38:
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Phosphorus will leach when this equilibrium is shifted such that either previously adsorbed P is released into the soil solution or additional P cannot be adsorbed anymore. Many cultivated soils have been receiving fertilizer or manure P in amounts frequently exceeding the crop demand and this often
841:
makes this gas quite inert and not directly usable by plants and animals. As nitrogen naturally cycles through the air, water and soil it undergoes various chemical and biological transformations. Nitrogen promotes plant growth. Livestock then eat the crops producing manure, which is returned to the
917:
of surface waters and has been shown to limit algae growth in lake environments. Loss of P from agricultural fields has long been recognized as one of the major threats to surface water quality. Leaching is an important transport pathway for P losses from agricultural fields in predominantly flat
1262:
Schmieder, F., Bergström, L., Riddle, M., Gustafsson, J.-P., Klysubun, W., Zehetner, F., Condron, L., Kirchmann, H., 2018. Phosphorus speciation in a long-term manure-amended soil profile â Evidence from wet chemical extraction, 31P-NMR and P K-edge XANES spectroscopy. Geoderma 322, 19â27.
956:
over decades. Phosphorus added to such soils leaches simply because most of the potential adsorption sites are occupied by P input from the past, so called âlegacy phosphorusâ. Leaching of P may also be caused by changing chemical conditions in the soil. A decrease in the soils
934:. Soils, especially those rich in such minerals do hence have a potential to store P added with fertilizer or manure. Adsorbed P stands in a complex equilibrium with P in the soil solution which is controlled by a multitude of different factors such as:
964:
iron minerals that are important P sorption sites. Phosphorus adsorbed to these minerals is consequently released into the soil solution as well and may be leached. This process is of special concern in the restoration of natural
892:
sources of nitrogen are 50% greater than from natural sources, such as, soils and oceans. Leached agricultural inputs, i.e. fertilizers and manures, accounts for 75% of the anthropogenic source of nitrogen. The
1329:: A tool for interweaving of irrigation and drainage for salinity control". In: W.B.Snellen (ed.), Towards integration of irrigation, and drainage management. ILRI Special report, p. 41â43. On line :
1245:
Jarvie, H.P., Sharpley, A.N., Spears, B., Buda, A.R., May, L., Kleinman, P.J.A., 2013. Water
Quality Remediation Faces Unprecedented Challenges from âLegacy Phosphorus.â Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 8997â8998.
1199:
Carpenter S. R., Caraco N. F., Correll D. L., Howarth R. W., Sharpley A. N., Smith V. H., 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological
Applications 8, 559â568.
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Shenker M., Seitelbach S., Brand S., Haim A., Litaor M. I., 2004. Redox reactions and phosphorus release in reâflooded soils of an altered wetland. European
Journal of Soil Science 56, 515â525.
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Zak, D., Gelbrecht, J., 2007. The mobilisation of phosphorus, organic carbon and ammonium in the initial stage of fen rewetting (a case study from NE Germany). Biogeochemistry 85, 141â151.
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R.J.Oosterbaan, Water and salt balances in agricultural hydrology. Lecture notes, International Course on Land
Drainage, ILRI, Wageningen, The Netherlands. On line :
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soil, adding organic and mineral forms of nitrogen. The cycle is complete when the next crop uses the amended soil. To increase food production, fertilizers, such as
901:(FAO) estimates world demand for nitrogen fertilizers will increase by 1.7% annually between 2011 and 2015. An increase of 7.5 million tonnes. Regional increases of
744:, and other factors are taken into account to avoid excessive nutrient loss. Leaching may also refer to the practice of applying a small amount of excess
862:
ions, which then move downward freely with drainage water, and are leached into groundwater, streams and oceans. The degree of leaching is affected by:
3543:
778:, or other sources seeps into the ground, it can dissolve chemicals and carry them into the underground water supply. Of particular concern are
3579:
592:
552:
70:
2455:
1074:
Lin, BL; Sakoda, A; Shibasaki, R; Suzuki, M (2001). "A modelling approach to global nitrate leaching caused by anthropogenic fertilisation".
1356:
1001:, a decline in oxygen content of water, of aquatic systems can cause the death of fish and other marine species. Finally, leaching of NO
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areas with sandy soils or soils prone to preferential flow. As opposed to nitrogen phosphorus does interact with soil particles via
3553:
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858:), which are easily absorbed by plants, are introduced to the plant root zone. However, soils do not absorb the excess NO
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2272:
926:. Important potential adsorption sites for P in soils are surfaces of iron and aluminum oxides or hydroxides such as
894:
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soil type and structure. For example, sandy soil holds little water while clay soils have high water-retention rates;
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in water can adversely affect oxygen levels for both humans and aquatic systems. Human health issues include
787:
85:
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1965:
1800:
105:
80:
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is a common element in nature and an essential plant nutrient. Approximately 78% of Earth's atmosphere is
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use are expected to be 67% by Asia, 18% by the
Americas, 10% by Europe, 3% by Africa, and 1% by Oceania.
