Spider - Knowledge

3648: 1757: 1030: 1727: 3343: 746: 2336:, which spiders lack, and to conceal the fact that they have eight legs rather than six; they develop large color patches round one pair of eyes to disguise the fact that they generally have eight simple eyes, while ants have two compound eyes; they cover their bodies with reflective bristles to resemble the shiny bodies of ants. In some spider species, males and females mimic different ant species, as female spiders are usually much larger than males. Ant-mimicking spiders also modify their behavior to resemble that of the target species of ant; for example, many adopt a zig-zag pattern of movement, ant-mimicking jumping spiders avoid jumping, and spiders of the genus 2409: 3190: 3258: 3159: 2430: 1659: 1645: 664: 1774: 3220: 2387: 1467: 3321: 1234: 11217: 1745: 1022: 4264: 912: 4087: 4028: 2739: 161: 2041: 3931: 2375: 2700: 1218: 2861: 2807: 2447: 1852: 11418: 4441: 2756:

spacing, larger sticky droplets and thicker lines would improve retention, but would make it easier for potential prey to see and avoid the web, at least during the day. However, there are no consistent differences between orb webs built for use during the day and those built for use at night. In fact, there is no simple relationship between orb web design features and the prey they capture, as each orb-weaving species takes a wide range of prey.

3286: 877:, and fold away behind the upper sections while not in use. The upper sections generally have thick "beards" that filter solid lumps out of their food, as spiders can take only liquid food. Scorpions' pedipalps generally form large claws for capturing prey, while those of spiders are fairly small appendages whose bases also act as an extension of the mouth; in addition, those of male spiders have enlarged last sections used for 3491: 2466: 2250:, and then swing the bolas at the moths. Although they miss on about 50% of strikes, they catch about the same weight of insects per night as web-weaving spiders of similar size. The spiders eat the bolas if they have not made a kill in about 30 minutes, rest for a while, and then make new bolas. Juveniles and adult males are much smaller and do not make bolas. Instead they release different pheromones that attract 1393: 1569: 3512: 1428:(which may be thought of as a foot of sorts); the tarsus ends in a claw made up of either two or three points, depending on the family to which the spider belongs. Although all arthropods use muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton to flex their limbs, spiders and a few other groups still use hydraulic pressure to extend them, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors. The only 1533:, a comblike set of bristles on the jointed tip of the cribellum, and combined into a composite woolly thread that is very effective in snagging the bristles of insects. The earliest spiders had cribella, which produced the first silk capable of capturing insects, before spiders developed silk coated with sticky droplets. However, most modern groups of spiders have lost the cribellum. 131: 4068:. Most spend the majority of their time in burrows, and some run silk tripwires out from these, but a few build webs to capture prey. However, mygalomorphs cannot produce the piriform silk that the Araneomorphae use as an instant adhesive to glue silk to surfaces or to other strands of silk, and this makes web construction more difficult for mygalomorphs. Since mygalomorphs rarely " 2530:(bristles) with fragile bases and a row of barbs on the tip. The barbs cause intense irritation but there is no evidence that they carry any kind of venom. A few defend themselves against wasps by including networks of very robust threads in their webs, giving the spider time to flee while the wasps are struggling with the obstacles. The golden wheeling spider, 2108:. Laboratory studies show that they do so deliberately and over extended periods, and periodically clean themselves while feeding. These spiders also prefer sugar solutions to plain water, which indicates that they are seeking nutrients. Since many spiders are nocturnal, the extent of nectar consumption by spiders may have been underestimated. Nectar contains 993:, but the remaining members of this group have just the anterior pair of book lungs intact while the posterior pair of breathing organs are partly or fully modified into tracheae, through which oxygen is diffused into the haemolymph or directly to the tissue and organs. The tracheal system has most likely evolved in small ancestors to help resist 6905: 4170:(family Atracidae) include fang display. Their venom, although they rarely inject much, has resulted in 13 attributed human deaths over 50 years. They have been deemed to be the world's most dangerous spiders on clinical and venom toxicity grounds, though this claim has also been attributed to the Brazilian wandering spider (genus 1679:

are two further openings leading directly to the spermathecae, creating a "flow through" system rather than a "first-in first-out" one. Eggs are as a general rule only fertilized during oviposition when the stored sperm is released from its chamber, rather than in the ovarian cavity. A few exceptions exist, such as

842:. In spiders, the cephalothorax and abdomen are connected by a small cylindrical section, the pedicel. The pattern of segment fusion that forms chelicerates' heads is unique among arthropods, and what would normally be the first head segment disappears at an early stage of development, so that chelicerates lack the 4310: 2763:

Horizontal orb webs are fairly common, despite being less effective at intercepting and retaining prey and more vulnerable to damage by rain and falling debris. Various researchers have suggested that horizontal webs offer compensating advantages, such as reduced vulnerability to wind damage; reduced

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Female spiders' reproductive tracts are arranged in one of two ways. The ancestral arrangement ("haplogyne" or "non-entelegyne") consists of a single genital opening, leading to two seminal receptacles (spermathecae) in which females store sperm. In the more advanced arrangement ("entelegyne"), there

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cannot extend its legs, and the legs of dead spiders curl up. Spiders can generate pressures up to eight times their resting level to extend their legs, and jumping spiders can jump up to 50 times their own length by suddenly increasing the blood pressure in the third or fourth pair of legs. Although

