124:
3845:
102:
3833:
2471:
shared with 'Millerocaulis' was generally kept within the
Osmundeae-lineage and only slightly to moderately modified in the last 200 million years. Triassic-Jurassic rhizome and frond morphologies remained essentially unaltered in the lineage leading to
2432:. The better understood rhizome fossil record indicates that the group was most diverse in the Permian, and already much reduced in the Triassic regarding the number of substantially different forms (see Bomfleur et al. and literature cited therein).
3538:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond; Wolf, Paul G.; Hunt, Jeffrey S.; Sipes, Sedonia D. (2001). "Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants".
2537:
The only explicit reconstruction regarding the evolution of morphological traits in
Osmundaceae can be found in Miller's groundbreaking work. Notable is that Permian rhizomes of both families in the Osmundales, the extinct
3765:
Wang, S. J.; Hilton, J.; He, X. Y.; Seyfullah, L. J.; Shao, L. (2014). "The anatomically preserved
Zhongmingella gen. nov. from the Upper Permian of China: evaluating the early evolution and phylogeny of the Osmundales".
2414:
Couper. But their affinitity to the
Osmundales, and Osmundaceae in particular, is difficult to judge. In the Triassic foliage becomes frequent which is similar to identical to the fronds of modern-day
1106:
The circumscription of the order and its families was not changed, and its placement remained the same in subsequent classifications including Chase and Reveal (2009), Christenhusz et al. (2011), and
484:. The leaves are either holodimorphic, with separate fertile and sterile fronds assuming an entirely different structure, or have fertile and sterile portions of the frond very distinct in structure.
2568:) in the late Cretaceous to Paleogene. As already noted by Miller, highly derived forms not directly related to the extant species and genera, can be found in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, such as
776:
In the
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification (2016) Osmundales consists of the single family Osmundaceae, six genera, and an estimated 18 species (Christenhusz and Byng give 25 species).
2342:
Bomfleur et al. state that “Osmundales has arguably the richest and most informative fossil record of any extant group of ferns”. The order is well represented in the fossil record from the
2334:-type ancestor, rendering the latter genus paraphyletic when Osmundaceae fossil should be considered. The genus comprises 12 fossil rhizome species in addition to the sole surviving species.
1339:
A molecular dating study using
Metzgar et al.'s data and a comprehensive set of rhizome and leaf fossils estimated that (sub)generic differentiation within Osmundaceae started by the
2447:
and its precursors. The same holds for the equally old leaf fossil record of the group. The main diagnostic feature of
Osmundeae (modern Osmundaceae) is a heterogenous
494:
that drives the sporangium opening is on the side. 128 to 512 spores are typically present. The spores are green, nearly round, and trilete. The spores germinate into
3133:"The fossil Osmundales (Royal Ferns)—a phylogenetic network analysis, revised taxonomy, and evolutionary classification of anatomically preserved trunks and rhizomes"
466:
can be discerned at the leaf bases of these ferns. The hardened leaf bases are persistent and overlap to form a hardened layer surrounding the stem. The mantle of
2372:
2316:
is a likely paraphyletic genus that includes forms ancestral to the modern
Osmundaceae (classified as Osmundeae) as well as their potential sister lineages.
2530:. A comprehensive list of rhizome and leaf fossils associated with modern Osmundaceae (Osmundeae in the classification of Bomfleur et al.) can be found at
3795:
Yatabe, Y.; Nishida, H.; Murakami, N. (1999). "Phylogeny of
Osmundaceae inferred from rbcL nucleotide sequences and comparison to the fossil evidences".
2572:. Another general trend is that the Permian Osmundales were much larger than their modern counterparts. Today, the widespread species of Osmundaceae are
2526:-lineage diverged much earlier (probably Middle Triassic), which fits with the new classification of re-evaluated rhizome fossils originally included in
498:, which are green (photosynthetic) and grow at the surface. They are large and heart-shaped. The base chromosome number for members of the order is 22.
1849:
2388:
1765:
1613:
using anatomical features of
Osmundaceae rhizomes and an updated ‘evolutionary’ (non-cladistic) classification of fossil and extant Osmundales (see
2459:
is the only character differentiating between Osmundeae and the paraphyletic genus collecting their potential early ancestors and sister lineages,
2404:
1882:
352:
296:
3753:
Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, Michael Krings: Paleobotany. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants . Second Edition, Academic Press 2009,
3646:
Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (1 July 2009). "Is Morphology Really at Odds with Molecules in Estimating Fern Phylogeny?".
4025:
2546:
anatomies in comparison to the surviving members of the group. The rhizome fossil record also indicates several independent radiations of likely
2461:
2277:
2258:
1950:
1705:
376:
320:
304:
2410:
2382:
1920:
1864:
1727:
328:
312:
288:
4064:
2539:
2366:
2348:
1653:
1638:
368:
344:
2360:
1831:
1783:
3746:
from the Lower Cretaceous of western North America: implications for the phylogeny, systematics, and evolution of modern Osmundaceae."