90:
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Diss. Sveriges lantbruksuniv., Acta
Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae. Agraria, 1401-6249 ; 428
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1140:"Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields: Assessment, measurement and mitigation"
8:
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1118:"WQ262 Nitrogen in the Environment: Leaching | University of Missouri Extension"
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Phosphorus leaching from soils: process description, risk assessment and mitigation
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Mosier, A. R.; Duxbury, J. M.; Freney, J. R.; Heinemeyer, O.; Minami, K. (1996).
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993:. As a result of these toxic effects, regulatory agencies limit the amount of NO
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the concentration of phosphorus and other anions in the soil water solution;
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Loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from soil due to rain and irrigation
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due to prolonged water saturation may lead to reductive dissolution of
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Nitrogen forms and pathways within an agricultural production system
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that have previously been drained for agricultural production.
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must also usually be employed, to carry away the excess water.
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2105:
1945:
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1041:(spatial agro-hydro salinity, leaching and groundwater model)
287:
1315:
International Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) On line :
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2009:
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Ontario
Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs.
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permissible in drinking water to 45 to 50 mg per liter.
1316:
1060:
Environmental
Impacts of Nitrogen Use in Agriculture
1189:
Current world fertilizer trends and outlook to 2015
1069:
1067:
1236:. Diss. Wageningen University and Research Centre.
888:is increasing at a rate of 0.2 to 0.3% annually.
748:where the water has a high salt content to avoid
3778:
1064:
872:how much nitrate is already present in the soil.
3544:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
1221:Phosphorus sorption, accumulation and leaching.
913:Phosphorus (P) is a key nutrient regarding the
740:, crop planting, type and application rates of
3580:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
1009:and other soil nutrients, thereby reducing an
2792:
2449:
1350:
1005:from acidic sources can increase the loss of
869:the amount of water used by the plants/crops;
693:
1035:(leaching requirement, leaching efficiency)
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2785:
2456:
2442:
1357:
1343:
700:
686:
837:). The strong bond between the atoms of N
3554:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
817:
3660:Soil Science Society of America Journal
2806:
790:, improperly stored animal manure, and
3779:
3632:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
3093:Canadian system of soil classification
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2780:
2437:
1364:
1338:
938:the availability of adsorption sites;
3734:
3570:International Union of Soil Sciences
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1213:
813:
3597:Soil and Water Conservation Society
720:is the loss of water-soluble plant
13:
3077:Unified Soil Classification System
2609:Soil retrogression and degradation
750:salts from building up in the soil
14:
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3082:AASHTO Soil Classification System
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895:Food and Agriculture Organization
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3565:Indian Institute of Soil Science
3549:Canadian Society of Soil Science
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1285:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00692.x
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36:
3603:Soil Science Society of America
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767:concern when it contributes to
655:Agriculture and the environment
121:British Agricultural Revolution
3608:World Congress of Soil Science
3592:Soil Science Society of Poland
3098:Australian Soil Classification
3089:(French classification system)
1269:10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.01.026
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1226:
1193:
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101:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
1:
2619:Soil compaction (agriculture)
1096:10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00484-x
1045:
756:). Where this is practiced,
1383:Pollution / quality
106:Arab Agricultural Revolution
7:
3560:German Soil Science Society
3118:List of vineyard soil types
1016:
10:
3808:
3739:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil
3575:International Year of Soil
3103:Polish Soil Classification
2542:Environmental soil science
1219:Börling, Katarina (2003).
1205:10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008
989:, commonly referred to as
66:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
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593:Universities and colleges
553:Universities and colleges
3697:Infiltration (hydrology)
3491:Geotechnical engineering
3113:List of U.S. state soils
1120:. Extension.missouri.edu
578:Agriculturist profession
397:Agricultural engineering
382:Agricultural cooperative
3766:List of soil scientists
3108:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
3087:Référentiel pédologique
3071:FAO soil classification
1325:R.J.Oosterbaan, 1997. "
786:, and, in agriculture,
548:Sustainable food system
543:Sustainable agriculture
434:Animal-free agriculture
402:Agricultural technology
3537:Societies, Initiatives
2759:Soil water (retention)
1232:Schoumans, O. (2015).