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in web construction, in other words use of similar techniques by remotely related species, is rampant. Orb web designs and the spinning behaviors that produce them are the best understood. The basic radial-then-spiral sequence visible in orb webs and the sense of direction required to build them may

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period. In addition to preserving spiders' anatomy in very fine detail, pieces of amber show spiders mating, killing prey, producing silk and possibly caring for their young. In a few cases, amber has preserved spiders' egg sacs and webs, occasionally with prey attached; the oldest fossil web found

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kills and eats the male after it inserts its second palp into the female's genital opening; in fact, the males co-operate by trying to impale themselves on the females' fangs. Observation shows that most male redbacks never get an opportunity to mate, and the "lucky" ones increase the likely number

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flows. The heart is a tube in the upper part of the body, with a few ostia that act as non-return valves allowing blood to enter the heart from the hemocoel but prevent it from leaving before it reaches the front end. However, in spiders, it occupies only the upper part of the abdomen, and blood is

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There are several unusual variants of orb web, many of them convergently evolved, including: attachment of lines to the surface of water, possibly to trap insects in or on the surface; webs with twigs through their centers, possibly to hide the spiders from predators; "ladderlike" webs that appear

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would block out information about the outside world, except that they are penetrated by many sensors or connections from sensors to the nervous system. In fact, spiders and other arthropods have modified their cuticles into elaborate arrays of sensors. Various touch sensors, mostly bristles called

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Many experiments have been conducted to study the effect of zero gravity on the design of spider webs. In late 2020, reports of recent experiments were published that indicated that although web design was affected adversely in zero gravity conditions, having access to a light source could orient

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weave irregular, tangled, three-dimensional webs, popularly known as cobwebs. There seems to be an evolutionary trend towards a reduction in the amount of sticky silk used, leading to its total absence in some species. The construction of cobwebs is less stereotyped than that of orb-webs, and may

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build underwater "diving bell" webs that they fill with air and use for digesting prey and molting. Mating and raising the offspring happens in the female's bell. They live almost entirely within the bells, darting out to catch prey animals that touch the bell or the threads that anchor it. A few

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rituals to prevent the large females from eating the small males before fertilization, except where the male is so much smaller that he is not worth eating. In web-weaving species, precise patterns of vibrations in the web are a major part of the rituals, while patterns of touches on the female's

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The best-known method of prey capture is by means of sticky webs. Varying placement of webs allows different species of spider to trap different insects in the same area, for example flat horizontal webs trap insects that fly up from vegetation underneath while flat vertical webs trap insects in

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or larval Lepidoptera, then the abdomen becomes green. Environmentally induced color changes may be morphological (occurring over several days) or physiological (occurring near instantly). Morphological changes require pigment synthesis and degradation. In contrast to this, physiological changes

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stings. Many alleged cases of spider bites may represent incorrect diagnoses, which would make it more difficult to check the effectiveness of treatments for genuine bites. A review published in 2016 agreed with this conclusion, showing that 78% of 134 published medical case studies of supposed

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Spiders often attach highly visible silk bands, called decorations or stabilimenta, to their webs. Field research suggests that webs with more decorative bands captured more prey per hour. However, a laboratory study showed that spiders reduce the building of these decorations if they sense the

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without breaking (stopping), and trapping the prey by entangling it or sticking to it (retention). No single design is best for all prey. For example: wider spacing of lines will increase the web's area and hence its ability to intercept prey, but reduce its stopping power and retention; closer

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rituals. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Females weave silk egg cases, each of which may contain hundreds of eggs. Females of many species care for their young, for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them. A minority of

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has two different techniques for trapping prey: backwards strikes to catch flying insects, whose vibrations it detects; and forward strikes to catch ground-walking prey that it sees. These two techniques have also been observed in other deinopids. Walking insects form most of the prey of most

1715:, the remaining palp is then torn off by the female. The separated palp remains attached to the female's epigynum for about four hours and apparently continues to function independently. In the meantime, the female feeds on the palpless male. In over 60% of cases, the female of the Australian 8637:

Mammola, Stefano; Malumbres-Olarte, Jagoba; Arabesky, Valeria; Barrales-Alcalá, Diego Alejandro; Barrion-Dupo, Aimee Lynn; Benamú, Marco Antonio; Bird, Tharina L.; Bogomolova, Maria; Cardoso, Pedro; Chatzaki, Maria; Cheng, Ren-Chung; Chu, Tien-Ai; Classen-Rodríguez, Leticia M.; Čupić, Iva;

1726: 1448:, consist of bristles whose ends are split into as many as 1,000 branches, and enable spiders with scopulae to walk up vertical glass and upside down on ceilings. It appears that scopulae get their grip from contact with extremely thin layers of water on surfaces. Spiders, like most other 1572: 1571: 1576: 1575: 1570: 4136:

Information about spiders in the media is often emphasizing how dangerous and unpleasant they are. Among online newspaper articles on spider–human encounters and bites published from 2010 to 2020, a study found that 47% of articles contained errors and 43% were sensationalist.

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The hubs of orb webs, where the spiders lurk, are usually above the center, as the spiders can move downwards faster than upwards. If there is an obvious direction in which the spider can retreat to avoid its own predators, the hub is usually offset towards that direction.

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of mature males. When a male detects signs of a female nearby he checks whether she is of the same species and whether she is ready to mate; for example in species that produce webs or "safety ropes", the male can identify the species and sex of these objects by "smell".