1617:), which can be tentatively transferred into the following cladogram (monophyla in bold, polytomies reflect unresolved relationships)
2354:
336:
3088:
sp. nov. from the Jurassic of Sweden—reconciling molecular and fossil evidence in the phylogeny of modern royal ferns (Osmundaceae)"
3973:
3189:
1680:
4038:
3986:
3758:
3636:
3018:
4043:
3849:
470:
leaf bases and intermixed roots can form a woody trunk when the stem emerges above ground, up to 1 meter (3.3 ft) in
1126:
artefact (all other ferns are genetically very distant from the Osmundaceae), and allowing the following classification:
894:
The following phylogram shows the relationship between the Osmundaceae genera and subtaxa, according to Metzgar et al.:
1122:
lead to a re-analysis of Metzgar et al.'s data, which revealed that the Osmundaceae root used above may be wrong and a
3716:
3528:
3415:
434:(subtribe Todinae) bear sporangia naked on laminar pinnules. Ferns in this family are larger than most other ferns.
406:) and fairly isolated group that is often known as the "flowering ferns" because of the striking aspect of the ripe
4167:
4069:
4012:
4131:
402:) or in some classifications the only order in the class Osmundopsida. This is an ancient (known from the Upper
4162:
4051:
2435:
The first fossil representatives of the modern Osmundaceae (= tribus Osmundeae) include rhizome fossils with
1609:
The new system was used in a comprehensive taxonomic evaluation of Osmundales rhizome fossils, who provide a
3837:
3677:
Smith, Alan R.; Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz; Petra Korall; Harald Schneider; Paul G. Wolf (2006).
1359:. Accordingly, the PPG I classification of 2016 continues to place Osmundales in Polypodiidae, but splits
3304:
394:
containing four to six extant genera and 18–25 known species. It is the only living family of the order
123:
4126:
3965:
3939:
3715:
Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Korall, Petra; Schneider, Harald; Wolf, Paul G.
3628:
819:
4118:
3991:
4079:
3064:
426:(subtribe Osmundinae). In these genera the sporangia are borne naked on non-laminar pinnules, while
3960:
3373:"Using more than the oldest fossils: Dating Osmundaceae with the fossilized birth-death process"
2965:
Escapa, I. H.; Cúneo, N. R. (2012). "Fertile Osmundaceae from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia".
4208:
4105:
3934:
3861:
1123:
1114:(2014). The find of an exceptionally well preserved Jurassic fossil intermediate between genus
537:
511:
3480:
Metzgar, Jordan S.; Skog, Judith E.; Zimmer, Elizabeth A.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (1 March 2008).
1375:). The following cladogram reproduces the PPG I concept for the extant members of the family:
791:
were recognized as members of Osmundaceae by Smith et al. (2006) Of these, the largest genus,
4100:
4030:
3899:
3051:
2862:"Fossilized nuclei and chromosomes reveal 180 million years of genomic stasis in royal ferns"
178:
4092:
3952:
3908:
3678:
3550:
3440:
3296:
2873:
847:
564:
533:
2448:
8:
4203:
2474:
2437:
2428:
1507:
1013:
887:
834:
3554:
3444:
2877:
2531:
4175:
3947:
3812:
3783:
3703:
3665:
3609:
3574:
3507:
3463:
3426:
3355:
3279:
3252:
3159:
3132:
3114:
3083:
2992:
2897:
2861:
1610:
828:
118:
873:
was found to contain three separate subclades corresponding to subgenera (now genera)
4087:
3754:
3648:
3632:
3566:
3524:
3490:
3481:
3468:
3411:
3394:
3284:
3203:
3184:
3164:
3119:
2889:
3816:
3787:
3669:
3613:
2996:
2901:
4180:
3804:
3775:
3695:
3657:
3599:
3578:
3558:
3541:
3511:
3499:
3458:
3448:
3384:
3345:
3318:
3274:
3266:
3257:
3230:
3198:
3154:
3144:
3109:
3099:
3037:
2982:
2974:
2881:
2507:
1344:
491:
2542:
and the Osmundaceae including the extant species, show already relatively complex
3779:
3686:
3622:
3453:
3180:
600:
541:
515:
443:
110:
4056:
3042:
3034:"Overview diagram illustrating the diversity and disparity of osmundalean stems"
3033:
842:
to the rest of the family. This was later confirmed by a detailed species-level
4154:
3661:
3503:
3368:
3323:
2452:
148:
3235:
3216:
3104:
4197:
3884:
3300:
3248:
3176:
1711:
1111:
622:
524:
472:
229:
207:
59:
3389:
3372:
2885:
4144:
3570:
3472:
3398:
3288:
3244:
3212:
3168:
3123:
2893:
2456:
2443:
2422:
2394:
2068:
2052:
1614:
1478:
1396:
1365:
1226:
1107:
915:
858:
839:
823:
808:
703:
553:
507:
467:
447:
266:
245:
2717:
2715:
2713:
846:
of the family by Metzgar et al. (2008) leading to the resurrection of the
3999:
3893:
3737:. Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for Science and the Environment
3367:
Grimm, Guido W.; Kapli, Pashalia; Bomfleur, Benjamin; McLoughlin, Steve;
3305:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
3270:
3217:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
2573:
2518:
2013:
1445:
1178:
969:
666:
644:
532:
was used to refer to all four subclasses, and the large subclass renamed
495:
252:
34:
3707:
2987:
2494:), or their shared ancestors. Molecular dating placed the split between
3808:
3359:
3185:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
3149:
2710:
2346:
onwards. Osmundalean or potentially osmundalean fern foliage including
1955:
688:
545:
360:
215:
79:
44:
3733:
3604:
3587:
2322:
is primitive within the Osmundinae, and total evidence indicates that
2124:† likely paraphyletic with 6 species, Early Cretaceous to ?mid-Eocene
4004:
3921:
3699:
3562:
3309:
3221:
2560:
2547:
2490:
2157:
2105:
1371:
1355:
843:
549:
487:
481:
407:
273:
84:
4017:
3978:
3855:
3588:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
3333:
4139:
3878:
3844:
3431:
3350:
2978:
2555:
1732:
1689:
1340:
807:(3–4 species). However, there was suspicion that the genus was not
477:
463:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
3926:
2484:
2467:
2399:
2343:
2184:
1685:
1548:
1349:
1210:
993:
522:(Polypodiopsida). At that time they used the term Polypodiopsida
490:
in the Osmundaceae are large, and open at a slit on the top; the
403:
259:
223:
101:
89:
64:
2659:
2550:
lineages, the Guaireaceae and Thamnopterioideae in the Permian,
528:
to apply to the largest of these. Later the term Polypodiopsida
3832:
3131:
Bomfleur, Benjamin; Grimm, Guido W.; McLoughlin, Steve (2017).
3082:
Bomfleur, Benjamin; Grimm, Guido W.; McLoughlin, Steve (2015).
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2829:
451:
2756:
2754:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
4113:
3913:
2946:
2841:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2543:
2512:
2416:
1993:
1428:
1161:
951:
519:
476:. Extinct members of the family, which flourished during the
455:
280:
135:
3585:
3486:
is Confirmed by Phylogenetic Analyses of Seven Plastid Loci"
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2908:
2739:
2721:
1615:
classification concepts for groups including extinct members
3742:
Jud, Nathan, Gar W. Rothwell, and Ruth A. Stockey (2008). "
2751:
2585:
1400:(Alternative A: outgroup-inferred root in multigene trees)
459:
399:
391:
168:
158:
2766:
2700:
2698:
2614:
2478:. This makes it impossible to discern direct ancestors of
854:, by elevating it from subgenus, to contain it and render
2927:
3086:
Osmunda pulchella [now: Osmundastrum pulchellum]
2778:
2510:, co-eval with the divergence between the sister genera
2441:-anatomy or with structural features characteristic for
2817:
2695:
2671:
506:
Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level
3621:
Ranker, Tom A.; Haufler, Christopher H., eds. (2008).
3008:
3006:
2683:
2137:
2 intermediate species from the Paleocene and Eocene
1868:† mono- or paraphyletic with 9 species, Late Permian
795:, had traditionally been treated as three subgenera,
2727:
3211:
3003:
2835:
2647:
3427:"Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life"
3215:; Zhang, X. C.; Schneider, H. (18 February 2011).
2635:
1791:) † 1–2 species, ?Late Permian to Middle Triassic
3406:Hoshizaki, Barbara Joe; Moran, Robbin C. (2001).
3243:
2847:
2018:possibly 5 species, ?Early Cretaceous to present
480:, could reach the stature of trees and be termed
4195:
3645:
3295:
3130:
3081:
2952:
2921:
2745:
2608:
869:are consistently resolved as sister groups, and
3479:
2760:
2402:onwards together with dispersed spores such as
3794:
3586:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016).