823:
774:. As water from rain,
676:Agriculture portal
635:History of agriculture
620:Agriculture by country
615:Agricultural machinery
583:Agricultural machinery
501:Mechanised agriculture
71:Austronesian expansion
3756:Category soil science
3440:Soil salinity control
1033:Soil salinity control
1028:Leaching model (soil)
821:
625:Agriculture companies
588:Government ministries
387:Agricultural supplies
224:Convertible husbandry
3521:Agricultural science
3415:Soil guideline value
3239:Calcareous grassland
2816:World Reference Base
2329:remnant natural area
1966:storage and recovery
1632:habitat conservation
1450:Deforestation (REDD)
439:Cellular agriculture
392:Agricultural science
61:Neolithic Revolution
19:For other uses, see
3617:Scientific journals
2808:Soil classification
2749:Soil organic matter
2710:Pore water pressure
2283:Earth Overshoot Day
1857:Marine conservation
1838:non-timber products
1159:1996PlSoi.181...95M
1088:2001WatRe..35.1961L
1023:Leaching (pedology)
909:Phosphorus leaching
903:nitrogen fertilizer
765:natural environment
320:Steam sterilization
3712:Impervious surface
2992:USDA soil taxonomy
2818:for Soil Resources
2705:Pore space in soil
2648:Soil acidification
2604:Soil contamination
2268:Ecosystem services
1391:Ambient standards
1167:10.1007/BF00011296
991:blue baby syndrome
886:Earth's atmosphere
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229:Rotational grazing
111:Columbian exchange
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1252:10.1021/es403160a
1013:'s productivity.
983:methemoglobinemia
977:High levels of NO
814:Nitrogen leaching
788:excess fertilizer
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531:Rice-duck farming
479:Intensive farming
449:Extensive farming
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3664:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3639:Plant and Soil
3635:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3464:Related fields
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Prime farmland
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3274:Fuller's earth
3271:
3266:
3264:Expansive clay
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2729:
2727:Soil biomantle
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2700:Soil structure
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Soil fertility
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:Soil formation
2589:
2584:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2537:Soil chemistry
2534:
2532:Soil mechanics
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2371:(perpetuation)
2366:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2324:Nature reserve
2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1801:climate change
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1769:Bioprospecting
1766:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:Clean Air Act
1406:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1310:External links
1308:
1305:
1304:
1288:
1272:
1255:
1238:
1225:
1209:
1192:
1180:
1147:Plant and Soil
1130:
1109:
1076:Water Research
1063:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1002:
999:Eutrophication
994:
978:
974:
973:Health impacts
971:
953:
952:
945:
942:
939:
915:eutrophication
910:
907:
899:United Nations
881:
874:
873:
870:
867:
859:
855:
847:
838:
834:
815:
812:
763:Leaching is a
738:Soil structure
708:
707:
705:
704:
697:
690:
682:
679:
678:
665:
664:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
611:
610:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
539:
538:
533:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
497:
496:
491:
486:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
415:
414:
409:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
337:
332:
331:
328:
327:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
305:Slash-and-burn
302:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
259:
258:
253:
248:
238:
233:
232:
231:
226:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
164:
158:
157:
152:
151:
148:
147:
141:
140:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
95:
94:
93:
88:
86:Ancient Greece
83:
75:
74:
73:
68:
63:
54:
53:
52:
51:
46:
45:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3804:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3767:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:Category soil
3742:
3740:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:Soil Research
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:Pochvovedenie
3643:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:Geomorphology
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3455:Liming (soil)
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3385:Types of soil
3376:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3364:Tropical peat
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Dry quicksand
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:Other systems
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2754:Soil moisture
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:Soil salinity
2629:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:Pedodiversity
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2402:
2401:Non-renewable
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Urban ecology
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Privatization
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Surface water
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:peak farmland
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
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1400:
1397:
1395:
1389:
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1384:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:(1): 95â108.
1152:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1082:(8): 1961â8.
