3330:. Although he does not blatantly state it, his position implies that even in light of our unique characteristics we should not be treated differently by our neighbors or our rulers. "Locke is arguing that there is no natural characteristic sufficient to distinguish one person from another... of, course there are plenty of natural differences between us" (Haworth 103). What Haworth takes from Locke is that John Locke was obsessed with supporting equality in society, treating everyone as an equal. He does though highlight our differences with his philosophy showing that we are all unique and important to society. In his philosophy, it is highlighted that the ideal government should also protect everyone, and provide rights and freedom to everyone, because we are all important to society. His ideas then were developed into the movements for freedom from the British creating our government. However, his implied thought of freedom for all is applied most heavily in our culture today. Starting with the civil rights movement, and continuing through women's rights, Locke's call for a fair government can be seen as the influence in these movements. His ideas are typically just seen as the foundation for modern democracy; however, it is not unreasonable to credit Locke with the social activism throughout the history of America.
3334:
challenges to the government's view on equality. To them it was clear that when the designers of democracy said all, they meant all people shall receive those natural rights that John Locke cherished so deeply. "a state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal, no one having more than another" (Locke II,4). Locke in his papers on natural philosophy clearly states that he wants a government where all are treated equal in freedoms especially. "Locke's views on toleration were very progressive for the time" (Connolly). Authors such as Jacob
Connolly confirm that to them Locke was highly ahead of his time with all this progressive thinking. That is that his thought fits our current state of democracy where we strive to make sure that everyone has a say in the government, and everyone has a chance at a good life. Regardless of race, gender, or social standing starting with Locke it was made clear not only that the government should provide rights, but rights to everyone through his social contract.
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slavery from capture in war, whereby a man forfeited his labor to the conqueror who might lawfully have killed him; and thus Dred Scott was judged permanently to have given up his freedom. But the second kind of right, what Price called "that power of self-determination which all agents, as such, possess," was inalienable as long man remained man. Like the mind's quest for religious truth from which it was derived, self-determination was not a claim to ownership which might be both acquired and surrendered, but an inextricable aspect of the activity of being human.
2748:(1725), Hutcheson foreshadowed the Declaration of Independence, stating: "For wherever any Invasion is made upon unalienable Rights, there must arise either a perfect, or external Right to Resistance. ... Unalienable Rights are essential Limitations in all Governments." Hutcheson, however, placed clear limits on his notion of unalienable rights, declaring that "there can be no Right, or Limitation of Right, inconsistent with, or opposite to the greatest public Good." Hutcheson elaborated on this idea of unalienable rights in his
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3635:. The Church considers that: "The natural law expresses the original moral sense which enables man to discern by reason the good and the evil, the truth and the lie: 'The natural law is written and engraved in the soul of each and every man, because it is human reason ordaining him to do good and forbidding him to sin . . . But this command of human reason would not have the force of law if it were not the voice and interpreter of a higher reason to which our spirit and our freedom must be submitted.
3639:" The natural law consists, for the Catholic Church, of one supreme and universal principle from which are derived all our natural moral obligations or duties. Thomas Aquinas resumes the various ideas of Catholic moral thinkers about what this principle is: since good is what primarily falls under the apprehension of the practical reason, the supreme principle of moral action must have the good as its central idea, and therefore the supreme principle is that good is to be done and evil avoided.
77:
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3208:", in which human beings kill, steal and enslave others to stay alive, and due to their natural lust for "Gain", "Safety" and "Reputation". Hobbes reasoned that this world of chaos created by unlimited rights was highly undesirable, since it would cause human life to be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". As such, if humans wish to live peacefully they must give up most of their natural rights and create moral obligations to establish political and
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3223:", arguing that law ("lex") and right ("jus") though often confused, signify opposites, with law referring to obligations, while rights refer to the absence of obligations. Since by our (human) nature, we seek to maximize our well being, rights are prior to law, natural or institutional, and people will not follow the laws of nature without first being subjected to a sovereign power, without which all ideas of
3175:. Hobbes' conception of natural rights extended from his conception of man in a "state of nature". Thus he argued that the essential natural (human) right was "to use his own power, as he will himself, for the preservation of his own Nature; that is to say, of his own Life; and consequently, of doing any thing, which in his own judgement, and Reason, he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto." (
3568:, which claims that a man has a right to ownership over his life and therefore also his property, because he has invested time (i.e. part of his life) in it and thereby made it an extension of his life. However, if he initiates force against and to the detriment of another man, he alienates himself from the right to that part of his life which is required to pay his debt: "Rights are
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giving up their right of judging for themselves in religion, or by allowing any human beings to prescribe to them what faith they shall embrace, or what mode of worship they shall practise, so neither can any civil societies lawfully surrender their civil liberty by giving up to any extraneous jurisdiction their power of legislating for themselves and disposing their property.
3408:. Rejecting the idea of moral rights, Tucker said there were only two rights: "the right of might" and "the right of contract". He also said, after converting to Egoist individualism, "In times past... it was my habit to talk glibly of the right of man to land. It was a bad habit, and I long ago sloughed it off. ... Man's only right to land is his might over it."
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consequently are instruments of injustice. The fact therefore must be that the individuals themselves, each in his own personal and sovereign right, entered into a compact with each other to produce a government: and this is the only mode in which governments have a right to arise, and the only principle on which they have a right to exist.
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to faith or unbelief. Since, then, belief or unbelief is a matter of everyone's conscience, and since this is no lessening of the secular power, the latter should be content and attend to its own affairs and permit men to believe one thing or another, as they are able and willing, and constrain no one by force.
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The social contract is an agreement between members of a country to live within a shared system of laws. Specific forms of government are the result of the decisions made by these persons acting in their collective capacity. Government is instituted to make laws that protect the three natural rights.
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are meaningless – "Therefore before the names of Just and Unjust can have place, there must be some coercive Power, to compel men equally to the performance of their
Covenants..., to make good that Propriety, which by mutual contract men acquire, in recompense of the universal Right they abandon: and
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Hobbes sharply distinguished this natural "liberty", from natural "laws", described generally as "a precept, or general rule, found out by reason, by which a man is forbidden to do, that, which is destructive of his life, or taketh away the means of preserving his life; and to omit, that, by which he
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Then it turned out to make considerable difference whether one said slavery was wrong because every man has a natural right to the possession of his own body, or because every man has a natural right freely to determine his own destiny. The first kind of right was alienable: thus Locke neatly derived
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inalienability of "that principle of spontaneity or self-determination which constitutes us agents or which gives us a command over our actions, rendering them properly ours, and not effects of the operation of any foreign cause." Any social contract or compact allegedly alienating these rights would
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It is a mistake to imagine that slavery pervades a man's whole being; the better part of him is exempt from it: the body indeed is subjected and in the power of a master, but the mind is independent, and indeed is so free and wild, that it cannot be restrained even by this prison of the body, wherein
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In adopting
Stirnerite egoism (1886), Tucker rejected natural rights which had long been considered the foundation of libertarianism. This rejection galvanized the movement into fierce debates, with the natural rights proponents accusing the egoists of destroying libertarianism itself. So bitter was
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Furthermore, every man is responsible for his own faith, and he must see it for himself that he believes rightly. As little as another can go to hell or heaven for me, so little can he believe or disbelieve for me; and as little as he can open or shut heaven or hell for me, so little can he drive me
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principle of the liberty of conscience. One could not in fact give up the capacity for private judgment (e.g., about religious questions) regardless of any external contracts or oaths to religious or secular authorities so that right is "unalienable". Hutcheson wrote: "Thus no man can really change
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The
Zoroastrian religion taught Iranians that citizens have an inalienable right to enlightened leadership and that the duty of subjects is not simply to obey wise kings but also to rise up against those who are wicked. Leaders are seen as representative of God on earth, but they deserve allegiance
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Hugh
Gibbons has proposed a descriptive argument based on human biology. His contention is that human beings were other-regarding as a matter of necessity, to avoid the costs of conflict. Over time they developed expectations that individuals would act in certain ways which were then prescribed by
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By founding this sense of freedom for all, Locke was laying the groundwork for the equality that occurs today. Despite the apparent misuse of his philosophy in early
American democracy. The Civil Rights movement and the suffrage movement both called out the state of American democracy during their
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has defended Locke's influence on the
Founding, claiming that historians who argue to the contrary either misrepresent the classical republican alternative to which they say the revolutionary leaders adhered, do not understand Locke, or point to someone else who was decisively influenced by Locke.
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The right to what is in essence inalienable is imprescriptible, since the act whereby I take possession of my personality, of my substantive essence, and make myself a responsible being, capable of possessing rights and with a moral and religious life, takes away from these characteristics of mine
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It is a perversion of terms to say that a charter gives rights. It operates by a contrary effect – that of taking rights away. Rights are inherently in all the inhabitants; but charters, by annulling those rights, in the majority, leave the right, by exclusion, in the hands of a few. ... They ...
