342:
1768:
312:
1675:
3147:
298:
268:
1648:
1581:
802:, where the leaf segments are completely separated from one other, or pinnatifid (partially pinnate), where the leaf segments are still partially connected. When the fronds are branched more than once, it can also be a combination of the pinnatifid are pinnate shapes. If the leaf blades are divided twice, the plant has bipinnate fronds, and tripinnate fronds if they branch three times, and all the way to tetra- and pentapinnate fronds. In tree ferns, the main stalk that connects the leaf to the stem (known as the stipe), often has multiple leaflets. The leafy structures that grow from the stipe are known as pinnae and are often again divided into smaller pinnules.
1173:
775:
3186:
3171:
3379:
3708:
328:
365:
1748:
1203:
3597:
3357:
1233:
282:
3123:
1620:
1923:. They placed the lycopods into subclass Lycopodiidae and the ferns, keeping the term monilophytes, into five subclasses, Equisetidae, Ophioglossidae, Psilotidae, Marattiidae and Polypodiidae, by dividing Smith's Psilotopsida into its two orders and elevating them to subclass (Ophioglossidae and Psilotidae). Christenhusz et al. (2011) followed this use of subclasses but recombined Smith's Psilotopsida as Ophioglossidae, giving four subclasses of ferns again.
7854:
3107:
1253:
6597:
3135:
47:
9210:
1136:
is intermediate between the eusporangiate ferns and the leptosporangiate ferns. Rai and Graham (2010) broadly supported the primary groups, but queried their relationships, concluding that "at present perhaps the best that can be said about all relationships among the major lineages of monilophytes in current studies is that we do not understand them very well". Grewe et al. (2013) confirmed the inclusion of horsetails within ferns
252:
1470:
6609:
238:
1526:
3821:. These spots are protected by a spell that prevents anyone but the fern-seed holder from ever knowing their locations. In Wicca, ferns are thought to have magical properties such as a dried fern can be thrown into hot coals of a fire to exorcise evil spirits, or smoke from a burning fern is thought to drive away snakes and such creatures.
1135:
The leptosporangiate ferns are sometimes called "true ferns". This group includes most plants familiarly known as ferns. Modern research supports older ideas based on morphology that the
Osmundaceae diverged early in the evolutionary history of the leptosporangiate ferns; in certain ways this family
2953:
Ferns are widespread in their distribution, with the greatest richness in the tropics and least in arctic areas. The greatest diversity occurs in tropical rainforests. New
Zealand, for which the fern is a symbol, has about 230 species, distributed throughout the country. It is a common plant in
1131:
Molecular data, which remain poorly constrained for many parts of the plants' phylogeny, have been supplemented by morphological observations supporting the inclusion of
Equisetaceae in the ferns, notably relating to the construction of their sperm and peculiarities of their roots.
758:
In monomorphic ferns, the fertile and sterile leaves look morphologically the same, and both are able to photosynthesize. In hemidimorphic ferns, just a portion of the fertile leaf is different from the sterile leaves. In dimorphic (holomorphic) ferns, the two types of leaves are
1933:(2014) developed a new classification of ferns and lycopods. They used the term Polypodiophyta for the ferns, subdivided like Smith et al. into four groups (shown with equivalents in the Smith system), with 21 families, approximately 212 genera and 10,535 species;
1996:, publishing their first complete classification in November 2016. They recognise ferns as a class, the Polypodiopsida, with four subclasses as described by Christenhusz and Chase, and which are phylogenetically related as in this cladogram:
3489:, commonly known as water fern or mosquito ferns are very small, floating plants that do not resemble ferns. The mosquito ferns are used as a biological fertilizer in the rice paddies of southeast Asia, taking advantage of their ability to
6026:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond; Wolf, Paul G.; Hunt, Jeffrey S.; Sipes, Sedonia D. (2001). "Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants".
2706:
In the
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the Polypodiopsida consist of four subclasses, 11 orders, 48 families, 319 genera, and an estimated 10,578 species. Thus Polypodiopsida in the broad sense
6072:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Wolf, Paul G.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond (2004). "Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences".
2978:
rock faces, bodies of water or open fields. Ferns in general may be thought of as largely being specialists in marginal habitats, often succeeding in places where various environmental factors limit the success of
2940:
135 million years ago, nearly simultaneously with the trait's evolution in angiosperms. However, nectary-associated diversifications in ferns did not hit their stride until nearly 100 million years later, in the
627:, as ornamental plants, and for remediating contaminated soil. They have been the subject of research for their ability to remove some chemical pollutants from the atmosphere. Some fern species, such as bracken (
1140:, but also suggested that uncertainties remained in their precise placement. Other classifications have raised Ophioglossales to the rank of a fifth class, separating the whisk ferns and ophioglossoid ferns.
3290:
unpaired chromosomes, i.e. half the number of the sporophyte. The gametophyte of ferns is a free-living organism, whereas the gametophyte of the gymnosperms and angiosperms is dependent on the sporophyte.
4517:"Complete plastid genomes from Ophioglossum californicum, Psilotum nudum, and Equisetum hyemale reveal an ancestral land plant genome structure and resolve the position of Equisetales among monilophytes"
2727:) between the systems of the PPG on the one hand and Christenhusz and Chase on the other, respectively. In 2018, Christenhusz and Chase explicitly argued against recognizing as many genera as PPG I.
5567:
Species
Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas
3146:
1360:
In addition they defined 11 orders and 37 families. That system was a consensus of a number of studies, and was further refined. The phylogenetic relationships are shown in the following
6205:
Schuettpelz, Eric; Rouhan, Germinal; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Rothfels, Carl J.; Prado, Jefferson; Sundue, Michael A.; Windham, Michael D.; Moran, Robbin C.; Smith, Alan R. (1 June 2018).
883:: A green, photosynthetic structure that is one cell thick, usually heart or kidney shaped, 3–10 mm long and 2–8 mm broad. The prothallus produces gametes by means of:
7684:
1039:, the term fern allies should be abandoned, except in a historical context. More recent genetic studies demonstrated that the Lycopodiophyta are more distantly related to other
6272:
Stein, W. E.; Mannolini, F.; Hernick, L. V.; Landling, E.; Berry, C. M. (2007). "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa".
5212:
Shukla, Anoop Kumar; Upadhyay, Santosh Kumar; Mishra, Manisha; et al. (26 October 2016). "Expression of an insecticidal fern protein in cotton protects against whitefly".
4472:
Rai, Hardeep S. & Graham, Sean W. (2010). "Utility of a large, multigene plastid data set in inferring higher-order relationships in ferns and relatives (monilophytes)".
2993:) growing in tropical lakes, both species forming large aggressively spreading colonies. There are four particular types of habitats that ferns are found in: moist, shady
6169:
3403:
Ferns are not as important economically as seed plants, but have considerable importance in some societies. Some ferns are used for food, including the fiddleheads of
876:, whereas those of seed plants develop within the spore wall and are dependent on the parent sporophyte for their nutrition. A fern gametophyte typically consists of:
5638:
Synopsis filicum: earum genera et species systematice complectens: adjectis lycopodineis, et descriptionibus novarum et rariorum specierum: cum tabulis aeneis quinque
6484:
7689:
682:, and some are semi-evergreen depending on the climate. Like the sporophytes of seed plants, those of ferns consist of stems, leaves and roots. Ferns differ from
9972:
3378:
1767:
341:
3761:. The process, patented by the artist and publisher Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. The first publication to demonstrate this was
3967:
leaves that somewhat resemble fern fronds. However, these plants have fully developed seeds contained in fruits, rather than the microscopic spores of ferns.
9809:
9655:
9625:
9402:
8921:
4625:"Complete plastome sequences of Equisetum arvense and Isoetes flaccida: implications for phylogeny and plastid genome evolution of early land plant lineages"
3498:
3185:
9835:
9815:
9803:
9577:
10041:
9990:
9875:
9849:
9829:
9743:
9649:
9532:
8909:
3895:. They are harvested, dried, dyed green, and then sold as a plant that can live on air. While it may look like a fern, it is merely the skeleton of this
5076:
The Ferns (Filicales): Volume 1, Analytical
Examination of the Criteria of Comparison: Treated Comparatively with a View to their Natural Classification
9869:
9857:
9843:
9631:
9619:
9601:
9583:
9544:
9538:
9388:
8915:
7822:
10030:
9978:
9938:
9863:
9773:
9767:
9755:
9749:
9643:
9637:
9613:
9550:
9761:
9661:
9589:
9475:
8725:
6005:
Melan, M. A.; Whittier, D. P. (1990). "Effects of
Inorganic Nitrogen Sources on Spore Germination and Gametophyte Growth in Botrychium Dissectum".
1007:; and the leptosporangiate ferns. The Marattiaceae are a primitive group of tropical ferns with large, fleshy rhizomes and are now thought to be a
6137:
Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (1 July 2009). "Is
Morphology Really at Odds with Molecules in Estimating Fern Phylogeny?".
10449:
9416:
9360:
9354:
8927:
6414:
6320:
972:(vascular plants), Polypodiopsida, although this name sometimes only refers to leptosporangiate ferns. Traditionally, all of the spore producing
10105:
9410:
9348:
9057:
7890:
6564:
809:, even though they grow underground only in some of the species. Epiphytic species and many of the terrestrial ones have above-ground creeping
2899:, when many modern families of ferns first appeared. Ferns evolved to cope with low-light conditions present under the canopy of angiosperms.
10096:
9896:
9821:
9251:
698:
branching and producing many sporangia. Also unlike bryophytes, fern sporophytes are free-living and only briefly dependent on the maternal
9984:
9374:
8737:
7740:
6382:
1980:
This was a considerable reduction in the number of families from the 37 in the system of Smith et al., since the approach was more that of
740:
9368:
8853:
5186:
3482:, and the British Royal Horticultural Society has advised not to consume any species for health reasons of both humans and livestock.
538:
by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients, and in having life cycles in which the branched
5472:
9294:
7556:
5787:
6527:
6518:
5101:
10393:
2906:
neochrome in the two orders
Cyatheales and Polypodiales, integral to their adaptation to low-light conditions, was obtained via
686:
in that they reproduce by spores rather than having flowers and producing seeds. However, they also differ from spore-producing
4928:
3753:
3313:(a process of cell division which maintains the number of chromosomes). The gametophyte typically consists of a photosynthetic
6535:
6186:
5622:
5547:
5170:
4456:
4292:
4231:
4204:
4149:
3751:
The dried form of ferns was used in other arts, such as a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work,
10398:
3549:). Perennial (also known as hardy) ferns planted in gardens in the northern hemisphere also have a considerable following.
1674:
311:
10444:
6476:
3093:
2895:, the first evidence of ferns related to several modern families appeared. The great fern radiation occurred in the late
7883:
3350:
Sometimes a gametophyte can give rise to sporophyte traits like roots or sporangia without the rest of the sporophyte.
3106:
9244:
7746:
5600:
5448:
5366:
3748:
structure is described by a mathematical function, applied repeatedly at different scales to create a frond pattern.
714:
130:
4942:"Convergent evolution of fern nectaries facilitated independent recruitment of ant-bodyguards from flowering plants"
4258:
3829:
Ferns are the national emblem of New
Zealand and feature on its passport and in the design of its national airline,
3807:
night will, by possession of it, be guided and be able to travel invisibly to the locations where eternally blazing
3356:
3170:
3016:
Especially the epiphytic ferns have turned out to be hosts of a huge diversity of invertebrates. It is assumed that
1647:
899:: A flask-shaped structure that produces a single egg at the bottom, reached by the sperm by swimming down the neck.
573:. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the
297:
7933:
6641:
6429:
3122:
1580:
267:
111:
3850:
Several non-fern plants (and even animals) are called ferns and are sometimes confused with ferns. These include:
991:
Traditionally, three discrete groups have been denominated ferns: two groups of eusporangiate ferns, the families
7928:
7080:
6613:
83:
3496:
Ferns have proved resistant to phytophagous insects. The gene that express the protein Tma12 in an edible fern,
911:-like structures (not true roots) that consist of single greatly elongated cells, that absorb water and mineral
7561:
4335:
3977:
763:. The fertile leaves are much narrower than the sterile leaves, and may have no green tissue at all, as in the
68:
17:
9273:
8012:
8002:
7985:
7876:
7011:
6547:
90:
9299:
9289:
9237:
7730:
7317:
6832:
1989:
364:
6234:
Smith, Alan R.; Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz; Petra Korall; Harald Schneider; Paul G. Wolf (2006).
