135:
3856:
113:
3844:
2482:
shared with 'Millerocaulis' was generally kept within the
Osmundeae-lineage and only slightly to moderately modified in the last 200 million years. Triassic-Jurassic rhizome and frond morphologies remained essentially unaltered in the lineage leading to
2443:. The better understood rhizome fossil record indicates that the group was most diverse in the Permian, and already much reduced in the Triassic regarding the number of substantially different forms (see Bomfleur et al. and literature cited therein).
3549:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond; Wolf, Paul G.; Hunt, Jeffrey S.; Sipes, Sedonia D. (2001). "Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants".
2548:
The only explicit reconstruction regarding the evolution of morphological traits in
Osmundaceae can be found in Miller's groundbreaking work. Notable is that Permian rhizomes of both families in the Osmundales, the extinct
3776:
Wang, S. J.; Hilton, J.; He, X. Y.; Seyfullah, L. J.; Shao, L. (2014). "The anatomically preserved
Zhongmingella gen. nov. from the Upper Permian of China: evaluating the early evolution and phylogeny of the Osmundales".
2425:
Couper. But their affinitity to the
Osmundales, and Osmundaceae in particular, is difficult to judge. In the Triassic foliage becomes frequent which is similar to identical to the fronds of modern-day
1117:
The circumscription of the order and its families was not changed, and its placement remained the same in subsequent classifications including Chase and Reveal (2009), Christenhusz et al. (2011), and
495:. The leaves are either holodimorphic, with separate fertile and sterile fronds assuming an entirely different structure, or have fertile and sterile portions of the frond very distinct in structure.
2579:) in the late Cretaceous to Paleogene. As already noted by Miller, highly derived forms not directly related to the extant species and genera, can be found in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, such as
787:
In the
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification (2016) Osmundales consists of the single family Osmundaceae, six genera, and an estimated 18 species (Christenhusz and Byng give 25 species).
2353:
Bomfleur et al. state that “Osmundales has arguably the richest and most informative fossil record of any extant group of ferns”. The order is well represented in the fossil record from the
2345:-type ancestor, rendering the latter genus paraphyletic when Osmundaceae fossil should be considered. The genus comprises 12 fossil rhizome species in addition to the sole surviving species.
1350:
A molecular dating study using
Metzgar et al.'s data and a comprehensive set of rhizome and leaf fossils estimated that (sub)generic differentiation within Osmundaceae started by the
2458:
and its precursors. The same holds for the equally old leaf fossil record of the group. The main diagnostic feature of
Osmundeae (modern Osmundaceae) is a heterogenous
505:
that drives the sporangium opening is on the side. 128 to 512 spores are typically present. The spores are green, nearly round, and trilete. The spores germinate into
3144:"The fossil Osmundales (Royal Ferns)—a phylogenetic network analysis, revised taxonomy, and evolutionary classification of anatomically preserved trunks and rhizomes"
477:
can be discerned at the leaf bases of these ferns. The hardened leaf bases are persistent and overlap to form a hardened layer surrounding the stem. The mantle of
2383:
2327:
is a likely paraphyletic genus that includes forms ancestral to the modern
Osmundaceae (classified as Osmundeae) as well as their potential sister lineages.
2541:. A comprehensive list of rhizome and leaf fossils associated with modern Osmundaceae (Osmundeae in the classification of Bomfleur et al.) can be found at
3806:
Yatabe, Y.; Nishida, H.; Murakami, N. (1999). "Phylogeny of
Osmundaceae inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences and comparison to the fossil evidences".
2583:. Another general trend is that the Permian Osmundales were much larger than their modern counterparts. Today, the widespread species of Osmundaceae are
2537:-lineage diverged much earlier (probably Middle Triassic), which fits with the new classification of re-evaluated rhizome fossils originally included in
509:, which are green (photosynthetic) and grow at the surface. They are large and heart-shaped. The base chromosome number for members of the order is 22.
1860:
2399:
1776:
1624:
using anatomical features of
Osmundaceae rhizomes and an updated ‘evolutionary’ (non-cladistic) classification of fossil and extant Osmundales (see
2470:
is the only character differentiating between Osmundeae and the paraphyletic genus collecting their potential early ancestors and sister lineages,
2415:
1893:
363:
307:
3764:
Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, Michael Krings: Paleobotany. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants . Second Edition, Academic Press 2009,
3657:
Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (1 July 2009). "Is Morphology Really at Odds with Molecules in Estimating Fern Phylogeny?".
4036:
2557:
anatomies in comparison to the surviving members of the group. The rhizome fossil record also indicates several independent radiations of likely
2472:
2288:
2269:
1961:
1716:
387:
331:
315:
2421:
2393:
1931:
1875:
1738:
339:
323:
299:
4075:
2550:
2377:
2359:
1664:
1649:
379:
355:
2371:
1842:
1794:
3757:
from the Lower Cretaceous of western North America: implications for the phylogeny, systematics, and evolution of modern Osmundaceae."