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Of fundamental importance to the development of the idea of natural rights was the emergence of the idea of natural human equality. As the historian A.J. Carlyle notes: "There is no change in political theory so startling in its completeness as the change from the theory of
Aristotle to the later
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Neither can any state acquire such an authority over other states in virtue of any compacts or cessions. This is a case in which compacts are not binding. Civil liberty is, in this respect, on the same footing with religious liberty. As no people can lawfully surrender their religious liberty by
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and Seneca. ... We think that this cannot be better exemplified than with regard to the theory of the equality of human nature." Charles H. McIlwain likewise observes that "the idea of the equality of men is the profoundest contribution of the Stoics to political thought" and that "its greatest
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taught that "in order to obtain protection from other men, any means for attaining this end is a natural good" (PD 6). They believed in a contractarian ethics where mortals agree to not harm or be harmed, and the rules that govern their agreements are not absolute (PD 33), but must change with
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with his writings of natural rights, but this claim has been the subject of protracted dispute in recent decades. For example, the historian Ray
Forrest Harvey declared that Jefferson and Locke were at "two opposite poles" in their political philosophy, as evidenced by Jefferson's use in the
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In his natural state, according to Hobbes, man's life consisted entirely of liberties and not at all of laws – "It followeth, that in such a condition, every man has the right to every thing; even to one another's body. And therefore, as long as this natural Right of every man to every thing
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Declaration of
Independence of the phrase "pursuit of happiness" instead of "property". More recently, the eminent legal historian John Phillip Reid has deplored contemporary scholars' "misplaced emphasis on John Locke", arguing that American revolutionary leaders saw Locke as a
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just that externality which alone made them capable of passing into the possession of someone else. When I have thus annulled their externality, I cannot lose them through lapse of time or from any other reason drawn from my prior consent or willingness to alienate them.
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circumstances (PD 37–38). The Epicurean doctrines imply that humans in their natural state enjoy personal sovereignty and that they must consent to the laws that govern them, and that this consent (and the laws) can be revisited periodically when circumstances change.
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rights from supposed rights, stating that any principle that requires itself to be disproved is an axiom. Critics have pointed to the lack of agreement between the proponents as evidence for the claim that the idea of natural rights is merely a political tool.
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inalienability of those aspects of personhood that distinguish persons from things. A thing, like a piece of property, can in fact be transferred from one person to another. According to Hegel, the same would not apply to those aspects that make one a person:
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There is, at least, one right that cannot be ceded or abandoned: the right to personality...They charged the great logician with a contradiction in terms. If a man could give up his personality he would cease being a moral being. ... There is no
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only the strongest could benefit from their rights. Thus, people form an implicit social contract, ceding their natural rights to the authority to protect the people from abuse, and living henceforth under the legal rights of that authority.
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The concept of natural rights is not universally accepted, partly due to its religious associations and perceived incoherence. Some philosophers argue that natural rights do not exist and that legal rights are the only rights; for instance,
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to argue not simply against involuntary slavery but against any explicit or implied contractual forms of slavery. Any contract that tried to legally alienate such a right would be inherently invalid. Similarly, the argument was used by the
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asserts that rights are inalienable: "recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world." Article 1, § 1 of the
2842:, no act of submission by which man can give up the state of free agent and enslave himself. For by such an act of renunciation he would give up that very character which constitutes his nature and essence: he would lose his humanity.
2664:, arguing that the Order could only wage a defensive war if pagans violated the natural rights of the Christians. Vladimiri further stipulated that infidels had rights which had to be respected, and neither the Pope nor the
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his sentiments, judgments, and inward affections, at the pleasure of another; nor can it tend to any good to make him profess what is contrary to his heart. The right of private judgment is therefore unalienable."
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falls prey to the naturalistic fallacy. Some defenders of natural rights theory, however, counter that the term "natural" in "natural rights" is contrasted with "artificial" rather than referring to
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Various definitions of inalienability include non-relinquishability, non-salability, and non-transferability. This concept has been recognized by libertarians as being central to the question of
6294:
3368:(1791), emphasizing that rights cannot be granted by any charter because this would legally imply they can also be revoked and under such circumstances, they would be reduced to privileges:
2958:). Presaging the shift in thinking in the 19th century, Bentham famously dismissed the idea of natural rights as "nonsense on stilts". By way of contrast to the views of Burke and Bentham,
3774:
2983: – that rights and responsibilities are derived from a consensual contract between the government and the people – is the most widely recognized alternative.
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1834:
3525:." However, there is still much dispute over which "rights" are truly natural rights and which are not, and the concept of natural or inalienable rights is still controversial to some.
2710:, "all men are born equally free", and hold "certain inherent natural rights, of which they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity." Another 17th-century Englishman,
3468:, issued from London. The latter, the most prominent English-language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle 'A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology
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was "attempting to rob them of that liberty to which every member of society and all civil communities have a natural and unalienable title." Price again based the argument on the
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in protest even though they had hitherto been among its frequent contributors. Thereafter, Liberty championed egoism although its general content did not change significantly.
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John Locke (1632–1704) was another prominent Western philosopher who conceptualized rights as natural and inalienable. Like Hobbes, Locke believed in a natural right to life,
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derives from theories of natural rights. Those rejecting a distinction between human rights and natural rights view human rights as the successor that is not dependent on
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The law of the Creator, which invests every human being with an inalienable title to freedom, cannot be repealed by any interior law which asserts that man is property.
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Many historical apologies for slavery and illiberal government were based on explicit or implicit voluntary contracts to alienate any "natural rights" to freedom and
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For example, the imperative "not to harm others" is said to be justified by natural law, but the same is not true when it comes to providing protection against harm
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as groundless. Bentham and Burke claimed that rights arise from the actions of government, or evolve from tradition, and that neither of these can provide anything
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Likewise, different philosophers and statesmen have designed different lists of what they believe to be natural rights; almost all include the right to life and
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The signers of the Declaration of Independence deemed it a "self-evident truth" that all men "are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights". In
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3326:, whom he regarded as natural peoples who lived in a "state of liberty" and perfect freedom, but "not a state of license". It also informed his conception of
3521:(not all) of those rights as "defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety, happiness, and
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theory, "inalienable rights" were said to be those rights that could not be surrendered by citizens to the sovereign. Such rights were thought to be
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Various philosophers have created different lists of rights they consider to be natural. Proponents of natural rights, in particular Hesselberg and
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argued that "if there are such things as rights at all, then, there must be a right to life and liberty, or, to put it more properly to free life."
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These themes converged in the debate about American independence. While Jefferson was writing the Declaration of Independence, Welsh nonconformist
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had the authority to violate them. Lithuanians also brought a group of Samogitian representatives to testify to atrocities committed by the Order.
2341:(they cannot be repealed by human laws, though one can forfeit their enjoyment through one's actions, such as by violating someone else's rights).
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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights...
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Reid, J.P.; Hartog, H.; Bakken, G.M.; Nelson, W.E.; Bernstein, R.B.; Benedict, M.L.; Kern, B.W.; Flaherty, M.S.; Fritz, C.G.; Kalman, L. (2000).
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argued that some powers over human beings could be wielded only by God, and that if there were no God, no human beings could wield these powers.
2700:. Preservation of the natural rights to life, liberty, and property was claimed as justification for the rebellion of the American colonies. As
2454:, whereas human rights also comprise positive rights. Even on a natural rights conception of human rights, the two terms may not be synonymous.
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claims that the existence of inalienable rights is unnecessary for the existence of a constitution or a set of laws and rights. This idea of a
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4678:, Bk.2, Chap 2, "On The State of Nature", §4,6,14, Chap 5, "Of Property", §26 (London : Whitmore & Fenn) 1821 pp. 189, 191, 199, 209.
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2893:"took his division of rights into alienable and unalienable from Hutcheson, who made the distinction popular and important", and in the 1776
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Estate: everyone is entitled to own all they create or gain through gift or trade so long as it does not conflict with the first two rights.
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Introduction of the Bill of Rights in Congress, 1789 Jun 8, 21 Jul, 13, 18–19 August; Annals 1:424–450, 661–665, 707–717, 757–759, 766.
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gave a highly developed treatment of this inalienability argument. Like Hutcheson, Hegel based the theory of inalienable rights on the
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basis for the argument that the "liberty of men as agents is that power of self-determination which all agents, as such, possess." In
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inalienable, but only the possessor of a right can alienate himself from that right – no one else can take a man's rights from him."
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2737:" which he defined as being rights that every human being is born with, as opposed to rights bestowed by government or by human law.