4280:
3629:
is a specialist in the study of pteridophytes in a broader sense that includes the more distantly related
984:. This can be confusing because members of the division Pteridophyta were also denominated pteridophytes (
7812:
7566:
5818:
7546:
5614:
5054:
3257:
1993:
865:
6459:
6343:
Underwood, L. M. (1903). "The early writers on ferns and their collections.— I. Linnaeus, 1707-1778".
2723:
Smith et al.) Classification of ferns remains unresolved and controversial with competing viewpoints (
1984:
rather than splitting. For instance a number of families were reduced to subfamilies. Subsequently, a
608:, consisting of the leptosporangiates and eusporangiates, is estimated to have originated in the late
97:
7696:
6437:
4223:
Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows
4259:
Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism - Botany 2019
4087:
Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022).
1172:
1075:
Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the
1047:, while both the whisk ferns and horsetails are as closely related to leptosporangiate ferns as the
9284:
7868:
7834:
7679:
6729:
6345:
5561:
3719:
2907:
1908:
872:
of ferns, however, are very different from those of seed plants. They are free-living and resemble
821:, the scaly tree ferns). These can reach up to 20 meters (66 ft) tall in a few species (e.g.,
5658:
5636:
782:
of bracken. In this species the stems grow underground, allowing the plant to spread horizontally.
8017:
5382:
5255:
4269:
79:
57:
10411:
6406:
6390:
5565:
5332:
1011:
to the leptosporangiate ferns. Several other groups of species were considered fern allies: the
10361:
7664:
7588:
6601:
6582:
5966:
May, Lenore Wile (1978). "The economic uses and associated folklore of ferns and fern allies".
5677:
2997:; crevices in rock faces, especially when sheltered from the full sun; acid wetlands including
2921:
Due to the very large genome seen in most ferns, it was suspected they might have gone through
1882:
1076:
616:, the group that makes up 80% of living fern diversity, did not appear and diversify until the
35:
7393:
5075:
5035:
4221:
4194:
4139:
2945:. There is weak support for the rise of fern-feeding arthropods driving this diversification.
10406:
7980:
7829:
5678:"Fossilized Nuclei and Chromosomes Reveal 180 Million Years of Genomic Stasis in Royal Ferns"
3913:
3253:
3047:
2937:
2903:
1353:
1302:
774:
620:, contemporaneous with the rise of flowering plants that came to dominate the world's flora.
562:
64:
31:
9218:
10439:
9213:
8959:
7551:
7448:
7403:
7075:
6634:
6283:
6235:
6036:
5977:
5968:
5930:
5810:
5691:
5525:
5190:
4953:
4883:
4703:
4636:
4528:
3523:
3429:
3113:
2930:
2864:
2724:
2478:
2124:
1985:
1973:
1349:
1092:
927:(1753) originally recognized 15 genera of ferns and fern allies, classifying them in class
787:
578:
448:
7051:
3699:, a glazed cabinet that would exclude air pollutants and maintain the necessary humidity.
3455:. Fern tubers were used for food 30,000 years ago in Europe. Fern tubers were used by the
941:(mosses). By 1806 this had increased to 38 genera, and has progressively increased since (
844:
Roots are underground non-photosynthetic structures that take up water and nutrients from
8:
9595:
8378:
8361:
8271:
8119:
7721:
7266:
5529:
5476:
3808:
3017:
849:
732:
635:
629:
6287:
6040:
5981:
5695:
4984:
4957:
4941:
4887:
4707:
4640:
4532:
3795:
is thought to be guaranteed to be happy and rich for the rest of their life. Similarly,
3031:
fungi. Many ferns grow only within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern (
1364:(to the level of orders). This division into four major clades was then confirmed using
968:. The ferns are also referred to as Polypodiophyta or, when treated as a subdivision of
9396:
9279:
8654:
8405:
8388:
8230:
8114:
8109:
7997:
7975:
7963:
7938:
7659:
7524:
7302:
6994:
6780:
6676:
6453:
Mickel, John T.; Wagner, Warren H.; Gifford, Ernest M.; et al. (4 February 2019).
6362:
6307:
6260:
6156:
6125:
6060:
6018:
5993:
5913:
5886:
5762:
5715:
5237:
4906:
4871:
4726:
4691:
4667:
4624:
4559:
4516:
4115:
4088:
3930:
3566:
3390:
3162:
3080:
3071:
1875:
1333:
1048:
833:
691:
598:
582:
457:
359:
5119:
4296:
10293:
10232:
10071:
9450:
9444:
9120:
9021:
9009:
8832:
8546:
8366:
8297:
8287:
8217:
8007:
7970:
7958:
7948:
7817:
6666:
6661:
6354:
6299:
6139:
6090:
6052:
5918:
5801:
5782:
5707:
5682:
5663:
5618:
5596:
5576:
5543:
5444:
5362:
5229:
5166:
5145:
5142:
4971:
4911:
4731:
4672:
4654:
4564:
4546:
4489:
4452:
4331:
4227:
4200:
4175:
4145:
4120:
3982:
3869:
3860:
3783:
Ferns figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds. In
3490:
3475:
3033:
1083:
723:. New leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called a crozier or
646:
623:
Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as
6160:
6129:
5997:
5719:
4872:"Horizontal transfer of an adaptive chimeric photoreceptor from bryophytes to ferns"
3707:
3695:
and memorials." The fashion for growing ferns indoors led to the development of the
674:
growth. When woody growth is present, it is found in the stem. Their foliage may be
10308:
10303:
10252:
10242:
10227:
10222:
10208:
9919:
9556:
9518:
9033:
9027:
8991:
8674:
8536:
8421:
8322:
7922:
7603:
7509:
7504:
7458:
7351:
7336:
7297:
7222:
7063:
6987:
6884:
6826:
6331:
6311:
6291:
6274:
6252:
6220:
6148:
6115:
6082:
6064:
6044:
6014:
5985:
5952:
5908:
5900:
5891:
5864:
5832:
5796:
5754:
5740:
5699:
5570:. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. pp. 1061–1100, 1100–1130.
5498:
5221:
4979:
4961:
4901:
4891:
4721:
4711:
4662:
4644:
4554:
4536:
4481:
4319:
4110:
4100:
4008:
3998:
3896:
3737:
3580:
3561:
3443:
3134:
2933:
and other genetic elements that infect genomes and get copied over and over again.
1365:
768:
760:
7398:
5241:
2929:
has shown that their genome size is caused by the accumulation of mobile DNA like
786:
The anatomy of fern leaves can be anywhere from simple to highly divided, or even
104:
10384:
10298:
10288:
10154:
10148:
10081:
9911:
9713:
9526:
9512:
9489:
9382:
9125:
9108:
9015:
8541:
8524:
8307:
8266:
8134:
8124:
8104:
7857:
7839:
7701:
7530:
7480:
7468:
7430:
7366:
7193:
7161:
7122:
7095:
6924:
6919:
6810:
6746:
6627:
6551:
6243:
6211:
6182:
5943:
5778:
5745:
5608:
5537:
5440:
5160:
4716:
3952:
3935:
3918:
3830:
3788:
3784:
3758:
3745:
3648:
3534:
2980:
2922:
2513:
2159:
1900:
1642:
1408:
1102:
1095:
992:
949:
823:
724:
667:
594:
566:
303:
6335:
10434:
10237:
10175:
9948:
9705:
9483:
9428:
9339:
9045:
8985:
8859:
8826:
8784:
8697:
8625:
8620:
8568:
8038:
7953:
7900:
7751:
7716:
7669:
7651:
7615:
7371:
7198:
7176:
7142:
7117:
7100:
7090:
7085:
6967:
6785:
6770:
6724:
6719:
6488:
6152:
5837:
5732:
5728:
4966:
3904:
3791:
night. Although alleged to be exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who sees a
3688:
3656:
3571:
3464:
3306:(a process of cell division which reduces the number of chromosomes by a half).
3213:
2926:
2824:
2408:
2395:
2063:
2050:
1957:
1602:
1504:
1395:
1382:
1325:
1168:
1122:
1040:
1024:
973:
861:
828:
791:
710:
574:
511:
443:
389:
5869:
5850:
4324:
4193:
Fernández, Helena; Kumar, Ashwani; Revilla, Maria Angeles (11 November 2010).
1202:
10428:
10328:
10120:
10076:
9943:
9929:
9469:
9135:
8979:
8942:
8899:
8812:
8788:
8605:
8327:
8302:
8184:
8129:
7787:
7535:
7453:
7425:
7388:
7356:
7292:
7261:
7212:
7112:
6914:
6897:
6820:
6800:
6741:
6736:
6684:
6556:
6358:
5934:
5882:
5814:
5774:
5736:
5557:
5533:
5105:
4975:
4690:
Li, F-W; Kuo, L-Y; Rothfels, CJ; Ebihara, A; Chiou, W-L; et al. (2011).
4658:
4649:
4550:
4105:
3855:
3734:
3711:
3645:
3601:
3542:
3468:
3424:
3229:
3199:
3038:
2535:
2181:
1917:
1896:
1670:
1563:
1451:
1421:
1215:
1185:
1113:
924:
814:
683:
624:
317:
190:
5703:
5408:
4896:
2983:. Some ferns are among the world's most serious weed species, including the
1232:
10323:
10318:
10313:
10247:
10180:
10170:
10162:
10139:
10046:
10035:
10011:
9996:
9778:
9666:
9607:
9196:
9051:
9039:
8779:
8610:
8600:
8400:
8352:
8225:
7782:
7772:
7674:
7383:
6892:
6859:
6510:
6303:
6094:
6086:
6056:
5922:
5878:
5846:
5711:
5280:
5233:
4915:
4735:
4676:
4568:
4541:
4493:
4451:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. xxviii.
4124:
4003:
3696:
3641:
3596:
3510:
3479:
3416:
3366:
2579:
2262:
1967:
1945:
1926:
1903:
considered both lycopods and ferns as subclasses of a class Equisetopsida (
1763:
1491:
1155:
1148:
The ferns are related to other groups as shown in the following cladogram:
1086:
1064:
1052:
1032:
1008:
1004:
996:
977:
969:
965:
957:
613:
347:
5659:"The Middle Devonian plant collections of Francois Stockmans reconsidered"
5306:
4179:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
1747:
1619:
1307:
The classification of Smith et al. in 2006 treated ferns as four classes:
327:
281:
10272:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10196:
10190:
10125:
10115:
10110:
10086:
10021:
10006:
9963:
9953:
9901:
9734:
9695:
9568:
9003:
8997:
8792:
8773:
8731:
8681:
8488:
8431:
8372:
8317:
8250:
8200:
8170:
8152:
8144:
7598:
7583:
7578:
7514:
7376:
7156:
7127:
7026:
7021:
6869:
6709:
6704:
6689:
6505:
5904:
5851:"A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns"
5819:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
5632:
4444:
3993:
3813:
3792:
3529:
3448:
3271:
3249:
3028:
2844:
2802:
2616:
2557:
2466:
2460:
2383:
2377:
2225:
2203:
2112:
2106:
2031:
2025:
1963:
1937:
1904:
1719:
1697:
1576:
1464:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1028:
981:
928:
896:
886:
869:
838:
818:
764:
699:
650:
605:
590:
438:
433:
273:
257:
165:
6454:
6366:
6295:
6264:
5766:
5743:(1 August 2007). "Towards a Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Tracheophyta".
5333:"| Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants | University of Florida, IFAS"
4776:
4485:
3346:
and grows by mitosis into a diploid sporophyte (the typical fern plant).
1252:
10056:
10001:
9887:
9687:
9203:
9130:
9098:
9084:
9067:
8615:
8292:
8081:
8072:
7627:
7620:
7610:
7593:
7276:
7271:
7207:
6999:
6846:
6805:
6699:
6178:
5989:
5783:"A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III"
4086:
4056:
3988:
3939:
3834:
3762:
3715:
3692:
3652:
3609:
3518:
3370:
3314:
3279:
3264:
3237:
3233:
3021:
2896:
2888:
2601:
2491:
2423:
2247:
2137:
2078:
1930:
1912:
1742:
1615:
1520:
1248:
1228:
933:
880:
873:
736:
695:
617:
558:
554:
539:
333:
287:
243:
210:
175:
9229:
6120:
6103:
3158:
3020:
alone contain up to half the invertebrate biomass within a hectare of
1916:
to distinguish it from the narrower use to refer to horsetails alone,
1055:. In fact, the whisk ferns and ophioglossoid ferns are demonstrably a
1020:
8868:
8764:
8630:
8514:
8312:
8092:
8061:
7735:
7632:
7361:
7166:
7147:
7058:
6982:
6902:
6854:
6795:
6775:
6714:
6321:"Classification of Pteridophytes - Short classification of the ferns"
6256:
6048:
5855:
5823:
5758:
5225:
3956:
3888:
3804:
3684:
3630:
3584:), one of the world's worst aquatic weeds. The important fossil fuel
3336:
3217:
3153:
3085:
3052:
2915:
1950:
1941:
1361:
1319:
1060:
1036:
1016:
915:
over the whole structure. Rhizoids anchor the prothallus to the soil.
