
1262:
1046:Polypodiaceae: Tectarioideae
1014:Polypodiaceae: Oleandroideae
918:Polypodiaceae: Davallioideae
584:
7:
3761:Ranker & Haufler (2008)
735:Aspleniaceae: Asplenioideae
518:(6 suborders, 26 families)
341:is now used for all ferns (
303:
10:
6644:
3695:10.1600/036364409789271209
3617:Cambridge University Press
3463:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
3384:Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.
3212:Frontiers in Plant Science
1088:was tentatively placed in
895:Aspleniaceae: Woodsioideae
767:Aspleniaceae: Blechnoideae
751:Aspleniaceae: Athyrioideae
721:
612:Christenhusz et al. (2011)
6339:
6252:
6186:
6174:
6160:
6132:
6118:
6109:
6066:
6035:
6026:
5991:
5933:
5899:
5881:
5857:
5769:
5762:
5697:
5675:
5657:
5650:
5538:
5478:
5471:
5432:
5407:
5398:
5308:
5283:
5279:
5239:
5162:
5078:
5037:
4926:
4911:
4862:
4853:
4812:
4792:
4781:
4730:
4721:
4681:
4666:
4662:
4622:
4618:
4553:
4526:
4494:
4479:
4475:
4453:
4401:
4385:
4367:
4321:
4317:
4251:
4230:
4218:
4214:
4183:
4154:
4132:
4114:
4062:
4042:
4022:
4018:
4003:
3887:
3471:Lehtonen, Samuli (2011).
3375:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
2798:
2783:
2776:
2761:
2754:
2739:
2732:
2717:
2710:
2695:
2688:
2673:
2666:
2651:
2644:
2629:
2622:
2558:
2534:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2490:
2483:
2468:
2461:
2419:
2395:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2351:
2344:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2267:
2257:
2233:
2223:
2216:
2174:
2159:
2152:
2137:
2130:
2112:
2102:
2095:
1972:
1957:
1950:
1935:
1928:
1913:
1906:
1882:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1838:
1831:
1816:
1809:
1794:
1787:
1714:
1699:
1692:
1677:
1670:
1655:
1648:
1633:
1626:
1575:
1560:
1553:
1538:
1531:
1516:
1509:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1465:
1458:
1448:
1432:
1425:
1410:
1403:
1361:
1346:
1339:
1324:
1317:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1275:
1269:
904:
622:
513:
498:
491:
476:
469:
454:
447:
432:
425:
410:
403:
388:
381:
206:
201:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
3436:Christenhusz, Maarten JM
3225:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768
3143:Christenhusz et al. 2011
1180:. Within eupolypods II,
283:horizontal gene transfer
3798:10.1073/pnas.1319929111
3126:Chase & Reveal 2009
1125:The linear sequence of
111:Polypodium californicum
30:Early Cretaceous–Recent
3352:Christenhusz, M. J. M.
351:leptosporangiate ferns
334:molecular phylogenetic
263:Johann Jakob Bernhardi
6520:Paleobiology Database
5944:Acrostichopteridaceae
3279:Schneider et al. 2004
5185:List of plant orders
5065:Pinopsida (conifers)
5051:Cycadopsida (cycads)
5043:(living gymnosperms)
4540:Leiosporocerotopsida
4259:Nephroselmidophyceae
3260:. FTOL v1.4.0 . 2023
5781:Anachoropteridaceae
5627:Gondwanostachyaceae
5597:Manchurostachyaceae
5567:Archaeocalamitaceae
5374:Pseudosporochnaceae
4893:Archaeopteridopsida
4626:Polysporangiophytes
4350:Klebsormidiophyceae
4333:Mesostigmatophyceae
4279:Chlorodendrophyceae
4243:Pyramimonadophyceae
4197:Prasinodermophyceae
4091:Compsopogonophyceae
3789:2014PNAS..111.6672L
3757:. pp. 417–467.