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748:
3890:, 2010. The claim that "..all human rights are negative rights.." is rejected, therefore human rights also comprise positive rights.
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claimed to derive natural rights through reason alone. The United States Declaration of Independence, meanwhile, is based upon the "
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One criticism of natural rights theory is that one cannot draw norms from facts. This objection is variously expressed as the
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discussed natural rights in his work, identifying them as being "life, liberty, and estate (property)", and argued that such
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argued that if there are any rights at all, there must be the right to liberty, for all the others would depend upon this.
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Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and so are
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Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Section des sciences religieuses. Résumé des conférences et travaux
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held that no one was a slave by nature; slavery was an external condition juxtaposed to the internal freedom of the soul (
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This marked an important departure from medieval natural law theories which gave precedence to obligations over rights.
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Price raised a furor of opposition so in 1777 he wrote another tract that clarified his position and again restated the
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endureth, there can be no security to any man... of living out the time, which Nature ordinarily allow men to live." (
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There is also debate as to whether all rights are either natural or legal. Fourth president of the United States
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Goodway, David (2004). "A cult of sensations: John Cowper Powys,s life philosophy and individualist anarchism".
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2819:) by which a people would supposedly alienate their right of self-government to a sovereign as, for example, in
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Liberty: everyone is entitled to do anything they want to so long as it does not conflict with the first right.
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The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of John Locke
3450:, both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton. Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German
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is considered one of the first attempts to develop what would come to be called modern natural rights theory.
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argues that "viewing rights as alienable is perfectly consistent with – indeed, implied by – the libertarian
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and natural rights are derived from self-evident principles, not from speculative principles or from facts.
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The Stoic doctrine that the "inner part cannot be delivered into bondage" re-emerged centuries later in the
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One of the first Western thinkers to develop the contemporary idea of natural rights was French theologian
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The existence of natural rights has been asserted by different individuals on different premises, such as
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emphasized "life, liberty and property" as primary. However, despite Locke's influential defense of the
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The idea that certain rights are natural or inalienable also has a history dating back at least to the
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influence is in the changed conception of law that in part resulted from it." Cicero argues in
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In developing his concept of natural rights, Locke was influenced by reports of society among
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that "we are born for Justice, and that right is based, not upon opinions, but upon Nature."
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The Natural Rights Republic: Studies in the Foundation of the American Political Tradition
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The Growth of Political Thought in the West: From the Greeks to the End of the Middle Ages
2434:. Natural rights, in particular, are considered beyond the authority of any government or
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8:
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2511:" truth that "all men are ... endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights".
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2952:. (See Bentham's "Critique of the Doctrine of Inalienable, Natural Rights", and Burke's
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society (duties of care etc.) and that eventually crystallized into actionable rights.
3562:. A libertarian view of inalienable rights is laid out in Morris and Linda Tannehill's
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Thomas Paine (1731–1809) further elaborated on natural rights in his influential work
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inalienability arguments of Hutcheson and his predecessors provided the basis for the
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3212:. This is one of the earliest formulations of the theory of government known as the
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the conflict that a number of natural rights proponents withdrew from the pages of
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Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) included a discussion of natural rights in his moral and
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published by C.L. Swartz, edited by W.E. Gordak and J.W. Lloyd (all associates of
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4288:, T.M. Knox, trans., New York: Oxford University Press, 1967 (1821), section 66.
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4883:"Literature of Liberty, Autumn 1981, vol. 4, No. 3 – Online Library of Liberty"
4260:
An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue in Two Treatises
3694:
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3253:
2941:
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2830:
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2352:(they can be modified, repealed, and restrained by human laws). The concept of
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If a government does not properly protect these rights, it can be overthrown.
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seized this passage as a statement of constitutional principle, although the
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3041:(which are the basis of natural and legal rights respectively) but from the
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The distinction between alienable and unalienable rights was introduced by
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355:
350:
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265:
5196:
Neo-Abolitionism: Abolishing Human Rentals in Favor of Workplace Democracy
4548:
Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority of Rights
4453:
Jean Jacques Burlamaqui: A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism
7280:
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6316:
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5462:
4911:
4405:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 586–589.
4297:
Philmore, J. 1982. "The Libertarian Case for Slavery: A Note on Nozick".
3689:
3596:
3547:
3528:
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3401:
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3034:
3015:
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to argue against any explicit or implied social contracts of subjection (
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2372:
2371:. It was subsequently alluded to in the Bible, and then developed in the
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1350:
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4054:
4031:
All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
2267:
7373:
7260:
6877:
6458:
4511:
Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority To Tax
4483:
Law as Culture and Culture as Law: Essays in Honor of John Phillip Reid
3452:
3257:
3248:
2999:
2689:
2618:
2581:
2527:
2186:
2152:
2147:
1817:
1330:
1120:
1095:
1002:
855:
835:
641:
4004:"American Enlightenment Thought | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
7274:
7075:
7026:
7009:
6947:
6929:
6703:
6617:
6341:
4690:
Understanding the Political Philosophers From Ancient to Modern Times
3833:
2880:
pulled together these themes and related them to the slavery debate:
2594:
2403:, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a
2255:
2053:
1255:
775:
4355:
Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution
4334:
Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution
3591:. Under this principle, only the initiation of force is prohibited;
3352:
3287:. It was once conventional wisdom that Locke greatly influenced the
3228:
such power there is none before the erection of the Commonwealth." (
3064:
7162:
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7031:
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6822:
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6666:
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5774:
3607:
3555:
3284:
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2447:
2191:
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1110:
953:
4719:
2574:, a kind of divine blessing that they must earn by moral behavior.
226:
7115:
6909:
6902:
6767:
6563:
6331:
6326:
4351:
Additional Observations on the Nature and Value of Civil Liberty.
3659:
3522:
3472:". Among those American anarchists who adhered to egoism include
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3280:
3263:
2515:
2479:
1300:
906:
840:
5391:
4003:
7090:
7042:
6811:
6311:
5498:
5422:
5107:"De Sciuridae et Homo Sapiens: The Origin of Rights and Duties"
5043:
4747:"John Locke on Equality, Toleration, and the Atheist Exception"
3550:, and include amongst their canon the works of authors such as
3224:
3007:
2613:
2589:
2471:
2446:
enshrining one conception of natural rights into international
2368:
2312:
970:
218:
3610:, have responded that reason can be applied to separate truly
3396:
adhered to natural rights positions, later in this era led by
2503:
philosophical reasoning or religious principles. For example,
7179:
6775:
4650:
American History from revolution to reconstruction and beyond
3611:
3901:"human rights – Natural law transformed into natural rights"
6393:
6321:
5341:
Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism
4243:
American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence.
3947:
Inventing the Individual: The Origins of Western Liberalism
3664:
3400:, some abandoned natural rights positions and converted to
2746:
Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue
2450:. Natural rights were traditionally viewed as exclusively
2411:, and government – and thus legal rights – in the form of
7152:
2348:
Legal rights are those bestowed onto a person by a given
7229:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
5067:"Inalienability and Punishment: A Reply to George Smith"
3204:
This would lead inevitably to a situation known as the "
2399:, the concept of natural laws was used to challenge the
5386:
The U.S. Declaration of Independence and Natural Rights
3961:"America's Founding Documents | National Archives"
3752:
The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social Philosophy
3583:
dismissed as illegitimate and even self-contradictory.
4479:
3219:
Hobbes objected to the attempt to derive rights from "
5355:
Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development
4916:
The Revolution of Hope: Toward a Humanized Technology
4631:
Launching Liberalism: On Lockean Political Philosophy
3720:"Natural Rights | History of Western Civilization II"
4332:. 1776, Part I. Reprinted in: Peach, Bernard, (Ed.)
3430:
Several periodicals were "undoubtedly influenced by
3377:
3308:
According to Locke, there are three natural rights:
2940:
The concept of inalienable rights was criticized by
2718:), who came into conflict with both the monarchy of
3534:Contemporary political philosophies continuing the
1599:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
6295:of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)
4545:
4508:
4420:
4188:
4099:A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West
3991:Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation
6383:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
4788:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
4676:Two Treatises of Government – Of Civil Government
4603:. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
2730:, argued for level human basic rights he called "
7426:
3818:"Systèmes de pensées et de croyances médiévaux"
3749:Rommen, Heinrich A.; Hanley, Thomas R. (1998).
3504:Many documents now echo the phrase used in the
3045:from which a government derives its authority.
2924:argued before the Supreme Court in the case of
5143:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText"
3517:recognizes inalienable rights and articulated
6409:
5514:
5407:
5064:
4992:
2292:
1624:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
1594:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
610:
84:The examples and perspective in this article
4427:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
4418:
4195:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books. p. 231.