890:
799:
744:
687:
679:
675:
586:
550:
215:
10355:
7898:
6104:"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns"
4692:"rbcL and matK Earn Two Thumbs Up as the Core DNA Barcode for Ferns"
817:), and many groups have above-ground erect semi-woody trunks (e.g.,
46:
10378:
9140:
8573:
8556:
7992:
7777:
7767:
7711:
7706:
7473:
7346:
7322:
7239:
6909:
6694:
6596:
6225:
6206:
5957:
5938:
4870:
Li, F.-W.; Villarreal, J. C.; Kelly, S.; et al. (6 May 2014).
3960:
3922:
3884:
3876:
3818:
3772:
3680:
3503:
3502:, has been transferred to cotton plants, which became resistant to
3493:
from the air into compounds that can then be used by other plants.
3456:
3176:
3067:
3010:
2971:
2942:
2911:
2892:
2884:
2879:
1043:, having radiated evolutionarily at the base of the vascular plant
1012:
1000:
795:
755:. The arrangement of the sporangia is important in classification.
752:
751:. The sporangia may be covered with a protective coating called an
609:
205:
200:
185:
180:
170:
159:
155:
6540:
735:. Leaves are divided into two types: sporophylls and tropophylls.
9093:
8796:
8595:
8052:
6962:
6957:
6874:
6864:
4759:
4757:
3964:
3796:
3730:
3672:
3660:
3514:
3471:
3452:
3408:
3385:
3321:
3310:
3303:
3268:
3261:
3225:
3063:
2984:
2967:
1981:
904:
806:
779:
220:
195:
4940:
Suissa, Jacob S.; Li, Fay-Wei; Moreau, Corrie S. (24 May 2024).
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4373:
4371:
3339:
sperm fertilizes an egg that remains attached to the prothallus.
1469:
960:
or Filicophyta. Pteridophyta is no longer recognised as a valid
251:
7415:
7307:
7227:
7181:
7171:
7132:
7070:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
6650:
6608:
5642:
3880:
3854:
Asparagus fern—This may apply to one of several species of the
3438:
3343:
3241:
3192:
2994:
2989:
2975:
2955:
953:
852:
and are structurally very similar to the roots of seed plants.
810:
641:
531:
519:
8487:
6572:
4815:
4754:
4604:
3588:
consists of the remains of primitive plants, including ferns.
2987:
fern growing in the Scottish highlands, or the mosquito fern (
639:), are significant weeds worldwide. Some fern genera, such as
9326:
9320:
9079:
8492:
8190:
7904:
7639:
7573:
7495:
7463:
7420:
7312:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7232:
7217:
7186:
7107:
6765:
6756:
6071:
5539:
The Global Flora: Special Edition: GLOVAP Nomenclature Part 1
5383:"Fossils, Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky"
5120:"Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing".
5016:
4803:
4395:
4368:
3892:
3668:
3664:
3460:
3362:
3325:
3299:
3059:
3002:
1056:
1044:
961:
938:
912:
748:
728:
719:
706:
570:
523:
515:
376:
30:
This article is about a group of plants. For other uses, see
6101:
4929:
Genes for seeds arose early in plant evolution, ferns reveal
4791:
4071:
3286:
varies from species to species. The haploid gametophyte has
8583:
7490:
7485:
7137:
6977:
6952:
6947:
6931:
6504:
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Smith, Alan R.; Rothfels, Carl (2009).
6025:
5211:
5123:
4742:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
3800:
3676:
3585:
3557:
3467:. Ferns are generally not known to be poisonous to humans.
3329:
3245:
3221:
3042:
3013:(something like a quarter to a third of all fern species).
3006:
1525:
1079:
era, and considered the ferns as monilophytes, as follows:
908:
845:
671:
546:
535:
527:
237:
8192:
6577:
5587:
Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania – Thomas Reeves Lord
5586:
4851:
4594:
4592:
4590:
2715:
PPG I) needs to be distinguished from the narrower usage (
649:
and make a significant input to the nitrogen nutrition of
7410:
6972:
6619:
6485:
Botanical Garden of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
6318:
5676:
Bomfleur, B.; McLoughlin, S.; Vajda, V. (20 March 2014).
5162:
Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary
4869:
4575:
4046:
4044:
2998:
4414:
3309:
A spore grows into a free-living haploid gametophyte by
2731:
Comparison of fern subdivisions in some classifications
4587:
1907:) encompassing all land plants. This is referred to as
7906:
5727:
Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.;
4041:
4028:
President, International Association of Pteridologists
3787:, ferns are believed to bloom once a year, during the
3294:
The life cycle of a typical fern proceeds as follows:
4344:
4240:
4192:
3621:
The study of ferns and other pteridophytes is called
1125:(lycophytes) - less than 1% of extant vascular plants
6475:
Hassler, Michael; Schmitt, Bernd (2 November 2019).
6171:
The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns
5141:. Freedom and Liberty Foundation Press. p. 25.
4689:
4356:
4089:"An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life"
3564:. Further examples include Japanese climbing fern (
1966:(=Marattiopsida) - 1 monotypic order (Marattiales,
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8714:
5849:; Zhang, X. C.; Schneider, H. (18 February 2011).
5845:
5524:
4821:
4763:
4383:
4323:
2883:) first appear in the fossil record in the middle
8663:
8387:
6204:
5929:
5877:
4839:
4809:
4408:
4377:
1960:(=Psilotopsida) - 2 monotypic orders ~ 92 species
944:
10426:
8216:
6477:"Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World"
5809:
5607:Ranker, Tom A.; Haufler, Christopher H. (2008).
5409:"Pteridomania - the Victorian passion for ferns"
5139:The Official Pocket Edible Plant Survival Manual
5102:"Stone Age humans liked their burgers in a bun".
4827:
4797:
4777:"Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL"
4144:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 492.
4082:
4080:
3840:
3240:) in reproducing by means of spores and lacking
8895:
6415:University of California Museum of Paleontology
6136:
5453:
5004:
4876:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4748:
3051:), with an overlapping range, is found only on
1296:
980:, rendering the term synonymous with ferns and
8845:
8494:
6541:Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards).
6520:A classification of the ferns and their allies
6474:
6102:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016).
5675:
4992:
4939:
4857:
3775:were popular in America in the 1970s and 80s.
948:). Ferns were traditionally classified in the
9245:
8036:
7884:
6635:
6004:
5726:
5610:Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes
5606:
5273:
4581:
4465:
4317:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4077:
3946:
2872:
7741:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
6558:Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland
6543:The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles
6233:
5887:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
5130:
5088:Indigenous Fermented Foods of Southeast Asia
4431:
4174:(2nd Revised ed.). Juta & Company.
3767:The Discovery of the Nature Printing-Process
3478:for their flavor. Some species of ferns are
3433:is also used in the tropics (for example in
3298:A diploid sporophyte phase produces haploid
653:. They also play certain roles in folklore.
6503:
6271:
6167:
5773:
5473:"Traditional Finnish Midsummer celebration"
5436:
5434:
5100:Van Gilder Cooke, Sonia (23 October 2010).
5022:
4610:
4598:
4196:Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications
4050:
3908:—a rose family shrub with fern-like leaves.
2948:
9733:
9252:
9238:
9209:
7891:
7877:
6642:
6628:
6380:
5503:Cunningham's Encyclopedia of Magical Herbs
5497:
5491:
5299:
4246:
4172:A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula
4158:
1070:
889:: Small spherical structures that produce
864:, the sporophyte is the dominant phase or
8763:
8512:
6583:International Equisetological Association
6342:
6224:
6119:
5956:
5912:
5868:
5836:
5800:
5055:"A mouse that eats ferns like a dinosaur"
4983:
4965:
4905:
4895:
4725:
4715:
4666:
4648:
4558:
4540:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4471:
4350:
4114:
4104:
3867:Sweetfern—A flowering shrub of the genus
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
7685:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
5788:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
5556:
5431:
5118:Revedin, Anna et al. (18 October 2010).
4362:
4141:Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology
3706:
3612:, Vienna: Imperial Printing Office, 1853
3595:
3128:Fern bed under a forest canopy, Virginia
2005:Nitta et al. 2022 and Fern Tree of life
1398:(club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)
773:
577:, comprising both the leptosporangiate (
9259:
5158:
4623:Karol, Kenneth G.; et al. (2010).
4219:
4137:
3799:tradition holds that one who finds the
3757:, is a notable example of this type of
3045:soils, while the bulblet bladder fern (
3027:Many ferns depend on associations with
2966:Fern species live in a wide variety of
731:. This uncurling of the leaf is termed
14:
10450:Extant Late Devonian first appearances
10427:
5645:: Impensis Bibliopolii novi academici.
5631:
5159:Moerman, Daniel E. (27 October 2010).
5136:
5052:
4501:
4443:
4389:
4169:
3754:The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland
3447:(king fern) are a traditional food in
3388:) and sporophyte (ascendant frond) of
3078:) has been found to eat the spores of
10360:
10359:
9233:
8486:
7872:
6623:
6168:Schuettpelz, Eric (2007). "Table 1".
5939:"PPG recognises too many fern genera"
5656:
5583:Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania
5356:
5256:"Ferns: A Classic Shade Garden Plant"
4845:
4622:
4514:
3702:
3070:, so some vertebrates eat these. The
2745:Christenhusz & Chase (2014, 2018)
2711:) as used by the PPG (Polypodiopsida
6405:
6381:McCausland, Jim (22 February 2019).
6108:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
5443:, Boston, MA: Academic Press, 1993,
5407:Boyd, Peter D. A. (2 January 2002).
5406:
4833:
4138:Mauseth, James D. (September 2008).
3342:The fertilized egg is now a diploid
3274:phases. The diploid sporophyte has 2
805:Fern stems are often loosely called
747:which are usually clustered to form
690:in that, like seed plants, they are
612:period 423.2 million years ago, but
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
6430:"Classifying and identifying ferns"
6428:
6236:"A classification for extant ferns"
5965:
5650:
5459:
5010:
3740:who first described it in his book
3552:Several ferns, such as bracken and
3441:) as food. Tubers from the "para",
3332:on the same prothallus) by mitosis.
3094:New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat
3041:will grow only in moist, intensely
2820: Subclass Ophioglossidae
2817: Subclass Ophioglossidae
2812: Subclass Ophioglossidae
717:and in ferns, it is often called a
713:part of the plant is technically a
24:
6452:
6319:Radoslaw Janusz Walkowiak (2017).
6019:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01325.x
4998:
4515:Grewe, Felix; et al. (2013).
3474:were chewed by the natives of the
2719:) of Smith et al. (Polypodiopsida
1089:(tracheophytes) - vascular plants
25:
10461:
7690:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
6589:
6389:. Sunset Magazine. Archived from
6207:"Are there too many fern genera?"
5053:Walker, Matt (19 February 2010).
4220:Hodgson, Larry (1 January 2005).
4072:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016
3527:) and other members of the genus
2860: Subclass Polypodiidae
2857: Subclass Polypodiidae
2854: Subclass Polypodiidae
743:do not. Fern spores are borne in
9208:
7853:
7852:
6607:
6595:
5802:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
5585:. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press.
3377:
3355:
3184:
3169:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3105:
2840: Subclass Marattiidae
2837: Subclass Marattiidae
2834: Subclass Marattiidae
2798: Subclass Equisetidae
2795: Subclass Equisetidae
2792: Subclass Equisetidae
1766:
1746:
1673:
1646:
1618:
1579:
1524:
1468:
1251:
1231:
1201:
1171:
976:were informally denominated the
363:
340:
326:
310:
296:
280:
266:
250:
236:
163:
45:
6536:Register of fossil Pteridophyta
6524:(Australian National Herbarium)
5512:
5475:. Saunalahti.fi. Archived from
5465:
5400:
5375:
5350:
5325:
5248:
5205:
5179:
5152:
5112:
5094:
5080:
5069:
5046:
5028:
4933:
4922:
4863:
4769:
4683:
4616:
4437:
4311:
4295:. Basic Biology. Archived from
4285:
4281:Fern Structure - Forest Service
4274:
4270:Fern Structure - Forest Service
4263:
4022:
3636:
3260:, characterized by alternating
2814: Subclass Psilotidae
1116:- seed plants, ~260,000 species
553:that are more complex than the
414:Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm.