516:, mostly preying on insects and other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards. An estimated 25 million tons of spiders kill 400–800 million tons of prey every year. Spiders use numerous strategies to capture prey: trapping it in sticky webs, 1685:. In these species the female appears to be able to activate the dormant sperm before oviposition, allowing them to migrate to the ovarian cavity where fertilization occurs. The only known example of direct fertilization between male and female is an Israeli spider, 1188:

the ganglia of all segments behind the esophagus are fused, so that the cephalothorax is largely filled with nervous tissue and there are no ganglia in the abdomen; in the Mesothelae, the ganglia of the abdomen and the rear part of the cephalothorax remain unfused.

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generally make horizontal but uneven sheets, with tangles of stopping threads above. Insects that hit the stopping threads fall onto the sheet or are shaken onto it by the spider, and are held by sticky threads on the sheet until the spider can attack from below.

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weave even smaller webs, hold them outstretched between their first two pairs of legs, and lunge and push the webs as much as twice their own body length to trap prey, and this move may increase the webs' area by a factor of up to ten. Experiments have shown that

4245:—it is the abnormal fear of spiders or anything reminiscent of spiders, such as webs or spiderlike shapes. It is one of the most common specific phobias, and some statistics show that 50% of women and 10% of men show symptoms. It may be an exaggerated form of an 1279:

that point away from incoming light, just like in vertebrates, while the arrangement is the opposite in the former. The principal eyes are also the only ones with eye muscles, allowing them to move the retina. Having no muscles, the secondary eyes are immobile.

10063: 1295:. This acuity is achieved by a telephotographic series of lenses, a four-layer retina, and the ability to swivel the eyes and integrate images from different stages in the scan. The downside is that the scanning and integrating processes are relatively slow. 1255:

are only capable of detecting the direction from which light is coming, using the shadow cast by the walls of the cup. However, in spiders these eyes are capable of forming images. The other pairs, called secondary eyes, are thought to be derived from the

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that lurk in burrows, often closed by trapdoors and often surrounded by networks of silk threads that alert these spiders to the presence of prey. Other ambush predators do without such aids, including many crab spiders, and a few species that prey on

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Although spiders are widely feared, only a few species are dangerous to people. Spiders will only bite humans in self-defense, and few produce worse effects than a mosquito bite or bee sting. Most of those with medically serious bites, such as

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While in many spiders color is fixed throughout their lifespan, in some groups, color may be variable in response to environmental and internal conditions. Choice of prey may be able to alter the color of spiders. For example, the abdomen of

2726:. Now, however, it appears that non-orb spiders are a subgroup that evolved from orb-web spiders, and non-orb spiders have over 40% more species and are four times as abundant as orb-web spiders. Their greater success may be because sphecid 2722:

have been inherited from the common ancestors of most spider groups. However, the majority of spiders build non-orb webs. It used to be thought that the sticky orb web was an evolutionary innovation resulting in the diversification of the

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and minerals in addition to sugars, and studies have shown that other spider species live longer when nectar is available. Feeding on nectar avoids the risks of struggles with prey, and the costs of producing venom and digestive enzymes.

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Zhou, J., Lai, J., Menda, G., Stafstrom, J.A., Miles, C.I., Hoy, R.R. and Miles, R.N., 2022. Outsourced hearing in an orb-weaving spider that uses its web as an auditory sensor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(14),

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approach from which these spiders learn very quickly how to overcome new prey species. However, they seem to be relatively slow "thinkers", which is not surprising, as their brains are vastly smaller than those of mammalian predators.

400:. However, as there is currently neither paleontological nor embryological evidence that spiders ever had a separate thorax-like division, there exists an argument against the validity of the term cephalothorax, which means fused 2503:, several coloration schemes are present in a ratio that appears to remain constant, and this may make it more difficult for predators to recognize the species. Most spiders are insufficiently dangerous or unpleasant-tasting for 1501:

very similar to that used in insect silk. It is initially a liquid, and hardens not by exposure to air but as a result of being drawn out, which changes the internal structure of the protein. It is similar in tensile strength to

1381:, sensors that report the force exerted by muscles and the degree of bending in the body and joints, are well-understood. On the other hand, little is known about what other internal sensors spiders or other arthropods may have. 9278:

Probably the most recognized of the 10 most common phobias, arachnophobia is the fear of spiders. The statistics clearly show that more than 50% of women and 10% of men show signs of this leader on the 10 most common phobias

2348:. Ant mimicry in many spiders and other arthropods may be for protection from predators that hunt by sight, including birds, lizards and spiders. However, several ant-mimicking spiders prey either on ants or on the ants' " 1695:. In this species the male will penetrate its pedipalps through the female's body wall and inject his sperm directly into her ovaries, where the embryos inside the fertilized eggs will start to develop before being laid. 3124:

feeding system. Instead, they have mouths that point forwards and downwards, and all have some means of breathing air. Spiders (Araneae) are distinguished from other arachnid groups by several characteristics, including

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from the midgut into the prey and then suck the liquified tissues of the prey into the gut, eventually leaving behind the empty husk of the prey. Others grind the prey to pulp using the chelicerae and the bases of the

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Although the fossil record of spiders is considered poor, almost 1000 species have been described from fossils. Because spiders' bodies are quite soft, the vast majority of fossil spiders have been found preserved in

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period, bears the earliest known silk-producing spigots, and was therefore hailed as a spider at the time of its discovery. However, these spigots may have been mounted on the underside of the abdomen rather than on

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caught in webs may also be eaten, and studies have shown that young spiders have a better chance of survival if they have the opportunity to eat pollen. In captivity, several spider species are also known to feed on

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vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than

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is a dance to rid the young woman of the lustful effects of a spider bite. Web-spinning also caused the association of the spider with creation myths, as they seem to have the ability to produce their own worlds.