3405:
2772:
2665:
1925:† 2–3 species, Late Permian to ?Late Triassic
1363:further by elevating its subgenera to genera (
3727:
3624:Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
3620:
3366:
2940:
1684:† mono- or paraphyletic with 2 species, Late
536:. This is also referred to informally as the
3764:
3714:
3676:
3537:
3253:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
2784:
2704:
2629:
1954:p.p. † In total 29 species, Triassic to mid-
3175:
2964:
2823:
814:The first molecular phylogeny showed that
3017:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMiller_1971 (
2482:from the ancestors of its sister lineages
2398:Brongn., 1849) is commonly found from the
832:, despite its morphological similarity to
100:
3603:
3462:
3452:
3388:
3349:
3322:
3278:
3234:
3202:
3158:
3148:
3113:
3103:
3041:
2986:
2057:4 (or more) species, Triassic to present
3424:
3190:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2859:
2733:
454:occurs on the outside only of a ring of
3523:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc.
3012:
2967:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1998:3 species, Early Cretaceous to present
548:relationship is shown in the following
4196:
2796:
556:to all other members of the subclass.
3860:
3859:
3518:
3331:
2689:
2677:
2653:
2641:
2263:† 18 species, Jurassic to Cretaceous
4168:d9bb2957-07c4-4af4-ac8d-76e27b449cf3
4119:E91087E1-FFE8-011E-FF8D-F415FD0CFC73
4080:25dc1b08-69c9-4301-9d49-d4af32d78e41
3592:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
3031:
2570:Millerocaulis (Osmundacaulis) kolbii
3768:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3679:"A classification for extant ferns"
390:(royal fern family) is a family of
13:
4132:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126775-1
3410:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
2860:Bomfleur, B.; et al. (2014).
2576:with small, low-dissected steles.
2084:Claytosmunda (Osmunda) claytoniana
14:
4220:
3825:
2797:Yatabe, Y.; et al. (2005). "
2722:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016
540:. The Polypodiidae contain seven
442:The stems of Osmundaceae contain
3843:
3831:
3334:"The anatomy of the Osmundaceae"
3204:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
2189:7 species, Paleocene to present
1970: (modern Osmundaceae)
552:, where Osmundales is seen as a
510:classification published in the
462:(and no other vascular tissue).
122:
32:
3074:
3025:
2958:
2853:
2790:
771:
437:
1:
2848:Christenhusz & Chase 2014
2579:
1769:† monotypic, Middle Triassic
881:, and the recently described
398:in the class Polypodiopsida (
3780:10.1080/14772019.2012.726658
3454:10.1371/journal.pone.0024851
2746:Christenhusz & Byng 2016
2502:, and their divergence from
2337:
7:
3728:Ranker & Haufler (2008)
501:
10:
4225:
3748:American Journal of Botany
3662:10.1600/036364409789271209
3629:Cambridge University Press
3521:A Natural History of Ferns
3504:10.1600/036364408783887528
3324:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
3245:Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.
3032:Bomfleur, B.; et al.
2666:Hoshizaki & Moran 2001
2386:D.D.Pant & P.K.Khare,
2281:† monotypic, Late Permian
1886:† monotypic, Late Permian
1642:† monotypic, Late Permian
446:arranged as an ectophloic
3868:
3797:Journal of Plant Research
3519:Moran, Robbin C. (2004).
3425:Lehtonen, Samuli (2011).
3236:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
3105:10.1186/s12862-015-0400-7
3043:10.7717/peerj.3433/supp-6
2376:Cantrill & J.A.Webb,
2274:
2254:
2180:
2148:
2135:
2118:
2111:
2097:
2086:and potential precursors
2081:
2074:
2048:
2041:
2009:
1989:
1982:
1972:
1947:
1940:
1916:
1909:
1879:
1861:
1854:
1828:
1821:
1780:
1762:
1755:
1724:
1702:
1677:
1670:
1659:
1635:
1628:
1545:
1529:
1522:
1500:
1493:
1475:
1468:
1442:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1393:
1386:
1286:
1270:
1263:
1247:
1240:
1222:
1215:
1175:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1052:
1035:
1028:
1005:
998:
966:
948:
941:
934:
912:
905:
885:with the single species,
701:
686:
679:
664:
657:
642:
635:
620:
613:
598:
591:
576:
569:
241:
236:
221:
214:
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
3297:Christenhusz, Maarten JM
3092:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2836:Christenhusz et al. 2011
2475:Claytosmunda claytoniana
2444:Osmundastrum cinnomomeum
1710:monotypic, late Permian
1343:and was finished by the
3732:C.Michael Hogan. 2010.
2886:10.1126/science.1249884
2824:Chase & Reveal 2009
2807:Acta Phytotaxon. Geobot
1753:Itopsidemoideae †
3213:Christenhusz, M. J. M.
3059:Cite journal requires
2455:basis. This potential
2330:likely evolved from a
1347:with the formation of
538:leptosporangiate ferns
512:molecular phylogenetic
4101:Paleobiology Database
3390:10.1093/sysbio/syu108
3332:Faull, J. H. (1901).