56:needs additional citations for
9219:Current definitions of Plantae
6578:British Pteridological Society
5831:(3). Magnolia Press: 201–217.
5595:. Portland, OR: Timber Press.
4449:New Flora of the British Isles
4252:
4213:
4186:
4131:
3978:British Pteridological Society
3887:that are distantly related to
3824:
3687:"appearing on everything from
3616:
3541:) is also popular, as are the
3521:, especially the Boston fern (
3224:(megaphylls), which are often
1970:, 2 subfamilies) ~ 130 species
855:
656:
13:
1:
6407:"Pteridopsida: Fossil Record"
5165:. Timber Press. p. 190.
4810:Christenhusz & Chase 2018
4409:Christenhusz & Chase 2014
4035:
3864:, which are flowering plants.
3841:Organisms confused with ferns
3833:, and of its rugby team, the
3207:
2936:Ferns appear to have evolved
931:in two groups, Filices (e.g.
661:
585:, the latter group including
7731:History of plant systematics
7318:Thorns, spines, and prickles
5562:"Cryptogamia: Filices Musci"
4798:Christenhusz & Byng 2016
4717:10.1371/journal.pone.0026597
3845:
2002:Christenhusz and Chase 2014
1990:Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
1976:(=Polypodiopsida) - 7 orders
1297:Nomenclature and subdivision
1143:
1067:are arguably another clade.
866:generation in the life cycle
666:Extant ferns are herbaceous
569:that uncoil and expand into
7:
6374:
6336:10.13140/RG.2.2.29934.20809
6007:Plant, Cell and Environment
5931:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.
5879:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.
5811:Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.
5526:Christenhusz, Maarten M. J.
3970:
3778:
1373:
956:of the Plant Kingdom named
919:
483:Cantino & Donoghue 2007
10:
10466:
10445:Non-timber forest products
7547:Alternation of generations
6649:
6153:10.1600/036364409789271209
6075:American Journal of Botany
5838:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
5615:Cambridge University Press
5593:A Natural History of Ferns
5359:A Natural History of Ferns
5036:"Ferns Brimming With Life"
4967:10.1038/s41467-024-48646-x
4474:American Journal of Botany
4093:Frontiers in Plant Science
3947:Fern-like flowering plants
3905:Chamaebatiaria millefolium
3591:
3258:alternation of generations
2961:
2873:Evolution and biogeography
2742:Christenhusz et al. (2011)
1994:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
1954:) horsetails ~ 20 species)
1300:
29:
10368:
10281:
10215:
10203:
10189:
10161:
10147:
10138:
10095:
10064:
10055:
10020:
9962:
9928:
9910:
9886:
9798:
9791:
9726:
9704:
9686:
9679:
9567:
9507:
9500:
9461:
9436:
9427:
9337:
9312:
9308:
9268:
9191:
9107:
9066:
8955:
8940:
8891:
8882:
8841:
8821:
8810:
8759:
8750:
8710:
8695:
8691:
8651:
8647:
8582:
8555:
8523:
8508:
8504:
8482:
8430:
8414:
8396:
8350:
8346:
8280:
8259:
8247:
8243:
8212:
8183:
8161:
8143:
8091:
8071:
8051:
8047:
8032:
7916:
7848:
7796:
7760:
7697:Cultivated plant taxonomy
7660:Biological classification
7650:
7523:
7439:
7335:
7285:
7010:
6940:
6883:
6845:
6819:
6755:
6675:
6657:
6565:Non-seed plant images at
6438:The University of Waikato
5870:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
5591:Moran, Robbin C. (2004).
5505:. Llewellyn. p. 102.
5313:. CAB International. 2018
5287:. CAB International. 2018
4199:. Springer. p. 175.
3606:Blätter des Manns Walfarn
3513:as landscape plants, for
3413:Matteuccia struthiopteris
3320:The gametophyte produces
3009:, where many species are
2923:whole genome duplications
2739:Chase & Reveal (2009)
2614:
2599:
2592:
2577:
2570:
2555:
2548:
2533:
2526:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2482:
2464:
2454:
2421:
2406:
2399:
2381:
2371:
2364:
2260:
2245:
2238:
2223:
2216:
2201:
2194:
2179:
2172:
2157:
2150:
2135:
2128:
2110:
2100:
2076:
2061:
2054:
2044:
2029:
2019:
2004:
2001:
1761:
1740:
1733:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1688:
1668:
1661:
1640:
1633:
1613:
1606:
1574:
1567:
1557:
1518:
1502:
1495:
1462:
1455:
1445:
1438:
1419:
1412:
1393:
1386:
1246:
1226:
1219:
1196:
1189:
1166:
1159:
1035:. Since this grouping is
798:). The divided forms are
463:
456:
424:
419:
360:Scientific classification
358:
230:
147:
27:Class of vascular plants
7557:Evolutionary development
6567:bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
6529:A fern book bibliography
5731:; Olmstead, Richard G.;
5581:Lord, Thomas R. (2006).
5518:
5415:. Revised: web version.
4650:10.1186/1471-2148-10-321
4629:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4521:BMC Evolutionary Biology
4106:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768
4015:
3817:mark the spot of hidden
3733:named after the British
3720:Iterated function system
3578:) and Giant water fern (
3509:Many ferns are grown in
3437:, a traditional dish of
3421:Osmundastrum cinnamomeum
3157:hart's tongue fern in a
3100:) also eat fern spores.
2949:Distribution and habitat
2908:horizontal gene transfer
1992:(PPG), analogous to the
1352:(Filicopsida) 7 orders (
1031:; and the horsetails of
952:Filices, and later in a
945:Schuettpelz et al (2018)
761:morphologically distinct
7208:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
6460:Encyclopædia Britannica
5704:10.1126/science.1249884
5137:Pelton, Robert (2011).
4897:10.1073/pnas.1319929111
4822:Christenhusz et al 2018
4764:Christenhusz et al 2011
4599:Chase & Reveal 2009
4226:. Rodale. p. 329.
3398:
3058:The spores are rich in
1314:(Sphenopsida) 1 order,
1289:(vascular plants)
1071:Molecular phylogenetics
1003:, and grape ferns) and
542:is the dominant phase.
7823:by author abbreviation
7747:Plant taxonomy systems
7665:Botanical nomenclature
6087:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1582
5847:Christenhusz, M. J. M.
5357:Moran, Robbin (2004).
4542:10.1186/1471-2148-13-8
4378:Schuettpelz et al 2018
4170:Levyns, M. R. (1966).
3803:of a fern in bloom on
3722:
3613:
3196:duckweed fern covering
2775:ferns (Polypodiophyta)
1988:group was formed, the
1354:leptosporangiate ferns
1077:molecular phylogenetic
783:
778:Croziers, fronds, and
565:. They produce coiled
563:leptosporangiate ferns
36:Ferns (disambiguation)
10407:Paleobiology Database
9973:Acrostichopteridaceae
7830:Botanical expeditions
6573:American Fern Society
5657:Berry, Chris (2009).
5542:. Plant Gateway Ltd.
5260:extension.sdstate.edu
4946:Nature Communications
3914:Jacaranda mimosifolia
3710:
3599:
3112:In undergrowth below
3098:Mystacina tuberculata
3048:Cystopteris bulbifera
2938:extrafloral nectaries
2887:period, ca. 390
1303:List of fern families
1301:Further information:
1027:; the whisk ferns of
777:
522:) that reproduce via
32:Fern (disambiguation)
9214:List of plant orders
9094:Pinopsida (conifers)
9080:Cycadopsida (cycads)
9072:(living gymnosperms)
8569:Leiosporocerotopsida
8288:Nephroselmidophyceae
7562:Evolutionary history
7552:Double fertilization
7404:Cellular respiration
6616:at Wikimedia Commons
6550:3 March 2016 at the
6434:Science Learning Hub
6411:Plants: Pteridopsida
5969:The Botanical Review
5741:Donoghue, Michael J.
5479:on 19 September 2011
5214:Nature Biotechnology
4749:Schneider et al 2009
3651:which involved fern
3556:species are noxious
3524:Nephrolepis exaltata
3430:Diplazium esculentum
2851:Class Polypodiopsida
2783:Class Polypodiopsida
2768:ferns (monilophytes)
2725:splitting vs lumping
65:improve this article
9810:Anachoropteridaceae
9656:Gondwanostachyaceae
9626:Manchurostachyaceae
9596:Archaeocalamitaceae
9403:Pseudosporochnaceae
8922:Archaeopteridopsida
8655:Polysporangiophytes
8379:Klebsormidiophyceae
8362:Mesostigmatophyceae
8308:Chlorodendrophyceae
8272:Pyramimonadophyceae
8226:Prasinodermophyceae
8120:Compsopogonophyceae
6781:Non-vascular plants
6491:on 2 September 2017
6296:10.1038/nature05705
6288:2007Natur.446..904S
6041:2001Natur.409..618S
5982:1978BotRv..44..491M
5696:2014Sci...343.1376B
5690:(6177): 1376–1377.
5441:Fractals Everywhere
5337:plants.ifas.ufl.edu
5309:Azolla filiculoides
5283:Pteridium aquilinum
5193:on 11 November 2011
5040:Science | AAAS
4958:2024NatCo..15.4392S
4888:2014PNAS..111.6672L
4858:Bomfleur et al 2014
4779:. FTOL v1.3.0. 2022
4708:2011PLoSO...626597L
4641:2010BMCEE..10..321K
4533:2013BMCEE..13....8G
4486:10.3732/ajb.0900305
3959:and members of the
3742:Fractals Everywhere
3655:and fern motifs in
3499:Tectaria macrodonta
3485:Ferns of the genus
3405:Pteridium aquilinum
3228:. They differ from
3202:, Western Australia
3076:Apodemus sylvaticus
2974:elevations, to dry
2831:Class Marattiopsida
2789:Class Equisetopsida
2736:Smith et al. (2006)
2732:
1940:(=Equisetopsida) -
1334:ophioglossoid ferns
1270:(seed plants)
1049:ophioglossoid ferns
733:circinate vernation
692:polysporangiophytes
636:Azolla filiculoides
630:Pteridium aquilinum
599:ophioglossoid ferns
583:eusporangiate ferns
545:Ferns have complex
534:. They differ from
10228:Rhachidosoridaceae
9836:Botryopteridiaceae
9816:Psalixochlaenaceae
9804:Anachoropteridales
9578:Asterocalamitaceae
9397:Pseudosporochnales
9113:(flowering plants)
9034:Lyginopteridopsida
8827:Eophyllophytopsida
8780:Zosterophyllopsida
8718:Paratracheophytes*
8496:sensu strictissimo
8406:Coleochaetophyceae
8389:Phragmoplastophyta
8231:Palmophyllophyceae
8153:Glaucocystophyceae
8115:Stylonematophyceae
8110:Porphyridiophyceae
7899:Classification of
7286:Surface structures
7081:Flower development
6440:. 3 September 2018
6393:on 30 October 2021
6383:"Rediscover ferns"
5990:10.1007/BF02860848
5905:10.1093/aob/mct299
5733:Soltis, Douglas E.
5413:Antique Collecting
5187:"Dol Sot Bibimbap"
4582:Cantino et al 2007
3931:Filicium decipiens
3723:
3703:Other applications
3614:
3576:Onoclea sensibilis
3567:Lygodium japonicum
3391:Onoclea sensibilis
3163:limestone pavement
3081:Culcita macrocarpa
3072:European woodmouse
2809:Class Psilotopsida
2730:
1507:(grapeferns etc.)
848:. They are always
834:Cyathea medullaris
784:
633:) and water fern (
10422:
10421:
10362:Taxon identifiers
10353:
10352:
10349:
10348:
10345:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10337:
10336:
10294:Didymochlaenaceae
10233:Diplaziopsidaceae
10134:
10133:
10072:Thyrsopteridaceae
10065:Thyrsopteridineae
10042:Hydropteridiaceae
9991:Stachypteridaceae
9876:Urnatopteridaceae
9850:Senftenbergiaceae
9830:Botryopteridiales
9787:
9786:
9744:Knorripteridaceae
9722:
9721:
9675:
9674:
9650:Echinostachyaceae
9533:Aspidostachyaceae
9451:Stauropteridaceae
9437:†Stauropterididae
9227:
9226:
9187:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9155:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9121:Basal angiosperms
9022:Gigantopteridales
8971:seed plant groups
8969:and other extinct
8936:
8935:
8910:Noeggerathiopsida
8878:
8877:
8833:Trimerophytopsida
8806:
8805:
8746:
8745:
8702:(vascular plants)
8667:Protracheophytes*
8643:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8606:Andreaeobryopsida
8547:Jungermanniopsida
8478:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8454:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8367:Chlorokybophyceae
8342:
8341:
8338:
8337:
8298:Chloropicophyceae
8239:
8238:
8218:Prasinodermophyta
8179:
8178:
7866:
7865:
7505:Herbaceous plants
7331:
7330:
6612:Media related to
6282:(7138): 904–907.