3751:Fern classification
3663:10.1038/nature02361
3654:2004Natur.428..553S
3543:2001Natur.409..618S
3491:2011PLoSO...624851L
3296:Bernhardi, J. Jacob
2613:eupolypods II
1778:eupolypods II
609:Smith et al. (2006)
603:
355:eusporangiate ferns
6199:Rhachidosoridaceae
5807:Botryopteridiaceae
5787:Psalixochlaenaceae
5775:Anachoropteridales
5549:Asterocalamitaceae
5368:Pseudosporochnales
5084:(flowering plants)
5005:Lyginopteridopsida
4798:Eophyllophytopsida
4751:Zosterophyllopsida
4689:Paratracheophytes*
4467:sensu strictissimo
4377:Coleochaetophyceae
4360:Phragmoplastophyta
4202:Palmophyllophyceae
4124:Glaucocystophyceae
4086:Stylonematophyceae
4081:Porphyridiophyceae
3870:Classification of
3410:10.1093/aob/mct299
2880:eupolypods I
2045:eupolypods I
601:
6610:
6609:
6507:Open Tree of Life
6333:Taxon identifiers
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6265:Didymochlaenaceae
6204:Diplaziopsidaceae
6105:
6104:
6043:Thyrsopteridaceae
6036:Thyrsopteridineae
6013:Hydropteridiaceae
5962:Stachypteridaceae
5847:Urnatopteridaceae
5821:Senftenbergiaceae
5801:Botryopteridiales
5758:
5757:
5715:Knorripteridaceae
5693:
5692:
5646:
5645:
5621:Echinostachyaceae
5504:Aspidostachyaceae
5422:Stauropteridaceae
5408:†Stauropterididae
5198:
5197:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5092:Basal angiosperms
4993:Gigantopteridales
4942:seed plant groups
4940:and other extinct
4907:
4906:
4881:Noeggerathiopsida
4849:
4848:
4804:Trimerophytopsida
4777:
4776:
4717:
4716:
4673:(vascular plants)
4638:Protracheophytes*
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4577:Andreaeobryopsida
4518:Jungermanniopsida
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4338:Chlorokybophyceae
4313:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4269:Chloropicophyceae
4210:
4209:
4189:Prasinodermophyta
4150:
4149:
3783:(18): 6672–6677.
3682:Systematic Botany
3648:(6982): 553–557.
3626:978-0-521-87411-3
3593:10.1111/jse.12229
3537:(6820): 618–622.
3194:Smith et al. 2008
3173:10.1111/cla.12457
3111:Smith et al. 2006
3071:Smith et al. 2006
3047:Smith et al. 2006
3023:Smith et al. 2006
2928:Obsolete families
2925:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2654:Didymochlaenaceae
2607:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2547:
2546:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2408:
2407:
2354:Diplaziopsidaceae
2246:
2245:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1895:
1894:
1797:Didymochlaenaceae
1772:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1519:Diplaziopsidaceae
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1252:(containing only
1250:Didymochlaenaceae
1239:(containing only
1166:Diplaziopsidaceae
1118:were included in
1055:
1054:
938:Didymochlaenaceae
819:Diplaziopsidaceae
812:Diplaziopsidaceae
581:
580:
572:
571:
563:
562:
554:
553:
545:
544:
536:
535:
527:
526:
216:
215:
197:
6635:
6603:
6602:
6590:
6589:
6577:
6576:
6564:
6563:
6554:
6553:
6541:
6540:
6528:
6527:
6515:
6514:
6502:
6501:
6492:
6491:
6479:
6478:
6476:NHMSYS0000066593
6466:
6465:
6453:
6452:
6440:
6439:
6427:
6426:
6414:
6413:
6401:
6400:
6388:
6387:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6328:
6327:
6280:Nephrolepidaceae
6275:Lomariopsidaceae
6224:Thelypteridaceae
6214:Desmophlebiaceae
6194:Cystopteridaceae
6180:Dennstaedtiaceae
6175:Dennstaedtiineae
6116:
6115:
6033:
6032:
5891:Hymenophyllaceae
5841:Discopteridaceae
5829:Urnatopteridales
5815:Senftenbergiales
5767:
5766:
5702:
5701:
5655:
5654:
5603:Notocalamitaceae
5591:Konnostachyaceae
5573:Paracalamitaceae
5555:Autophyllitaceae
5528:Sphenophyllaceae
5516:Boegendorfiaceae
5510:Boegendorfiaceae
5490:Pseudoborniaceae
5476:
5475:
5416:Stauropteridales
5405:
5404:
5360:Iridopteridaceae
5281:
5280:
5266:Acrogymnospermae
5225:
5218:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5183:
5182:
5097:Core angiosperms
5085:
5044:
5039:Acrogymnospermae
5017:Peltaspermopsida
4999:Glossopteridales
4981:Corystospermales
4963:Callistophytales
4943:
4935:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4887:Aneurophytopsida
