302:. There is much variation in female size, particularly in egg-carrying (gravid) females. The abdomen of a gravid female can be more than 1.25 cm (0.5 in) in diameter. Many female widows also have an orange or red patch just above the spinnerets on the top of the abdomen. Juveniles have a distinctly different appearance from the adults; the abdomen is grayish to black with white stripes running across it and is spotted with yellow and orange. Males are either purple, or closer to the appearance of the juveniles in color.
46:
33:
309:
417:, lack of food, and/or lack of proper shelter. It takes two to four months for black widow spiders to mature enough to breed; however, full maturation typically takes six to nine months. The females can live for up to three years, while a male's lifespan is about three to four months. The female may eat the male after mating.
564:—the hollow, needle-like mouthparts that inject venom—are approximately 1 mm, or .04 in. in length, making them long enough to inject venom into humans, unlike those of the much smaller males. The actual amount injected, even by a mature female, is variable. The venom injected by the female black widow is known as
445:
quickly comes out of its retreat, wraps the prey securely in its strong web, then bites and envenoms its prey. The venom takes about ten minutes to take effect; in the meantime, the prey is held tightly by the spider. When movements of the prey cease, digestive enzymes are released into the wound.
408:
with the sperm. Black widow spiders reproduce sexually when the male inserts his palpal bulbs into the female's spermathecal openings. The female deposits her eggs in a globular silken container in which they remain camouflaged and guarded. A female black widow spider can produce four to nine egg
997:
1017:
289:
The body length (excluding legs) of the mature female is 8–13 mm (0.31–0.51 in), and 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) for males. Legs are long in proportion to body. Females are shiny and black in color, with a red marking in the shape of an
1155:
Louis A Coticchio, Richard Vetter, Deby L Cassill (2023) Predation by the introduced Brown Widow Spider (Araneae: Theridiidae) may explain local extinctions of native Black Widows in urban habitats. Annals of the
Entomological Society of America
615:
allowed himself to be bitten by the spider in order to investigate the toxicity of its venom in humans and as a means of convincing skeptics at the time who thought that the spider's venom might not be dangerous to humans.
409:
sacs in one summer, each containing about 100–400 eggs. Usually, eggs incubate for twenty to thirty days. It is rare for more than a hundred to survive this process. On average, thirty will survive through the first
994:
1014:
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bites are exceedingly rare, with no deaths despite two thousand bites yearly, and studies within the past several decades have been unable to confirm any fatalities from this or any of the other U.S. species of
1013:
Scott, Susan, and Craig Thomas, M.D. 2000. Pest of
Paradise: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii's Animals. University of Hawaii Press (Honolulu). 190+xii pp. illus. (
993:
Tenorio, Joanne M., and Gordon M. Nishida. 1995. What's
Bugging Me? Identifying and Controlling Household Pests in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press (Honolulu). 184+7 pp. illus. (
210:. The females are well known for their distinctive black and red coloring and for the fact that they will occasionally eat their mates after reproduction. The species is native to
572:. The symptoms are caused by lymphatic absorption and vascular dissemination of the neurotoxin. The symptoms that result from a black widow spider bite are collectively known as
1716:
568:
which binds to receptors at the neuromuscular motor end plate of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, resulting in increased synaptic concentration of
536:
appears to be competing for territory with, and ultimately displacing black widows in areas where they occur together, including predation on black widows.
560:
Although the reputation of these spiders is notorious and their venom does affect humans, only mature females are capable of envenomation in humans; their
396:
for at least one of these black widow species is imported produce (which is also considered an important potential pathway for widow spiders elsewhere).