2368:, but while hunting it imitates the behavior of a dying ant to attract worker ants. After a kill, some ant-mimicking spiders hold their victims between themselves and large groups of ants to avoid being attacked. 1246:

Spiders have primarily four pairs of eyes on the top-front area of the cephalothorax, arranged in patterns that vary from one family to another. The principal pair at the front are of the type called pigment-cup

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may have up to 1,000 such chemosensitive setae, most on the tarsi of the first pair of legs. Males have more chemosensitive bristles on their pedipalps than females. They have been shown to be responsive to sex

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Scholtz, Gerhard; Kamenz, Carsten (2006). "The book lungs of Scorpiones and Tetrapulmonata (Chelicerata, Arachnida): evidence for homology and a single terrestrialisation event of a common arachnid ancestor".

4072:" by using air currents for transport, their populations often form clumps. In addition to arthropods, some mygalomorphs are known to prey on frogs, small mammals, lizards, snakes, snails, and small birds. 1814:'s brood clings to rough bristles on the mother's back, and females of some species respond to the "begging" behaviour of their young by giving them their prey, provided it is no longer struggling, or even 1720:

of offspring by ensuring that the females are well-fed. However, males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Some even live for a while in their mates' webs.

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amputate one of their palps before maturation and enter adult life with one palp only. The palps are 20% of the male's body mass in this species, and detaching one of the two improves mobility. In the

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that detect force and vibrations. In web-building spiders, all these mechanical and chemical sensors are more important than the eyes, while the eyes are most important to spiders that hunt actively.

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to a weaving contest. Arachne won, but Athena destroyed her tapestry out of jealousy, causing Arachne to hang herself. In an act of mercy, Athena brought Arachne back to life as the first spider.

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In some cultures, spiders have symbolized patience due to their hunting technique of setting webs and waiting for prey, as well as mischief and malice due to their venomous bites. The Italian

3109:, consisting of a last common ancestor and all of its descendants). There has been debate about what their closest evolutionary relatives are, and how all of these evolved from the ancestral 1960:, guanine creates their silvery appearance. While guanine is originally an end-product of protein metabolism, its excretion can be blocked in spiders, leading to an increase in its storage. 1078:, spiders have a narrow gut that can only cope with liquid food and two sets of filters to keep solids out. They use one of two different systems of external digestion. Some pump digestive 533:

show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, so they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive

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to offer much benefit. However, a few species with powerful venom, large jaws or irritant bristles have patches of warning colors, and some actively display these colors when threatened.

1835:("skin") cannot stretch. In some species males mate with newly molted females, which are too weak to be dangerous to the males. Most spiders live for only one to two years, although some 9617: 4123:. They are distinguished by having fangs that oppose each other and cross in a pinching action, in contrast to the Mygalomorphae, which have fangs that are nearly parallel in alignment. 1756: 2021:

for instance can change its body color to match the substrate it lives on which makes it more difficult to be detected by prey. An example of physiological color change is observed in

1573: 1094:, compartments with no other exit, that extract nutrients from the food; most are in the abdomen, which is dominated by the digestive system, but a few are found in the cephalothorax. 1631:, which have excellent eyesight. If courtship is successful, the male injects his sperm from the palpal bulbs into the female via one or two openings on the underside of her abdomen. 408:. Similarly, arguments can be formed against the use of the term "abdomen", as the opisthosoma of all spiders contains a heart and respiratory organs, organs atypical of an abdomen. 9163:

Menassa, R.; Zhu, H.; Karatzas, C.N.; Lazaris, A.; Richman, A.; Brandle, J. (2004). "Spider dragline silk proteins in transgenic tobacco leaves: accumulation and field production".

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Schematic diagrams showing sperm entering and being stored in the spermathecae; eggs leaving the ovaries and being fertilized; and finally a fertilized egg leaving the female's body

1366:, to attract the opposite sex. Because they are able to tell the sexes apart, it is assumed the blood scent is mixed with pheromones. Spiders also have in the joints of their limbs 10013: 8444:

Forster, R.R. & Platnick, N.I. (1984). "A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives, with notes on the limits of the superfamily Palpimanoidea (Arachnida, Araneae)".

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may not have been true spiders, and probably used silk for lining nests or producing egg cases rather than for building webs. The largest known fossil spider as of 2011 is the

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level. In some species, the females die afterwards, but females of other species protect the sacs by attaching them to their webs, hiding them in nests, carrying them in the

7526:"A review of the fossil record of spiders (Araneae) with special reference to Africa, and description of a new specimen from the Triassic Molteno Formation of South Africa" 1264:, but no longer have the separate facets typical of compound eyes. Unlike the principal eyes, in many spiders these secondary eyes detect light reflected from a reflective 1444:

Most spiders that hunt actively, rather than relying on webs, have dense tufts of fine bristles between the paired claws at the tips of their legs. These tufts, known as

524:, mimicking the prey to avoid detection, or running it down. Most detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations, but the active hunters have acute vision and hunters of the 1810:

stages inside the egg sac and emerge as spiderlings, very small and sexually immature but similar in shape to adults. Some spiders care for their young, for example a

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Herberstein, M.E. (2000). "Foraging behaviour in orb-web spiders (Araneidae): Do web decorations increase prey capture success in Argiope keyserlingi Karsch, 1878?".