6140:Systematic Botany
6121:10.1111/jse.12229
6081:(10): 1582–1598.
6035:(6820): 618–622.
5737:Soltis, Pamela S.
5664:Geologica Belgica
5624:978-0-521-87411-3
5577:Species Plantarum
5549:978-0-9929993-6-0
5499:Cunningham, Scott
5220:(10): 1046–1051.
5172:978-1-60469-189-4
4882:(18): 6672–6677.
4458:978-0-521-70772-5
4320:Braggins, John E.
4233:978-1-57954-966-4
4206:978-1-4419-7162-3
4151:978-1-4496-4720-9
3983:Chirosia betuleti
3809:Will o' the wisps
3476:Pacific Northwest
3034:Lygodium palmatum
3018:bird's-nest ferns
2870:
2869:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2089:
2088:
1892:
1891:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1592:
1591:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1481:
1480:
1356:) ~ 9,000 species
1293:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1098:(euphyllophytes)
561:. Most ferns are
526:and have neither
510:) are a group of
496:
495:
490:
484:
478:
469:
427:†Stauropterididae
415:
141:
140:
133:
115:
16:(Redirected from
10457:
10415:
10414:
10402:
10401:
10389:
10388:
10387:
10357:
10356:
10309:Nephrolepidaceae
10304:Lomariopsidaceae
10253:Thelypteridaceae
10243:Desmophlebiaceae
10223:Cystopteridaceae
10209:Dennstaedtiaceae
10204:Dennstaedtiineae
10145:
10144:
10062:
10061:
9920:Hymenophyllaceae
9870:Discopteridaceae
9858:Urnatopteridales
9844:Senftenbergiales
9796:
9795:
9731:
9730:
9684:
9683:
9632:Notocalamitaceae
9620:Konnostachyaceae
9602:Paracalamitaceae
9584:Autophyllitaceae
9557:Sphenophyllaceae
9545:Boegendorfiaceae
9539:Boegendorfiaceae
9519:Pseudoborniaceae
9505:
9504:
9445:Stauropteridales
9434:
9433:
9389:Iridopteridaceae
9310:
9309:
9295:Acrogymnospermae
9254:
9247:
9240:
9231:
9230:
9212:
9211:
9126:Core angiosperms
9114:
9073:
9068:Acrogymnospermae
9046:Peltaspermopsida
9028:Glossopteridales
9010:Corystospermales
8992:Callistophytales
8972:
8964:
8958:
8953:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8916:Aneurophytopsida
8898:
8893:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8885:
8843:
8842:
8819:
8818:
8815:
8774:Barinophytopsida
8761:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8753:
8717:
8712:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8693:
8692:
8675:Horneophytopsida
8666:
8661:
8660:
8657:
8649:
8648:
8589:
8574:Anthocerotopsida
8562:
8557:Anthocerotophyta
8537:Haplomitriopsida
8530:
8521:
8520:
8517:
8510:
8509:
8506:
8505:
8498:
8484:
8483:
8437:
8428:
8427:
8422:Zygnematophyceae
8412:
8411:
8394:
8393:
8385:
8384:
8355:
8348:
8347:
8323:Trebouxiophyceae
8293:Picocystophyceae
8257:
8256:
8253:
8245:
8244:
8214:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8206:
8196:
8098:
8049:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8034:
8033:
7945:
7925:
7910:
7893:
7886:
7879:
7870:
7869:
7856:
7855:
7835:Individual trees
7510:Secondary growth
7481:Succulent plants
7469:Prostrate shrubs
7352:Apical dominance
7337:Plant physiology
7298:Epicuticular wax
6843:
6842:
6836:
6827:Plant morphology
6644:
6637:
6630:
6621:
6620:
6611:
6600:Data related to
6599:
6515:
6506:"Polypodiopsida"
6500:
6498:
6496:
6487:. Archived from
6471:
6469:
6467:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6370:
6339:
6325:
6315:
6268:
6257:10.2307/25065646
6240:
6230:
6228:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6191:
6185:. Archived from
6176:
6164:
6133:
6123:
6098:
6068:
6049:10.1038/35054555
6022:
6001:
5962:
5960:
5926:
5916:
5892:Annals of Botany
5874:
5872:
5842:
5840:
5806:
5804:
5779:Reveal, James L.
5770:
5759:10.2307/25065865
5723:
5672:
5651:Journal articles
5646:
5628:
5571:
5553:
5507:
5506:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5438:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5361:. Timber Press.
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5226:10.1038/nbt.3665
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5189:. Archived from
5183:
5177:
5176:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5134:
5128:
5116:
5110:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5084:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5057:. BBC Earth News
5050:
5044:
5043:
5032:
5026:
5023:Schuettpelz 2007
5020:
5014:
5008:
5002:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4969:
4937:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4899:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4729:
4719:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4652:
4620:
4614:
4611:Schuettpelz 2007
4608:
4602:
4596:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4544:
4512:
4499:
4497:
4480:(9): 1444–1456.
4469:
4463:
4462:
4441:
4435:
4432:Smith et al.2006
4429:
4412:
4406:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4330:. Timber Press.
4329:
4318:Large, Mark F.;
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4299:on 19 April 2015
4289:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4167:
4156:
4155:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4118:
4108:
4084:
4075:
4069:
4054:
4051:Stein et al 2007
4048:
4029:
4026:
4009:Silver fern flag
3999:Paisley (design)
3953:flowering plants
3738:Michael Barnsley
3714:created using a
3581:Salvinia molesta
3562:invasive species
3535:bird's nest fern
3444:Ptisana salicina
3381:
3359:
3188:
3173:
3149:
3137:
3125:
3109:
2981:flowering plants
2902:Remarkably, the
2877:Fern-like taxa (
2733:
2729:
2595:
2594:
2573:
2572:
2551:
2550:
2529:
2528:
2507:
2506:
2485:
2484:
2457:
2456:
2402:
2401:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2241:
2240:
2219:
2218:
2197:
2196:
2175:
2174:
2153:
2152:
2131:
2130:
2103:
2102:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2022:
2021:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1883:Leptosporangiate
1770:
1750:
1736:
1735:
1722:(heterosporous)
1713:
1712:
1691:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1528:
1498:
1497:
1472:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1415:
1414:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1255:
1235:
1222:
1221:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1152:
1151:
769:Lomariopsidaceae
739:produce spores;
595:marattioid ferns
488:
482:
476:
467:
413:
368:
367:
344:
330:
314:
300:
284:
270:
254:
240:
225:
162:
151:Temporal range:
145:
144:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
49:
41:
21:
10465:
10464:
10460:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10455:
10454:
10425:
10424:
10423:
10418:
10410:
10405:
10397:
10392:
10383:
10382:
10377:
10364:
10354:
10333:
10299:Dryopteridaceae
10289:Hypodematiaceae
10277:
10211:
10199:
10185:
10157:
10155:Saccolomataceae
10149:Saccolomatineae
10130:
10091:
10082:Plagiogyriaceae
10051:
10031:Heroleandraceae
10016:
9979:Cynepteridaceae
9958:
9939:Oligocarpiaceae
9924:
9912:Hymenophyllales
9906:
9882:
9864:Crossothecaceae
9783:
9774:Danaeopsidaceae
9768:Asterothecaceae
9756:Ptychocarpaceae
9750:Pecopteridaceae
9718:
9714:Ophioglossaceae
9700:
9671:
9644:Sorocaulinaceae
9638:Schizoneuraceae
9614:Apocalamitaceae
9563:
9551:Eviostachyaceae
9527:Sphenophyllales
9513:Pseudoborniales
9496:
9490:Zygopteridaceae
9462:†Zygopterididae
9457:
9423:
9383:Iridopteridales
9333:
9304:
9285:Marchantiophyta
9264:
9258:
9228:
9223:
9147:
9112:
9111:
9103:
9071:
9070:
9062:
9016:Czekanowskiales
8970:
8968:
8966:
8965:
8962:
8956:
8946:
8945:
8941:
8932:
8896:
8883:
8874:
8846:Moniliformopses
8837:
8811:
8802:
8752:Eutracheophytes
8751:
8742:
8715:
8701:
8700:
8696:
8687:
8664:
8652:
8635:
8626:Polytrichopsida
8621:Tetraphidopsida
8587:
8586:
8578:
8560:
8559:
8551:
8542:Marchantiopsida
8528:
8527:
8525:Marchantiophyta
8513:
8500:
8446:
8435:
8434:
8426:
8410:
8383:
8351:
8334:
8276:
8267:Mamiellophyceae
8248:
8235:
8204:
8198:
8188:
8187:
8175:
8157:
8139:
8135:Florideophyceae
8125:Rhodellophyceae
8105:Cyanidiophyceae
8096:
8095:
8087:
8067:
8037:
8028:
8027:
7943:
7921:
7912:
7897:
7867:
7862:
7844:
7813:Botanical terms
7806:
7792:
7756:
7702:Citrus taxonomy
7680:Author citation
7646:
7540:
7519:
7441:
7435:
7431:Turgor pressure
7339:
7327:
7281:
7096:Floral symmetry
7014:
7006:
6936:
6925:Vascular bundle
6920:Vascular tissue
6879:
6839:
6830:
6829:
6815:
6786:Vascular plants
6751:
6747:Plant pathology
6671:
6653:
6648:
6592:
6587:
6552:Wayback Machine
6494:
6492:
6465:
6463:
6443:
6441:
6419:
6417:
6396:
6394:
6377:
6353:(10): 145–150.
6323:
6238:
6195:
6193:
6192:on 20 June 2010
6189:
6183:Duke University
6174:
5937:(1 June 2018).
5729:Judd, Walter S.