963:"Distribución y modelaje de nicho ecológico, comentarios biogeográficos y taxonómicos del género de arañas Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae) de México"
898:
1353:
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bites had been recorded from 1850 to 1950, and during that period deaths were reported from 2 per 1000 bites to 50 per 1000 bites. Deaths from the
1580:
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venom has been measured in mice as 1.39 mg/kg, and separately as 1.30 mg/kg (with a confidence interval of 1.20–2.70). In 1933,
1726:
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also will occasionally and opportunistically take widows as prey, but the preceding all exhibit some significant specific preference for
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739:
Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis, synonymis, locis descriptionibus observationibus
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bites from 2000 through 2008). On the other hand, the geographical range of the widow spiders is vast. Epidemics of mostly
277:. As a result, there exist numerous references which claim that "black widow" (without any geographic modifier) applies to
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Vetter, RS; Vincent, LS; Danielsen, DW; Reinker, KI; Clarke, DE; Itnyre, AA; Kabashima, JN; Rust, MK (2012).
1060:(Issued pursuant to Section 22 of the (New Zealand) Biosecurity Act 1993; Date Issued: 18 August 2005).
872:
1368:
1171:"The prevalence of brown widow and black widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) in urban southern California"
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592:
466:, though apparently none of these have ever been evaluated in terms of augmentation programs for improved
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45:
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The web of the black widow spider is a three-dimensional tangled cobweb of exceptionally strong silk.
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black widows were set forth by Kaston, all three varieties were classified as a single species,
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alone. Common usage of the term "black widow" makes no distinction between the three species.
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8:
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McCrone, J. D. (1 December 1964). "Comparative lethality of several
Latrodectus venoms".
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488:
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Black widow spiders typically prey on a variety of insects; however, they also consume
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263:(northern black widow). Members of the three species are often confused with the genus
40:
214:. The venom can cause pain and other symptoms, but is rarely fatal to healthy humans.
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channels, which can affect the functioning of calcium, sodium, or potassium channels.
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Import Health
Standard Commodity Sub-class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes, (
974:
771:"Latrodectus mactans (Southern Black Widow) – Spider Identification & Pictures"
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404:
When a male is mature, he spins a sperm web, deposits semen on it, and charges his
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799:
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The black widow spider then carries its prey back to its retreat before feeding.
1209:
Monte AA, Bucher-Bartelson B, Heard KJ (2011). "A US perspective of symptomatic
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1528:
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1283:
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751:
Kaston, B. J. (1970). "Comparative biology of
American black widow spiders".
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269:, the false widows. Prior to 1970, when the current taxonomic divisions for
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Cabrera-Espinosa, Luis A.; Valdez-MondragĂłn, Alejandro (18 October 2021).
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spp. envenomation and treatment: a
National Poison Data System review".
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had been reported as 50 per 1000 bites in the 1920s. At that same time,
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The southern widow is primarily found in (and is indigenous to) the
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Rauber, Albert (1 January 1983). "Black Widow Spider Bites".
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Information on black widow spider bite in eMedicineHealth
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741:. Flensburg and Lipsiae, 832 pp. (Araneae, pp. 431–441).
753:
Transactions of the San Diego
Society of Natural History
1051:) from the United States of America—State of California
1146:
619:
There are a number of active components in the venom:
1345:
includes information on habits, habitat and threats
1235:Bettini, S (1964). "Epidemiology of latrodectism".
1063:
1033:Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 6 November 2008.
470:. Parasites of the egg sacs include the flightless
1354:University of Washington Burke Museum spider myths
1688:
954:
1717:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
1123:Bibbs, Christopher; Buss, Lyle (August 2015) .
819:
817:
204:, is a venomous species of spider in the genus
587:(e.g. zero fatalities among 23,409 documented
750:
487:. Predators of the adult spiders include the
851:"Black Widows Spin Super Silk. Science News"
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31:
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899:"Aracnoidismo en la Republica Dominicana"
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441:. When the prey is entangled by the web,
343:, though its range overlaps with that of
1083:
307:
1737:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
1722:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
1304:
1234:
1113:, pp. 162–163. Harvard University, U.S.
354:is found throughout the whole country.
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934:Inirio, Juan Ramon (6 November 2009).
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362:where its range overlaps with that of
243:and is currently placed in the family
1389:
1388:
1084:McCorkle, Matthew (17 October 2002).