4869:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4814:
4813:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4745:Barinophytopsida
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4663:
4646:Horneophytopsida
4637:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4620:
4619:
4560:
4545:Anthocerotopsida
4533:
4528:Anthocerotophyta
4508:Haplomitriopsida
4501:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4455:
4454:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4393:Zygnematophyceae
4383:
4382:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4355:
4326:
4319:
4318:
4294:Trebouxiophyceae
4264:Picocystophyceae
4228:
4227:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4167:
4069:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3916:
3896:
3881:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3841:
3840:
3820:
3810:
3800:
3758:
3756:
3744:
3733:10.2307/25065646
3716:
3706:
3675:
3665:
3630:
3605:
3595:
3570:
3551:10.1038/35054555
3522:
3512:
3502:
3467:
3465:
3431:
3421:
3397:Annals of Botany
3379:
3377:
3347:
3345:
3320:Reveal, James L.
3311:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3129:
3123:
3114:
3108:
3095:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3037:, pp. 9–12.
3032:
3026:
3020:
3007:
3001:
2779:
2778:
2757:
2756:
2735:
2734:
2720:Nephrolepidaceae
2713:
2712:
2698:Lomariopsidaceae
2691:
2690:
2669:
2668:
2647:
2646:
2625:
2624:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2486:
2485:
2471:Thelypteridaceae
2464:
2463:
2383:Desmophlebiaceae
2376:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2347:
2346:
2332:Rhachidosoraceae
2325:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2303:Cystopteridaceae
2296:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2270:Dennstaedtiaceae
2264:Dennstaedtiineae
2260:
2259:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2155:
2154:
2133:
2132:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2090:
1953:
1952:
1931:
1930:
1909:
1908:
1885:Lomariopsidaceae
1870:Nephrolepidaceae
1863:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1834:
1833:
1812:
1811:
1790:
1789:
1695:
1694:
1673:
1672:
1651:
1650:
1636:Thelypteridaceae
1629:
1628:
1556:
1555:
1541:Desmophlebiaceae
1534:
1533:
1512:
1511:
1497:Rhachidosoraceae
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1468:Cystopteridaceae
1461:
1460:
1451:
1450:
1435:Dennstaedtiaceae
1428:
1427:
1406:
1405:
1342:
1341:
1320:
1319:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1237:Desmophlebiaceae
1188:Nephrolepidaceae
1170:Rhachidosoraceae
1162:Cystopteridaceae
1002:Nephrolepidaceae
995:Nephrolepidaceae
986:Lomariopsidaceae
979:Lomariopsidaceae
976:Lomariopsidaceae
883:Thelypteridaceae
876:Thelypteridaceae
873:Thelypteridaceae
867:Rhachidosoraceae
860:Rhachidosoraceae
803:Desmophlebiaceae
787:Cystopteridaceae
780:Cystopteridaceae
652:Dennstaedtiaceae
648:Dennstaedtiaceae
645:Dennstaedtiaceae
642:Dennstaedtiaceae
604:
600:
494:
493:
472:
471:
450:
449:
428:
427:
406:
405:
384:
383:
373:
372:
253:with a vertical
192:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6598:
6593:
6585:
6580:
6572:
6567:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6544:
6536:
6531:
6523:
6518:
6510:
6505:
6497:
6495:
6487:
6482:
6474:
6469:
6461:
6456:
6448:
6443:
6435:
6430:
6422:
6417:
6409:
6404:
6396:
6391:
6383:
6378:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6335:
6325:
6304:
6270:Dryopteridaceae
6260:Hypodematiaceae
6248:
6182:
6170:
6156:
6128:
6126:Saccolomataceae
6120:Saccolomatineae
6101:
6062:
6053:Plagiogyriaceae
6022:
6002:Heroleandraceae
5987:
5950:Cynepteridaceae
5929:
5910:Oligocarpiaceae
5895:
5883:Hymenophyllales
5877:
5853:
5835:Crossothecaceae
5754:
5745:Danaeopsidaceae
5739:Asterothecaceae
5727:Ptychocarpaceae
5721:Pecopteridaceae
5689:
5685:Ophioglossaceae
5671:
5642:
5615:Sorocaulinaceae
5609:Schizoneuraceae
5585:Apocalamitaceae
5534:
5522:Eviostachyaceae
5498:Sphenophyllales
5484:Pseudoborniales
5467:
5461:Zygopteridaceae
5433:†Zygopterididae