5653:
5625:
5550:
5521:
5515:
5510:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5480:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5458:
5454:
5439:
5432:
5422:
5420:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5369:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5316:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5249:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5157:
5153:
5135:
5131:
5117:
5113:
5099:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5058:
5051:
5047:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5005:
4997:
4993:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4923:
4868:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4688:
4684:
4621:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4597:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4513:
4502:
4470:
4466:
4459:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4415:
4407:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4253:
4247:McCausland 2019
4245:
4241:
4234:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4191:
4187:
4168:
4159:
4152:
4136:
4132:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4057:
4049:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
3973:
3949:
3936:ornamental tree
3928:Fern leaf tree—
3919:ornamental tree
3897:colonial animal
3848:
3843:
3831:Air New Zealand
3827:
3785:Slavic folklore
3781:
3759:nature printing
3705:
3639:
3619:
3594:
3539:Asplenium nidus
3401:
3394:
3382:
3373:
3360:
3256:referred to as
3220:by having true
3216:differing from
3214:vascular plants
3210:
3203:
3197:
3189:
3180:
3174:
3165:
3150:
3141:
3138:
3129:
3126:
3117:
3110:
3090:Pyrrhula murina
3005:; and tropical
2964:
2951:
2875:
2863: Subclass
2843: Subclass
2823: Subclass
2813:
2801: Subclass
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2514:Hymenophyllales
2444:
2435:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2160:Hymenophyllales
2090:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1643:Hymenophyllales
1593:
1547:
1538:
1482:
1396:Lycopodiophytes
1371:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1284:
1275:
1265:
1146:
1103:Moniliformopses
1096:Euphyllophytina
1073:
1041:vascular plants
997:adder's tongues
993:Ophioglossaceae
974:vascular plants
922:
862:vascular plants
858:
824:Cyathea brownii
664:
659:
512:vascular plants
430:†Zygopterididae
412:
362:
354:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
337:
336:
331:
322:
321:
320:
315:
307:
306:
304:Hymenophyllales
301:
292:
291:
290:
285:
277:
276:
271:
262:
261:
260:
255:
247:
246:
241:
226:
224:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
153:
152:
149:
137:
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10463:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10416:
10403:
10390:
10374:
10372:
10370:Polypodiophyta
10366:
10365:
10351:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10343:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10285:
10283:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10238:Hemidictyaceae
10235:
10230:
10225:
10219:
10217:
10213:
10212:
10207:
10205:
10201:
10200:
10195:
10193:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10183:
10178:
10176:Lonchitidaceae
10173:
10167:
10165:
10159:
10158:
10153:
10151:
10142:
10136:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10129:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10101:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10068:
10066:
10059:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10049:
10044:
10038:
10033:
10026:
10024:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10014:
10009:
10004:
9999:
9993:
9987:
9981:
9975:
9968:
9966:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9956:
9951:
9949:Gleicheniaceae
9946:
9941:
9934:
9932:
9926:
9925:
9923:
9922:
9916:
9914:
9908:
9907:
9905:
9904:
9899:
9892:
9890:
9884:
9883:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9878:
9872:
9866:
9854:
9853:
9852:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9818:
9812:
9799:
9793:
9789:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9781:
9776:
9770:
9764:
9762:Weichseliaceae
9758:
9752:
9746:
9739:
9737:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9717:
9716:
9710:
9708:
9706:Ophioglossales
9702:
9701:
9699:
9698:
9692:
9690:
9681:
9680:Ophioglossidae
9677:
9676:
9673:
9672:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9662:Tchernoviaceae
9658:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9622:
9616:
9610:
9604:
9598:
9592:
9590:Honseleriaceae
9586:
9580:
9573:
9571:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9559:
9553:
9547:
9541:
9535:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9508:
9502:
9498:
9497:
9495:
9494:
9493:
9492:
9484:Zygopteridales
9480:
9479:
9478:
9476:Rhacophytaceae
9465:
9463:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9454:
9453:
9440:
9438:
9431:
9429:Polypodiopsida
9425:
9424:
9422:
9421:
9420:
9419:
9407:
9406:
9405:
9393:
9392:
9391:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9365:
9364:
9363:
9357:
9344:
9342:
9340:Cladoxylopsida
9335:
9334:
9332:
9331:
9330:
9329:
9316:
9314:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9290:Polypodiophyta
9287:
9282:
9277:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9263:classification
9257:
9256:
9249:
9242:
9234:
9225:
9224:
9222:
9221:
9216:
9206:
9200:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9123:
9117:
9115:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9082:
9076:
9074:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9060:
9054:
9052:Pentoxylopsida
9048:
9042:
9036:
9030:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8994:
8988:
8986:Calamopityales
8982:
8975:
8973:
8950:
8943:Spermatophytes
8938:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8930:
8924:
8918:
8912:
8905:
8903:
8900:Progymnosperms
8886:
8880:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8873:
8872:
8865:Polypodiopsida
8862:
8860:Cladoxylopsida
8856:
8849:
8847:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8829:
8822:
8816:
8813:Euphyllophytes
8808:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8800:
8785:Lycopodiopsida
8782:
8776:
8769:
8767:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8726:Cooksoniopsida
8721:
8719:
8705:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8685:
8677:
8670:
8668:
8658:
8645:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8616:Oedipodiopsida
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8592:
8590:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8576:
8571:
8565:
8563:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8533:
8531:
8518:
8502:
8501:
8480:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8468:
8467:
8464:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8440:
8438:
8425:
8424:
8418:
8416:
8409:
8408:
8403:
8397:
8391:
8382:
8381:
8376:
8369:
8364:
8358:
8356:
8344:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8284:
8282:
8278:
8277:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8263:
8261:
8260:Prasinophytina
8254:
8241:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8222:
8220:
8207:
8181:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8167:
8165:
8163:incertae sedis
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8149:
8147:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8101:
8099:
8089:
8088:
8086:
8085:
8077:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8057:
8055:
8042:
8039:Archaeplastida
8030:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8018:Mesomycetozoea
8015:
8010:
8000:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7967:
7966:
7954:Diaphoretickes
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7918:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7901:Archaeplastida
7896:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7873:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7815:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7803:Related topics
7801:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7764:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7755:
7754:
7752:Taxonomic rank
7749:
7744:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7704:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7670:Botanical name
7662:
7656:
7654:
7652:Plant taxonomy
7648:
7647:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7628:Megasporangium
7625:
7624:
7623:
7616:Microsporangia
7608:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7543:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7471:
7461:
7456:
7454:Cushion plants
7445:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7391:
7389:Plant hormones
7386:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7372:Photosynthesis
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7343:
7341:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7210:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7091:Floral formula
7088:
7086:Floral diagram
7083:
7078:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7039:
7029:
7024:
7018:
7016:
7015:(incl. Flower)
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6975:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6917:
6915:Storage organs
6912:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6895:
6889:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6851:
6849:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6801:Spermatophytes
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6771:Archaeplastida
6768:
6762:
6760:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6725:Phytogeography
6722:
6720:Phytochemistry
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6677:Subdisciplines
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6647:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6614:Polypodiopsida
6605:
6604:at Wikispecies
6591:
6590:External links
6588:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6562:
6554:
6538:
6533:
6525:
6516:
6501:
6472:
6450:
6426:
6403:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6340:
6316:
6269:
6251:(3): 705–731.
6231:
6226:10.12705/673.1
6219:(3): 473–480.
6202:
6165:
6147:(3): 455–475.
6134:
6114:(6): 563–603.
6099:
6069:
6023:
6002:
5976:(4): 491–528.
5963:
5958:10.12705/673.2
5951:(3): 481–487.
5935:Chase, Mark W.
5927:
5899:(4): 571–594.
5883:Chase, Mark W.
5875:
5843:
5807:
5795:(2): 122–127.
5775:Chase, Mark W.
5771:
5724:
5673:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5629:
5623:
5604:
5589:
5579:
5558:Linnaeus, Carl
5554:
5548:
5534:Byng, James W.
5520:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5490:
5464:
5452:
5430:
5399:
5374:
5367:
5349:
5324:
5298:
5272:
5247:
5204:
5178:
5171:
5151:
5129:
5111:
5093:
5079:
5068:
5045:
5042:. 2 June 2004.
5027:
5015:
5003:
4991:
4932:
4921:
4862:
4850:
4838:
4826:
4814:
4802:
4790:
4768:
4753:
4741:
4702:(10): e26597.
4682:
4635:(1): 321–336.
4615:
4603:
4586:
4574:
4500:
4464:
4457:
4436:
4413:
4394:
4382:
4367:
4355:
4351:Underwood 1903
4343:
4336:
4310:
4284:
4273:
4262:
4251:
4239:
4232:
4212:
4205:
4185:
4157:
4150:
4130:
4076:
4055:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3926:
3909:
3900:
3874:
3865:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3826:
3823:
3780:
3777:
3704:
3701:
3657:decorative art
3638:
3635:
3618:
3615:
3593:
3590:
3572:sensitive fern
3543:staghorn ferns
3506:infestations.
3465:Canary Islands
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3318:
3307:
3252:, they have a
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3179:ferns in India
3175:
3168:
3166:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3114:coast redwoods
3111:
3104:
2970:, from remote
2963:
2960:
2950:
2947:
2927:DNA sequencing
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:Ophioglossidae
2821:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:Ophioglossales
2405:
2400:
2398:
2396:Ophioglossidae
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:Ophioglossales
2060:
2055:
2053:
2051:Ophioglossidae
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2016:Polypodiopsida
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1961:
1958:Ophioglossidae
1955:
1944:(Equisetales,
1895:Subsequently,
1890:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1645:(filmy ferns)
1639:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1603:Polypodiopsida
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1523:(whisk ferns)
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:Ophioglossales
1501:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:(seed plants)
1422:Spermatophytes
1418:
1413:
1411:
1409:Euphyllophytes
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1358:
1357:
1350:Polypodiopsida
1347:
1337:
1323:
1322:) ~ 15 species
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:Lycopodiophyta
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:Infradivision
1110:
1101:Infradivision
1072:
1069:
1025:Lycopodiophyta
964:because it is
921:
918:
917:
916:
902:
901:
900:
894:
857:
854:
829:Norfolk Island
792:Gleicheniaceae
711:photosynthetic
684:spermatophytes
670:and most lack
663:
660:
658:
655:
575:Polypodiopsida
508:Polypodiophyta
504:Polypodiopsida
494:
493:
492:
491:
485:
479:
477:Endlicher 1836
473:
470:
461:
460:
454:
453:
452:
451:
446:
444:Ophioglossidae
441:
436:
431:
428:
422:
421:
417:
416:
410:Polypodiopsida
407:
403:
402:
400:Polypodiophyta
397:
393:
392:
387:
380:
379:
374:
370:
369:
356:
355:
346:
339:
338:
332:
325:
324:
323:
316:
309:
308:
302:
295:
294:
293:
286:
279:
278:
272:
265:
264:
263:
256:
249:
248:
242:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
228:
227:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
150:
139:
138:
53:
51:
44:
26:
18:Polypodiophyta
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10462:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10432:
10430:
10413:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10395:
10391:
10386:
10380:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10371:
10367:
10363:
10358:
10330:
10329:Polypodiaceae
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10284:
10282:Polypodiineae
10280:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10192:
10188:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10160:
10156:
10152:
10150:
10146:
10143:
10141:
10137:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10121:Dicksoniaceae
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10103:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10094:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10077:Loxsomataceae
10075:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10054:
10048:
10045:
10043:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10023:
10019:
10013:
10010:
10008:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9994:
9992:
9988:
9986:
9982:
9980:
9976:
9974:
9970:
9969:
9967:
9965:
9961:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9944:Dipteridaceae
9942:
9940:
9936:
9935:
9933:
9931:
9930:Gleicheniales
9927:
9921:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9909:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9885:
9877:
9873:
9871:
9867:
9865:
9861:
9860:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9846:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9817:
9813:
9811:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9801:
9800:
9797:
9794:
9790:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9771:
9769:
9765:
9763:
9759:
9757:
9753:
9751:
9747:
9745:
9741:
9740:
9738:
9736:
9732:
9729:
9725:
9715:
9712:
9711:
9709:
9707:
9703:
9697:
9694:
9693:
9691:
9689:
9685:
9682:
9678:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9659:
9657:
9653:
9651:
9647:
9645:
9641:
9639:
9635:
9633:
9629:
9627:
9623:
9621:
9617:
9615:
9611:
9609:
9605:
9603:
9599:
9597:
9593:
9591:
9587:
9585:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9574:
9572:
9570:
9566:
9558:
9554:
9552:
9548:
9546:
9542:
9540:
9536:
9534:
9530:
9529:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9516:
9515:
9514:
9510:
9509:
9506:
9503:
9499:
9491:
9487:
9486:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9473:
9472:
9471:
9470:Rhacophytales
9467:
9466:
9464:
9460:
9452:
9448:
9447:
9446:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9426:
9418:
9417:Steloxylaceae
9414:
9413:
9412:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9399:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9385:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9371:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9361:Voelkeliaceae
9358:
9356:
9355:Cladoxylaceae
9352:
9351:
9350:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9336:
9328:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9318:
9317:
9315:
9311:
9307:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9271:
9270:
9267:
9262:
9255:
9250:
9248:
9243:
9241:
9236:
9235:
9232:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9207:
9205:
9201:
9198:
9194:
9193:
9190:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9110:
9106:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9088:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9069:
9065:
9059:
9055:
9053:
9049:
9047:
9043:
9041:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9029:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9011:
9007:
9005:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8993:
8989:
8987:
8983:
8981:
8980:Bennettitales
8977:
8976:
8974:
8961:
8960:Pteridosperms
8954:
8951:
8947:(seed plants)
8944:
8939:
8929:
8928:Protopityales
8925:
8923:
8919:
8917:
8913:
8911:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8881:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8857:
8855:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8834:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8817:
8814:
8809:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8775:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8755:
8749:
8739:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8699:
8698:Tracheophytes
8694:
8690:
8684:
8683:
8678:
8676:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8662:
8659:
8656:
8650:
8646:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8611:Andreaeopsida
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8591:
8585:
8581:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8558:
8554:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8534:
8532:
8526:
8522:
8519:
8516:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8497:
8490:
8485:
8481:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8436:(land plants)
8433:
8429:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8386:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8349:
8345:
8329:
8328:Chlorophyceae
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8303:Pedinophyceae
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:Chlorophytina
8279:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8246:
8242:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8208:
8202:
8197:
8195:
8186:
8185:Viridiplantae
8182:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8146:
8142:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8130:Bangiophyceae
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8094:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8043:
8040:
8035:
8031:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7991:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7981:Stramenopiles
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7944:(major groups
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7909:
7902:
7894:
7889:
7887:
7882:
7880:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7859:
7851:
7850:
7847:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7789:
7788:Phytochemical
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7649:
7641:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7614:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7568:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7522:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7426:Transpiration
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7213:Inflorescence
7211:
7209:
7206:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6898:Ground tissue
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:Plant anatomy
6818:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6742:Plant ecology
6740:
6738:
6737:Plant anatomy
6735:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6685:Archaeobotany
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6638:
6633:
6631:
6626:
6625:
6622:
6615:
6610:
6606:
6603:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6473:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6392:
6388:
6387:Garden plants
6384:
6379:
6378:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6245:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6173:
6172:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6013:(5): 477–82.