1118:(as shown above) and
450:; that is, a ring of
3840:at Wikimedia Commons
3408:Fern Grower's Manual
2953:Bomfleur et al. 2017
2922:Bomfleur et al. 2015
2801:; a new subgenus of
2609:Bomfleur et al. 2017
3724:. pp. 417–467.
3718:Fern classification
3555:2001Natur.409..618S
3445:2011PLoSO...624851L
2878:2014Sci...343.1376B
2872:(6177): 1376–1377.
2761:Metzgar et al. 2008
2680:, pp. 144–145.
2668:, pp. 526–527.
1731:† monotypic, Early
1508:Osmunda claytoniana
1014:Osmunda claytoniana
923:) 1 extant species
888:Osmunda claytoniana
835:Osmunda claytoniana
514:era, creating four
30:Late Permian–Recent
3809:10.1007/pl00013894
3482:"The Paraphyly of
3377:Systematic Biology
3369:Renner, Susanne S.
3271:10.1093/aob/mct299
3150:10.7717/peerj.3433
2773:Yatabe et al. 1999
2318:The morphology of
1938: p.p. †
921:Osmunda cinnamomea
829:Osmunda cinnamomea
458:, which surrounds
4191:
4190:
4088:Open Tree of Life
3862:Taxon identifiers
3836:Media related to
3761:, p. 437-443
3759:978-0-12-373972-8
3649:Systematic Botany
3638:978-0-521-87411-3
3605:10.1111/jse.12229
3549:(6820): 618–622.
3491:Systematic Botany
3338:Botanical Gazette
2941:Grimm et al. 2015
2785:Smith et al. 2008
2705:Smith et al. 2006
2692:, pp. 77–78.
2630:Smith et al. 2006
2308:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2169:
2168:
2027:
2026:
1895:
1894:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1743:
1742:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1457:
1456:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1058:4 extant species
1041:4 extant species
982:
981:
973:6 extant species
955:2 extant species
818:as traditionally
803:(2 species), and
779:The three genera
768:
767:
759:
758:
750:
749:
741:
740:
732:
731:
723:
722:
714:
713:
385:
384:
210:
194:
4216:
4184:
4183:
4171:
4170:
4158:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4135:
4134:
4122:
4121:
4109:
4108:
4096:
4095:
4083:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4060:
4059:
4057:NBNSYS0000160594
4047:
4046:
4034:
4033:
4021:
4020:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3994:
3982:
3981:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3955:
3943:
3942:
3930:
3929:
3917:
3916:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3857:
3856:
3848:Data related to
3847:
3835:
3820:
3791:
3739:. Washington, DC
3725:
3723:
3711:
3700:10.2307/25065646
3683:
3673:
3642:
3617:
3607:
3582:
3563:10.1038/35054555
3534:
3515:
3476:
3466:
3456:
3421:
3402:
3392:
3363:
3353:
3328:
3326:
3292:
3282:
3258:Annals of Botany
3240:
3238:
3208:
3206:
3181:Reveal, James L.
3172:
3162:
3152:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3045:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2925:
2919:
2906:
2905:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2805:(Osmundaceae)".
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2708:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2612:
2606:
2508:Early Cretaceous
2114:
2113:
2100:
2099:
2077:
2076:
2044:
2043:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1943:
1942:
1912:
1911:
1857:
1856:
1850:Thamnopteroideae
1824:
1823:
1758:
1757:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1525:
1524:
1496:
1495:
1482:(Alternative B)
1471:
1470:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1345:Early Cretaceous
1266:
1265:
1243:
1242:
1218:
1217:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1031:
1030:
1001:
1000:
944:
943:
937:
936:
908:
907:
898:
897:
682:
681:
660:
659:
638:
637:
616:
615:
594:
593:
572:
571:
560:
559:
468:sclerenchymatous
206:
192:
127:
126:
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4179:
4174:
4166:
4161:
4153:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4117:
4112:
4104:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4078:
4076:
4068:
4063:
4055:
4050:
4042:
4037:
4029:
4024:
4016:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3990:
3985:
3977:
3972:
3964:
3959:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3864:
3828:
3823:
3721:
3681:
3639:
3531:
3418:
3077:
3072:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2928:
2920:
2909:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2711:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2615:
2607:
2586:
2582:
2449:sclerenchymatic
2389:Dichotomopteris
2340:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2170:
2028:
1896:
1839:, Late Permian
1810:
1801:
1766:Donwelliacaulis
1744:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1458:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1200:
1191:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
983:
774:
769:
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
715:
601:Hymenophyllales
504:
444:vascular tissue
440:
232:
227:
205:
191:
121:
111:Osmunda regalis
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Family of ferns
12:
11:
5:
4222:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:wfo-7000000433
4172:
4159:
4149:
4136:
4123:
4110:
4097:
4084:
4074:
4061:
4048:
4035:
4022:
4009:
3996:
3983:
3970:
3957:
3944:
3931:
3918:
3905:
3890:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3854:
3853:
3852:at Wikispecies
3841:
3827:
3826:External links
3824:
3822:
3821:
3803:(4): 397–404.