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may build very similar or significantly different webs. Nor is there much correspondence between spiders' classification and the chemical composition of their silks.

5853:"Structure and function of the female reproductive system in three species of goblin spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Oonopidae): Morphology of oonopid spider genitalia" 2787:

for example, is known for its characteristic missing sector orb web. The missing sector contains a signal thread used to detect prey vibrations on the female's web.

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species are social, building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50,000 individuals. Social behavior ranges from precarious toleration, as in the

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Complex Genital System of a Haplogyne Spider (Arachnida, Araneae, Tetrablemmidae) Indicates Internal Fertilization and Full Female Control Over Transferred Sperm

1087:, while flooding it with enzymes; in these species, the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps form a preoral cavity that holds the food they are processing. 8777:"An infestation of 2,055 brown recluse spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae) and no envenomations in a Kansas home: implications for bite diagnoses in nonendemic areas" 7001:

Avilés, L.; Maddison, W.P.; Agnarsson, I. (2006). "A New Independently Derived Social Spider with Explosive Colony Proliferation and a Female Size Dimorphism".

4194:, spider bites were not verified in over 90% of the reports. Even when verification had occurred, details of the treatment and its effects were often lacking. 8223: 4184:

spider bites did not meet the necessary criteria for a spider bite to be verified. In the case of the two genera with the highest reported number of bites,

895:, while the underside is covered by two rather flat plates. The abdomen is soft and egg-shaped. It shows no sign of segmentation, except that the primitive 6142: 11806: 9261: 374:. However, there has been debate among scientists about how families should be classified, with over 20 different classifications proposed since 1900. 6281:

Defrize, J.; Thery, M.; Casas, J. (1 May 2010). "Background colour matching by a crab spider in the field: a community sensory ecology perspective".

5414:"Descriptions of two new genera of the spider family Caponiidae (Arachnida, Araneae) and an update of Tisentnops and Taintnops from Brazil and Chile" 884:

In spiders, the cephalothorax and abdomen are joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel, which enables the abdomen to move independently when producing

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build colonies that may contain several thousand individuals that co-operate in prey capture and share food. Other communal spiders include several

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as local control centers in all segments; a brain formed by fusion of the ganglia for the head segments ahead of and behind the mouth, so that the

6421:"Fungus and fruit consumption by harvestmen and spiders (Opiliones, Araneae): the vegetarian side of two predominantly predaceous arachnid groups" 2751:

About half the potential prey that hit orb webs escape. A web has to perform three functions: intercepting the prey (intersection), absorbing its

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To avoid being eaten by the females, which are typically much larger, male spiders identify themselves as potential mates by a variety of complex

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sp. nov (Araneae: Theridiidae) and its exceptional copulatory behaviour: emasculation, male palpal organ as a mating plug and sexual cannibalism"

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While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans, scientists are now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non-polluting

1738:) (near the top of the leaf) is protected from the female by producing the right vibrations in the web, and may be too small to be worth eating. 7215: 2904: 1229:(center pair) are very acute. The outer pair are "secondary eyes" and there are other pairs of secondary eyes on the sides and top of its head. 6055:"Prolonged milk provisioning and extended maternal care in the milking spider Toxeus magnus: biological implications and questions unresolved" 12117: 10034: 3614: 6597: 5259: 12222: 8489: 3117: 3009: 1432:

muscles in spider legs are located in the three hip joints (bordering the coxa and the trochanter). As a result, a spider with a punctured

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Each of the eight legs of a spider consists of seven distinct parts. The part closest to and attaching the leg to the cephalothorax is the

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to see if these can be used as silk factories. As a result of their wide range of behaviors, spiders have become common symbols in art and

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Agnarsson, I. & Kuntner, M. (2005). "Madagascar: an unexpected hotspot of social Anelosimus spider diversity (Araneae: Theridiidae)".

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Gillespie, Rosemary G. (1989). "Diet-Induced Color Change in the Hawaiian Happy-Face Spider Theridion grallator, (Araneae, Theridiidae)".

1117:. Production of uric acid and its removal via Malphigian tubules are a water-conserving feature that has evolved independently in several 2493:, both of which have good color vision. Many spider species are colored so as to merge with their most common backgrounds, and some have 2310:

hunt other spiders in ways that seem intelligent, outflanking their victims or luring them from their webs. Laboratory studies show that

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body are important in many spiders that hunt actively, and may "hypnotize" the female. Gestures and dances by the male are important for

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Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Tanner, Alastair R.; Puttick, Mark N.; Vinther, Jakob; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Pisani, Davide (11 March 2020).

7730: 7720: 2985: 8390:"New and Remarkable Spiders of the Families Liphistiidae, Argyronetidae, Pisauridae, Theridiidae and Araneidae (Arachnida) from Japan" 2189:

spiders use the surfaces of lakes and ponds as "webs", detecting trapped insects by the vibrations that these cause while struggling.