4186:
3748:
2675:doctrine of liberty of conscience. In 1523,
4368:Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism
4330:Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty
2874:Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism
2311:Some philosophers distinguish two types of
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6416:
6402:
5521:
5507:
5414:
5400:
4566:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4529:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4465:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4217:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture.
4146:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4111:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3508:. The preamble to the 1948 United Nations
3296:on established constitutional principles.
2928:, who had been charged with violating the
2356:is related to the concept of legal rights.
2299:
2285:
617:
603:
163:. Please do not remove this message until
5299:
5217:Grotius, Pufendorf and Modern Natural Law
5065:Kinsella, N. Stephan (Winter 1998–1999).
4877:
4875:
4873:
4414:
4412:
3944:
3506:United States Declaration of Independence
3301:This position has also been sustained by
3149:Learn how and when to remove this message
2895:United States Declaration of Independence
2544:United States Declaration of Independence
2462:called natural rights "simple nonsense".
1629:International Federation of Liberal Youth
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
5033:
4995:"A Libertarian Theory of Inalienability"
4779:
4618:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4616:Natural Rights and the New Republicanism
4324:
4322:
4320:
4164:(Keyes translation), book 1, section 28.
4125:
4101:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh. pp. 8, 9.
3815:
3381:
3351:
3252:
3160:
159:Relevant discussion may be found on the
6215:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
5034:Rothbard, Murray N. (9 February 2007).
4840:
4786:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4722:. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
4687:
4633:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
4628:
4613:
4598:
4588:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4096:
3929:
3861:. Palgrave Macmillan, 1994, pp. 72, 74.
3853:
3851:
2955:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1609:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
14:
7427:
6307:List of human rights abuses by country
5795:during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)
5760:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
5252:
5235:. 1690 (primarily the second treatise)
4928:"Individual Rights" – Ayn Rand Lexicon
4870:
4861:
4744:
4580:
4450:
4409:
4028:
3953:
3085:Please improve this section by adding
2966:criticized Burke's view as "tyranny".
2859:be non-binding and void, wrote Price:
6397:
6378:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5502:
5395:
5388:from Constitutional Rights Foundation
4822:from the original on 27 November 2020
4792:from the original on 5 September 2018
4726:from the original on 27 February 2022
4702:
4656:from the original on 14 February 2019
4317:
3510:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3185:thinketh it may best be preserved." (
2850:sided with the colonists' claim that
2440:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5168:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Natural Law"
4959:from the original on 9 November 2014
4717:
4543:
4506:
4353:Reprinted in: Peach, Bernard, (Ed.)
3971:from the original on 12 October 2016
3848:
3816:Grellard, Christophe (31 May 2022).
3730:from the original on 17 October 2020
3538:tradition of natural rights include
3434:s presentation of egoism, including
3058:
2438:to dismiss. The 1948 United Nations
133:
70:
29:
5087:from the original on 29 August 2012
4175:Philosophy and Government 1572–1651
3312:Life: everyone is entitled to live.
1649:Liberal South East European Network
24:
5805:during the Libyan civil war (2011)
5667:National human rights institutions
5662:List of human rights organisations
5314:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
5267:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
5188:
4396:
3911:from the original on 3 August 2022
3622:
2644:made a natural rights case at the
2612:philosophical view represented by
2580:The 40 Principal Doctrines of the
27:Philosophical and political rights
25:
7486:
5421:
5379:
4867:Tucker, Instead of a Book, p. 350
4652:. GMW – University of Groningen.
4643:
4370:. Vintage Books, 1969, pp. 56–57.
4219:Cornell University Press, p. 77.
4065:from the original on 27 June 2019
3777:from the original on 7 March 2022
3394:American individualist anarchists
3378:American individualist anarchists
3098:"Natural rights and legal rights"
2688:17th-century English philosopher
1639:Liberal Network for Latin America
1072:(contributions to liberal theory)
45:This article has multiple issues.
7396:
7395:
5790:at Guantánamo Bay detention camp
5528:
5015:from the original on 2 July 2014
4893:from the original on 24 May 2011
4423:Natural Law & Natural Rights
4357:. Duke University Press, p. 136.
4314:. Yale University Press, p. 175
3063:
3048:
2696:could not be surrendered in the
2656:. He challenged legality of the
2542:" in place of "property" in the
2266:
2254:
648:
225:
138:
75:
34:
5915:in Chile under Augusto Pinochet
5621:Natural rights and legal rights
5611:Claim rights and liberty rights
5440:Claim rights and liberty rights
5435:Natural rights and legal rights
5160:
5135:
5099:
5058:
5027:
4986:
4971:
4941:
4921:
4905:
4834:
4804:
4773:
4761:from the original on 3 May 2021
4738:
4711:
4696:
4681:
4668:
4637:
4622:
4607:
4592:
4574:
4537:
4500:
4473:
4455:. Chapel Hill, NC. p. 120.
4444:
4435:
4390:
4373:
4360:
4343:
4304:
4291:
4278:
4265:
4252:
4235:
4222:
4209:
4180:
4167:
4154:
4119:
4090:
4077:
4047:
4022:
4010:from the original on 3 May 2021
3996:
3983:
3938:
3789:Natural rights and legal rights
3499:
3341:
2518:as the two highest priorities.
252:Natural rights and legal rights
242:Claim rights and liberty rights
53:or discuss these issues on the
7435:Legal doctrines and principles
6961:Right of way (property access)
5785:against Palestinians by Israel
5074:Journal of Libertarian Studies
5002:Journal of Libertarian Studies
4812:"Thomas Paine's Rights of Man"
4782:"Locke's Political Philosophy"
3923:
3893:
3873:
3864:
3809:
3798:
3742:
3712:
2897:, famously condensed this to:
2707:Virginia Declaration of Rights
2432:Christian theological doctrine
2360:Natural law first appeared in
1013:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
5008:(2). Mises Institute: 39–85.
4993:Block, Walter (Spring 2003).
4707:. Cambridge University Press.
4262:(Indianapolis), pp. 192, 193.
4126:McIlwain, Charles H. (1932).
3706:
3675:Natural-rights libertarianism
3242:
3087:secondary or tertiary sources
3014:, for example, contends that
2913:recognized and protected the
2565:, writes in the latter that:
2486:, and descending through the
2345:is the law of natural rights.
280:Economic, social and cultural
6423:
5626:Negative and positive rights
5445:Negative and positive rights
5292:Pufendorf, Baron Samuel von,
5224:A System of Moral Philosophy
5095:– via Mises Institute.
5036:"A Crusoe Social Philosophy"
4629:Zuckert, Michael P. (2002).
4614:Zuckert, Michael P. (1998).
4599:Zuckert, Michael P. (1996).
4486:. Madison House Publishers.
4451:Harvey, Ray Forrest (1937).
4275:. London, 1755, pp. 261–262.
4273:A System of Moral Philosophy
4230:Concerning Secular Authority
3685:Rule according to higher law
3680:Natural person in French law
2750:A System of Moral Philosophy
2704:stated in his draft for the
576:Self-determination of people
257:Negative and positive rights
7:
7267:Two Treatises of Government
6368:List of human rights awards
6240:in the United Arab Emirates
5616:Individual and group rights
5450:Individual and group rights
5232:Two Treatises of Government
5210:The Rights Of War And Peace
4646:"A Biography of John Locke"
4544:Reid, John Phillip (1986).
4507:Reid, John Phillip (1987).
4286:Hegel's Philosophy of Right
4258:Hutcheson, Francis (2004),
4215:Davis, David Brion (1966).
4187:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
3642:
2907:movement to abolish slavery
2561:and the author of the book
2557:, a veteran journalist for
2393:De Vita Spirituali Animae."
247:Individual and group rights
165:conditions to do so are met
98:, discuss the issue on the
10:
7491:
6290:of the Marcos dictatorship
5348:The Idea of Natural Rights
4705:Two Treaties of Government
3932:The Idea of Natural Rights
3345:
3246:
3052:
2570:only as long as they have
2549:
2465:
7391:
7188:
6990:
6870:
6763:
6756:
6605:
6562:
6507:
6431:
6350:
6235:in the State of Palestine
6220:in the Dominican Republic
5800:during the Gaddafi regime
5737:
5682:
5675:
5654:
5634:
5603:
5575:
5564:
5536:
5458:
5430:
5294:Law of Nature and Nations
4938:. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
4552:. Madison, Wis. pp.
4515:. Madison, Wis. pp.
4403:The Works of James Wilson
4301:. XIV (Fall 1982): 43–58.
3945:Siedentop, Larry (2014).
3724:courses.lumenlearning.com
3002:, for example, said that
2905:In the 19th century, the
2662:crusade against Lithuania
2635:De Vita Spirituali Animae
2624:
2364:, and was referred to by
2236:Sexually liberal feminism
2143:Bias in American academia
1614:European Democratic Party
1070:List of liberal theorists
7319:The Great Transformation
6677:Labor theory of property
5212:: Three Volume Set, 1625
4366:Lynd, Staughton (1969).