3792:
3762:
3751:
3740:
3730:
3712:
3694:(3): 705–731.
3674:
3656:(3): 455–475.
3643:
3637:
3618:
3598:(6): 563–603.
3583:
3535:
3529:
3516:
3477:
3439:(10): e24851.
3422:
3416:
3403:
3383:(3): 396–405.
3364:
3351:10.1086/328180
3344:(6): 381–420.
3329:
3317:(3): 201–217.
3293:
3265:(4): 571–594.
3249:Chase, Mark W.
3241:
3209:
3197:(2): 122–127.
3177:Chase, Mark W.
3173:
3128:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3061:|journal=
3024:
3002:
2979:10.1086/662652
2957:
2945:
2926:
2907:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2789:
2777:
2765:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2709:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2656:, p. 384.
2646:
2634:
2632:, p. 710.
2613:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2480:C. claytoniana
2405:Osmundacidites
2339:
2336:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1883:Chasmatopteris
1878:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1611:polytomous key
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1124:tree-branching
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1004:
999:
997:
989:
988:
985:
984:
980:
979:
976:
975:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
947:
942:
940:
935:
933:
930:
929:
926:
925:
911:
906:
904:
896:
773:
770:
766:
765:
762:
761:
757:
756:
753:
752:
748:
747:
744:
743:
739:
738:
735:
734:
730:
729:
726:
725:
721:
720:
717:
716:
712:
711:
708:
707:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
685:
680:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
663:
658:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
641:
636:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
619:
614:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
597:
592:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
575:
570:
568:
558:
503:
500:
439:
436:
383:
382:
381:
380:
372:
364:
356:
353:Osmundacidites
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
300:
297:Chasmatopteris
292:
284:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
239:
238:
234:
233:
228:
219:
218:
212:
211:
200:
196:
195:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
169:Polypodiopsida
166:
162:
161:
159:Polypodiophyta
156:
152:
151:
146:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4221:
4210:
4209:Fern families
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3750:, 95:330-339.
3749:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3530:9781604690620
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3417:9780881924954
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3066:
3053:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2742:
2735:
2734:Lehtonen 2011
2730:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2644:, p. 77.
2643:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2552:Osmundacaulis
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2532:datadryad.org
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:Millerocaulis
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2314:Millerocaulis
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2278:Shuishengella
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2259:Osmundacaulis
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1951:Millerocaulis
1945:
1944:
1937:
1936:Millerocaulis
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:Changhsingian
1709:
1707:
1706:Zhongmingella
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1003:
1002:
996:
995:
991:
990:
987:
986:
978:
977:
974:
972:
971:
964:
963:
960:
959:
956:
954:
953:
946:
945:
939:
938:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
922:
918:
917:
910:
909:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
890:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:
831:
830:
825:
821:
820:circumscribed
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
799:(3 species),
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
764:
763:
755:
754:
746:
745:
737:
736:
728:
727:
719:
718:
710:
709:
706:
705:
699:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
684:
683:
677:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
662:
661:
655:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
640:
639:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
623:Gleicheniales
618:
617:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
596:
595:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
574:
573:
567:
566:
562:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:
525:sensu stricto
521:
517:
513:
509:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:
473:Todea barbara
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
379:
378:
377:Zhongmingella
373:
371:
370:
365:
363:
362:
357:
355:
354:
349:
347:
346:
341:
339:
338:
333:
331:
330:
325:
323:
322:
321:Millerocaulis
317:
315:
314:
309:
307:
306:
305:Osmundacaulis
301:
299:
298:
293:
291:
290:
285:
283:
282:
278:
276:
275:
271:
269:
268:
264:
262:
261:
257:
255:
254:
250:
248:
247:
243:
242:
240:
235:
231:
226:
225:
220:
217:
213:
209:
204:
201:
198:
197:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:Tracheophytes
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
3869:
3800:
3796:
3771:
3767:
3747:
3743:
3734:
3717:
3691:
3685:
3653:
3647:
3623:
3595:
3591:
3546:
3540:
3520:
3498:(1): 31–36.
3495:
3489:
3483:
3436:
3430:
3407:
3380:
3376:
3341:
3337:
3314:
3308:
3262:
3256:
3226:
3220:
3194:
3188:
3140:
3136:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3075:Bibliography
3052:cite journal
3027:
2988:11336/194430
2973:(1): 54–66.
2970:
2966:
2960:
2955:, p. 2.