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The stomach in the cephalothorax acts as a pump that sends the food deeper into the digestive system. The midgut bears many digestive

1529:, a modified spinneret with up to 40,000 spigots, each of which produces a single very fine fiber. The fibers are pulled out by the 1001:, but in the majority of spiders this pair of spiracles has fused into a single one in the middle, and moved backwards close to the 12039: 8338: 8275: 2332:

to mimic the three distinct regions (tagmata) of an ant's body; they wave the first pair of legs in front of their heads to mimic

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How to Know the Spiders: Pictured-Keys for Determining the More Common Spiders, with Suggestions for Collecting and Studying Them

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can be spotted by torchlight reflected from the tapeta. On the other hand, the secondary eyes of jumping spiders have no tapeta.

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Stuber, Marielle & Nentwig, Wolfgang (2016). "How informative are case studies of spider bites in the medical literature?".

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response that helped early humans to survive, or a cultural phenomenon that is most common in predominantly European societies.

2798:

to test their web-spinning capabilities in zero gravity. At first, both produced rather sloppy webs, but they adapted quickly.

2768:

to catch insects in slow horizontal flight. However, there is no single explanation for the common use of horizontal orb webs.

2713:

There is no consistent relationship between the classification of spiders and the types of web they build: species in the same

1474:

The abdomen has no appendages except those that have been modified to form one to four (usually three) pairs of short, movable

1337:, respond to different levels of force, from strong contact to very weak air currents. Chemical sensors provide equivalents of 2015:

occur by changing the position of pigment-containing cells. An example of morphological color changes is background matching.

9976: 9949: 9898: 9852: 9806: 9722: 9695: 9666: 9551: 9524: 9486: 9461: 9434: 9407: 9308: 8939: 8621: 8562: 8537: 8428: 8372: 8242: 8195: 6867:

Blackledge, T.A. & Wenzel, J.W. (2001). "Silk Mediated Defense by an Orb Web Spider against Predatory Mud-dauber Wasps".

6772: 6126: 6037: 5777: 5542: 5492: 5275: 4765: 4740: 4642: 4549: 2558:

A few spider species that build webs live together in large colonies and show social behavior, although not as complex as in

1964:

occur in some species, which are the result of the diffraction, scattering or interference of light, for example by modified

922:

in which the coelom is reduced to small areas around the reproductive and excretory systems. Its place is largely taken by a

9198: 7394: 869:. Scorpions' chelicerae have three sections and are used in feeding. Spiders' chelicerae have two sections and terminate in 12096: 11156: 10018: 9138: 1744: 11454: 9324:

Davey, G.C.L. (1994). "The "Disgusting" Spider: The Role of Disease and Illness in the Perpetuation of Fear of Spiders".

7506: 6923:

Vollrath, F. (1986). "Eusociality and extraordinary sex ratios in the spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae: Theridiidae)".

5884:"The spider Harpactea sadistica: co-evolution of traumatic insemination and complex female genital morphology in spiders" 3647: 2202:

stretch their webs and then release them when prey strike them, but do not actively move their webs. Those of the family

1384:

Some spiders use their webs for hearing, where the giant webs function as extended and reconfigurable auditory sensors.

1029: 9785: 8578: 8319: 7578: 4102:

In addition to accounting for over 90% of spider species, the Araneomorphae, also known as the "true spiders", include

1872:

from Colombia, are less than 0.37 mm (0.015 in) in body length. The largest and heaviest spiders occur among

9656: 4166:), would rather flee and bite only when trapped, although this can easily arise by accident. The defensive tactics of 2153:

caught on the webs of orb-weavers may be ingested along with the old web before construction of a new web. The enzyme

10107: 9541: 5384: 4464: 584:, symbolizing various combinations of patience, cruelty and creative powers. An irrational fear of spiders is called 7679: 5150: 2654:), which are notoriously cannibalistic, have formed small colonies in captivity, sharing webs and feeding together. 1598:

is not inserted into the female's body by the male's genitals but by an intermediate stage. Unlike many land-living

12212: 12179: 12018: 11258: 8248: 5507: 1184:

are the sole surviving family, spiders have the much more centralized nervous system that is typical of arachnids:

5219:""Eight-legged cats" and how they see – a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)" 4179:

There were about 100 reliably reported deaths from spider bites in the 20th century, compared to about 1,500 from

854:, and they lack anything that would function directly as "jaws". The first appendages behind the mouth are called 12122: 12031: 8234: 5658:"Spitting Performance Parameters and Their Biomechanical Implications in the Spitting Spider, Scytodes thoracica" 2242:

made of a single thread, tipped with a large ball of very wet sticky silk. They emit chemicals that resemble the

6513:"Adaptations to an aquatic life may be responsible for the reversed sexual size dimorphism in the water spider, 2160:

Spiders have been observed to consume plant material belonging to a large variety of taxa and type. Conversely,

1606:(packages of sperm), but spin small sperm webs onto which they ejaculate and then transfer the sperm to special 11372: 10053: 9265: 6176: 5111:"The effects of temperature on the web-building behaviour of the common house spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum" 4304: 4065: 3078:

account for the great majority of modern spiders, including those that weave the familiar orb-shaped webs. The

2497:, stripes and blotches that break up their outlines. In a few species, such as the Hawaiian happy-face spider, 2124:

Various species are known to feed on dead arthropods (scavenging), web silk, and their own shed exoskeletons.