1628:), which can be tentatively transferred into the following cladogram (monophyla in bold, polytomies reflect unresolved relationships)
2365:
347:
3099:
sp. nov. from the Jurassic of Sweden—reconciling molecular and fossil evidence in the phylogeny of modern royal ferns (Osmundaceae)"
3984:
3200:
1691:
4049:
3997:
3769:
3647:
3029:
4054:
3860:
481:
leaf bases and intermixed roots can form a woody trunk when the stem emerges above ground, up to 1 meter (3.3 ft) in
1137:
artefact (all other ferns are genetically very distant from the Osmundaceae), and allowing the following classification:
905:
The following phylogram shows the relationship between the Osmundaceae genera and subtaxa, according to Metzgar et al.:
1133:
lead to a re-analysis of Metzgar et al.'s data, which revealed that the Osmundaceae root used above may be wrong and a
3727:
3539:
3426:
445:(subtribe Todinae) bear sporangia naked on laminar pinnules. Ferns in this family are larger than most other ferns.
417:) and fairly isolated group that is often known as the "flowering ferns" because of the striking aspect of the ripe
4178:
4080:
4023:
4142:
413:) or in some classifications the only order in the class Osmundopsida. This is an ancient (known from the Upper
4173:
4062:
2446:
The first fossil representatives of the modern Osmundaceae (= tribus Osmundeae) include rhizome fossils with
1620:
The new system was used in a comprehensive taxonomic evaluation of Osmundales rhizome fossils, who provide a
3848:
3688:
Smith, Alan R.; Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz; Petra Korall; Harald Schneider; Paul G. Wolf (2006).
1370:. Accordingly, the PPG I classification of 2016 continues to place Osmundales in Polypodiidae, but splits
3315:
405:
containing four to six extant genera and 18–25 known species. It is the only living family of the order
134:
4137:
3976:
3950:
3726:
Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G.
3639:
830:
17:
4129:
4002:
4090:
3075:
437:(subtribe Osmundinae). In these genera the sporangia are borne naked on non-laminar pinnules, while
3971:
3384:"Using more than the oldest fossils: Dating Osmundaceae with the fossilized birth-death process"
2976:
Escapa, I. H.; Cúneo, N. R. (2012). "Fertile Osmundaceae from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia".
4219:
4116:
3945:
3872:
1134:
1125:(2014). The find of an exceptionally well preserved Jurassic fossil intermediate between genus
548:
522:
3491:
Metzgar, Jordan S.; Skog, Judith E.; Zimmer, Elizabeth A.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (1 March 2008).
1386:). The following cladogram reproduces the PPG I concept for the extant members of the family:
802:
were recognized as members of Osmundaceae by Smith et al. (2006) Of these, the largest genus,
4111:
4041:
3910:
3062:
2873:"Fossilized nuclei and chromosomes reveal 180 million years of genomic stasis in royal ferns"
189:
4103:
3963:
3919:
3689:
3561:
3451:
3307:
2884:
858:
575:
544:
2459:
8:
4214:
2485:
2448:
2439:
1518:
1024:
898:
845:
3565:
3455:
2888:
2542:
4186:
3958:
3823:
3794:
3714:
3676:
3620:
3585:
3518:
3474:
3437:
3366:
3290:
3263:
3170:
3143:
3125:
3094:
3003:
2908:
2872:
1621:
839:
129:
884:
was found to contain three separate subclades corresponding to subgenera (now genera)
4098:
3765:
3659:
3643:
3577:
3535:
3501:
3492:
3479:
3422:
3405:
3295:
3214:
3195:
3175:
3130:
2900:
3827:
3798:
3680:
3624:
3007:
2912:
4191:
3815:
3786:
3706:
3668:
3610:
3589:
3569:
3552:
3522:
3510:
3469:
3459:
3395:
3356:
3329:
3285:
3277:
3268:
3241:
3209:
3165:
3155:
3120:
3110:
3048:
2993:
2985:
2892:
2518:
1355:
502:
2553:
and the Osmundaceae including the extant species, show already relatively complex
3790:
3697:
3633:
3464:
3191:
611:
552:
526:
454:
121:
4067:
3053:
3045:"Overview diagram illustrating the diversity and disparity of osmundalean stems"
3044:
853:
to the rest of the family. This was later confirmed by a detailed species-level
4165:
3672:
3514:
3379:
3334:
2463:
159:
3246:
3227:
3115:
4208:
3895:
3311:
3259:
3187:
1722:
1122:
633:
535:
483:
240:
218:
70:
3400:
3383:
2896:
4155:
3581:
3483:
3409:
3299:
3255:
3223:
3179:
3134:
2904:
2467:
2454:
2433:
2405:
2079:
2063:
1625:
1489:
1407:
1376:
1237:
1118:
926:
869:
850:
834:
819:
714:
564:
518:
478:
458:
277:
256:
2728:
2726:
2724:
857:
of the family by Metzgar et al. (2008) leading to the resurrection of the
4010:
3904:
3748:. Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for Science and the Environment
3378:
Grimm, Guido W.; Kapli, Pashalia; Bomfleur, Benjamin; McLoughlin, Steve;
3316:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
3281:
3228:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
2584:
2529:
2024:
1456:
1189:
980:
677:
655:
543:
was used to refer to all four subclasses, and the large subclass renamed
506:
263:
45:
3718:
2998:
2505:), or their shared ancestors. Molecular dating placed the split between
3819:
3370:
3196:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
3160:
2721:
2357:
onwards. Osmundalean or potentially osmundalean fern foliage including
1966:
699:
556:
371:
226:
90:
55:
3744:
3615:
3598:
2333:
is primitive within the Osmundinae, and total evidence indicates that
2135:† likely paraphyletic with 6 species, Early Cretaceous to ?mid-Eocene
4015:
3932:
3710:
3573:
3320:
3232:
2571:
2558:
2501:
2168:
2116:
1382:
1366:
854:
560:
498:
492:
418:
284:
95:
4028:
3989:
3866:
3599:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
3344:
4150:
3889:
3855:
3442:
3361:
2989:
2566:
1743:
1700:
1351:
818:(3–4 species). However, there was suspicion that the genus was not
488:
474:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
3937:
2495:
2478:
2410:
2354:
2195:
1696:
1559:
1360:
1221:
1004:
533:(Polypodiopsida). At that time they used the term Polypodiopsida
501:
in the Osmundaceae are large, and open at a slit on the top; the
414:
270:
234:
112:
100:
75:
2670:
2561:
lineages, the Guaireaceae and Thamnopterioideae in the Permian,
539:
to apply to the largest of these. Later the term Polypodiopsida
3843:
3142:
Bomfleur, Benjamin; Grimm, Guido W.; McLoughlin, Steve (2017).
3093:
Bomfleur, Benjamin; Grimm, Guido W.; McLoughlin, Steve (2015).
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2840:
462:
2767:
2765:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
4124:
3924:
2957:
2852:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2554:
2523:
2427:
2004:
1439:
1172:
962:
530:
487:. Extinct members of the family, which flourished during the
466:
291:
146:
3596:
3497:
is Confirmed by Phylogenetic Analyses of Seven Plastid Loci"
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2919:
2750:
2732:
1626:
classification concepts for groups including extinct members
3753:
Jud, Nathan, Gar W. Rothwell, and Ruth A. Stockey (2008). "
2762:
2596:
1411:(Alternative A: outgroup-inferred root in multigene trees)
470:
410:
402:
179:
169:
2777:
2711:
2709:
2625:
2489:. This makes it impossible to discern direct ancestors of
865:, by elevating it from subgenus, to contain it and render
2938:
3097:
Osmunda pulchella [now: Osmundastrum pulchellum]
2789:
2521:, co-eval with the divergence between the sister genera
2452:-anatomy or with structural features characteristic for
2828:
2706:
2682:
517:
Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level
3632:
Ranker, Tom A.; Haufler, Christopher H., eds. (2008).
3019:
3017:
2694:
2148:
2 intermediate species from the Paleocene and Eocene
1879:† mono- or paraphyletic with 9 species, Late Permian
806:, had traditionally been treated as three subgenera,
2738:
3222:
3014:
2846:
2658:
3438:"Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life"
3226:; Zhang, X. C.; Schneider, H. (18 February 2011).
2646:
1802:) † 1–2 species, ?Late Permian to Middle Triassic
3417:Hoshizaki, Barbara Joe; Moran, Robbin C. (2001).
3254:
2858:
2029:possibly 5 species, ?Early Cretaceous to present
491:, could reach the stature of trees and be termed
4206:
3656:
3306:
3141:
3092:
2963:
2932:
2756:
2619:
880:are consistently resolved as sister groups, and
3490:
2771:
2413:onwards together with dispersed spores such as
3805:
3597:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016).
