553:, was restyled into a new home for the law school; the move was completed in 2004. A reorganisation of the faculty, which began in the 1980s, realigned the faculty's focus to major fields such as civil, corporate, notarial, criminal, European and international law; these areas remain Leiden's traditional areas of scholarly strength. The Cleveringa Institute was established in 2001 to maintain the integrity of teaching and intellectual rigour in courses. The faculty's research was moved to the E.M. Meijers Institute in 1997 and emphasised interdisciplinary scholarship as opposed to the classification of research by department. In response to growing internationalisation in the university research sector the law school jointly established the Strategic Alliance of Research Faculties of Law in 2003 with faculties at
528:, Frederik Mari van Asbeck, Jan Volkert Rijpperda Wierdsma, Jan Drion and Robert Feenstra consolidated the faculty's reputation, each held in high regard in their own fields. Turning to the legal curriculum, the image of law students as 'donkeys' resulting from their light academic requirements led to change in the Education Act of 1960 in which different specialisms were defined within law. The new 'master's degree' could be taken in Dutch law, notarial law or constitutional law. The university commissioned the building or conversion of many buildings with Leiden itself and recently in The Hague. The Gravensteen building was converted into a legal study area in 1955 and the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies found a home in the former laboratories in the Vreewijk area of Leiden, as part of
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prospective law students. The bachelor's degree required courses on jurisprudence, Roman law and principles of the political economy. The doctorate required courses on Dutch civil law and civil procedure, commercial law, criminal law and procedure and Dutch constitutional law. From 1815–1845, 7% of law students were awarded doctorates while from 1876–1905 this increased to 75%. This was due to the lowering of academic demands in law; while medical students had to produce dissertation representing years of research, law students merely had to write a few pages of propositions or a compilation. This discrepancy led to the doctors of law being ridiculed as 'donkeys' by those more rigorously tested in the university.
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enrollment overall from 93 from 1700–1724 to 47 from 1750–1774. Comparing the first two centuries of the faculty's existence in terms of doctorate degrees awarded (which was the only type of degree awarded at that time), the proportion of law students being awarded the degree increased from 8% to 84% perhaps being explained by the purpose of study at Leiden shifting toward preparation for a specific profession rather than socialisation with a view toward taking a place in the Dutch or wider
European cultural elite. Toward the end of the 18th century the university had built its reputation to be considered, according to
508:, the dean of the law school and former graduate student of Professor Meijers, gave a speech of dissent in which he read out the Meijers' letter of dismissal 'in all its stark grossness'. Cleveringa did not note the ideological underpinnings of the dismissal choosing instead to speak of the greatness of his mentor with the intention of preventing any reckless actions by his students. On November 27, the university was closed by the occupying Germans. Professor Telders was arrested and expelled to a concentration camp, he would die in
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231:, it was considered a 'higher' faculty of great importance. It also established itself as the most international faculty due, originally, to the proportion of academics arriving from Germany in the mid-17th century. The law school has played a substantial role in wider Dutch society from its earliest years, being consulted in an official capacity on all manner of subjects from wills to piracy and privateering.
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454:. Other notable faculty members of this period were Anthony Modderman and Henri van der Hoeven, the law school of the late 19th century had a considerable range of great scholars. During this time the law faculty dominated the university in terms of student numbers and it was not until after the 1876 Education Act that medical numbers increased steeply and overtook law.