312:The distinctive red hourglass marking
1712:Arthropods of the Dominican Republic
1547:ec28582b-c602-4c15-b3f9-70526bcae71e
1343:Fact Sheet on the Black Widow Spider
1158:https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saad003
251:. The species is closely related to
1349:Latrodectus Mactans on Pterodattilo
936:"Detectan la peligrosa viuda negra"
897:Marion H., Luis (3 February 1980).
13:
1727:Fauna of the Western United States
980:10.22201/ib.20078706e.2021.92.3665
798:. Insects.tamu.edu. Archived from
713:"Black Widow Spider, HYG-2061A-04"
449:
235:. It was transferred to the genus
14:
1748:
1336:
967:Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad
908:(in Spanish). BVS. Archived from
392:(USA). One pathway of entry into
298:(under) side of her very rounded
229:in 1775, placing it in the genus
1674:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007816
578:. Deaths in healthy adults from
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1035:Creepy critter caught in grapes
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556:Pathophysiology of spider bites
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1:
796:"Southern black widow spider"
694:, Natural History Museum Bern
665:
539:
1319:10.1016/0041-0101(64)90023-6
1249:10.1016/0041-0101(64)90009-1
827:. Ext.vt.edu. Archived from
515:. Other organisms including
7:
1381:Featured Creatures website.
497:, wasps, most notably the
333:. The northern black widow
217:
10:
1753:
1125:"Widow Spider parasitoids
549:
543:
339:is found primarily in the
325:, ranging as far north as
323:southeastern United States
257:(western black widow) and
1732:Spiders described in 1775
1397:
1284:10.3109/15563658308990435
1215:Annals of Pharmacotherapy
632:—toxins interacting with
358:is also found throughout
227:Johan Christian Fabricius
166:
159:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1702:Spiders of North America
1015:publisher's listing
995:publisher's listing
388:, is established in the
316:
1134:. University of Florida
737:Fabricius, J. C. 1775.
494:Latrodectus geometricus
420:
371:Latrodectus geometricus
225:was first described by
1707:Fauna of the Caribbean
873:"Southern black widow"
654:2,4,6-trihydroxypurine
503:Chalybion californicum
341:middle Atlantic states
313:
1086:"Latrodectus mactans"
1071:"Black Widow Spiders"
593:European widow spider
477:, and members of the
311:
1542:Fauna Europaea (new)
1127:Philolema latrodecti
1090:Animal Diversity Web
1056:6 March 2012 at the
1020:5 March 2012 at the
1000:23 July 2009 at the
692:World Spider Catalog
628:A number of smaller
603:was introduced. The
462:of widow spiders in
365:Latrodectus hesperus
260:Latrodectus variolus
254:Latrodectus hesperus
194:southern black widow
1456:latrodectus-mactans
1443:Latrodectus_mactans
1429:Latrodectus mactans
1399:Latrodectus mactans
1370:Latrodectus mactans
1272:Clinical Toxicology
1109:Foelix, R. (1982).
1049:Vitis vinifera
686:Latrodectus mactans
597:western black widow
512:Tastiotenia festiva
443:Latrodectus mactans
329:and as far west as
223:Latrodectus mactans
189:Latrodectus mactans
170:Latrodectus mactans
25:Latrodectus mactans
1111:Biology of Spiders
915:on 3 November 2013
877:entnemdept.ufl.edu
853:. 31 December 1996
831:on 18 October 2008
688:(Fabricius, 1775)"
489:brown widow spider
454:There are various
349:Dominican Republic
314:
241:Charles Walckenaer
202:shoe-button spider
1684:
1683:
1646:Open Tree of Life
1391:Taxon identifiers
1223:10.1345/aph.1Q424
719:on 21 August 2011
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16:Species of spider
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715:. Archived from
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566:alpha-latrotoxin
475:Baeus latrodecti
390:Hawaiian Islands
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802:on 9 March 2009
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658:The venom is
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479:chloropid fly
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461:
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346:
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336:(L. variolus)
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247:of the order
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212:North America
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161:Binomial name
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118:Araneomorphae
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1230:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1178:
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1164:
1136:. Retrieved
1126:
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1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:
1079:
1073:. DesertUSA.