3416:
2783:
2676:
1936:† 2–3 species, Late Permian to ?Late Triassic
1374:further by elevating its subgenera to genera (
3738:
3635:Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
3631:
3377:
2951:
1695:† mono- or paraphyletic with 2 species, Late
547:. This is also referred to informally as the
3775:
3725:
3687:
3548:
3264:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
2795:
2715:
2640:
1965:p.p. † In total 29 species, Triassic to mid-
3186:
2975:
2834:
825:The first molecular phylogeny showed that
3028:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMiller_1971 (
2493:from the ancestors of its sister lineages
2409:Brongn., 1849) is commonly found from the
843:, despite its morphological similarity to
111:
3614:
3473:
3463:
3399:
3360:
3333:
3289:
3245:
3213:
3169:
3159:
3124:
3114:
3052:
2997:
2068:4 (or more) species, Triassic to present
3435:
3201:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2870:
2744:
465:occurs on the outside only of a ring of
3534:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc.
3023:
2978:International Journal of Plant Sciences
2009:3 species, Early Cretaceous to present
559:relationship is shown in the following
14:
4207:
2807:
567:to all other members of the subclass.
3871:
3870:
3529:
3342:
2700:
2688:
2664:
2652:
2274:† 18 species, Jurassic to Cretaceous
4179:d9bb2957-07c4-4af4-ac8d-76e27b449cf3
4130:E91087E1-FFE8-011E-FF8D-F415FD0CFC73
4091:25dc1b08-69c9-4301-9d49-d4af32d78e41
3603:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
3042:
2581:Millerocaulis (Osmundacaulis) kolbii
3779:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3690:"A classification for extant ferns"
401:(royal fern family) is a family of
24:
4143:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126775-1
3421:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
2871:Bomfleur, B.; et al. (2014).
2587:with small, low-dissected steles.
2095:Claytosmunda (Osmunda) claytoniana
25:
4231:
3836:
2808:Yatabe, Y.; et al. (2005). "
2733:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016
551:. The Polypodiidae contain seven
453:The stems of Osmundaceae contain
3854:
3842:
3345:"The anatomy of the Osmundaceae"
3215:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
2200:7 species, Paleocene to present
1981: (modern Osmundaceae)
563:, where Osmundales is seen as a
521:classification published in the
473:(and no other vascular tissue).
133:
43:
3085:
3036:
2969:
2864:
2801:
782:
448:
13:
1:
2859:Christenhusz & Chase 2014
2590:
1780:† monotypic, Middle Triassic
892:, and the recently described
409:in the class Polypodiopsida (
3791:10.1080/14772019.2012.726658
3465:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851
2757:Christenhusz & Byng 2016
2513:, and their divergence from
2348:
7:
3739:Ranker & Haufler (2008)
512:
10:
4236:
3759:American Journal of Botany
3673:10.1600/036364409789271209
3640:Cambridge University Press
3532:A Natural History of Ferns
3515:10.1600/036364408783887528
3335:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
3256:Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.
3043:Bomfleur, B.; et al.
2677:Hoshizaki & Moran 2001
2397:D.D.Pant & P.K.Khare,
2292:† monotypic, Late Permian
1897:† monotypic, Late Permian
1653:† monotypic, Late Permian
457:arranged as an ectophloic
3879:
3808:Journal of Plant Research
3530:Moran, Robbin C. (2004).
3436:Lehtonen, Samuli (2011).
3247:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
3116:10.1186/s12862-015-0400-7
3054:10.7717/peerj.3433/supp-6
2387:Cantrill & J.A.Webb,
2285:
2265:
2191:
2159:
2146:
2129:
2122:
2108:
2097:and potential precursors
2092:
2085:
2059:
2052:
2020:
2000:
1993:
1983:
1958:
1951:
1927:
1920:
1890:
1872:
1865:
1839:
1832:
1791:
1773:
1766:
1735:
1713:
1688:
1681:
1670:
1646:
1639:
1556:
1540:
1533:
1511:
1504:
1486:
1479:
1453:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1404:
1397:
1297:
1281:
1274:
1258:
1251:
1233:
1226:
1186:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1063:
1046:
1039:
1016:
1009:
977:
959:
952:
945:
923:
916:
896:with the single species,
712:
697:
690:
675:
668:
653:
646:
631:
624:
609:
602:
587:
580:
252:
247:
232:
225:
130:Scientific classification
128:
119:
110:
34:
3308:Christenhusz, Maarten JM
3103:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2847:Christenhusz et al. 2011
2486:Claytosmunda claytoniana
2455:Osmundastrum cinnomomeum
1721:monotypic, late Permian
1354:and was finished by the
3743:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
2897:10.1126/science.1249884
2835:Chase & Reveal 2009
2818:Acta Phytotaxon. Geobot
1764:Itopsidemoideae †
3224:Christenhusz, M. J. M.
3070:Cite journal requires
2466:basis. This potential
2341:likely evolved from a
1358:with the formation of
549:leptosporangiate ferns
523:molecular phylogenetic
4112:Paleobiology Database
3401:10.1093/sysbio/syu108
3343:Faull, J. H. (1901).