2948:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:Claytosmunda
2798:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2741:
2729:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2569:
2566:Aurealcaulis
2565:
2559:
2551:
2536:
2528:Millercaulis
2527:
2524:Osmundastrum
2523:
2517:
2511:
2504:Claytosmunda
2503:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2465:. The basic
2460:
2457:synapomorphy
2451:ring in the
2442:
2438:Claytosmunda
2436:
2434:
2429:Claytosmunda
2427:
2423:Osmundastrum
2421:
2415:
2411:Todisporites
2409:
2403:
2395:Cladophlebis
2393:
2392:Maithy, and
2387:
2383:Damudopteris
2381:
2377:
2371:
2370:T.M.Harris,
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2332:Claytosmunda
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:Claytosmunda
2319:
2313:
2310:
2276:
2275:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2136:
2122:Aurealcaulis
2121:
2119:
2104:
2103:
2083:
2082:
2069:Claytosmunda
2067:
2053:Osmundastrum
2051:
2050:
2049:
2037:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1967:
1949:
1948:
1935:
1921:Palaeosmunda
1919:
1918:
1917:
1906:Osmundoideae
1905:
1881:
1880:
1865:Thamnopteris
1863:
1862:
1837:nomen dubium
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:Osmundaceae
1788:
1782:
1781:
1764:
1763:
1726:
1725:
1704:
1703:
1679:
1678:
1666:Guaireoideae
1665:
1652:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1608:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1530:
1506:
1503:Claytosmunda
1502:
1501:
1479:Osmundastrum
1477:
1476:
1444:
1443:
1427:
1426:
1397:Osmundastrum
1395:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1366:Claytosmunda
1364:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1338:
1289:
1287:
1273:
1271:
1251:Claytosmunda
1250:
1248:
1227:Osmundastrum
1225:
1223:
1209:
1177:
1176:
1160:
1159:
1133:
1120:Osmundastrum
1119:
1115:
1108:Christenhusz
1105:
1055:
1053:
1038:
1036:
1017:) 1 species
1012:
1009:Claytosmunda
1008:
1006:
992:
968:
967:
950:
949:
920:
916:Osmundastrum
914:
913:
901:
893:
886:
883:Claytosmunda
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:monophyletic
855:
852:Osmundastrum
851:
833:
827:
824:paraphyletic
815:
813:
809:monophyletic
804:
801:Osmundastrum
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
778:
775:
704:Polypodiales
702:
687:
665:
643:
621:
599:
578:
577:
565:Polypodiidae
563:
534:Polypodiidae
529:
523:
508:pteridophyte
505:
496:gametophytes
486:
471:
448:siphonostele
441:
431:
427:
423:
420:Osmundastrum
419:
415:
412:Claytosmunda
411:
395:
387:
386:
375:
367:
359:
351:
343:
335:
329:Aurealcaulis
327:
319:
313:Palaeosmunda
311:
303:
295:
289:Thamnopteris
287:
279:
272:
267:Osmundastrum
265:
258:
251:
246:Claytosmunda
244:
222:
202:
188:
179:Polypodiidae
142:
109:
18:
4000:iNaturalist
3953:Osmundaceae
3900:Osmundaceae
3894:Wikispecies
3870:Osmundaceae
3850:Osmundaceae
3838:Osmundaceae
3301:Byng, J. W.
3013:Miller 1971
2574:rhizomatous
2548:arborescent
2540:Guaireaceae
2519:Leptopteris
2408:Couper and
2367:Osmundopsis
2349:Anomopteris
2160:to present
2156:5 species,
2014:Leptopteris
1654:Guaireaceae
1639:Bathypteris
1446:Leptopteris
1383:Osmundaceae
1179:Leptopteris
1134:Osmundaceae
970:Leptopteris
902:Osmundaceae
867:Leptopteris
785:Leptopteris
772:Subdivision
667:Salviniales
645:Schizaeales
438:Description
432:Leptopteris
388:Osmundaceae
369:Osmundopsis
345:Anomopteris
253:Leptopteris
203:Osmundaceae
24:Osmundaceae
4204:Osmundales
4198:Categories
4018:77126775-1
2813:: 127–128.
2690:Moran 2004
2678:Moran 2004
2654:Faull 1901
2642:Moran 2004
2580:References
2564:(subgenus
2361:Cladotheca
2038:Osmundinae
1956:Cretaceous
1832:Anomorrhea
1784:Itopsidema
1688:to Middle
1625:Osmundales
1552:4 species
1534:4 species
689:Cyatheales
579:Osmundales
546:phylogenic
530:sensu lato
482:tree ferns
396:Osmundales
361:Osmundites
216:Type genus
189:Osmundales
175:Subclass:
155:Division:
3310:Phytotaxa
3222:Phytotaxa
3143:: e3443.