5428:
5394:
5354:Iridopteridales
5304:
5275:
5256:Marchantiophyta
5235:
5229:
5199:
5194:
5118:
5083:
5082:
5074:
5042:
5041:
5033:
4987:Czekanowskiales
4941:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4903:
4867:
4854:
4845:
4817:Moniliformopses
4808:
4782:
4773:
4723:Eutracheophytes
4722:
4713:
4686:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4658:
4635:
4623:
4606:
4597:Polytrichopsida
4592:Tetraphidopsida
4558:
4557:
4549:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4513:Marchantiopsida
4499:
4498:
4496:Marchantiophyta
4484:
4471:
4417:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4381:
4354:
4322:
4305:
4247:
4238:Mamiellophyceae
4219:
4206:
4175:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4146:
4128:
4110:
4106:Florideophyceae
4096:Rhodellophyceae
4076:Cyanidiophyceae
4067:
4066:
4058:
4038:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3914:
3892:
3883:
3868:
3838:
3769:Deyholos, M. K.
3754:
3714:
3627:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3204:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3132:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3098:
3090:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3010:
3002:
2981:
2977:
2961:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2676:Dryopteridaceae
2632:Hypodematiaceae
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2548:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2409:
2247:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2115:Saccolomataceae
2109:Saccolomatineae
2086:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1896:
1841:Dryopteridaceae
1819:Hypodematiaceae
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1305:Saccolomataceae
1265:
1192:Hypodematiaceae
970:Hypodematiaceae
963:Hypodematiaceae
954:Dryopteridaceae
947:Dryopteridaceae
944:Dryopteridaceae
909:(Polypodiaceae)
908:
906:
725:
723:
716:Saccolomataceae
712:Saccolomataceae
709:Saccolomataceae
706:Saccolomataceae
595:
587:
582:
573:
564:
555:
546:
537:
528:
413:Hymenophyllales
314:circumscription
306:
271:Hymenophyllales
247:
191:
121:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6641:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6591:
6587:wfo-9000000420
6578:
6565:
6555:
6542:
6529:
6516:
6503:
6493:
6480:
6467:
6454:
6441:
6428:
6415:
6402:
6389:
6376:
6361:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6209:Hemidictyaceae
6206:
6201:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6147:Lonchitidaceae
6144:
6138:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6072:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6004:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5920:Gleicheniaceae
5917:
5912:
5905:
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5887:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5789:
5783:
5770:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5733:Weichseliaceae
5729:
5723:
5717:
5710:
5708:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5677:Ophioglossales
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5652:
5651:Ophioglossidae
5648:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5633:Tchernoviaceae
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5561:Honseleriaceae
5557:
5551:
5544:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5506:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5479:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5455:Zygopteridales
5451:
5450:
5449:
5447:Rhacophytaceae
5436:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5411:
5409:
5402:
5400:Polypodiopsida
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5328:
5315:
5313:
5311:Cladoxylopsida
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5287:
5285:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Polypodiophyta
5258:
5253:
5248:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:classification
5228:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5177:
5171:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5023:Pentoxylopsida