1129:(as shown above) and
461:; that is, a ring of
3851:at Wikimedia Commons
3419:Fern Grower's Manual
2964:Bomfleur et al. 2017
2933:Bomfleur et al. 2015
2812:; a new subgenus of
2620:Bomfleur et al. 2017
3735:. pp. 417–467.
3729:Fern classification
3566:2001Natur.409..618S
3456:2011PLoSO...624851L
2889:2014Sci...343.1376B
2883:(6177): 1376–1377.
2772:Metzgar et al. 2008
2691:, pp. 144–145.
2679:, pp. 526–527.
1742:† monotypic, Early
1519:Osmunda claytoniana
1025:Osmunda claytoniana
934:) 1 extant species
899:Osmunda claytoniana
846:Osmunda claytoniana
525:era, creating four
41:Late Permian–Recent
3820:10.1007/pl00013894
3493:"The Paraphyly of
3388:Systematic Biology
3380:Renner, Susanne S.
3282:10.1093/aob/mct299
3161:10.7717/peerj.3433
2784:Yatabe et al. 1999
2329:The morphology of
1949: p.p. †
932:Osmunda cinnamomea
840:Osmunda cinnamomea
469:, which surrounds
4202:
4201:
4099:Open Tree of Life
3873:Taxon identifiers
3847:Media related to
3772:, p. 437-443
3770:978-0-12-373972-8
3660:Systematic Botany
3649:978-0-521-87411-3
3616:10.1111/jse.12229
3560:(6820): 618–622.
3502:Systematic Botany
3349:Botanical Gazette
2952:Grimm et al. 2015
2796:Smith et al. 2008
2716:Smith et al. 2006
2703:, pp. 77–78.
2641:Smith et al. 2006
2319:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2180:
2179:
2038:
2037:
1906:
1905:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1754:
1753:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1468:
1467:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1069:4 extant species
1052:4 extant species
993:
992:
984:6 extant species
966:2 extant species
829:as traditionally
814:(2 species), and
790:The three genera
779:
778:
770:
769:
761:
760:
752:
751:
743:
742:
734:
733:
725:
724:
396:
395:
221:
205:
16:(Redirected from
4227:
4195:
4194:
4182:
4181:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4146:
4145:
4133:
4132:
4120:
4119:
4107:
4106:
4094:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4071:
4070:
4068:NBNSYS0000160594
4058:
4057:
4045:
4044:
4032:
4031:
4019:
4018:
4006:
4005:
3993:
3992:
3980:
3979:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3953:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3927:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3868:
3867:
3859:Data related to
3858:
3846:
3831:
3802:
3750:. Washington, DC
3736:
3734:
3722:
3711:10.2307/25065646
3694:
3684:
3653:
3628:
3618:
3593:
3574:10.1038/35054555
3545:
3526:
3487:
3477:
3467:
3432:
3413:
3403:
3374:
3364:
3339:
3337:
3303:
3293:
3269:Annals of Botany
3251:
3249:
3219:
3217:
3192:Reveal, James L.
3183:
3173:
3163:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3058:
3056:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2936:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2816:(Osmundaceae)".
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2623:
2617:
2519:Early Cretaceous
2125:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2088:
2087:
2055:
2054:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1954:
1953:
1923:
1922:
1868:
1867:
1861:Thamnopteroideae
1835:
1834:
1769:
1768:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1536:
1535:
1507:
1506:
1493:(Alternative B)
1482:
1481:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1356:Early Cretaceous
1277:
1276:
1254:
1253:
1229:
1228:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1042:
1041:
1012:
1011:
955:
954:
948:
947:
919:
918:
909:
908:
693:
692:
671:
670:
649:
648:
627:
626:
605:
604:
583:
582:
571:
570:
479:sclerenchymatous
217:
203:
138:
137:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4190:
4185:
4177:
4172:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4149:
4141:
4136:
4128:
4123:
4115:
4110:
4102:
4097:
4089:
4087:
4079:
4074:
4066:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4040:
4035:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3988:
3983:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3936:
3931:
3923:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3875:
3839:
3834:
3732:
3692:
3650:
3542:
3429:
3088:
3083:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3022:
3015:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2939:
2931:
2920:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2722:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2626:
2618:
2597:
2593:
2460:sclerenchymatic
2400:Dichotomopteris
2351:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2181:
2039:
1907:
1850:, Late Permian
1821:
1812:
1777:Donwelliacaulis
1755:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1469:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1211:
1202:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
994:
785:
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
726:
612:Hymenophyllales
515:
455:vascular tissue
451:
243:
238:
216:
202:
132:
122:Osmunda regalis
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:Family of ferns
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:wfo-7000000433
4183:
4170:
4160:
4147:
4134:
4121:
4108:
4095:
4085:
4072:
4059:
4046:
4033:
4020:
4007:
3994:
3981:
3968:
3955:
3942:
3929:
3916:
3901:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3864:
3863:at Wikispecies
3852:
3838:
3837:External links
3835:
3833:
3832:
3814:(4): 397–404.