2561:Plenasium
2500:Plenasium
2491:Plenasium
2364:T.Halle,
2352:Brongn.,
2338:Evolution
2328:Plenasium
2158:Paleocene
2153:Plenasium
2150:Subgenus
2120:Subgenus
2106:Plenasium
1968:Osmundeae
1532:Plenasium
1372:Plenasium
1356:Plenasium
1288:subgenus
1274:Plenasium
1272:subgenus
1249:subgenus
1224:subgenus
1054:subgenus
1039:Plenasium
1037:subgenus
1007:subgenus
879:Plenasium
848:segregate
844:phylogeny
826:and that
805:Plenasium
550:cladogram
488:Sporangia
408:sporangia
274:Plenasium
132:Kingdom:
4163:VicFlora
4152:VASCAN:
4145:42000405
4140:Tropicos
3879:Wikidata
3817:24842881
3788:84125204
3774:: 1–22.
3708:25065646
3670:85855934
3614:39980610
3571:11214320
3473:22022365
3432:PLoS ONE
3399:25503771
3371:(2015).
3303:(2016).
3289:24532607
3251:(2014).
3229:(1): 7.
3183:(2009).
3169:28713650
3124:26123220
2997:85319731
2902:38248823
2894:24653037
2556:Triassic
2358:Seward,
1979:Todeinae
1852: †
1733:Jurassic
1690:Triassic
1668: †
1657: †
1341:Triassic
1290:Osmunda
1056:Osmunda
502:Taxonomy
478:Mesozoic
464:Stipules
424:Plensium
208:Martinov
199:Family:
3885:Q843318
3579:4367248
3551:Bibcode
3512:6180706
3484:Osmunda
3464:3192703
3441:Bibcode
3360:2465028
3280:3936591
3160:5508817
3115:4487210
3098:: 126.
2874:Bibcode
2866:Science
2803:Osmunda
2554:in the
2506:in the
2496:Osmunda
2485:Osmunda
2468:Bauplan
2400:Permian
2378:Osmunda
2373:Cacumen
2355:Todites
2344:Permian
2324:Osmunda
2185:Osmunda
2072:
1787:(incl.
1686:Permian
1549:Osmunda
1361:Osmunda
1350:Osmunda
1211:Osmunda
1116:Osmunda
994:Osmunda
875:Osmunda
871:Osmunda
856:Osmunda
816:Osmunda
797:Osmunda
793:Osmunda
781:Osmunda
516:classes
492:annulus
416:Osmunda
404:Permian
337:Todites
260:Osmunda
237:Genera
224:Osmunda
185:Order:
165:Class:
136:Plantae
4077:NZOR:
4031:114245
3815:
3786:
3757:
3706:
3668:
3635:
3612:
3577:
3569:
3542:Nature
3527:
3510:
3471:
3461:
3414:
3397:
3358:
3299:&
3287:
3277:
3167:
3157:
3122:
3112:
2995:
2900:
2892:
2558:, and
2522:. The
2311:Notes:
1789:Tiania
1681:Guirea
850:genus
840:sister
838:, was
787:, and
554:sister
544:whose
542:orders
452:phloem
422:, and
4114:Plazi
4106:54780
4093:41629
4044:17216
4026:IRMNG
4005:63059
3966:10642
3948:FoAO2
3940:10642
3927:1OSMF
3813:S2CID
3784:S2CID
3744:Todea
3726:, in
3722:(PDF)
3704:JSTOR
3687:Taxon
3682:(PDF)
3666:S2CID
3610:S2CID
3575:S2CID
3508:S2CID
3356:JSTOR
3137:PeerJ
2993:S2CID
2898:S2CID
2544:stele
2513:Todea
2453:stipe
2417:Todea
1994:Todea
1728:Lunea
1429:Todea
1162:Todea
1112:Chase
952:Todea
863:Todea
789:Todea
520:ferns
456:xylem
428:Todea
400:ferns
392:ferns
281:Todea
143:Clade
4127:POWO
4070:3282
4065:NCBI
4039:ITIS
4013:IPNI
3992:1264
3987:GRIN
3979:2370
3974:GBIF
3922:EPPO
3914:4517
3755:ISBN
3735:Fern
3633:ISBN
3567:PMID
3525:ISBN
3469:PMID
3412:ISBN
3395:PMID
3285:PMID
3165:PMID
3120:PMID
3065:help
3019:help
2890:PMID
2516:and
2498:and
2488:and
2426:and
2326:and
1353:and
1110:and
865:and
822:was
460:pith
430:and
193:Link
35:PreꞒ
4176:WFO
4155:183
4052:NBN
3961:FoC
3935:FNA
3909:EoL
3805:doi
3801:112
3776:doi
3696:doi
3658:doi
3600:doi
3559:doi
3547:409
3500:doi
3459:PMC
3449:doi
3385:doi
3346:doi
3319:doi
3315:261
3275:PMC
3267:doi
3263:113
3231:doi
3199:doi
3195:161
3155:PMC
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