730:
2111:
2125:
233:, following research that noted that much social interaction is determined by rules outside of the law and that several such "legal orders" could exist in one country, John Griffiths, made a strong argument for the study of these social systems of rules and how they interact with the law itself, which came to be known as legal pluralism.
240:
so these legal orders should not be considered similar to law. On the other hand, Tamanaha and
Griffiths have argued that law should only be studied as a particular form of social order together with other rules that govern social systems, abandoning the concept of law as something worth studying.
164:
writes, "In spite of the levelling off of many present differences under the impact of science, technology, and increased intercommunication, we cannot in any reasonably near future envisage any substantial lessening of the differences in our basic value systems, either philosophical or cultural".
124:
Since modern
Western legal systems can also be pluralistic, it is misleading to discuss legal pluralism only in relation to non-Western legal systems. Legal pluralism may even be found in settings that might initially appear legally homogenous. For example, there are dual ideologies of law within
50:
was an accepted situation in medieval and early modern Europe to such an extent that it was considered as the ADN of the occidental society. Even if this authorities were often in conflicts, Church and State were habitually supportive for each other et it's possible to called it a "legal
214:
90:). In postcolonial societies a recognition of pluralism may be viewed as a roadblock to nation-building and development. Anthropologists view legal pluralism in the light of historical struggles over sovereignty, nationhood and legitimacy.
101:) would be covered by traditional law. Over time, those distinctions tended to break down, and individuals would choose to bring their legal claims under the system that they thought would offer them the best advantage.
125:
courthouses in the US, as the formal ideology of law as it is written exists alongside the informal ideology of law as it is used. The discussion on the internal and external plurality of legal systems is called
236:
This concept of legal pluralism where the law is seen as one of many legal orders has been criticized. Roberts argued that the concept of law was intrinsically linked to the notion of the
144:, but most modern Western nation-states take the basis of their legal system from the Christian superpowers of old (Britain, France etc.). That is also why
377:
Decock, Wim (2023). "Salamanca Meets
Secularism. Clerics' Role in the Administration of Justice and Charity". In T. Rasmussen; J. Øyrehagen Sunde (eds.).
161:
596:
190:
have also been recognised, especially in sentencing. That has, in effect, set up two parallel sentencing systems. Another example is the
893:
Decock, Wim (2018). "Collaborative Legal
Pluralism. Confessors as Law Enforcers in Mercado's Advices on Economic Governance (1571)".
2092:
531:
269:
313:(in Italian). Rome: Pontifica Università Lateranense. Accademia Alfonsiana. Istituto Superiore di Teologia Morale. p. 24.
572:
426:
401:
363:
344:
206:
is the means used by the people to settle disputes: since it had been very effective for them, it is still widely practiced.
832:
Sierra, Maria Teresa. 1995. "Indian Rights and
Customary Law in Mexico: A Study of the Nahuas in the Sierra de Puebla".
2165:
1518:
1076:
975:
887:
873:
804:
773:
751:
744:
1632:
1501:
2087:
1434:
1335:
1594:
1228:
917:
809:
Benda-Beckmann, K. von. 1981. "Forum
Shopping and Shopping Forums: Dispute Processing in Minangkabau Village".
274:
947:
442:
Griffiths, Anne (November 1996). "Legal
Pluralism in Africa: The Role of Gender and Women's Access to Law".
1754:
1233:
183:
gave recognition to native title and thus elements of traditional
Aboriginal law. Elements of traditional
109:
Legal pluralism also occurs when different laws govern different groups within a country. For example, in
1749:
255:
1724:
1223:
263:
195:
20:
305:
2170:
1807:
539:
839:
Speelman, G. 1995. "Muslim
Minorities and Shari'ah in Europe". Pp. 70–77 in Tarek Mitri (Ed.),
611:
2175:
1602:
1584:
738:
177:
86:, where the law of a former colonial authority may exist alongside more traditional legal systems (
1936:
689:
1977:
1764:
1253:
1238:
825:
160:, hence fulfilling the priority of both the positivists and the naturalists. The policy analyst
2032:
2017:
755:
379:
184:
209:
There is some concern that traditional legal systems and Muslim legal systems fail to promote
2136:
1729:
1407:
1218:
169:
71:
117:, there are special Islamic courts that address concerns in Muslim communities by following
1857:
1203:
857:
Starr, June, and
Jonathan Pool. 1974. "The Impact of a Legal Revolution in Rural Turkey".
8:
2012:
1152:
1069:
55:
482:
Merry, Sally (May 1986). "Everyday Understandings of the Law in Working-class America".