3803:
3773:
3762:
3751:
3741:
3723:
3705:(3): 705–731.
3685:
3667:(3): 455–475.
3654:
3648:
3629:
3609:(6): 563–603.
3594:
3546:
3540:
3527:
3488:
3450:(10): e24851.
3433:
3427:
3414:
3394:(3): 396–405.
3375:
3362:10.1086/328180
3355:(6): 381–420.
3340:
3328:(3): 201–217.
3304:
3276:(4): 571–594.
3260:Chase, Mark W.
3252:
3220:
3208:(2): 122–127.
3188:Chase, Mark W.
3184:
3139:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3072:|journal=
3035:
3013:
2990:10.1086/662652
2968:
2956:
2937:
2918:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2720:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2669:
2667:, p. 384.
2657:
2645:
2643:, p. 710.
2624:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2491:C. claytoniana
2416:Osmundacidites
2350:
2347:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1894:Chasmatopteris
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1622:polytomous key
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1135:tree-branching
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
991:
990:
987:
986:
976:
973:
972:
969:
968:
958:
953:
951:
946:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
922:
917:
915:
907:
784:
781:
777:
776:
773:
772:
768:
767:
764:
763:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
749:
746:
745:
741:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
728:
727:
723:
722:
719:
718:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
696:
691:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
674:
669:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
652:
647:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
630:
625:
623:
620:
619:
616:
615:
608:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
586:
581:
579:
569:
514:
511:
450:
447:
394:
393:
392:
391:
383:
375:
367:
364:Osmundacidites
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
308:Chasmatopteris
303:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
250:
249:
245:
244:
239:
230:
229:
223:
222:
211:
207:
206:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
180:Polypodiopsida
177:
173:
172:
170:Polypodiophyta
167:
163:
162:
157:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4232:
4221:
4220:Fern families
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3761:, 95:330-339.
3760:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3543:
3541:9781604690620
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3428:9780881924954
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3077:
3064:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2745:Lehtonen 2011
2741:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2655:, p. 77.
2654:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2563:Osmundacaulis
2560:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2543:datadryad.org
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:Millerocaulis
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2325:Millerocaulis
2315:
2314:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2289:Shuishengella
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:Osmundacaulis
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1962:Millerocaulis
1956:
1955:
1948:
1947:Millerocaulis
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:Changhsingian
1720:
1718:
1717:Zhongmingella
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
989:
988:
985:
983:
982:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
965:
964:
957:
956:
950:
949:
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
933:
929:
928:
921:
920:
914:
911:
910:
906:
903:
901:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
847:
842:
841:
836:
832:
831:circumscribed
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
810:(3 species),
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
775:
774:
766:
765:
757:
756:
748:
747:
739:
738:
730:
729:
721:
720:
717:
716:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
695:
694:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
679:
673:
672:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
634:Gleicheniales
629:
628:
622:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
607:
606:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
585:
584:
578:
577:
573:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
536:sensu stricto
532:
528:
524:
520:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
485:
484:Todea barbara
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
390:
389:
388:Zhongmingella
384:
382:
381:
376:
374:
373:
368:
366:
365:
360:
358:
357:
352:
350:
349:
344:
342:
341:
336:
334:
333:
332:Millerocaulis
328:
326:
325:
320:
318:
317:
316:Osmundacaulis
312:
310:
309:
304:
302:
301:
296:
294:
293:
289:
287:
286:
282:
280:
279:
275:
273:
272:
268:
266:
265:
261:
259:
258:
254:
253:
251:
246:
242:
237:
236:
231:
228:
224:
220:
215:
212:
209:
208:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:Tracheophytes
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
3880:
3811:
3807:
3782:
3778:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3728:
3702:
3696:
3664:
3658:
3634:
3606:
3602:
3557:
3551:
3531:
3509:(1): 31–36.
3506:
3500:
3494:
3447:
3441:
3418:
3391:
3387:
3352:
3348:
3325:
3319:
3273:
3267:
3237:
3231:
3205:
3199:
3151:
3147:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3086:Bibliography
3063:cite journal
3038:
2999:11336/194430
2984:(1): 54–66.
2981:
2977:
2971:
2966:, p. 2.