1065:
1048:
1042:
1029:
1009:
989:
970:
966:
956:
944:. Retrieved
942:(in Spanish)
939:
929:
917:. Retrieved
910:the original
905:
892:
880:. Retrieved
876:
867:
855:. Retrieved
845:
833:. Retrieved
829:the original
804:. Retrieved
800:the original
790:
778:. Retrieved
775:spiderid.com
774:
765:
756:
752:
746:
738:
733:
721:. Retrieved
717:the original
707:
696:, retrieved
691:
685:
657:
630:polypeptides
618:
608:
588:
584:
579:
575:latrodectism
573:
559:
546:Latrodectism
531:
524:
510:
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484:Pseudogaurax
482:
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453:
442:
437:, and other
424:
406:palpal bulbs
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400:Reproduction
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114:Infraorder:
24:
18:
1697:Latrodectus
1607:NatureServe
1568:iNaturalist
1423:Wikispecies
1211:Latrodectus
973:: e923665.
940:El Nacional
835:18 February
759:(3): 33–82.
624:Latrotoxins
613:Allan Blair
589:Latrodectus
585:Latrodectus
580:Latrodectus
552:Spider bite
534:brown widow
526:Latrodectus
508:spider wasp
415:cannibalism
382:L. hesperus
285:Description
245:Theridiidae
239:in 1837 by
237:Latrodectus
207:Latrodectus
198:black widow
192:, known as
139:Latrodectus
128:Theridiidae
88:Chelicerata
84:Subphylum:
1691:Categories
1095:7 February
882:7 February
780:7 February
698:28 January
666:References
660:neurotoxic
609:L. mactans
562:chelicerae
550:See also:
540:Toxicology
521:centipedes
506:, and the
468:biocontrol
378:L. mactans
356:L. mactans
352:L. mactans
345:L. mactans
279:L. mactans
275:L. mactans
200:, and the
196:or simply
78:Arthropoda
946:8 October
919:8 October
857:8 January
645:Guanosine
640:Adenosine
601:antivenom
460:predators
456:parasites
439:arachnids
435:chilopods
431:diplopods
347:. In the
292:hourglass
178:Fabricius
146:Species:
98:Arachnida
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1612:2.107725
1586:11155113
1477:BugGuide
1408:Wikidata
1327:14298228
1257:14301291
1197:22897057
1138:16 March
1054:Archived
1018:Archived
998:Archived
806:10 March
517:mantises
427:woodlice
266:Steatoda
218:Taxonomy
124:Family:
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1661:2027373
1560:2157949
1508:1187519
1414:Q113297
1373:on the
1307:Toxicon
1292:6381753
1237:Toxicon
723:19 July
650:Inosine
413:due to
411:molting
300:abdomen
296:ventral
294:on the
249:Araneae
180:, 1775)
134:Genus:
108:Araneae
104:Order:
94:Class:
1658:uBio:
1651:744200
1599:859138
1534:353290
1521:LATRMA
1451:ARKive
1325:
1290:
1255:
1195:
634:cation
481:genus
394:Hawaii
360:Mexico
232:Aranea
1638:20427
1581:IRMNG
1573:47381
1495:3SLWQ
1482:26336
1132:(PDF)
913:(PDF)
902:(PDF)
605:LD-50
331:Texas
317:Range
1625:6924
1620:NCBI
1594:ITIS
1555:GBIF
1516:EPPO
1469:9353
1464:BOLD
1379:IFAS
1323:PMID
1288:PMID
1253:PMID
1193:PMID
1140:2017
1097:2023
948:2012
921:2012
884:2023
859:2016
837:2009
808:2009
782:2023
725:2008
700:2016
554:and
532:The
458:and
421:Prey
384:and
368:and
327:Ohio
1669:WSC
1503:EoL
1490:CoL
1438:ADW
1315:doi
1280:doi
1245:doi
1219:doi
1183:doi
975:doi
607:of
519:or
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1375:UF
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1276:21
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1191:.
1179:49
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1173:.
1148:^
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727:.
176:(
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