4310:Cassirer, Ernst (1963).
4029:Kinzer, Stephen (2004).
3650:Constitutional economics
3631:considers natural law a
3589:non-aggression principle
2362:ancient Greek philosophy
895:Labor theory of property
234:Theoretical distinctions
6888:Forest-dwelling (India)
6850:restraint on alienation
6630:Common good (economics)
6358:History of human rights
5765:Enforced disappearances
5755:Crimes against humanity
5483:Equality before the law
5366:Oxford University Press
5343:, Belknap Press, 2014.
5198:, SpringerNature, 2021
4949:"The Ethics of Liberty"
4780:Tuckness, Alex (2020).
4745:Broers, Adalei (2009).
4349:Price, Richard (1979).
4328:Price, Richard (1979).
4241:Maier, Pauline (1983).
3930:Tierney, Brian (1997).
3700:Substantive due process
3515:California Constitution
3033:, arising neither from
2889:Meanwhile, in America,
2654:Jagiellonian University
2642:Polish-Lithuanian union
2413:classical republicanism
1604:Arab Liberal Federation
794:Consent of the governed
7327:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
7101:Primitive accumulation
6956:Right of way (transit)
6741:Tragedy of the commons
6623:fictitious commodities
6302:Incitement to genocide
5595:Universal jurisdiction
5478:Universal jurisdiction
4980:The Market for Liberty
4688:Haworth, Alan (2014).
4399:Robert Green McCloskey
4097:Carlyle, A.J. (1903).
3755:. Liberty Publishing.
3565:The Market for Liberty
3478:John Beverley Robinson
3428:
3389:
3375:
3359:
3276:
3206:war of all against all
3168:
3074:relies excessively on
2938:
2917:. As a lawyer, future
2915:institution of slavery
2903:
2887:
2866:
2844:
2780:
2686:
2633:, whose 1402 treatise
2609:
2576:
2488:Protestant Reformation
1619:European Liberal Youth
1589:Africa Liberal Network
814:Economic globalization
473:Other groups of rights
7465:Human rights concepts
7440:Political terminology
7380:The Wealth of Nations
7360:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
7352:The Ethics of Liberty
6363:List of global issues
5317:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
5301:Rasmussen, Douglas B.
5270:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
4692:. Taylor and Francis.
4419:Finnis, John (2011).
4312:The Myth of the State
4191:The Northern Crusades
4132:. New York. pp.
4055:"Principle Doctrines"
3886:5 August 2019 at the
3417:
3385:
3370:
3355:
3256:
3164:
2977:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2934:
2899:
2882:
2861:
2835:
2808:anti-slavery movement
2775:
2752:(1755), based on the
2724:military dictatorship
2681:
2604:
2567:
2401:divine right of kings
2377:Catholic philosophers
2261:Liberalism portal
2133:Anti-authoritarianism
1634:Liberal International
293:Rights by beneficiary
7243:Progress and Poverty
6577:Common-pool resource
6245:in the United States
6020:in Jammu and Kashmir
5566:Fundamental concepts
5325:. pp. 436–438.
5278:. pp. 434–436.
5222:Hutcheson, Francis.
4703:Locke, John (1999).
4379:Wills, Gary (1979).
4271:Hutcheson, Francis.
3989:Green, T.H. (1883).
3173:political philosophy
2992:naturalistic fallacy
2962:scholar and justice
2762:German Enlightenment
2648:(1414–1418), led by
2646:Council of Constance
2540:pursuit of happiness
2492:Age of Enlightenment
2397:Age of Enlightenment
1065:Age of Enlightenment
1018:Separation of powers
591:Water and sanitation
104:create a new article
96:improve this article
86:may not represent a
7366:The Social Contract
7054:population transfer
6971:prior-appropriation
6650:homestead principle
6230:in the Soviet Union
6130:in Papua New Guinea
5780:Human rights abuses
5738:Human rights abuses
5642:Corporal punishment
5305:"Rights, Theory of"
5242:. 1995, Routledge.
5240:Locke on Government
5238:Lloyd Thomas, D.A.
5123:on 27 November 2013
5046:on 17 November 2014
4978:"Man and Society".
4934:1 July 2011 at the
4918:, New York: Bantam.
4887:Oll.libertyfund.org
4299:Philosophical Forum
4284:Georg W. F. Hegel,
4177:(1993), pp. 25–27.
3967:. 12 October 2016.
3289:American Revolution
2972:The Social Contract
2840:pactum subjectionis
2817:pactum subjectionis
2813:democratic movement
2532:right of revolution
2273:Politics portal
976:Civil and political
949:Popular sovereignty
809:Economic liberalism
275:Civil and political
152:of this article is
7450:Libertarian theory
7346:Murray N. Rothbard
6657:Free-rider problem
6225:in the Philippines
5750:Crime of apartheid
5362:Theories of Rights
5350:, Eerdmans, 1997.
5339:Siedentop, Larry,
5215:Haakonssen, Knud,
3879:See James Nickel,
3544:anarcho-capitalism
3482:Steven T. Byington
3390:
3360:
3277:
3169:
3004:ethical naturalism
2930:Fugitive Slave Act
2800:self-determination
2694:fundamental rights
2666:Holy Roman Emperor
2600:Seneca the Younger
2563:All The Shah's Men
2559:The New York Times
2436:international body
2391:in his 1402 work "
944:Permissive society
924:Limited government
7445:Libertarian terms
7422:
7421:
7333:What Is Property?
7126:human trafficking
7111:Regulatory taking
6986:
6985:
6731:Right to property
6391:
6390:
6373:Three generations
5733:
5732:
5650:
5649:
5496:
5495:
5360:Waldron, Jeremy
5258:"Rights, Natural"
5204:978-3-030-62676-1
5194:Ellerman, David,
4751:Inquiries Journal
4718:Connolly, Jacob.
4582:Pangle, Thomas L.
4381:Inventing America
3655:Constitutionalism
3601:retaliatory force
3577:voluntary slavery
3536:classical liberal
3496:and E.H. Fulton.
3159:
3158:
3151:
3133:
2911:U.S. constitution
2782:In discussion of
2742:Francis Hutcheson
2366:Roman philosopher
2309:
2308:
2148:Bias in the media
1664:Regional variants
981:Natural and legal
627:
626:
285:Three generations
211:
210:
203:
193:
192:
185:
132:
131:
124:
106:, as appropriate.
68:
16:(Redirected from
7482:
7399:
7398:
7303:John Stuart Mill
7223:Friedrich Engels
7204:Frédéric Bastiat
7197:
7049:Forced migration
7017:Collectivization
6761:
6760:
6640:First possession
6613:Bundle of rights
6418:
6411:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6145:in Punjab, India
5770:Forced migration
5680:
5679:
5573:
5572:
5568:and philosophies
5523:
5516:
5509:
5500:
5499:
5473:Sovereign states
5416:
5409:
5402:
5393:
5392:
5346:Tierney, Brian,
5336:
5289:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5116:. Archived from
5111:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5086:
5071:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5042:. Archived from
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5014:
4999:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4955:. 20 July 2005.
4945:
4939:
4925:
4919:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4879:
4868:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4685:
4679:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4565:
4557:
4551:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4394:
4388:
4377:
4371:
4364:
4358:
4347:
4341:
4326:
4315:
4308:
4302:
4295:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4269:
4263:
4256:
4250:
4239:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4194:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4137:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4088:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3949:. Belknap Press.
3942:
3936:
3935:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3897:
3891:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3834:10.4000/asr.4158
3828:(129): 383–400.
3813:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3716:
3670:Legal positivism
3638:
3585:Stephan Kinsella
3486:Hutchins Hapgood
3471:
3406:Egoist anarchism
3324:Native Americans
3154:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3091:
3067:
3059:
2996:appeal to nature
2988:is-ought problem
2891:Thomas Jefferson
2652:, rector of the
2650:Paulus Vladimiri
2536:Thomas Jefferson
2444:legal instrument
2442:is an important
2428:natural theology
2381:Albert the Great
2301:
2294:
2287:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2177:Economic freedom
2170:Radical centrism
1008:Secular humanism
934:Natural monopoly
885:Internationalism
702:Internationalist
652:
629:
628:
619:
612:
605:
566:Rest and leisure
229:
215:
214:
206:
199:
188:
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142:
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127:
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107:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7387:
7191:
7190:
7184:
7134:husband-selling
7071:Illegal logging
7066:Illegal fishing
6995:
6982:
6893:Freedom to roam
6866:
6779:(agrarian land)
6752:
6709:Property rights
6601:
6558:
6520:Estate (landed)
6503:
6427:
6422:
6392:
6387:
6346:
6175:in South Africa
6165:in Sierra Leone
6160:in Saudi Arabia
5890:in Burkina Faso
5845:in Azad Kashmir
5729:
5671:
5646:
5630:
5599:
5569:
5567:
5560:
5551:Intersex people
5532:
5527:
5497:
5492:
5488:Social contract
5454:
5426:
5420:
5382:
5353:Tuck, Richard,
5333:
5286:
5226:. 1755, London.