2959:
2880:
2876:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:Claytosmunda
2809:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2752:
2740:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2580:
2577:Aurealcaulis
2576:
2570:
2562:
2547:
2539:Millercaulis
2538:
2535:Osmundastrum
2534:
2528:
2522:
2515:Claytosmunda
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2476:. The basic
2471:
2468:synapomorphy
2462:ring in the
2453:
2449:Claytosmunda
2447:
2445:
2440:Claytosmunda
2438:
2434:Osmundastrum
2432:
2426:
2422:Todisporites
2420:
2414:
2406:Cladophlebis
2404:
2403:Maithy, and
2398:
2394:Damudopteris
2392:
2388:
2382:
2381:T.M.Harris,
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2343:Claytosmunda
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:Claytosmunda
2330:
2324:
2321:
2287:
2286:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2147:
2133:Aurealcaulis
2132:
2130:
2115:
2114:
2094:
2093:
2080:Claytosmunda
2078:
2064:Osmundastrum
2062:
2061:
2060:
2048:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1978:
1960:
1959:
1946:
1932:Palaeosmunda
1930:
1929:
1928:
1917:Osmundoideae
1916:
1892:
1891:
1876:Thamnopteris
1874:
1873:
1848:nomen dubium
1847:
1841:
1840:
1830:Osmundaceae
1799:
1793:
1792:
1775:
1774:
1737:
1736:
1715:
1714:
1690:
1689:
1677:Guaireoideae
1676:
1663:
1648:
1647:
1635:
1619:
1558:
1557:
1542:
1541:
1517:
1514:Claytosmunda
1513:
1512:
1490:Osmundastrum
1488:
1487:
1455:
1454:
1438:
1437:
1408:Osmundastrum
1406:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1377:Claytosmunda
1375:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1349:
1300:
1298:
1284:
1282:
1262:Claytosmunda
1261:
1259:
1238:Osmundastrum
1236:
1234:
1220:
1188:
1187:
1171:
1170:
1144:
1131:Osmundastrum
1130:
1126:
1119:Christenhusz
1116:
1066:
1064:
1049:
1047:
1028:) 1 species
1023:
1020:Claytosmunda
1019:
1017:
1003:
979:
978:
961:
960:
931:
927:Osmundastrum
925:
924:
912:
904:
897:
894:Claytosmunda
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:monophyletic
866:
863:Osmundastrum
862:
844:
838:
835:paraphyletic
826:
824:
820:monophyletic
815:
812:Osmundastrum
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
789:
786:
715:Polypodiales
713:
698:
676:
654:
632:
610:
589:
588:
576:Polypodiidae
574:
545:Polypodiidae
540:
534:
519:pteridophyte
516:
507:gametophytes
497:
482:
459:siphonostele
452:
442:
438:
434:
431:Osmundastrum
430:
426:
423:Claytosmunda
422:
406:
398:
397:
386:
378:
370:
362:
354:
346:
340:Aurealcaulis
338:
330:
324:Palaeosmunda
322:
314:
306:
300:Thamnopteris
298:
290:
283:
278:Osmundastrum
276:
269:
262:
257:Claytosmunda
255:
233:
213:
199:
190:Polypodiidae
153:
120:
29:
4011:iNaturalist
3964:Osmundaceae
3911:Osmundaceae
3905:Wikispecies
3881:Osmundaceae
3861:Osmundaceae
3849:Osmundaceae
3312:Byng, J. W.
3024:Miller 1971
2585:rhizomatous
2559:arborescent
2551:Guaireaceae
2530:Leptopteris
2419:Couper and
2378:Osmundopsis
2360:Anomopteris
2171:to present
2167:5 species,
2025:Leptopteris
1665:Guaireaceae
1650:Bathypteris
1457:Leptopteris
1394:Osmundaceae
1190:Leptopteris
1145:Osmundaceae
981:Leptopteris
913:Osmundaceae
878:Leptopteris
796:Leptopteris
783:Subdivision
678:Salviniales
656:Schizaeales
449:Description
443:Leptopteris
399:Osmundaceae
380:Osmundopsis
356:Anomopteris
264:Leptopteris
214:Osmundaceae
35:Osmundaceae
4215:Osmundales
4209:Categories
4029:77126775-1
2824:: 127–128.
2701:Moran 2004
2689:Moran 2004
2665:Faull 1901
2653:Moran 2004
2591:References
2575:(subgenus
2372:Cladotheca
2049:Osmundinae
1967:Cretaceous
1843:Anomorrhea
1795:Itopsidema
1699:to Middle
1636:Osmundales
1563:4 species
1545:4 species
700:Cyatheales
590:Osmundales
557:phylogenic
541:sensu lato
493:tree ferns
407:Osmundales
372:Osmundites
227:Type genus
200:Osmundales
186:Subclass:
166:Division:
18:Osmundales
3321:Phytotaxa
3233:Phytotaxa
3154:: e3443.