63:
1827:
1486:
1340:
1325:
1303:
1047:
1027:
980:
970:
590:
226:
199:
19:
This article is about the concept of legal pluralism. For other uses of the term, see
1812:
1734:
1572:
1315:
1310:
1263:
1188:
1182:
1022:
940:
883:
869:
800:
709:
670:
631:
578:
568:
422:
210:
168:
Legal pluralism also exists to an extent in societies where the legal systems of the
1817:
1784:
1283:
1147:
1142:
1107:
701:
666:
662:
627:
623:
491:
451:
284:
126:
495:
74:, judge of the conscience, as a veritable agent for the application of civil law.
2066:
2039:
2027:
2007:
1941:
1919:
1899:
1894:
1874:
1739:
1719:
1714:
1577:
1288:
1213:
1137:
1122:
1042:
650:
416:
279:
230:
59:
47:
2143:
1951:
1869:
1458:
1424:
1375:
1360:
1132:
1037:
1017:
1007:
237:
94:
304:
Prodi, Paolo (2011). "Peccato e reato nella teologia morale post-tridentina".
2159:
1997:
1956:
1842:
1822:
1794:
1744:
1709:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1622:
1562:
1402:
1392:
1350:
1273:
1268:
1198:
1157:
1081:
713:
674:
635:
582:
455:
250:
157:
87:
705:
326:
The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution
2129:
1879:
1847:
1802:
1540:
1535:
1506:
1419:
1397:
1365:
1298:
1278:
1172:
1112:
1102:
1054:
1012:
990:
933:
922:, Vol. 42, issue 2, May 2024. Issue devoted to articles on legal pluralism.
818:
Law, Custom, and Social Order: The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia
792:
187:
30:
562:
2051:
1992:
1982:
1779:
1774:
1612:
1513:
1429:
1388:
1355:
1320:
1243:
1167:
1117:
1032:
217:(CEDAW) have called for a unification of legal systems within countries.
191:
145:
2115:
2044:
1924:
1862:
1607:
1528:
1523:
1481:
1463:
1451:
1412:
1258:
1248:
1208:
1193:
1177:
1127:
1064:
1059:
866:
Legal Pluralism and Development: Scholars and Practitioners in Dialogue
98:
121:
principles. Secular courts deal with the issues of other communities.
93:
When the systems developed, the idea was that certain issues (such as
46:
The notion of "parallel sovereignty" between premodern States and the
2022:
1987:
1929:
1904:
1769:
1666:
1654:
1639:
1627:
1555:
1473:
1446:
1330:
912:
895:
Zeitschrift des Max-Planck-Instituts für europaïsche Rechtsgeschichte
173:
153:
2110:
864:
Tamanaha, Brian Z., Caroline Sage, and Michael Woolcock, eds. 2012.
849:
510:
2071:
2056:
1759:
1644:
1441:
985:
846:
Kazemzadeh, Hamed. 2018. "Pluralism in Ideological Peacebuilding",
114:
83:
913:
McGill Centre for Human Rights and Legal Pluralism, Faculty of Law
1961:
1909:
1889:
1837:
1649:
1567:
1383:
1345:
1293:
66:
stimulated thus the interplay between canon and civil laws
2061:
1914:
1659:
1550:
1545:
1491:
1162:
203:
137:
118:
797:
Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities
418:
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology
2002:
1946:
1852:
1693:
1496:
995:
149:
133:
110:
215:
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
152:
have actually been made full-fledged laws, with the initial
1884:
1832:
1688:
1086:
1002:
381:
Protestants Legacies in Nordic Law. The Early Modern Period
141:
511:"Hamed Kazemzadeh: Pluralism in Ideological Peacebuilding"
82:
Plural legal systems are particularly prevalent in former
956:
880:
Legal Pluralism Explained: History, Theory, Consequences
468:
See Griffiths, John (1986) "What is Legal Pluralism" in
351:
925:
532:"Queensland Sentencing Advisory Council — Murri Court"
97:) would be covered by colonial law, and other issues (
389:
332:
328:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 271.
198:are recognized by the Philippine government and in
378:
194:whose customary ways of indigenous peoples in the
843:. Geneva, Switzerland: World Council of Churches.
655:The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law
616:The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law
2157:
690:"A Non-Essentialist Version of Legal Pluralism"
415:Barnard, Alan; Spencer, Jonathan (2009-12-04).
414:
941:
868:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
823:Merry, Sally Engle. 1988. "Legal Pluralism".