1081:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
970:
968:
963:
959:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
906:
904:
900:
896:
891:
890:Anthropogenic
887:
879:
878:nitrous oxide
876:The level of
871:
868:
865:
864:
863:
853:
845:
832:
828:
820:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:contamination
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
683:
681:
680:
677:
667:
666:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
645:Meat industry
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
630:Biotechnology
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
603:
602:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
568:
567:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Paludiculture
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
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460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
413:
412:Biotechnology
410:
408:
405:
404:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
367:
366:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
335:
330:
329:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
300:
296:
294:
293:Sharecropping
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
237:
234:
230:
227:
225:
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221:
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212:
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205:
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197:
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188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
155:
150:
149:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
116:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
96:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
81:Ancient Egypt
79:
78:
76:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
49:
44:
43:
39:
35:
34:
31:
28:
27:
22:
3787:Horticulture
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3506:Biogeography
3501:Hydrogeology
3476:Geochemistry
3398:Applications
3294:Martian soil
2722:Soil horizon
2695:Soil texture
2670:Soil quality
2626:Soil sealing
2599:Soil erosion
2527:Soil physics
2522:Soil ecology
2517:Soil zoology
2507:Soil biology
2465:Soil science
2399: /
2273:Exploitation
2158:Conservation
2115:
2101:Desalination
2036:
1929:conservation
1764:Biodiversity
1712:conservation
1559:Agricultural
1487:Fossil fuels
1291:
1275:
1258:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1195:
1183:
1150:
1146:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1112:
1079:
1075:
1054:
976:
954:
932:ferrihydrite
912:
875:
825:
804:insecticides
762:
717:
711:
516:Permaculture
474:Horticulture
419:Agroforestry
377:Agribusiness
334:Hydroculture
310:Smallholding
298:
91:Ancient Rome
3702:Groundwater
3516:Archaeology
3450:Agroecology
3420:Soil survey
3359:Terra rossa
3354:Terra preta
3334:Spodic soil
3254:Duplex soil
3234:Brown earth
3214:Alkali soil
3204:Rhizosphere
3199:Laimosphere
3073:(1974â1998)
3030:Inceptisols
2937:Plinthosols
2902:Kastanozems
2732:Soil carbon
2655:Soil health
2636:Alkali soil
2565:Soil topics
2490:Main fields
2392:Nationalism
2364:Common-pool
2005:Hydrosphere
1998:remediation
1983:Groundwater
1578:Degradation
769:groundwater
742:fertilizers
714:agriculture
526:Polyculture
352:Hydroponics
342:Aquaculture
283:Paddy field
268:Monoculture
162:Agrivoltaic
136:Monoculture
57:Prehistory
30:Agriculture
3781:Categories
3692:Vegetation
3435:Soil value
3339:Stagnogley
3289:Lunar soil
3244:Dark earth
3229:Brickearth
3194:Pedosphere
3164:Soil crust
2972:Technosols
2957:Solonchaks
2877:Ferralsols
2842:Anthrosols
2717:Soil crust
2690:Soil color
2675:Soil value
2577:Pedosphere
2502:Edaphology
2387:Extraction
2346:Wilderness
2307:accounting
2290:Management
2256:ecological
2244:tragedy of
2163:Peak water
2148:Efficiency
2121:Sanitation
2063:Stormwater
2056:harvesting
2032:Irrigation
1934:management
1892:gene banks
1833:management
1811:management
1727:resilience
1693:phosphorus
1649:industrial
1627:Management
1603:soundscape
1509:Geothermal
1124:2013-03-08
1046:References
924:desorption
920:adsorption
884:O) in the