12104: 4333:

of weaving, was envisioned as a spider spinning her web. According to her main myth, she resisted her father

9353:"Edible arachnids and myriapods worldwide – updated list, nutritional profile and food hygiene implications" 2586:

are at least somewhat social. Members of other species in the same family but several different genera have

1926:, resulting in its green color. Guanine is responsible for the white markings of the European garden spider 1876:, which can have body lengths up to 90 mm (3.5 in) and leg spans up to 250 mm (9.8 in). 1437:

larger spiders use hydraulics to straighten their legs, unlike smaller jumping spiders they depend on their

10246: 8082:"Exploring the evolution and terrestrialization of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) with rocks and clocks" 8080:

Howard, Richard J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Legg, David A.; Pisani, Davide; Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus (2019).

5974: 4167: 2446: 1986:

both have areas of modified cuticle that act as light reflectors. The peacock spiders of Australia (genus

745: 434:

Their abdomens bear appendages, modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands.

401: 397: 7045: 6557: 12078: 11948: 11935: 11253: 11216: 9514: 8718: 8464: 8273:

Coddington, Jonathan A.; Levi, Herbert W. (1991). "Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae) STOR".

5299: 1900:) have been identified in spiders, although other pigments have been detected but not yet characterized. 1559: 1396:

Image of a spider leg: 1–coxa; 2–trochanter; 3–femur; 4–patella; 5–tibia; 6–metatarsus; 7–tarsus; 8–claws

9236: 8516:

Assembling the Tree of Life – Phylogeny of Spiders: a review of the strictly fossil spider families

7702: 7568: 7109:

Bertani, R.; Fukushima, C. S.; Martins, R. (2008). "Sociable widow spiders? Evidence of subsociality in

6795:

Mclver, J.D. & Stonedahl, G. (1993). "Myrmecomorphy: Morphological and Behavioral Mimicry of Ants".

6531: 5233: 2730:, which are often the dominant predators of spiders, much prefer to attack spiders that have flat webs. 1362:

uses the scent of blood from mammals and other vertebrates, which is obtained by capturing blood-filled

935:

that pass through the pedicle and open into several parts of the cephalothorax. Hence spiders have open

10075: 5852: 4469: 12171: 11953: 4781:

Meehan, Christopher J.; Olson, Eric J.; Reudink, Matthew W.; Kyser, T. Kurt; Curry, Robert L. (2009).

3113:, which were marine animals. This 2019 cladogram illustrates the spiders' phylogenetic relationships. 1824:

produce a nutritious milk-like substance for their offspring, and fed until they are sexually mature.

931:

discharged into the hemocoel by one artery that opens at the rear end of the abdomen and by branching

12184: 12132: 9826: 7347: 6822: 3342: 3097:

fossils, spiders most likely diverged from other chelicerates between 375 and 328 million years ago.

3086:

periods provide a large number of fossil spiders, including representatives of many modern families.

2374: 2192:

Net-casting spiders weave only small webs, but then manipulate them to trap prey. Those of the genus

2179:

horizontal flight. Web-building spiders have poor vision, but are extremely sensitive to vibrations.

1815: 1681: 1519: 1034: 7883:"A giant spider from the Jurassic of China reveals greater diversity of the orbicularian stem group" 6881: 6753: 6698:

Yeargan, K.V. & Quate, L.W. (1997). "Adult male bolas spiders retain juvenile hunting tactics".

4295: – provided the highly irritant bristles, the spiders' main defense system, are removed first. 2238:

build "webs" that consist of only a single "trapeze line", which they patrol. They also construct a

160: 11206: 11149: 9117: 7635:

Penney, D. & Selden, P.A. (2007). "Spinning with the dinosaurs: the fossil record of spiders".

5839: 5794: 4459: 3189: 3071: 2470: 2328:

spiders face several challenges: they generally develop slimmer abdomens and false "waists" in the

1299: 10027: 7253:"Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)" 806:

and proteins; heads that are composed of several segments that fuse during the development of the

11447: 5484: 3257: 601: 46: 31: 17: 9300: 8613: 8500: 6369:

Jackson, R.R.; Pollard, Simon D.; Nelson, Ximena J.; Edwards, G.B.; Barrion, Alberto T. (2001).

6340:

Exploitation of the Pseudomyrmex–Acacia mutualism by a predominantly vegetarian jumping spider (

6029: 6021: 4337:'s sexual advances by ensconcing herself in her web, but let him in after he promised her fresh 3158: 3074:, and their spinnerets appear adapted for building funnel-shaped webs to catch jumping insects. 12158: 11875: 9352: 9112: 8889:"The Global Epidemiology, Syndromic Classification, Management, and Prevention of Spider Bites" 6876: 6844:

Cooke, J.A.L.; Roth, V.D.; Miller, F.H. (1972). "The urticating hairs of theraphosid spiders".