70: . The latest considered for example the
33:within one society and/or geographical area.
948:
934:
847:
595:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
508:
774:Learn how and when to remove this message
609:
441:
400:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDecock2017 (
362:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDecock2017 (
343:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDecock2017 (
2093:History of the American legal profession
737:This article includes a list of general
687:
323:
307:Inaugurazione. Anno Accademico 2011-2012
820:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
648:
220:
2158:
892:
395:
376:
357:
338:
929:
882:. New York: Oxford University Press.
560:
556:
554:
552:
481:
303:
172:have been given some recognition. In
77:
723:
213:. As a consequence, members of the
132:Sources of Islamic law include the
104:
54:The theologians and jurists of the
41:
13:
848:Kazemzadeh, Hamed (January 2018).
786:
743:it lacks sufficient corresponding
549:
509:Kazemzadeh, Hamed (January 2018).
385:. Brill Schöningh. pp. 57–77.
16:Multiple legal systems in one area
14:
2187:
1077:Restitution and unjust enrichment
906:
540:"Queensland Courts — Murri Court"
2124:
2123:
2109:
728:
610:Griffiths, John (January 1986).
2088:History of the legal profession
799:. University of Michigan Press
681:
642:
603:
521:
502:
475:
667:10.1080/07329113.1998.10756517
628:10.1080/07329113.1986.10756387
462:
435:
408:
370:
317:
297:
275:List of national legal systems
1:
649:Roberts, Simon (1998-01-01).
496:10.1525/ae.1986.13.2.02a00040
290:
29:is the existence of multiple
7:
850:"Internal Journal of ACPCS"
688:Tamanaha, Brian Z. (2000).
256:International customary law
244:
10:
2192:
1755:International legal theory
1234:International slavery laws
1229:International human rights
1224:International criminal law
811:Journal of Legal Pluralism
694:Journal of Law and Society
612:"What is Legal Pluralism?"
567:. Oxford, United Kingdom.
470:Journal of Legal Pluralism
421:. Routledge. p. 422.
324:Fukuyama, Francis (2011).
264:Journal of Legal Pluralism
51:collaborative pluralism".
36:
21:Pluralism (disambiguation)
18:
2166:Pluralistic legal systems
2103:
2080:
1970:
1808:Administration of justice
1793:
1702:
1593:
1472:
1374:
1095:
963:
878:Tamanaha, Brian Z. 2021.
841:Religion, Law and Society
651:"Against Legal Pluralism"
515:Internal Journal of Acpcs
1585:Basic structure doctrine
1435:Natural and legal rights
1316:Public international law
859:Law & Society Review
834:Law & Society Review
826:Law & Society Review
561:Pirie, Fernanda (2013).
456:10.1525/pol.1996.19.2.93
1765:Principle of typicality
1239:International trade law
955:
816:Chanock, Martin. 1985.
758:more precise citations.
706:10.1111/1467-6478.00155
564:The anthropology of law
95:commercial transactions
919:Law and History Review
1760:Principle of legality
1519:Delegated legislation
1219:Intellectual property
170:indigenous population
1978:Barristers' chambers
1920:Legal representation
1858:Justice of the peace
1204:Financial regulation
484:American Ethnologist
221:In the Theory of Law
2013:Election commission
1725:Expressive function
1254:Landlord–tenant law
1153:Consumer protection
176:, for example, the
99:family and marriage
56:School of Salamanca
1971:Legal institutions
1838:Lawsuit/Litigation
1828:Dispute resolution
1633:Catholic canon law
1341:State of emergency
1304:Will and testament
1028:Law of obligations
981:Constitutional law
971:Administrative law
360:, p. 105-106.