5208:Grotius, Hugo,
5191:
5189:Further reading
5186:
5176:
5174:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5151:
5149:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5124:
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5109:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5069:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5047:
5040:Mises Institute
5032:
5028:
5018:
5016:
5012:
4997:
4991:
4987:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4953:Mises Institute
4947:
4946:
4942:
4936:Wayback Machine
4926:
4922:
4910:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4881:
4880:
4871:
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4839:
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4809:
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4778:
4774:
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4743:
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4729:
4727:
4716:
4712:
4701:
4697:
4686:
4682:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4642:
4638:
4627:
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4612:
4608:
4597:
4593:
4579:
4575:
4559:
4558:
4542:
4538:
4522:
4521:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4478:
4474:
4458:
4457:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4417:
4410:
4397:Wilson, James.
4395:
4391:
4378:
4374:
4365:
4361:
4348:
4344:
4338:Duke University
4327:
4318:
4309:
4305:
4296:
4292:
4283:
4279:
4270:
4266:
4257:
4253:
4249:, 1993, p. 134.
4247:Alfred A. Knopf
4240:
4236:
4228:Martin Luther,
4227:
4223:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4185:
4181:
4173:Tuck, Richard.
4172:
4168:
4159:
4155:
4139:
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4002:
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3958:
3954:
3943:
3939:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3888:Wayback Machine
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3856:
3849:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3780:
3778:
3763:
3747:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3645:
3636:
3629:Catholic Church
3625:
3623:Catholic Church
3581:Murray Rothbard
3560:Murray Rothbard
3502:
3490:James L. Walker
3474:Benjamin Tucker
3469:
3398:Benjamin Tucker
3392:While at first
3387:Benjamin Tucker
3380:
3350:
3344:
3328:social contract
3303:Michael Zuckert
3251:
3245:
3225:right and wrong
3214:social contract
3155:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3080:primary sources
3068:
3057:
3051:
3043:social contract
2981:social contract
2922:Salmon P. Chase
2852:King George III
2829:. According to
2784:social contract
2728:Oliver Cromwell
2698:social contract
2627:
2607:it is confined.
2552:
2468:
2452:negative rights
2405:social contract
2305:
2265:
2253:
2246:
2245:
2128:
2120:
2119:
1922:North Macedonia
1666:
1656:
1655:
1654:
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1644:Liberal parties
1582:
1574:
1573:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1060:
1050:
1049:
1045:State of nature
1033:Social services
1023:Social contract
986:To own property
789:
781:
780:
660:
623:
496:Civil liberties
207:
196:
195:
194:
189:
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158:
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117:
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108:
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7300:
7299:
7298:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7258:
7253:
7251:Garrett Hardin
7248:
7247:
7246:
7234:
7233:
7232:
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7215:
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7200:
7198:
7186:
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7175:
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7165:
7160:
7150:
7149:
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7142:
7141:
7136:
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7113:
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7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7046:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7022:Eminent domain
7019:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7005:Bioprospecting
7001:
6999:
6997:redistribution
6988:
6987:
6984:
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6980:
6979:
6978:
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6958:
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6952:
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6748:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6706:
6701:
6699:Natural rights
6696:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
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6653:
6652:
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6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6195:in Switzerland
6192:
6187:
6182:
6180:in South Korea
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6115:in North Korea
6112:
6107:
6105:in New Zealand
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6050:in Kyrgyzstan
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5935:in El Salvador
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5860:in Balochistan
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5810:in Afghanistan
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5745:Atrocity crime
5741:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
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5713:
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5380:External links
5378:
5377:
5376:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5332:978-1412965804
5331:
5323:Cato Institute
5309:Hamowy, Ronald
5297:
5290:
5285:978-1412965804
5284:
5276:Cato Institute
5262:Hamowy, Ronald
5250:
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5220:
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4493:978-0945612742
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4039:
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3995:
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3952:
3937:
3922:
3892:
3872:
3863:
3857:Jones, Peter.
3847:
3808:
3805:Romans 2:14–15
3797:
3762:978-0865971615
3761:
3741:
3710:
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3705:
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3702:
3697:
3695:Special rights
3692:
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3540:libertarianism
3501:
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3346:Main article:
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3247:Main article:
3244:
3241:
3157:
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3071:
3069:
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3053:Main article:
3050:
3047:
2942:Jeremy Bentham
2926:John Van Zandt
2878:Staughton Lynd
2831:Ernst Cassirer
2788:natural rights
2720:King Charles I
2658:Teutonic Order
2626:
2623:
2555:Stephen Kinzer
2551:
2548:
2476:late Antiquity
2467:
2464:
2460:Jeremy Bentham
2385:Thomas Aquinas
2358:
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2346:
2317:natural rights
2307:
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2241:Utilitarianism
2238:
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2214:Libertarianism
2211:
2209:Land value tax
2206:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2189:
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2182:Egalitarianism
2179:
2174:
2173:
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2138:Anti-communism
2135:
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2127:Related topics
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2049:United Kingdom
2046:
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2016:
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1176:Wollstonecraft
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1028:Social justice
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929:Market economy
926:
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890:Invisible hand
887:
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880:Harm principle
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583:
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521:Free migration
518:
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90:of the subject
88:worldwide view
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7487:
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7460:Animal rights
7458:
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7441:
7438:
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7430:
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7410:
7409:
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7400:Categories:
7394:
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7382:
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7367:
7363:
7362:
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7354:
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7349:
7348:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7341:David Ricardo
7339:
7335:
7334:
7330:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7308:Elinor Ostrom
7306:
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7297:
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7124:
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7119:
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7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7106:Privatization
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7086:Legal plunder
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
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7072:
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7067:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7051:
7050:
7047:
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7044:
7040:
7038:
7037:Expropriation
7035:
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7018:
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6797:
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6785:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6772:
6771:(watercourse)
6770:
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6762:
6759:
6755:
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6743:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
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6729:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:primogeniture
6712:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6694:Legal plunder
6692:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6645:appropriation
6643:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6635:Excludability
6633:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6604:
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6308:
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6300:
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6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6265:in Uzbekistan
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
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6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6155:in the Russia
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
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6111:
6108:
6106:
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6098:
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6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6035:in Kazakhstan
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
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5981:
5978:
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5973:
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5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
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5951:
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5933:
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5928:
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5911:
5908:
5906:
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5901:
5898:
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5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5865:in Bangladesh
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:in Azerbaijan
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:South America
5714:
5712:
5710:
5709:North America
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5678:
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5665:
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5660:
5659:
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5655:Organizations
5653:
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5612:
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5596:
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5374:0-19-875063-3
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5229:Locke, John.
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5172:newadvent.org
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4982:. p. 11.
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4843:Powys Journal
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4644:Kunze, Fred.
4640:
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4385:Vintage Books
4382:
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4202:0-14-026653-4
4198:
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4176:
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4149:
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4085:De beneficiis
4080:
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3824:(in French).