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The 16th century Leiden academic year contained 160 to 170 days for lectures with other time taken up by holidays, fairs and book auctions. There were no lectures on
Wednesdays or Saturdays which were occupied by private classes, disputations and demonstrations by lecturers hoping to secure a post at
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and
Advanced Master's degree students. Around 425 staff are employed in academic and administrative roles with approximately 325 in a teaching role. Approximately 18% of the academic staff are from outside the Netherlands. The majority of school activity takes place in Leiden, the minority based in
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Turning to the early 19th century, the advent of the scientific method gave rise to a predominantly 'hybrid' method of teaching and research. This hybrid was characterised by a mixture of the new methods of science and the old
Christian-derived ideas of harmony and reality as God-given. The first
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The 1815 Education Act made it compulsory for all students intending to study law to take a 'general foundation' course in humanities, the act also added the choice of a bachelor's degree to the existing doctorate. By 1876 the foundation course established in the
Education Act was abolished for
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In the 25 years from its foundation in 1575 to 1599, the law school had an average of 27 new students registered per year. The enrollment steadily increased, from 1625–1649 average initial registrations were 116 which decreased slightly to 106 by 1675–1699. The 18th century saw a decline in the
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The school's present form has its roots in the 1980s when a reformation of the division of legal disciplines took place. Sacrifices were made in the 'meta-legal' disciplines, e.g. jurisprudence and sociology of law, to focus on 'positive law', particularly civil and international law which are
320:(or Hugo de Groot). In 1594, at age eleven Grotius was a student in the faculty and soon proved himself prodigious in liberal arts, sciences and law. Grotius went on to establish his own legal practice in The Hague and in 1607 was made Attorney General of Holland. His first great work:
336:(On the Law of War and Peace), was published in 1625 and is also considered a foundational work of international law. It is remarkable for its explicit affirmation of the fact that the validity of the laws on war was not contingent on the existence of God, a departure for a scholar of
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In 1927, van
Vollenhoven conceived the idea of extending the university campus around the Rapenburg Canal, this involved the purchase as well as the conversion of old buildings. As a result of this policy, the old Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, named after physicist
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the law faculty continued to teach and research for several months. This started to change on
October 23 when a declaration requiring the dismissal of 'non-Aryan' staff was made. A planned senate meeting on the subject, prompted by Professor of International Law,
500:, was prevented by the Germans. However, smaller groups of Leiden faculty members met subsequently and lodged individual objections to the policy. On November 23, two 'non-Aryan' law professors were dismissed including Eduard Meijers, later father of the
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tradition, professors were expected to profess from memory, not dictate, and students were expected to take notes. The conservative nature of teaching in the early law school is exemplified in the traditional nature of the faculty's treatment of
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in legal history, and Willem Jan Mari van
Eysinga in international law. It was after 1925 that student numbers sharply increased across the entire university (doubling from 1925–1960) with law only steadily increasing to around 1,000 in 1960.
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Moving into the 20th century, there was a division in the academic study of law between those pursuing a scientific, descriptive, positivist version of law and those seeking a normative and prescriptive version. Following the
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and later joined the Dutch resistance, also surviving the war. Further dismissals ensued during the war and the faculty, as part of the university, was refashioned to be more sympathetic to the
Germans. Notably, Professor
1151:'L'académie de Leyde est la première de l'Europe. Il semble que tous les hommes célebres dans la république de lettres, s'y font rendus pour la faire fleurir, depuis son établissement jusqu'à nos jours.'
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By the mid-19th century, certain scholars were starting to question the importance of analogy and the status quo, choosing instead to idealise development and progress. In the law faculty, the
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Aristotelian thought were particularly influential in law, primarily his emphasis on common sense and the parallel between the 'natural equilibrium' of the physical body and
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half of the century saw great scholars at Leiden in the burgeoning fields of natural history, physics and medicine. This was less so in law, with the exception of
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313:. As well as theoretical work law students would partake in disputations which involved practical application of law in situations such as contracts or wills.
383:. In terms of enrolment, law remained the largest faculty at Leiden; from 1775–1812, 1,270 students enrolled in law, the next largest being medicine at 953.
1562:. Amsterdam University Press – Leiden University Press Academic Series. Translated by Jackson, Beverly. Leiden: Leiden University Press. p. 312.
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thought. The doctrine of the 'golden mean', in which virtue is the mean between two extreme vices, was central to legal studies. The
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in April 1945. Professor Meijers was also sent to a concentration camp but survived the war. Professor Cleveringa was imprisoned at
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The law school is ranked within the top 75 law faculties in the world across the three major global rankings by subject (
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was arrested in March 1942 because his book on administrative law ignored imperatives of the occupying government.
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personified this attitudinal shift. Following in Thorbecke's constitutionalist footsteps at Leiden were, notably,
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It was during the late 16th and early 17th century that the faculty housed one of its most influential scholars,
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published in 1765, as "the leading university in Europe" with the teaching of law of a high standard.
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began with the university's founding in 1575. Alongside the disciplines of
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1312:(Spring 2014 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies
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with his contribution to the idea of pluralistic sovereignty,
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The Bastion of Liberty: Leiden University Today and Yesterday
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Annually, the school has an intake of approximately 900
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1331:"Grotius, Hugo | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
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Institute for the Interdisciplinary Study of the Law
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Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law
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759:the faculty ranks joint 2nd nationally alongside
299:the university. Generally, law was taught in the
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1310:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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1253:"Leiden Law School Annual Report 2016"
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1117:Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands
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504:(Dutch Civil Code). On November 26,
394:professor and future reviser of the
1705:Leiden University College The Hague
1695:Institute of Environmental Sciences
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1073:Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp
1048:Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello
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1833:Himalayan Languages Project
1556:Otterspeer, Willem (2008).