227:legal anthropology
78:Colonial societies
2153:
2152:
1813:Constitutionalism
1735:Law and economics
1573:Act of parliament
1311:Product liability
1264:Legal archaeology
1189:Environmental law
1183:Entertainment law
1023:International law
784:
783:
776:
574:978-0-19-969684-0
428:978-1-135-23640-3
2183:
2171:Multiculturalism
2128:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2113:
1937:Question of fact
1818:Criminal justice
1148:Construction law
1143:Conflict of laws
1108:Agricultural law
950:
943:
936:
927:
926:
902:
853:
779:
772:
768:
765:
759:
754:this article by
745:inline citations
732:
731:
724:
718:
717:
685:
679:
678:
646:
640:
639:
607:
601:
600:
594:
586:
558:
547:
543:
535:
525:
519:
518:
506:
500:
499:
479:
473:
466:
460:
459:
439:
433:
432:
412:
406:
405:
393:
387:
386:
384:
374:
368:
367:
355:
349:
348:
336:
330:
329:
321:
315:
314:
312:
301:
285:Sociology of law
162:Hamed Kazemzadeh
156:set far back in
127:sociology of law
105:Current practice
64:Tomás de Mercado
42:Church and State
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2176:Theories of law
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2122:
2108:
2099:
2076:
2067:Political party
2040:Legal education
2028:Law enforcement
2008:Court of equity
1966:
1942:Question of law
1895:Practice of law
1875:Judicial review
1789:
1740:Legal formalism
1720:Comparative law
1715:Contract theory
1698:
1618:Legal pluralism
1589:
1578:Act of Congress
1502:Executive order
1468:
1370:
1289:Nationality law
1214:Immigration law
1138:Competition law
1091:
959:
954:
909:
789:
787:Further reading
780:
769:
763:
760:
750:Please help to
749:
733:
729:
722:
721:
686:
682:
647:
643:
608:
604:
588:
587:
575:
559:
550:
546:
538:
530:
526:
522:
507:
503:
480:
476:
467:
463:
440:
436:
429:
413:
409:
399:
394:
390:
375:
371:
361:
356:
352:
342:
337:
333:
322:
318:
310:
302:
298:
293:
280:Polycentric law
247:
223:
107:
80:
60:Domingo de Soto
48:Catholic Church
44:
39:
27:Legal pluralism
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2119:
2116:Law portal
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Trial advocacy
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1482:Ballot measure
1478:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1459:Legal treatise
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1425:Letters patent
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1376:Sources of law
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1361:Unenforced law
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1133:Commercial law
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
988:
983:
978:
973:
967:
965:
961:
960:
953:
952:
945:
938:
930:
924:
923:
915:
908:
907:External links
905:
904:
903:
890:
876:
862:
855:
844:
837:
836:29(2):227-254.
830:
821:
814:
807:
788:
785:
782:
781:
736:
734:
727:
720:
719:
700:(2): 296–321.
680:
661:(42): 95–106.
641:
602:
573:
548:
545:
544:
536:
527:
520:
501:
490:(2): 253–270.
474:
461:
434:
427:
407:
398:, p. 110.
388:
369:
350:
341:, p. 104.
331:
316:
295:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
260:
259:
258:
246:
243:
222:
219:
211:women's rights
106:
103:
79:
76:
43:
40:
38:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2188:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Civil society
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Trier of fact
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Legal opinion
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Court-martial
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1795:Jurisprudence
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Statutory law
1682:
1680:
1679:Socialist law
1677:
1673:
1672:Byzantine law
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:Religious law
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1595:Legal systems
1592:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:Statutory law
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1393:Statutory law
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Transport law
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:Legal fiction
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:Financial law
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:Corporate law
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Statutory law
1080:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
994:
993:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
964:Core subjects
962:
958:
951:
946:
944:
939:
937:
932:
931:
928:
921:
920:
916:
914:
911:
910:
900:
896:
891:
889:
888:9780190861551
885:
881:
877:
875:
874:9781107019409
871:
867:
863:
860:
856:
851:
845:
842:
838:
835:
831:
828:
827:
822:
819:
815:
812:
808:
806:
805:0-472-11315-1
802:
798:
794:
793:Barzilai, Gad
791:
790:
778:
775:
767:
764:February 2009
757:
753:
747:
746:
740:
735:
726:
725:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
598:
592:
584:
580:
576:
570:
566:
565:
557:
555:
553:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:
524:
516:
512:
505:
497:
493:
489:
485:
478:
471:
465:
457:
453:
450:(2): 93–108.
449:
445:
438:
430:
424:
420:
419:
411:
403:
397:
392:
383:
382:
373:
365:
359:
354:
346:
340:
335:
327:
320:
309:
308:
300:
296:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
270:Legal dualism
268:
266:
265:
261:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:Customary law
249:
248:
242:
239:
234:
232:
228:
218:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
180:
175:
171:
166:
163:
159:
158:legal history
155:
151:
148:found in the
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
122:
120:
116:
112:
102:
100:
96:
91:
89:
88:customary law
85:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
49:
34:
32:
31:legal systems
28:
22:
2142:
2135:
2121:
2107:
1880:Jurisdiction
1848:Legal remedy
1803:Adjudication
1703:Legal theory
1617:
1541:Ratification
1536:Promulgation
1507:Proclamation
1487:Codification
1420:Human rights
1408:Divine right
1398:Constitution
1366:Women in law
1284:Military law
1279:Marriage law
1274:Maritime law
1173:Election law
1113:Aviation law
1103:Abortion law
1055:Property law
991:Criminal law
918:
898:
894:
879:
865:
858:
840:
833:
824:
817:
813:19: 117-159.