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3552:Robert Nozick
3549:
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3413:Wendy McElroy
3411:According to
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:Rights of Man
3358:
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3309:
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3298:Thomas Pangle
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3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:civil society
3207:
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3199:
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3189:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3166:Thomas Hobbes
3163:
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3128:
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3121:
3117:
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3110:
3107:
3103:
3100: –
3099:
3095:
3094:Find sources:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3072:This section
3070:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:Thomas Hobbes
3049:Thomas Hobbes
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:social rights
3028:
3027:trial by jury
3024:
3023:James Madison
3019:
3017:
3013:
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3001:
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2919:Chief Justice
2916:
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2892:
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2865:
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2848:Richard Price
2843:
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2832:
2828:
2827:Thomas Hobbes
2824:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2792:natural state
2789:
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2716:Freeborn John
2713:
2712:John Lilburne
2709:
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2699:
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2677:Martin Luther
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2538:substituted "
2537:
2533:
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2525:
2521:
2520:H. L. A. Hart
2517:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2505:Immanuel Kant
2502:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:of the early
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2197:Individualism
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2076:United States
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1676:Latin America
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1581:Organizations
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1038:Welfare state
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909:
908:
905:
903:
902:
901:Laissez-faire
898:
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893:
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871:
869:
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205:
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187:
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176:
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162:
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136:
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115:
105:
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97:
91:
89:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
7475:Universalism
7407:Property law
7378:
7364:
7350:
7331:
7317:
7313:Karl Polanyi
7293:
7289:Marcel Mauss
7279:
7265:
7256:David Harvey
7241:
7237:Henry George
7227:
7218:Ronald Coase
7208:
7193:
7139:wife selling
7121:bride buying
7059:repatriation
7041:
6992:Disposession
6946:
6835:Property law
6810:
6806:Forest types
6776:
6768:
6757:Applications
6698:
6687:rent-seeking
6672:Gift economy
6530:Intellectual
6270:in Venezuela
6185:in Sri Lanka
6065:in Lithuania
5990:in Indonesia
5970:in Hong Kong
5965:in Guatemala
5835:in Australia
5825:in Argentina
5676:By continent
5620:
5604:Distinctions
5585:Positive law
5530:Human rights
5468:Positive law
5434:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5313:
5293:
5266:
5254:Miller, Fred
5239:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5195:
5175:. Retrieved
5171:
5162:
5150:. Retrieved
5146:
5137:
5125:. Retrieved
5118:the original
5113:
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5077:
5073:
5060:
5048:. Retrieved
5044:the original
5039:
5029:
5019:13 September
5017:. Retrieved
5005:
5001:
4988:
4979:
4973:
4961:. Retrieved
4952:
4943:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4895:. Retrieved
4886:
4863:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4824:. Retrieved
4815:
4806:
4794:. Retrieved
4785:
4775:
4763:. Retrieved
4754:
4750:
4740:
4728:. Retrieved
4720:"John Locke"
4713:
4704:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4675:
4674:John Locke,
4670:
4658:. Retrieved
4649:
4639:
4630:
4624:
4615:
4609:
4600:
4594:
4585:
4576:
4547:
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4502:
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4383:. New York:
4380:
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4350:
4345:
4333:
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4280:
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4254:
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4229:
4224:
4216:
4211:
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4182:
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4169:
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4156:
4128:
4121:
4098:
4092:
4084:
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4059:epicurus.net
4058:
4049:
4030:
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
3998:
3990:
3985:
3973:. Retrieved
3965:Archives.gov
3964:
3955:
3946:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3904:
3895:
3881:Human Rights
3875:
3866:
3858:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3800:
3794:Google Books
3787:
3779:. Retrieved
3751:
3744:
3732:. Retrieved
3723:
3714:
3626:
3617:
3605:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3533:
3527:
3518:
3503:
3500:Contemporary
3465:
3461:
3456:, edited by
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3421:
3418:
3410:
3391:
3371:
3363:
3361:
3357:Thomas Paine
3348:Thomas Paine
3342:Thomas Paine
3336:
3332:
3321:
3307:
3293:
3278:
3261:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3218:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3170:
3145:
3136:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3093:
3073:
3039:positive law
3020:
2985:
2970:
2968:
2964:James Wilson
2953:
2949:
2946:Edmund Burke
2939:
2935:
2904:
2900:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2820:
2816:
2803:
2797:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2731:
2715:
2705:
2702:George Mason
2687:
2682:
2670:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2610:
2605:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2513:
2509:self-evident
2498:
2496:
2480:Catholic law
2469:
2456:
2420:human rights
2418:The idea of
2417:
2409:positive law
2392:
2383:, his pupil
2359:
2354:positive law
2350:legal system
2338:
2332:
2328:
2321:legal rights
2320:
2316:
2310:
2231:Pirate Party
2091:Jeffersonian
1999:South Africa
1489:Lloyd George
1084:Philosophers
991:To bear arms
980:
939:Open society
899:
670:Conservative
571:Self defense
561:Reproductive
266:Human rights
251:
212:
197:
179:
170:
148:
118:
109:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
7470:Sovereignty
7281:Das Kapital
7168:progressive
7158:inheritance
7081:Land reform
6855:real estate
6830:Land tenure
6818:Inheritance
6746:anticommons
6682:Law of rent
6662:Game theory
6592:Information
6572:Common land
6469:Cooperative
6317:Persecution
6285:in Zimbabwe
6210:in Thailand
6120:in Pakistan
6075:in Malaysia
5940:in Ethiopia
5900:in Cambodia
5880:in Botswana
5692:Middle East
5590:Sovereignty
5580:Natural law
5463:Natural law
5177:17 November
5152:17 November
4912:Fromm, Eric
4730:27 February
3934:. Eerdmans.
3690:Rule of law
3597:restitutive
3548:Objectivism
3529:Erich Fromm
3466:The Serpent
3458:Adolf Brand
3402:Max Stirner
3294:commentator
3221:natural law
3139:August 2020
3035:natural law
3029:, that are
3016:natural law
3012:John Finnis
2950:inalienable
2754:Reformation
2673:Reformation
2631:Jean Gerson
2524:T. H. Green
2484:Middle Ages
2424:natural law
2395:During the
2389:Jean Gerson
2373:Middle Ages
2343:Natural law
2339:inalienable
2334:fundamental
2059:Gladstonian
2019:Switzerland
2004:South Korea
1947:Philippines
1907:New Zealand
1902:Netherlands
1559:Verhofstadt
1554:Balcerowicz
1363:Politicians
1291:Collingwood
1231:Tocqueville
1106:Montesquieu
998:Rule of law
799:Due process
546:Development
486:Association
381:Transgender
173:August 2022
112:August 2022
18:Legal right
7429:Categories
7412:by country
7374:Adam Smith
7261:John Locke
6925:indigenous
6920:aboriginal
6840:alienation
6535:indigenous
6525:Intangible
6439:Collective
6342:War crimes
6275:in Vietnam
6260:in Ukraine
6150:in Romania
6110:in Nigeria
6095:in Myanmar
6090:in Morocco
6080:in Manipur
6055:in Lebanon
6030:in Kashmir
6005:in Ireland
5960:in Germany
5895:in Burundi
5875:in Bolivia
5870:in Belarus
5855:in Bahrain
5840:in Austria
5830:in Armenia
5815:in Algeria
5248:0415095336
5147:vatican.va
4826:14 October
4245:New York:
4162:De Legibus
4087:, III, 20.
3905:Britannica
3771:1004487064
3734:14 October
3707:References
3453:Der Eigene
3448:The Egoist
3258:John Locke
3249:John Locke
3243:John Locke
3201:. 1, XIV)
3191:. 1, XIV)
3181:. 1, XIV)
3109:newspapers
3076:references
3000:G.E. Moore
2714:(known as
2690:John Locke
2619:De Legibus
2582:Epicureans
2528:John Locke
2494:to today.
2478:, through
2187:Empiricism
2158:Democratic
2153:Capitalism
2064:Manchester
1897:Montenegro
1882:Luxembourg
1818:Venizelism
1748:Costa Rica
1003:Secularism
836:Federalism
788:Principles
680:Democratic
642:Liberalism
536:Linguistic
511:Fair trial
393:Minorities
361:Indigenous
150:neutrality
50:improve it
7275:Karl Marx
7076:Land Back
7027:Enclosure
7010:biopiracy
6948:Bergregal
6930:squatting
6704:Ownership
6618:Commodity
6597:Knowledge
6508:By nature
6464:Customary
6454:Community
6255:in Uganda
6250:in Turkey
6205:in Taiwan
6140:in Poland
6125:in Panama
6085:in Mexico
6070:in Malawi
6045:in Kuwait
6010:in Israel
5945:in France
5905:in Canada
5885:in Brazil
5820:in Angola
4849:: 45–80.
4562:cite book
4525:cite book
4461:cite book
4142:cite book
4107:cite book
4033:. Wiley.
3993:, p. 114.
3842:0183-7478
3612:axiomatic
3603:is not."
3593:defensive
3462:The Eagle
3231:Leviathan
3198:Leviathan
3188:Leviathan
3178:Leviathan
3037:nor from
2994:, or the
2822:Leviathan
2744:. In his
2595:sui juris
2329:universal
2202:Anarchist
2110:Venezuela
2086:Classical
2054:Cobdenism
1957:Cracovian
1912:Nicaragua
1877:Lithuania
1736:Hong Kong
1691:Australia
1529:Roosevelt
1499:Ståhlberg
1494:Venizelos
1449:Sarmiento
1439:Gladstone
1399:Lamartine
1369:Jefferson
1221:Martineau
1171:De Gouges
1156:Condorcet
1141:Priestley
804:Democracy
776:Third Way
737:Christian
732:Religious
665:Classical
581:Sexuality
506:Education
430:Prisoners
321:Creditors
316:Consumers
161:talk page
100:talk page
56:talk page
7402:Property
7295:The Gift
7194:key work
7189:Scholars
7173:property
7130:spousal
7096:Poaching
7032:Eviction
6976:riparian
6937:Littoral
6845:easement
6823:executor
6794:literary
6719:usufruct
6667:Georgism
6547:Tangible
6542:Personal
6449:Communal
6432:By owner
6425:Property
6280:in Yemen
6200:in Syria
6190:in Sudan
6170:in Sindh
6100:in Nepal
6060:in Libya
6040:in Kenya
6025:in Japan
6015:in Italy
5985:in India
5980:in Haiti
5975:in Egypt
5955:in Ghana
5950:in Gabon
5930:in Egypt
5920:in China
5910:in Chile
5775:Genocide
5546:Children
5303:(2008).