1008:Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck
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645:Department of Jurisprudence
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437:Hendrik Lodewijk Drucker
1804:Leiden Jerusalem Talmud
1746:Leiden Bio Science Park
1741:Hortus Botanicus Leiden
1043:Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
988:Constantijn Huygens Jr.
874:Paul F. van der Heijden
782:Academia and literature
753:University of Amsterdam
665:Department of Economics
651:Moot Court and Advocacy
588:Department of Child Law
585:Department of Civil Law
498:Benjamin Marius Telders
400:Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
328:international territory
1811:Psalter of Saint Louis
1685:African Studies Centre
1132:Pieter van Vollenhoven
1058:Lousewies van der Laan
1033:Martinus Theunis Steyn
948:Laurens Jan Brinkhorst
922:Diplomacy and politics
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551:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
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333:De jure belli ac pacis
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1053:Adriaen van der Donck
973:Jaap de Hoop Scheffer
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379:tradition relying on
52:Motto in English
44:Libertatis Praesidium
1736:Bibliotheca Thysiana
1304:Miller, Jon (2014),
839:Joan Melchior Kemper
741:Quacquarelli Symonds
441:Willem van der Vlugt
373:Joan Melchior Kemper
156:52.15611°N 4.48972°E
1828:Crayenborgh College
1503:"Leiden University"
1492:, pp. 252–257.
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491:In the wake of the
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854:Henry G. Schermers
834:Christiaan Huygens
799:Rudolph Cleveringa
761:Utrecht University
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502:Burgerlijk Wetboek
375:who taught in the
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177:universiteitleiden
80:Parent institution
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1639:Leiden University
1569:978-90-8728-030-7
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1260:Leiden University
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1177:Leiden University
1079:Judiciary and law
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829:Johannes Hevelius
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1480:, p. 239.
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1456:, p. 160.
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1419:
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1371:
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1359:
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1306:"Hugo Grotius"
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1203:"Organisation"
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1550:Bibliography
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
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1473:
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1410:
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1338:. Retrieved
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1263:. Retrieved
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1229:
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1147:
1038:Pieter Steyn
824:Hugo Grotius
814:Anna Dolidze
789:Tobias Asser
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452:Tobias Asser
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366:19th century
359:Encyclopédie
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323:Mare Liberum
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318:Hugo Grotius
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310:Institutions
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281:Aristotelian
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43:
18:
1777:Collections
1657:Hester Bijl
481:Hugo Krabbe
475:law in the
444: [
429: [
418: [
407: [
377:natural law
338:natural law
306:Justinian's
285:Hippocratic
240: [
214:Netherlands
159: /
135:Netherlands
71:Established
1889:Categories
1729:Affiliates
1159:References
567:Heidelberg
342:de Vitoria
340:following
198:law school
147:04°29′23″E
144:52°09′22″N
65:Law school
1537:March 15,
1512:March 15,
1139:Footnotes
755:. In the
721:17 (2024)
708:23 (2023)
573:Structure
381:philology
210:The Hague
1858:Category
1340:June 16,
1316:June 16,
1265:June 15,
1237:June 17,
1023:Soenario
895:Business
301:didactic
291:aequitas
255:Master's
229:medicine
225:theology
119:Location
111:Students
1872:Commons
1821:Related
1212:June 9,
1106:Royalty
1013:Jan Six
943:Ben Bot
555:Bologna
392:liberal
270:History
262:on the
212:in the
196:is the
172:Website
1654:Rector
1647:People
1566:
563:Oxford
559:Leuven
346:Suárez
206:Leiden
124:Leiden
1256:(PDF)
745:Times
448:]
433:]
422:]
411:]
244:]
114:5,473
39:Motto
1564:ISBN
1539:2024
1514:2024
1342:2018
1318:2018
1267:2018
1239:2018
1214:2018
1184:2023
757:ARWU
747:and
739:and
565:and
473:Adat
450:and
424:and
344:and
227:and
208:and
183:/law
92:Dean
74:1575
61:Type
718:Law
715:THE
705:Law
356:'s
221:law
181:/en
179:.nl
106:325
1891::
1530:.
1505:.
1422:^
1333:.
1258:.
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1192:^
1175:.
767:.
749:QS
735:,
702:QS
569:.
561:,
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532:.
479:,
446:nl
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431:nl
420:nl
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409:nl
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266:.
242:nl
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133:,
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1660:(
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1572:.
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1516:.
1344:.
1269:.
1241:.
1216:.
1186:.
185:/
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