6012:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5671:(1–2): 25–30.
5670:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5601:0-88192-667-1
5598:
5594:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5449:0-12-079062-9
5446:
5442:
5437:
5435:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5370:
5368:0-88192-667-1
5364:
5360:
5353:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5312:
5311:(water fern)"
5310:
5302:
5286:
5284:
5276:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5146:2940013382145
5144:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5108:
5107:
5106:New Scientist
5103:
5097:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5072:
5056:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5007:
5000:
4995:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4930:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4794:
4778:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4750:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4578:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4391:
4386:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4364:
4363:Linnaeus 1753
4359:
4352:
4347:
4339:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4314:
4298:
4294:
4293:"Fern Fronds"
4288:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4025:
4021:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:carrot family
3958:
3954:
3941:
3938:of the order
3937:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3921:of the order
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:mathematician
3732:
3728:
3727:Barnsley fern
3721:
3718:, through an
3717:
3713:
3712:Barnsley fern
3709:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3681:printed paper
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:Victorian era
3643:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:pteridologist
3624:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:Victorian era
3600:Ferns in the
3598:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:Licorice fern
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3453:South Pacific
3450:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:cinnamon fern
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3384:Gametophyte (
3380:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3201:
3200:Canning River
3195:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3039:North America
3037:) of eastern
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:photoreceptor
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2748:PPG I (2016)
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:sensu stricto
2714:
2710:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:Gleicheniales
2531:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:Gleicheniales
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:sensu stricto
1919:
1918:Equisetopsida
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:Equisetopsida
1906:
1902:
1898:
1886:
1879:
1876:Eusporangiate
1872:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1745:(tree ferns)
1744:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1671:Gleicheniales
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1564:Marattiopsida
1562:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:(horsetails)
1466:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1452:Equisetopsida
1450:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:~ 150 species
1345:
1341:
1340:Marattiopsida
1338:
1336:) ~92 species
1335:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:Equisetopsida
1310:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1216:Spermatophyta
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:Euphyllophyta
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1114:Spermatophyta
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:sibling taxon
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
986:sensu stricto
983:
979:
978:pteridophytes
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:
940:
936:
935:
930:
926:
925:Carl Linnaeus
914:
910:
906:
903:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
884:
882:
879:
878:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
835:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
815:Polypodiaceae
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:indeterminate
781:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:
638:
637:
632:
631:
626:
625:biofertilizer
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:(plants with
513:
509:
505:
501:
487:Pteridopsida
486:
480:
474:
471:
468:Kubitski 1990
465:
464:
462:
459:
455:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
429:
426:
425:
423:
418:
411:
408:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:Tracheophytes
388:
385:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
371:
366:
361:
357:
349:
343:
335:
329:
319:
318:Gleicheniales
313:
305:
299:
289:
283:
275:
269:
259:
253:
245:
239:
229:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
161:
157:
146:
143:
135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
10369:
10324:Davalliaceae
10319:Oleandraceae
10314:Tectariaceae
10248:Aspleniaceae
10216:Aspleniineae
10181:Lindsaeaceae
10171:Cystodiaceae
10163:Lindsaeineae
10140:Polypodiales
10106:Tanydoraceae
10047:Salviniaceae
10036:Marsileaceae
10012:Schizaeaceae
9997:Tempskyaceae
9792:Polypodiidae
9779:Marattiaceae
9667:Equisetaceae
9608:Calamitaceae
9411:Steloxylales
9349:Cladoxylales
9300:Angiospermae
9260:
9197:paraphyletic
9109:Angiospermae
9086:
9085:Ginkgoales (
9058:Petriellales
9040:Medullosales
8967:(seed ferns)
8864:
8680:
8601:Sphagnopsida
8596:Takakiopsida
8529:(liverworts)
8495:
8489:Embryophytes
8443:(see below↓)
8401:Charophyceae
8371:
8353:Streptophyta
8205:land plants)
8193:
8162:
8080:
8073:Rhodelphidia
8060:
8003:Opisthokonta
7907:
7783:Horticulture
7773:Floriculture
7675:Correct name
7525:Reproduction
7515:Woody plants
7440:Plant growth
7399:Gas Exchange
7384:Phytomelanin
7262:Plant embryo
7012:Reproductive
6860:Phragmoplast
6790:
6602:Pteridophyta
6566:
6557:
6542:
6528:
6519:
6511:Tree of Life
6509:
6493:. Retrieved
6489:the original
6480:
6464:. Retrieved
6458:
6442:. Retrieved
6433:
6418:. Retrieved
6410:
6395:. Retrieved
6391:the original
6386:
6350:
6344:
6327:
6279:
6273:
6248:
6242:
6216:
6210:
6194:. Retrieved
6187:the original
6170:
6144:
6138:
6111:
6107:
6078:
6074:
6032:
6028:
6010:
6006:
5973:
5967:
5948:
5942:
5896:
5890:
5860:
5854:
5828:
5822:
5792:
5786:
5750:
5744:
5687:
5681:
5668:
5662:
5637:
5633:Swartz, Olof
5609:
5592:
5582:
5573:
5566:
5538:
5530:Fay, Michael
5513:Bibliography
5502:
5493:
5481:. Retrieved
5477:the original
5467:
5455:
5421:. Retrieved
5416:
5412:
5402:
5390:. Retrieved
5386:
5377:
5358:
5352:
5340:. Retrieved
5336:
5327:
5315:. Retrieved
5308:
5307:"Datasheet:
5301:
5289:. Retrieved
5282:
5281:"Datasheet:
5275:
5263:. Retrieved
5259:
5250:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5195:. Retrieved
5191:the original
5181:
5161:
5154:
5138:
5132:
5122:
5114:
5104:
5096:
5087:
5082:
5071:
5059:. Retrieved
5048:
5039:
5030:
5018:
5006:
4994:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4924:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4853:
4841:
4829:
4817:
4805:
4793:
4781:. Retrieved
4771:
4744:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4606:
4577:
4524:
4520:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4448:
4445:Stace, Clive
4439:
4385:
4358:
4346:
4325:
4313:
4301:. Retrieved
4297:the original
4287:
4276:
4265:
4254:
4242:
4222:
4215:
4195:
4188:
4171:
4140:
4133:
4096:
4092:
4024:
4004:Pteridophyte
3950:
3929:
3912:
3903:
3879:—A group of
3868:
3859:
3849:
3828:
3812:
3782:
3771:
3766:
3752:
3750:
3746:self-similar
3741:
3726:
3724:
3697:Wardian case
3691:presents to
3642:Pteridomania
3640:
3637:Pteridomania
3626:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3538:
3528:
3522:
3511:horticulture
3508:
3497:
3495:
3491:fix nitrogen
3486:
3484:
3480:carcinogenic
3442:
3434:
3428:
3420:
3417:ostrich fern
3412:
3404:
3402:
3389:
3367:monarch fern
3349:
3324:(often both
3293:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3272:gametophytic
3211:
3191:
3152:
3116:, California
3097:
3089:
3079:
3075:
3057:
3046:
3032:
3026:
3015:
2988:
2965:
2952:
2935:
2920:
2901:
2878:
2876:
2865:Polypodiidae
2782:
2774:
2767:
2761:monilophytes
2760:
2753:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2615:
2600:
2580:Polypodiales
2578:
2556:
2534:
2512:
2490:
2479:Polypodiidae
2465:
2422:
2407:
2382:
2263:Polypodiales
2261:
2246:
2224:
2202:
2180:
2158:
2136:
2125:Polypodiidae
2111:
2077:
2062:
2030:
2015:
1979:
1974:Polypodiidae
1968:Marattiaceae
1949:
1946:Equisetaceae
1927:Christenhusz
1925:
1920:
1911:
1893:
1764:Polypodiales
1762:
1741:
1718:
1696:
1669:
1641:
1614:
1575:
1519:
1503:
1492:Psilotopsida
1463:
1434:
1420:
1394:
1383:Tracheophyta
1370:
1359:
1326:Psilotopsida
1306:
1247:
1227:
1198:
1197:
1167:
1156:Tracheophyta
1147:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1121:Subdivision
1107:monilophytes
1106:
1093:Sub division
1087:Tracheophyta
1074:
1065:Marattiaceae
1053:Marattiaceae
1037:polyphyletic
1033:Equisetaceae
1005:Marattiaceae
990:
985:
970:Tracheophyta
966:paraphyletic
958:Pteridophyta
942:
932:
923:
870:gametophytes
859:
843:
832:
822:
804:
785:
757:
718:
704:
665:
651:rice paddies
647:fix nitrogen
640:
634:
628:
622:
614:Polypodiales
603:
579:Polypodiidae
544:
507:
503:
499:
497:
481:Monilophyta
475:Filicophyta
449:Polypodiidae
409:
399:
383:
348:Polypodiales
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
10440:Fern florae
10273:Athyriaceae
10268:Blechnaceae
10263:Onocleaceae
10258:Woodsiaceae
10197:Pteridaceae
10191:Pteridineae
10126:Cyatheaceae
10116:Cibotiaceae
10111:Metaxyaceae
10097:Cyatheineae
10087:Culcitaceae
10022:Salviniales
10007:Lygodiaceae
9964:Schizaeales
9954:Matoniaceae
9902:Osmundaceae
9897:Guaireaceae
9822:Sermayaceae
9735:Marattiales
9727:Marattiidae
9696:Psilotaceae
9569:Equisetales
9501:Equisetidae
9313:Basal clade
9272:Supergroup
9004:Cordaitales
8998:Caytoniales
8884:Lignophytes
8867:(ferns and
8793:spikemosses
8732:Rhyniopsida
8682:Aglaophyton
8561:(hornworts)
8432:Embryophyta
8415:Anydrophyta
8373:Spirotaenia
8318:Ulvophyceae
8251:Chlorophyta
8201:green algae
8171:Algospongia
8145:Glaucophyta
8097:(red algae)
7599:Pollen tube
7594:Pollinators
7584:Pollination
7579:Germination
7394:Respiration
7377:Chlorophyll
7223:Pedicellate
7157:Gametophyte
7076:Aestivation
7027:Antheridium
7022:Archegonium
6870:Plasmodesma
6847:Plant cells
6710:Paleobotany
6705:Ethnobotany
6690:Astrobotany
6495:25 November
6481:World Ferns
6466:24 November
6444:24 November
6420:23 November
6397:22 November
6196:11 December
5815:Byng, J. W.
5483:7 September
5387:www.uky.edu
5317:11 February
5291:11 February
5197:19 December
5061:20 February
4952:(1): 4392.
4783:12 December
4527:(1): 1–16.
4390:Swartz 1806
3994:Fern sports
3985:- Fern gall
3825:New Zealand
3814:aarnivalkea
3793:fern flower
3789:Ivan Kupala
3693:gravestones
3689:christening
3623:pteridology
3617:Pteridology
3547:Platycerium
3530:Nephrolepis
3519:houseplants
3515:cut foliage
3449:New Zealand
3280:chromosomes
3265:sporophytic
3250:land plants
3248:. Like all
3238:angiosperms
3234:gymnosperms
3230:seed plants
3029:mycorrhizal
2931:transposons
2845:Marattiidae
2803:Equisetidae
2617:Salviniales
2558:Schizaeales
2467:Marattiales
2461:Marattiidae
2384:Equisetales
2378:Equisetidae
2226:Salviniales
2204:Schizaeales
2113:Marattiales
2107:Marattiidae
2032:Equisetales
2026:Equisetidae
1964:Marattiidae
1938:Equisetidae
1905:Embryophyta
1720:Salviniales
1698:Schizaeales
1577:Marattiales
1465:Equisetales
1344:Marattiales
1330:whisk ferns
1316:Equisetales
1249:Angiosperms
1229:Gymnosperms
1029:Psilotaceae
1017:spikemosses
982:fern allies
929:Cryptogamia
856:Gametophyte
839:New Zealand
819:Cyatheaceae
796:Lygodiaceae
765:Blechnaceae
741:tropophylls
737:Sporophylls
700:gametophyte
696:sporophytes
657:Description
606:crown group
591:whisk ferns
567:fiddleheads
555:microphylls
489:Ritgen 1828
439:Marattiidae
434:Equisetidae
420:Subclasses
274:Marattiales
258:Equisetales
121:August 2023
10429:Categories
10057:Cyatheales
10002:Anemiaceae
9985:Klukiaceae
9888:Osmundales
9688:Psilotales
9375:Hyeniaceae
9131:Magnoliids
9099:Gnetopsida
8869:horsetails
8797:quillworts
8789:clubmosses
8765:Lycophytes
8738:Renaliales
8515:Bryophytes
8093:Rhodophyta
8082:Rhodelphis
7621:Microspore
7611:Sporangium
7589:Artificial
7277:Sporophyte
7272:Sporophyll
7267:Receptacle
7162:Gynandrium
7032:Androecium
6941:Vegetative
6811:Angiosperm
6806:Gymnosperm
6700:Dendrology
6179:PhD thesis
5753:(3): 822.