808:herbicides
800:fungicides
796:pesticides
782:dumps and
746:irrigation
734:irrigation
606:Categories
521:Plantation
469:Free range
464:Feed ratio
357:Aeroponics
347:Aquaponics
214:Free-range
209:Fertilizer
3721:Petrichor
3496:Hydrology
3481:Petrology
3425:Soil test
3324:Quicksand
3269:Fill dirt
3209:Bulk soil
3055:Vertisols
3045:Spodosols
3035:Mollisols
3025:Histosols
3010:Aridisols
2982:Vertisols
2977:Umbrisols
2967:Stagnosol
2932:Planosols
2927:Phaeozems
2907:Leptosols
2892:Gypsisols
2882:Fluvisols
2862:Chernozem
2857:Cambisols
2852:Calcisols
2847:Arenosols
2771:Soil type
2660:Soil life
2397:Renewable
2382:Depletion
2369:Conflict
2251:Economics
2229:enclosure
2188:Resources
2168:Pollution
2085:Watershed
1988:pollution
1919:Seed bank
1914:Rangeland
1796:Fisheries
1781:Biosphere
1774:biopiracy
1717:fertility
1593:cityscape
1588:Landscape
1495:peak coal
1482:Resources
1433:Emissions
1011:ecosystem
784:landfills
728:, due to
724:from the
722:nutrients
640:Livestock
459:Farmhouse
241:Intensive
204:Extensive
3677:Land use
3670:See also
3526:Agrology
3309:Paleosol
3224:Blue goo
3179:Gypcrust
3050:Ultisols
3020:Gelisols
3015:Entisols
3005:Andisols
3000:Alfisols
2962:Solonetz
2952:Retisols
2947:Regosols
2922:Nitisols
2917:Luvisols
2912:Lixisols
2897:Histosol
2887:Gleysols
2872:Durisols
2867:Cryosols
2837:Andosols
2827:Acrisols
2737:Soil gas
2497:Pedology
2423:Category
2356:Resource
2295:adaptive
2193:improved
2153:Conflict
2138:Security
2133:Scarcity
2126:improved
2116:Leaching
1993:recharge
1973:Drinking
1924:Wildlife
1791:Bushmeat
1786:Bushfood
1739:planning
1644:gemstone
1639:Minerals
1620:property
1608:viewshed
1598:seascape
1529:sunlight
1503:peak oil
1499:peak gas
1207:2.0.CO;2
1104:11337842
1039:SahysMod
1017:See also
967:wetlands
944:soil pH;
928:gibbsite
852:ammonium
831:nitrogen
827:Nitrogen
792:biocides
776:flooding
758:drainage
718:leaching
424:Agronomy
288:Ranching
21:Leaching
3754:
3556:(India)
3471:Geology
3259:Eluvium
3219:Bay mud
3184:Caliche
3174:Hardpan
3169:Claypan
3159:Subsoil
3154:Topsoil
3040:Oxisols
2942:Podzols
2832:Alisols
2820:(1998â)
2643:Soil pH
2476:History
2224:Commons
2213:Related
2178:Quality
2094:Aspects
2020:glacial
1961:Aquifer
1867:Pasture
1818:Forests
1744:reserve
1519:Nuclear
1489: (
1445:Trading
1440:Airshed
1327:SaltMod
1175:1137539
1155:Bibcode
1084:Bibcode
1007:calcium
897:of the
844:nitrate
484:animals
407:Digital
370:Related
315:Terrace
299:Colonia
278:Organic
273:Orchard
263:Natural
246:animals
219:Grazing
199:Dryland
182:poultry
154:On land
131:Organic
48:History
3743:
3369:Yedoma
3304:Muskeg
2234:global
2198:policy
2143:Supply
2106:Floods
2073:Sewage
2046:Marine
2038:huerta
1872:Plants
1862:Meadow
1722:health
1700:rights
1688:copper
1666:mining
1564:arable
1464:Energy
1404:Indoor
1173:
1102:
987:anoxia
962:ferric
850:) and
794:(e.g.
172:cattle
3349:Takir
3284:Loess
2481:Index
2377:Curse
2183:Right
2025:polar
2015:bergs
1978:Fresh
1946:Water
1659:metal
1583:Field
1534:shade
1524:Solar
1514:Hydro
1399:Index
1187:FAO,
1171:S2CID
1143:(PDF)
947:soil
571:Lists
494:crops
256:crops
236:Hobby
194:Dairy
187:sheep
3792:Soil
3599:(US)
3588:(UK)
3582:(US)
3314:Peat
3149:Loam
3144:Clay
3139:Silt
3134:Sand
2572:Soil
2312:good
2261:land
2239:land
2051:Rain
1907:wood
1882:food
1845:Game
1756:Life
1707:Soil
1683:peak
1676:sand
1551:Land
1541:Wind
1416:(US)
1393:(US)
1100:PMID
985:and
922:and
806:and
732:and
730:rain
726:soil
489:pigs
454:Farm
251:pigs
177:pigs
3299:Mud
2111:Law
2010:Ice
1850:law
1828:law
1806:law
1734:Use
1671:law
1654:ore
1615:Law
1491:gas
1477:Law
1472:Bio
1409:Law
1374:Air
1297:doi
1281:doi
1265:doi
1248:doi
1201:doi
1163:doi
1151:181
1092:doi
930:or
854:(NH
846:(NO
810:).
712:In
3783::
1501:,
1497:,
1493:,
1212:^
1169:.
1161:.
1149:.
1145:.
1098:.
1090:.
1080:35
1078:.
1066:^
880:(N
833:(N
802:,
798:,
736:.
716:,
3714:/
2800:e
2793:t
2786:v
2457:e
2450:t
2443:v
1505:)
1358:e
1351:t
1344:v
1299::
1283::
1267::
1250::
1203::
1177:.
1165::
1157::
1127:.
1106:.
1094::
1086::
1003:3
995:3
979:3
951:.
882:2
860:3
856:4
848:3
839:2
835:2
752:(
701:e
694:t
687:v
23:.
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