5019:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4971:
4965:
4959:
4957:Calamopityales
4953:
4946:
4944:
4921:
4914:Spermatophytes
4909:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4876:
4874:
4871:Progymnosperms
4857:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4836:Polypodiopsida
4833:
4831:Cladoxylopsida
4827:
4820:
4818:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4800:
4793:
4787:
4784:Euphyllophytes
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4756:Lycopodiopsida
4753:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4697:Cooksoniopsida
4692:
4690:
4676:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4641:
4639:
4629:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4587:Oedipodiopsida
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4489:
4473:
4472:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4231:Prasinophytina
4225:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4178:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4134:incertae sedis
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4048:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4028:
4026:
4013:
4010:Archaeplastida
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:Mesomycetozoea
3986:
3981:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3925:Diaphoretickes
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3872:Archaeplastida
3867:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3763:
3745:
3727:(3): 705–731.
3707:
3689:(3): 455–475.
3676:
3631:
3625:
3606:
3586:(6): 563–603.
3571:
3523:
3485:(10): e24851.
3468:
3456:(3): 201–217.
3432:
3404:(4): 571–594.
3388:Chase, Mark W.
3380:
3348:
3336:(2): 122–127.
3316:Chase, Mark W.
3312:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3271:
3249:
3198:
3186:
3167:(5): 518–539.
3147:
3130:
3115:
3096:
3075:
3073:, p. 710.
3063:
3059:Li et al. 2014
3051:
3049:, p. 711.
3039:
3035:Bernhardi 1806
3027:
3025:, p. 713.
3008:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2965:evolutionarily
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:Hemidictyaceae
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:Lonchitidaceae
2158:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:Hemidictyaceae
1559:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:Lonchitidaceae
1345:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1178:Hemidictyaceae
1150:Cheilanthopsis
1142:Lonchitidaceae
1053:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
996:
993:
989:
988:
983:
980:
977:
973:
972:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
951:
948:
945:
941:
940:
935:
932:
929:
925:
924:
919:
916:
913:
910:
902:
901:
896:
893:
890:
886:
885:
880:
877:
874:
870:
869:
864:
861:
858:
854:
853:
848:
845:
842:
838:
837:
835:Hemidictyaceae
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
816:
813:
810:
806:
805:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
752:
749:
746:
742:
741:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:(Aspleniaceae)
719:
718:
713:
710:
707:
703:
702:
697:
694:
691:
687:
686:
684:Lonchitidaceae
681:
680:Lonchitidaceae
678:
677:Lonchitidaceae
675:
671:
670:
665:
662:
659:
655:
654:
649:
646:
643:
639:
638:
633:
630:
627:
624:
623:Basal families
620:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
594:
591:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
574:
570:
569:
566:
565:
561:
560:
557:
556:
552:
551:
548:
547:
543:
542:
539:
538:
534:
533:
530:
529:
525:
524:
521:
520:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
497:
492:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
475:
470:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
453:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
431:
426:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
409:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
387:
382:
380:
376:Subclass
371:
339:Polypodiopsida
305:
302:
298:Ophioglossales
267:cathetogyrates
246:
243:
214:
213:
204:
203:
199:
198:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