5256:(2008).
5127:10 March
5091:10 March
5082:Archived
5050:10 March
5010:Archived
4963:10 March
4957:Archived
4932:Archived
4914:(1973),
4897:10 March
4891:Archived
4855:26106709
4820:Archived
4790:Archived
4759:Archived
4724:Archived
4654:Archived
4584:(1988).
4387:, p. 213
4160:Cicero,
4083:Seneca,
4063:Archived
4008:Archived
3975:10 March
3969:Archived
3915:3 August
3909:Archived
3884:Archived
3775:Archived
3728:Archived
3643:See also
3608:Rothbard
3579:, which
3556:Ayn Rand
3432:Liberty'
3285:property
3273:property
3235:. 1, XV)
2932:, that:
2870:de facto
2856:de facto
2804:de facto
2770:de facto
2733:freeborn
2722:and the
2500:a priori
2490:and the
2448:soft law
2379:such as
2192:Humanism
2165:Centrism
2115:Zimbabwe
2069:Whiggism
2029:Thailand
1994:Slovenia
1989:Slovakia
1964:Portugal
1937:Paraguay
1860:Liberism
1825:Honduras
1743:Colombia
1716:Bulgaria
1509:Rathenau
1484:Milyukov
1404:Macaulay
1374:Kołłątaj
1346:Kymlicka
1326:Friedman
1271:Cassirer
1261:Hobhouse
1196:Constant
1191:Humboldt
1151:Beccaria
1116:Rousseau
1111:Voltaire
954:Property
917:Positive
912:Negative
868:Religion
846:Economic
819:Equality
742:Catholic
712:National
707:Muscular
685:Feminist
675:Cultural
634:a series
632:Part of
551:Property
541:Movement
481:Assembly
445:Students
420:Peasants
415:Patients
366:Intersex
331:Disabled
311:Children
154:disputed
94:You may
7210:The Law
7116:Slavery
6942:Mineral
6910:Hunting
6903:pannage
6898:Grazing
6883:Fishing
6769:Acequia
6736:Rivalry
6724:women's
6582:Digital
6564:Commons
6499:Unowned
6474:Private
6351:Related
6337:Victims
6332:Torture
6327:Slavery
6135:in Peru
6000:in Iraq
5995:in Iran
5925:in Cuba
5721:Oceania
5635:Aspects
5357:, 1982
5311:(ed.).
5264:(ed.).
5219:, 1999
4660:20 July
4401:(ed.).
4340:Press.
4232:, 1523.
4069:27 June
3781:7 March
3660:Dignity
3523:privacy
3444:The Ego
3440:Liberty
3423:Liberty
3281:liberty
3264:Liberty
3262:"Life,
3123:scholar
2960:Patriot
2760:In the
2679:wrote:
2602:wrote:
2550:Ancient
2516:liberty
2466:History
2105:Uruguay
2044:Ukraine
2034:Tunisia
1979:Senegal
1969:Romania
1917:Nigeria
1892:Moldova
1835:Iceland
1830:Hungary
1808:Germany
1803:Georgia
1793:Finland
1788:Estonia
1778:Ecuador
1773:Denmark
1768:Czechia
1753:Croatia
1706:Bolivia
1701:Belgium
1696:Austria
1686:Armenia
1681:Albania
1549:Jenkins
1544:Kennedy
1534:Pearson
1519:Einaudi
1504:Gokhale
1464:Itagaki
1459:Naoroji
1454:Mommsen
1434:Lincoln
1424:Mazzini
1409:Kossuth
1394:Broglie
1389:Bolívar
1384:Artigas
1379:Madison
1241:Spencer
1226:Emerson
1216:Bastiat
1201:Ricardo
1161:Bentham
1101:Spinoza
1058:History
959:Private
907:Liberty
841:Freedom
761:Secular
749:Islamic
727:Radical
659:Schools
531:Housing
501:Digital
460:Workers
450:Victims
408:Mothers
403:Fathers
398:Parents
351:Fetuses
346:Farmers
306:Animals
301:Accused
7455:Rights
7091:Piracy
7043:Farhud
6871:Rights
6812:Huerta
6784:Estate
6606:Theory
6587:Global
6489:Social
6479:Public
6444:Common
6312:Murder
5704:Europe
5687:Africa
5541:Humans
5425:theory
5423:Rights
5372:
5364:1984,
5329:
5296:, 1625
5282:
5246:
5202:
5114:Bu.edu
4853:
4796:26 May
4765:26 May
4757:(12).
4490:
4199:
4037:
4014:19 May
3859:Rights
3840:
3769:
3759:
3460:, and
3283:, and
3268:Estate
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3008:nature
2990:, the
2802:. The
2735:rights
2625:Modern
2614:Cicero
2590:Stoics
2472:Stoics
2387:, and
2369:Cicero
2313:rights
2098:Modern
2039:Turkey
2024:Taiwan
2014:Sweden
1984:Serbia
1974:Russia
1952:Poland
1932:Panama
1927:Norway
1887:Mexico
1872:Latvia
1850:Israel
1813:Greece
1798:France
1763:Cyprus
1721:Canada
1711:Brazil
1671:Europe
1569:Macron
1514:Madero
1479:Deakin
1469:Levski
1444:Cavour
1429:Juárez
1419:Cobden
1351:Badawi
1341:Nozick
1321:Berlin
1311:Popper
1286:Keynes
1281:Ortega
1246:Arnold
1206:Guizot
1166:Korais
1131:Turgot
1091:Milton
971:Rights
964:Public
873:Speech
851:Market
824:Gender
771:Techno
766:Social
754:Jewish
690:Equity
586:Speech
556:Repair
526:Health
491:Asylum
440:States
435:Robots
425:Plants
356:Humans
341:Family
336:Elders
219:Rights
7180:Theft
6966:Water
6860:title
6789:legal
6777:Ejido
6515:Croft
6494:State
6459:Crown
5556:Women
5307:. In
5260:. In
5121:(PDF)
5110:(PDF)
5085:(PDF)
5080:(1).
5070:(PDF)
5013:(PDF)
4998:(PDF)
4851:JSTOR
4816:bl.uk
4556:–133.
4519:–136.
4136:–115.
3633:dogma
3599:, or
3130:JSTOR
3116:books
2766:Hegel
2430:, or
2224:Right
2009:Spain
1867:Japan
1855:Italy
1840:India
1783:Egypt
1731:China
1726:Chile
1564:Obama
1539:Ohlin
1474:Kemal
1331:Rawls
1306:Hayek
1296:Čapek
1276:Mises
1266:Croce
1256:Weber
1251:Acton
1181:Staël
1146:Paine
1136:Burke
1121:Smith
1096:Locke
863:Press
856:Trade
829:Legal
697:Green
465:Youth
455:Women
371:Kings
102:, or
7163:poll
7146:wage
6915:Land
6799:real
6552:real
6484:Self
6322:Rape
5697:Asia
5370:ISBN
5327:ISBN
5319:Sage
5280:ISBN
5272:Sage
5244:ISBN
5200:ISBN
5179:2020
5154:2020
5129:2017
5093:2017
5052:2017
5021:2014
4965:2017
4899:2017
4828:2020
4798:2021
4767:2021
4732:2022
4662:2015
4568:link
4531:link
4488:ISBN
4467:link
4431:–58.
4197:ISBN
4148:link
4113:link
4071:2019
4035:ISBN
4016:2021
3977:2017
3917:2022
3838:ISSN
3783:2022
3767:OCLC
3757:ISBN
3736:2020
3665:Need
3627:The
3558:and
3546:and
3519:some
3464:and
3446:and
3102:news
2944:and
2640:The
2588:The
2572:farr
2337:and
2319:and
2219:Left
1942:Peru
1845:Iran
1758:Cuba
1524:King
1414:Deák
1316:Aron
1236:Mill
1211:List
1126:Kant
722:Ordo
516:Food
376:LGBT
326:Deaf
147:The
7153:Tax
6878:Air
4554:132
4517:135
4134:114
3830:doi
3826:129
3792:at
3570:not
3442:);
3404:'s
3078:to
2825:by
2726:of
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2474:of
2375:by
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1186:Say
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