2572:Plenasium
2511:Plenasium
2502:Plenasium
2375:T.Halle,
2363:Brongn.,
2349:Evolution
2339:Plenasium
2169:Paleocene
2164:Plenasium
2161:Subgenus
2131:Subgenus
2117:Plenasium
1979:Osmundeae
1543:Plenasium
1383:Plenasium
1367:Plenasium
1299:subgenus
1285:Plenasium
1283:subgenus
1260:subgenus
1235:subgenus
1065:subgenus
1050:Plenasium
1048:subgenus
1018:subgenus
890:Plenasium
859:segregate
855:phylogeny
837:and that
816:Plenasium
561:cladogram
499:Sporangia
419:sporangia
285:Plenasium
143:Kingdom:
4174:VicFlora
4163:VASCAN:
4156:42000405
4151:Tropicos
3890:Wikidata
3828:24842881
3799:84125204
3785:: 1–22.
3719:25065646
3681:85855934
3625:39980610
3582:11214320
3484:22022365
3443:PLoS ONE
3410:25503771
3382:(2015).
3314:(2016).
3300:24532607
3262:(2014).
3240:(1): 7.
3194:(2009).
3180:28713650
3135:26123220
3008:85319731
2913:38248823
2905:24653037
2567:Triassic
2369:Seward,
1990:Todeinae
1863: †
1744:Jurassic
1701:Triassic
1679: †
1668: †
1352:Triassic
1301:Osmunda
1067:Osmunda
513:Taxonomy
489:Mesozoic
475:Stipules
435:Plensium
219:Martinov
210:Family:
3896:Q843318
3590:4367248
3562:Bibcode
3523:6180706
3495:Osmunda
3475:3192703
3452:Bibcode
3371:2465028
3291:3936591
3171:5508817
3126:4487210
3109:: 126.
2885:Bibcode
2877:Science
2814:Osmunda
2565:in the
2517:in the
2507:Osmunda
2496:Osmunda
2479:Bauplan
2411:Permian
2389:Osmunda
2384:Cacumen
2366:Todites
2355:Permian
2335:Osmunda
2196:Osmunda
2083:
1798:(incl.
1697:Permian
1560:Osmunda
1372:Osmunda
1361:Osmunda
1222:Osmunda
1127:Osmunda
1005:Osmunda
886:Osmunda
882:Osmunda
867:Osmunda
827:Osmunda
808:Osmunda
804:Osmunda
792:Osmunda
527:classes
503:annulus
427:Osmunda
415:Permian
348:Todites
271:Osmunda
248:Genera
235:Osmunda
196:Order:
176:Class:
147:Plantae
4088:NZOR:
4042:114245
3826:
3797:
3768:
3717:
3679:
3646:
3623:
3588:
3580:
3553:Nature
3538:
3521:
3482:
3472:
3425:
3408:
3369:
3310:&
3298:
3288:
3178:
3168:
3133:
3123:
3006:
2911:
2903:
2569:, and
2533:. The
2322:Notes:
1800:Tiania
1692:Guirea
861:genus
851:sister
849:, was
798:, and
565:sister
555:whose
553:orders
463:phloem
433:, and
4125:Plazi
4117:54780
4104:41629
4055:17216
4037:IRMNG
4016:63059
3977:10642
3959:FoAO2
3951:10642
3938:1OSMF
3824:S2CID
3795:S2CID
3755:Todea
3737:, in
3733:(PDF)
3715:JSTOR
3698:Taxon
3693:(PDF)
3677:S2CID
3621:S2CID
3586:S2CID
3519:S2CID
3367:JSTOR
3148:PeerJ
3004:S2CID
2909:S2CID
2555:stele
2524:Todea
2464:stipe
2428:Todea
2005:Todea
1739:Lunea
1440:Todea
1173:Todea
1123:Chase
963:Todea
874:Todea
800:Todea
531:ferns
467:xylem
439:Todea
411:ferns
403:ferns
292:Todea
154:Clade
4138:POWO
4081:3282
4076:NCBI
4050:ITIS
4024:IPNI
4003:1264
3998:GRIN
3990:2370
3985:GBIF
3933:EPPO
3925:4517
3766:ISBN
3746:Fern
3644:ISBN
3578:PMID
3536:ISBN
3480:PMID
3423:ISBN
3406:PMID
3296:PMID
3176:PMID
3131:PMID
3076:help
3030:help
2901:PMID
2527:and
2509:and
2499:and
2437:and
2337:and
1364:and
1121:and
876:and
833:was
471:pith
441:and
204:Link
46:PreꞒ
4187:WFO
4166:183
4063:NBN
3972:FoC
3946:FNA
3920:EoL
3816:doi
3812:112
3787:doi
3707:doi
3669:doi
3611:doi
3570:doi
3558:409
3511:doi
3470:PMC
3460:doi
3396:doi
3357:doi
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