169:Polypodiopsida
166:
162:
161:
159:Polypodiophyta
156:
152:
151:
146:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
16:Order of ferns
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6640:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6601:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6552:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6301:
6300:Polypodiaceae
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:Polypodiineae
6251:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6092:Dicksoniaceae
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6048:Loxsomataceae
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5915:Dipteridaceae
5913:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5901:Gleicheniales
5898:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5441:Rhacophytales
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5388:Steloxylaceae
5385:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5332:Voelkeliaceae
5329:
5327:
5326:Cladoxylaceae
5323:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5307:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5226:
5221:
5219:
5214:
5212:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4951:Bennettitales
4948:
4947:
4945:
4932:
4931:Pteridosperms
4925:
4922:
4918:(seed plants)
4915:
4910:
4900:
4899:Protopityales
4896:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4852:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4780:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4670:
4669:Tracheophytes
4665:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4617:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Andreaeopsida
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4407:(land plants)
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4300:
4299:Chlorophyceae
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Pedinophyceae
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:Chlorophytina
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4157:
4156:Viridiplantae
4153:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:Bangiophyceae
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:Stramenopiles
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:(major groups
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3306:(in German).
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3280:
3275:
3259:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:Polypodiaceae
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2619:Polypodiineae
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:Polypodiaceae
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1784:Polypodiineae
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1286:Polypodiales
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1255:Didymochlaena
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:Desmophlebium
1238:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1212:Didymochlaena
1208:
1207:eupolypods II
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1120:Polypodiaceae
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1105:Didymochlaena
1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:Polypodiaceae
1032:
1029:
1027:Polypodiaceae
1026:
1024:Polypodiaceae
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
905:Polypodiineae
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
724:eupolypods II
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
621:
618:PPG I (2016)
617:
614:
611:
608:
606:
605:
599:
590:
577:
576:
568:
567:
559:
558:
550:
549:
541:
540:
532:
531:
523:
522:
519:
517:
511:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
496:
495:
489:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
474:
473:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
452:
451:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
435:Gleicheniales
430:
429:
423:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
408:
407:
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
386:
385:
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375:
374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:in 1833. The
311:
301:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
242:
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236:
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228:
224:
221:
212:
211:
205:
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195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:Tracheophytes
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
6623:Polypodiales
6371:Polypodiales
6341:Polypodiales
6340:
6295:Davalliaceae
6290:Oleandraceae
6285:Tectariaceae
6219:Aspleniaceae
6187:Aspleniineae
6152:Lindsaeaceae
6142:Cystodiaceae
6134:Lindsaeineae
6111:Polypodiales
6110:
6077:Tanydoraceae
6018:Salviniaceae
6007:Marsileaceae
5983:Schizaeaceae
5968:Tempskyaceae
5763:Polypodiidae
5750:Marattiaceae
5638:Equisetaceae
5579:Calamitaceae
5382:Steloxylales
5320:Cladoxylales
5271:Angiospermae
5168:paraphyletic
5080:Angiospermae
5057:
5056:Ginkgoales (
5029:Petriellales
5011:Medullosales
4938:(seed ferns)
4651:
4572:Sphagnopsida
4567:Takakiopsida
4500:(liverworts)
4466:
4460:Embryophytes
4414:(see below↓)
4372:Charophyceae
4342:
4324:Streptophyta
4176:land plants)
4164:
4133:
4051:
4044:Rhodelphidia
4031:
3974:Opisthokonta
3878:
3780:
3776:
3750:
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3686:
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3365:
3359:
3333:
3327:
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3288:Bibliography
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3252:
3215:
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3201:
3189:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3030:
2962:
2931:
2799:
2786:Davalliaceae
2784:
2764:Oleandraceae
2762:
2742:Tectariaceae
2740:
2718:
2696:
2674:
2652:
2630:
2559:
2535:
2520:
2491:
2469:
2422:Aspleniaceae
2420:
2396:
2381:
2352:
2330:
2301:
2290:Aspleniineae
2268:
2234:
2177:Lindsaeaceae
2175:
2160:
2140:Cystodiaceae
2138:
2127:Lindsaeineae
2113:
1973:
1960:Davalliaceae
1958:
1938:Oleandraceae
1936:
1916:Tectariaceae
1914:
1883:
1868:
1839:
1817:
1795:
1715:
1700:
1678:
1656:
1634:
1578:Aspleniaceae
1576:
1561:
1539:
1517:
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1466:
1455:Aspleniineae
1433:
1411:
1364:Lindsaeaceae
1362:
1347:
1327:Cystodiaceae
1325:
1303:
1253:
1240:
1217:
1210:
1203:eupolypods I
1196:
1181:
1157:
1154:Hymenocystis
1153:
1149:
1146:Cystodiaceae
1137:
1131:
1127:Christenhusz
1124:
1109:
1103:
1099:Hypodematium
1097:
1090:Lindsaeaceae
1083:
1077:
1071:
1067:Thysanosoria
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:Tectariaceae
1043:Tectariaceae
1040:Tectariaceae
1018:Oleandraceae
1011:Oleandraceae
1008:Oleandraceae
922:Davalliaceae
915:Davalliaceae
912:Davalliaceae
907:eupolypods I
739:Aspleniaceae
732:Aspleniaceae
729:Aspleniaceae
722:Aspleniineae
668:Lindsaeaceae
664:Lindsaeaceae
661:Lindsaeaceae
658:Lindsaeaceae
636:Cystodiaceae
632:Cystodiaceae
629:Cystodiaceae
596:
588:
516:Polypodiales
515:
514:
499:
477:
455:
433:
411:
389:
378:Polypodiidae
363:phylogenetic
347:Polypodiidae
342:
330:pteridophyte
322:Christenhusz
307:
294:gametophytes
291:
279:
266:
248:
235:semitropical
223:Polypodiales
222:
217:
209:
207:
189:Polypodiales
188:
179:Polypodiidae
142:
109:
24:Polypodiales
18:
6628:Fern orders
6432:iNaturalist
6365:Wikispecies
6244:Athyriaceae
6239:Blechnaceae
6234:Onocleaceae
6229:Woodsiaceae
6168:Pteridaceae
6162:Pteridineae
6097:Cyatheaceae
6087:Cibotiaceae
6082:Metaxyaceae
6068:Cyatheineae
6058:Culcitaceae
5993:Salviniales
5978:Lygodiaceae
5935:Schizaeales
5925:Matoniaceae
5873:Osmundaceae
5868:Guaireaceae
5793:Sermayaceae
5706:Marattiales
5698:Marattiidae
5667:Psilotaceae
5540:Equisetales
5472:Equisetidae
5284:Basal clade
5243:Supergroup
4975:Cordaitales
4969:Caytoniales
4855:Lignophytes
4838:(ferns and
4764:spikemosses
4703:Rhyniopsida
4653:Aglaophyton
4532:(hornworts)
4403:Embryophyta
4386:Anydrophyta
4344:Spirotaenia
4289:Ulvophyceae
4222:Chlorophyta
4172:green algae
4142:Algospongia
4116:Glaucophyta
4068:(red algae)
3440:Byng, J. W.