810:
796:
770:
761:
742:
697:
693:
683:
658:
654:
644:
622:(24): 1–55.
619:
615:
605:
563:
523:
514:
504:
487:
483:
477:
469:
464:
447:
443:
437:
417:
410:
391:
380:
372:
353:
334:
325:
319:
306:
299:
262:
235:
224:
208:
188:criminal law
178:
167:
131:
123:
108:
92:
81:
67:
53:
45:
26:
25:
2052:Legislature
1983:Bureaucracy
1780:Rule of man
1775:Rule of law
1750:Libertarian
1613:Chinese law
1514:Legislation
1464:Regulations
1452:Law reports
1430:Natural law
1326:Reparations
1321:Refugee law
1244:Jurimetrics
1185:(Media law)
1123:Banking law
1118:Amnesty law
1096:Disciplines
1033:Private law
829:22: 869-896
756:introducing
396:Decock 2017
358:Decock 2017
339:Decock 2017
196:Cordilleras
192:Philippines
119:Islamic law
2160:Categories
2045:Law school
1925:Prosecutor
1863:Magistrate
1650:Jewish law
1608:Common law
1529:Rulemaking
1524:Regulation
1474:Law making
1413:Divine law
1389:Legal code
1336:Sports law
1259:Law of war
1209:Health law
1194:Family law
1178:Energy law
1128:Bankruptcy
1065:Punishment
1060:Public law
901:: 103–114.
861:: 533-560.
739:references
291:References
185:aboriginal
146:moral laws
2023:Judiciary
2018:Executive
1993:The bench
1930:Solicitor
1905:Barrister
1785:Sociology
1770:Pseudolaw
1710:Anarchist
1667:Roman law
1655:Parsi law
1640:Hindu law
1628:Canon law
1603:Civil law
1556:Concordat
1447:Precedent
1356:Trust law
1331:Space law
1168:Drugs law
1038:Procedure
976:Civil law
714:1467-6478
675:0732-9113
636:0732-9113
591:cite book
583:812686211
472:24: 1-55.
231:sociology
174:Australia
154:grundnorm
72:confessor
2130:Category
2072:Tribunal
2057:Military
1900:Attorney
1870:Judgment
1730:Feminist
1645:Jain law
1442:Case law
1163:Cyberlaw
1070:Corporal
1048:Criminal
1018:Evidence
1008:Doctrine
986:Contract
795:. 2003.
245:See also
181:decision
115:Tanzania
84:colonies
2144:Outline
2081:History
1988:The bar
1962:Verdict
1910:Counsel
1890:Justice
1745:History
1568:Statute
1384:Charter
1346:Tax law
1294:Probate
752:improve
200:Kalinga
37:History
2062:Police
2033:Agency
1915:Lawyer
1660:Sharia
1551:Treaty
1546:Repeal
1492:Decree
1403:Custom
1299:Estate
1249:Labour
1013:Equity
886:
872:
803:
741:, but
712:
673:
634:
581:
571:
425:
204:Bodong
138:Sunnah
68:·
2137:Index
2003:Court
1947:Trial
1853:Judge
1694:Yassa
1497:Edict
1043:Civil
996:Crime
444:PoLAR
311:(PDF)
238:state
150:Bible
134:Koran
111:India
58:like
1885:Jury
1833:Fiqh
1689:Xeer
1087:Tort
1003:Deed
884:ISBN
870:ISBN
801:ISBN
710:ISSN
671:ISSN
632:ISSN
597:link
579:OCLC
569:ISBN
423:ISBN
402:help
364:help
345:help
229:and
179:Mabo
142:Ijma
140:and
113:and
62:and
957:Law
702:doi
663:doi
624:doi
492:doi
452:doi
225:In
2162::
1391:/
899:25
897:.
708:.
698:27
696:.
692:.
669:.
659:30
657:.
653:.
630:.
620:18
618:.
614:.
593:}}
589:{{
577:.
551:^
513:.
488:13
486:.
448:19
446:.
202:,
136:,
129:.
949:e
942:t
935:v
854:.
852:.
777:)
771:(
766:)
762:(
748:.
716:.
704::
677:.
665::
638:.
626::
599:)
585:.
542:.
534:.
517:.
498:.
494::
458:.
454::
431:.
404:)
366:)
347:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.