5285:(bracken)"
4846:Berry 2009
4613:, Table I.
4337:0881926302
4326:Tree Ferns
4303:6 December
4099:: 909768.
4036:References
3989:Fern spike
3940:Sapindales
3911:Fern tree—
3902:Fern bush—
3885:hydrozoans
3835:All Blacks
3763:Alois Auer
3716:chaos game
3659:including
3653:collecting
3631:lycophytes
3610:Alois Auer
3435:budu pakis
3371:sporangium
3337:flagellate
3335:A mobile,
3315:prothallus
3254:life cycle
3218:lycophytes
3212:Ferns are
3208:Life cycle
3092:) and the
3084:, and the
3022:rainforest
2897:Cretaceous
2709:sensu lato
2602:Cyatheales
2492:Osmundales
2424:Psilotales
2248:Cyatheales
2138:Osmundales
2079:Psilotales
1913:sensu lato
1743:Cyatheales
1616:Osmundales
1521:Psilotales
1366:morphology
1328:2 orders (
1320:Horsetails
1169:Lycophytes
1138:sensu lato
1061:horsetails
1059:, and the
1021:quillworts
1013:clubmosses
934:Polypodium
897:Archegonia
891:flagellate
887:Antheridia
881:Prothallus
874:liverworts
860:As in all
725:fiddlehead
688:bryophytes
668:perennials
662:Sporophyte
618:Cretaceous
587:horsetails
559:clubmosses
551:megaphylls
540:sporophyte
466:Filicatae
396:Division:
334:Cyatheales
288:Osmundales
244:Psilotales
91:newspapers
10385:Q98522578
9369:Hyeniales
9327:Ibykaceae
9280:Bryophyta
8631:Bryopsida
8584:Bryophyta
8313:UTC clade
8062:Picomonas
7998:Amoebozoa
7976:Alveolata
7964:Cryptista
7939:Eukaryota
7818:Botanists
7736:Herbarium
7633:Megaspore
7531:Evolution
7474:Subshrubs
7442:and habit
7367:Nutrition
7362:Cellulose
7357:Bulk flow
7340:Materials
7303:Epidermis
7167:Gynoecium
7148:Endosperm
7143:Dispersal
7059:Staminode
6995:Sessility
6983:Cataphyll
6903:Mesophyll
6855:Cell wall
6796:Lycophyte
6776:Bryophyte
6730:Geobotany
6715:Phycology
6359:0096-3844
6328:IEA Paper
5856:Phytotaxa
5824:Phytotaxa
5423:2 October
5419:(6): 9–12
5109:, p. 18.
5025:, Part I.
4976:2041-1723
4834:UCMP 2019
4659:1471-2148
4551:1471-2148
4498:, p. 1450
4447:(2010b).
3889:jellyfish
3870:Comptonia
3861:Asparagus
3846:Misnomers
3805:Midsummer
3773:Fern bars
3685:sculpture
3177:Epiphytic
3154:Asplenium
3140:On a wall
3086:bullfinch
3053:limestone
3011:epiphytes
2958:forests.
2918:lineage.
2916:bryophyte
2912:hornworts
2891:. By the
2778:(no rank)
2771:(no rank)
2764:(no rank)
2757:(no rank)
1986:consensus
1951:Equisetum
1942:monotypic
1362:cladogram
1342:1 order,
1144:Phylogeny
1001:moonworts
745:sporangia
715:megaphyll
680:evergreen
676:deciduous
604:The fern
373:Kingdom:
10379:Wikidata
9321:Ibykales
9141:Eudicots
9136:Monocots
8854:Ibykales
8588:(mosses)
8493:Plantae
8191:Plantae
7993:Amorphea
7971:Rhizaria
7959:Hacrobia
7949:Excavata
7934:Bacteria
7905:Plantae
7858:Category
7778:Forestry
7768:Agronomy
7761:Practice
7712:Cultivar
7707:Cultigen
7567:timeline
7459:Rosettes
7347:Aleurone
7323:Trichome
7240:Perianth
7052:Filament
6910:Meristem
6833:glossary
6695:Bryology
6548:Archived
6375:Websites
6367:40594126
6304:17443185
6265:25065646
6161:85855934
6130:39980610
6095:21652310
6057:11214320
5998:42101599
5923:24532607
5885:(2014).
5863:(1): 7.
5817:(2016).
5781:(2009).
5767:25065865
5720:38248823
5712:24653037
5635:(1806).
5574:see also
5560:(1753).
5536:(2018).
5501:(1999).
5460:May 1978
5234:27598229
5011:SLH 2018
4985:11126701
4916:24733898
4736:22028918
4696:PLOS ONE
4677:20969798
4569:23311954
4494:21616899
4322:(2004).
4125:36092417
3971:See also
3955:such as
3923:Lamiales
3877:Air fern
3819:treasure
3779:Folklore
3673:textiles
3504:whitefly
3472:rhizomes
3459:to make
3457:Guanches
3451:and the
3282:, where
3068:calories
3024:canopy.
2972:mountain
2968:habitats
2956:European
2943:Cenozoic
2893:Triassic
2885:Devonian
2880:Wattieza
1084:Division
954:Division
920:Taxonomy
905:Rhizoids
807:rhizomes
780:rhizomes
753:indusium
694:, their
610:Silurian
458:Synonyms
156:Devonian
9204:extinct
8053:Picozoa
8008:Animals
7929:Archaea
7536:Ecology
7293:Cuticle
7123:Capsule
7113:Anatomy
7064:Tapetum
6988:Petiole
6963:Rhizome
6958:Rhizoid
6885:Tissues
6875:Vacuole
6865:Plastid
6667:Outline
6662:History
6346:Torreya
6312:2575688
6284:Bibcode
6065:4367248
6037:Bibcode
5978:Bibcode
5914:3936591
5692:Bibcode
5683:Science
5090:. 2015.
4999:EB 2019
4954:Bibcode
4907:4020063
4884:Bibcode
4727:3197659
4704:Bibcode
4668:3087542
4637:Bibcode
4560:3553075
4529:Bibcode
4116:9449725
3965:pinnate
3883:called
3881:animals
3856:monocot
3811:called
3797:Finnish
3731:fractal
3661:pottery
3592:Culture
3545:(genus
3517:and as
3463:in the
3419:), and
3409:bracken
3386:thallus
3369:, with
3322:gametes
3311:mitosis
3304:meiosis
3278:paired
3269:haploid
3262:diploid
3242:flowers
3226:pinnate
3064:protein
2995:forests
2985:bracken
2962:Ecology
1982:lumping
1368:alone.
850:fibrous
813:(e.g.,
811:stolons
800:pinnate
549:called
532:flowers
472:Filices
406:Class:
377:Plantae
160:Present
154:Middle
105:scholar
10412:263732
10399:500003
9199:groups
9087:Ginkgo
8795:&
8653:
8249:
7986:Plants
7923:Domain
7840:Plants
7743:(IAPT)
7496:Lianas
7464:Shrubs
7416:Starch
7308:Nectar
7228:Raceme
7194:Stigma
7182:Locule
7172:Carpel
7133:Pyrena
7071:Flower
7047:Anther
7042:Stamen
7037:Pollen
6759:groups
6651:Botany
6455:"Fern"
6365:
6357:
6310:
6302:
6275:Nature
6263:
6159:
6128:
6093:
6063:
6055:
6029:Nature
5996:
5921:
5911:
5813:&
5777:&
5765:
5718:
5710:
5643:Kiliae
5621:
5599:
5546:
5447:
5392:30 May
5365:
5342:30 May
5265:30 May
5242:384923
5240:
5232:
5169:
4982:
4974:
4914:
4904:
4734:
4724:
4675:
4665:
4657:
4567:
4557:
4549:
4492:
4455:
4334:
4230:
4203:
4180:621340
4178:
4148:
4123:
4113:
3893:corals
3858:genus
3683:, and
3669:metals
3644:was a
3554:Azolla
3533:. The
3487:Azolla
3439:Brunei
3344:zygote
3300:spores
3222:leaves
3193:Azolla
3060:lipids
3003:swamps
2990:Azolla
2976:desert
2925:, but
2781:
1901:Reveal
1019:, and
937:) and
893:sperm.
868:. The
790:(e.g.
729:fronds
645:, can
642:Azolla
597:, and
581:) and
571:fronds
547:leaves
536:mosses
524:spores
520:phloem
107:
100:
93:
86:
80:"Fern"
78:
10435:Ferns
9274:Plant
8203:&
8013:Fungi
7800:Lists
7717:Group
7640:Spore
7574:Flora
7491:Vines
7486:Trees
7449:Habit
7421:Sugar
7313:Stoma
7255:Sepal
7250:Petal
7245:Tepal
7233:Umbel
7218:Bract
7199:Style
7187:Ovule
7177:Ovary
7118:Berry
7108:Fruit
7101:Whorl
6968:Shoot
6766:Algae
6757:Plant
6363:JSTOR
6324:(PDF)
6308:S2CID
6261:JSTOR
6244:Taxon
6239:(PDF)
6212:Taxon
6190:(PDF)
6175:(PDF)
6157:S2CID
6126:S2CID
6061:S2CID
5994:S2CID
5944:Taxon
5763:JSTOR
5746:Taxon
5716:S2CID
5519:Books
5238:S2CID
4016:Notes
3963:have
3957:palms
3951:Some
3729:is a
3665:glass
3649:craze
3558:weeds
3461:gofio
3363:Sorus
3326:sperm
3246:seeds
3159:gryke
3007:trees
2910:from
2754:ferns
2721:sensu
2713:sensu
1931:Chase
1897:Chase
1885:Ferns
1878:Ferns
1435:Ferns
1199:Ferns
1057:clade
1045:clade
962:taxon
950:class
939:Musci
913:salts
727:into
720:frond
707:green
672:woody
528:seeds
516:xylem
500:ferns
384:Clade
148:Ferns
112:JSTOR
98:books
10394:ITIS
9261:Fern
9202:† =
8194:s.s.
7908:s.l.
7722:Grex
7604:Self
7138:Seed
7000:Stem
6978:Leaf
6953:Root
6948:Bulb
6932:Wood
6893:Cork
6791:Fern
6497:2019
6468:2019
6446:2019
6422:2019
6399:2019
6355:ISSN
6300:PMID
6198:2009
6091:PMID
6053:PMID
5919:PMID
5708:PMID
5619:ISBN
5597:ISBN
5544:ISBN
5485:2013
5445:ISBN
5425:2007
5394:2023
5363:ISBN
5344:2023
5319:2019
5293:2019
5267:2023
5230:PMID
5199:2011
5167:ISBN
5143:BNID
5124:PNAS
5063:2010
4972:ISSN
4912:PMID
4785:2022
4732:PMID
4673:PMID
4655:ISSN
4565:PMID
4547:ISSN
4490:PMID
4453:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4305:2014
4228:ISBN
4201:ISBN
4176:OCLC
4146:ISBN
4121:PMID
3934:—an
3917:—an
3891:and
3801:seed
3744:. A
3725:The
3677:wood
3625:. A
3586:coal
3399:Uses
3330:eggs
3328:and
3267:and
3244:and
3236:and
3198:the
3066:and
3043:acid
3001:and
2999:bogs
2914:, a
1929:and
1899:and
1332:and
1063:and
1051:and
943:see
909:root
846:soil
831:and
767:and
749:sori
705:The
530:nor
518:and
498:The
166:PreꞒ
84:news
34:and
8491:or
8189:or
7903:or
7411:Sap
7128:Nut
6973:Bud
6332:doi
6292:doi
6280:446
6253:doi
6221:doi
6181:).
6149:doi
6116:doi
6083:doi
6045:doi
6033:409
6015:doi
5986:doi
5953:doi
5909:PMC
5901:doi
5897:113
5865:doi
5833:doi
5829:261
5797:doi
5793:161
5755:doi
5700:doi
5688:343
5222:doi
4980:PMC
4962:doi
4902:PMC
4892:doi
4880:111
4722:PMC
4712:doi
4663:PMC
4645:doi
4555:PMC
4537:doi
4482:doi
4111:PMC
4101:doi
3765:'s
3608:by
3570:),
3560:or
3427:).
3411:),
3365:of
3302:by
3161:in
2889:Mya
1023:in
988:).
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