2969:angiosperms
2561:Athyriaceae
2537:Blechnaceae
2522:Onocleaceae
2493:Woodsiaceae
2281:eupolypods
2236:Pteridaceae
2230:Pteridineae
1717:Blechnaceae
1702:Onocleaceae
1680:Athyriaceae
1658:Woodsiaceae
1446:eupolypods
1413:Pteridaceae
1183:Nephrolepis
1174:Athyriaceae
1111:Leucostegia
1079:Nephrolepis
1073:Cyclopeltis
1061:Lomariopsis
899:Woodsiaceae
892:Woodsiaceae
889:Woodsiaceae
851:Onocleaceae
844:Onocleaceae
841:Onocleaceae
771:Blechnaceae
764:Blechnaceae
761:Blechnaceae
755:Athyriaceae
748:Athyriaceae
700:Pteridaceae
696:Pteridaceae
693:Pteridaceae
690:Pteridaceae
593:Subdivision
479:Salviniales
457:Schizaeales
245:Description
6617:Categories
6028:Cyatheales
5973:Anemiaceae
5956:Klukiaceae
5859:Osmundales
5659:Psilotales
5346:Hyeniaceae
5102:Magnoliids
5070:Gnetopsida
4840:horsetails
4768:quillworts
4760:clubmosses
4736:Lycophytes
4709:Renaliales
4486:Bryophytes
4064:Rhodophyta
4053:Rhodelphis
3310:(2): 1–50.
3218:: 909768.
3161:Cladistics
2975:References
1116:grammitids
1094:tree ferns
501:Cyatheales
391:Osmundales
343:sensu lato
202:Suborders
175:Subclass:
155:Division:
6551:100000983
5340:Hyeniales
5298:Ibykaceae
5251:Bryophyta
4602:Bryopsida
4555:Bryophyta
4284:UTC clade
4033:Picomonas
3969:Amoebozoa
3947:Alveolata
3935:Cryptista
3910:Eukaryota
3449:Phytotaxa
3361:Phytotaxa
3181:0748-3007
2959:Evolution
1263:Phylogeny
1138:Cystodium
1133:Lonchitis
1085:Cystodium
585:Evolution
367:cladogram
251:sporangia
239:temperate
132:Kingdom:
6569:VicFlora
6558:VASCAN:
6546:Tropicos
6350:Wikidata
5292:Ibykales
5112:Eudicots
5107:Monocots
4825:Ibykales
4559:(mosses)
4464:Plantae
4162:Plantae
3964:Amorphea
3942:Rhizaria
3930:Hacrobia
3920:Excavata
3905:Bacteria
3876:Plantae
3817:24733898
3741:25065646
3703:85855934
3672:15058303
3602:39980610
3559:11214320
3519:22022365
3478:PLoS ONE
3442:(2016).
3428:24532607
3390:(2014).
3368:(1): 7.
3322:(2009).
3298:(1806).
3244:36092417
304:Taxonomy
287:hornwort
231:tropical
210:See text
6356:Q834805
5175:extinct
4024:Picozoa
3979:Animals
3900:Archaea
3808:4020063
3785:Bibcode
3650:Bibcode
3567:4367248
3539:Bibcode
3510:3192703
3487:Bibcode
3419:3936591
3264:8 March
3235:9449725
1199:lumping
1158:Woodsia
285:from a
275:indusia
259:stomium
255:annulus
241:areas.
185:Order:
165:Class:
136:Plantae
6600:234486
6525:196333
6496:NZOR:
6463:500029
6385:223583
5170:groups
5058:Ginkgo
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3894:Domain
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6512:93178
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6437:47754
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3984:Fungi
3759:, in
3755:(PDF)
3737:JSTOR
3720:Taxon
3715:(PDF)
3699:S2CID
3598:S2CID
3563:S2CID
1273:2016
326:Chase
318:ferns
227:ferns
220:order
143:Clade
6489:3268
6484:NCBI
6458:ITIS
6419:GBIF
6406:EPPO
6398:4504
6380:APNI
5232:Fern
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3879:s.l.
3813:PMID
3668:PMID
3621:ISBN
3555:PMID
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3424:PMID
3266:2023
3240:PMID
3177:ISSN
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1136:and
1076:and
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324:and
310:Link
281:via
237:and
218:The
194:Link
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6471:NBN
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