6569: 5083: 3972:

build camouflaged silk tubes with a second trapdoor as an emergency exit. Members of the genus

2582:

has a strong tendency towards sociality: all known American species are social, and species in

2537: 1734: 1692: 1591: 1161: 381: 9712: 9451: 8420: 8412: 6118: 6112: 5530: 4840:"An Estimated 400–800 Million Tons of Prey Are Annually Killed by the Global Spider Community" 4732: 2648:

lives in small colonies which help to protect eggs and spiderlings. Even widow spiders (genus

997:. The trachea were originally connected to the surroundings through a pair of openings called 12153: 10994: 10278: 10100: 8929: 8821: 7818: 7530: 7416: 5268:

Animal cognition in nature: the convergence of psychology and biology in laboratory and field

3980:" outwards from their tunnels to help them detect approaching prey, while those of the genus 2494: 1961: 1763: 998: 553:, to cooperative hunting and food-sharing. Although most spiders live for at most two years, 240: 12145: 12070: 8605: 7834:"A golden orb-weaver spider(Araneae: Nephilidae: Nephila) from the Middle Jurassic of China" 7799: 7348:"Presence of potential prey affects web-building in an orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata" 5476: 5081:

Coddington, J.A. & Levi, H.W. (1991). "Systematics and Evolution of Spiders (Araneae)".

4895: 4429:

worshipped nature. They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted spiders in their art.

1658: 1536:

Even species that do not build webs to catch prey use silk in several ways: as wrappers for

1109:("little tubes") extract these wastes from the blood in the hemocoel and dump them into the 663: 11987: 11922: 11196: 10545: 9062: 8651: 8183: 8141: 7955: 7894: 7753: 7644: 7539: 7458: 7161: 7010: 6967: 6707: 6612: 5806: 5714: 5421: 5122: 4851: 4794: 4581: 4342: 3120:("jaw bases") at the bases of their legs; both of these features are part of the ancestral 3116:

Arachnids lack some features of other chelicerates, including backward-pointing mouths and

2718: 2665: 2587: 2394: 2282:, can adjust their ultraviolet reflectance to match the flowers in which they are lurking. 2023: 1922: 1893: 1644: 1309: 569: 8865: 8731: 7150:"Know your foe: synanthropic spiders are deterred by semiochemicals of European fire ants" 4325:

Spiders have been the focus of stories and mythologies of various cultures for centuries.

8: 11181: 11142: 10853: 9215:

There are many common phobias, but surprisingly, the most common phobia is arachnophobia.

4221: 4069: 4033: 2526:

on their abdomens and use their legs to flick them at attackers. These bristles are fine

2499: 2234: 2074: 1998: 1843:

was documented to have lived in the wild for 43 years, dying of a parasitic wasp attack.

1687: 1317: 944: 611: 9066: 8655: 8288: 8187: 8145: 7959: 7898: 7757: 7648: 7543: 7462: 7311:

Li, D. & Lee, W.S. (2004). "Predator-induced plasticity in web-building behaviour".

7234: 7165: 7014: 6971: 6808: 6711: 6616: 6338: 5810: 5718: 5425: 5126: 5095: 4855: 4798: 4585: 2685:

they release for communication have a notable deterrent effect on these spider species.

1421: 1405: 1070:

spiders, have lost their venom glands, and kill their prey with silk instead. Like most

11440: 11191: 10918: 10762: 10254: 9921: 9637: 9424: 9380: 9293: 9030: 9005: 8981: 8956: 8695: 8606: 8300: 8017: 7990: 7971: 7923: 7882: 7858: 7833: 7771: 7660: 7614: 7479: 7446: 7421:(Araneae: Linyphiidae): Web reduction – ethological and morphological adaptations" 7375: 7328: 7182: 7149: 7130: 7091: 7026: 6983: 6940: 6731: 6636: 6314: 6263: 6228: 6079: 6070: 6054: 5941: 5908: 5883: 5738: 5682: 5657: 5477: 5452: 5413: 5317: 4872: 4839: 4820: 4725: 4698: 4678: 4604: 4569: 3037: 2892:, places where conditions were exceptionally suited to preserving fairly soft tissues. 2705: 2617: 2567: 2184: 1928: 1840: 1563: 1490:. There are at least six types of silk gland, each producing a different type of silk. 1358: 1239: 1165: 1106: 936: 371: 155: 9126: 8753: 5705:

Vollrath, F. & Knight, D.P. (2001). "Liquid crystalline spinning of spider silk".

3219: 2764:

visibility to prey flying upwards, because of the backlighting from the sky; enabling

1198:) exhibit complex behaviour, including the ability to use a trial-and-error approach. 427:

are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no

380:, spiders (as with all arachnids) differ from other arthropods in that the usual body 12140: 11974: 11913: 11766: 10976: 10770: 10655: 10476: 9982: 9972: 9955: 9945: 9928: 9904: 9894: 9875: 9858: 9848: 9802: 9781: 9758: 9718: 9691: 9662: 9547: 9520: 9482: 9457: 9430: 9403: 9384: 9372: 9304: 9180: 9176: 9130: 9078: 9035: 8986: 8935: 8910: 8888: 8798: 8735: 8716:

Vetter, Richard S.; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2008). "Medical Aspects of Spider Bites".

8699: 8687: 8679: 8617: 8558: 8533: 8424: 8368: 8292: 8238: 8191: 8175: 8157: 8113: 8065: 8048: 8022: 7928: 7910: 7863: 7664: 7656: 7484: 7367: 7269: 7252: 7246: 7244: 7187: 7022: 6979: 6768: 6723: 6628: 6486: 6440: 6394: 6306: 6298: 6255: 6220: 6172: 6122: 6084: 6033: 5913: 5868: 5822: 5773: 5742: 5730: 5687: 5611: 5592: 5584: 5538: 5488: 5457: 5439: 5380: 5321: 5271: 5135: 5110: 4877: 4812: 4761: 4736: 4702: 4690: 4682: 4662: 4638: 4609: 4545: 4446: 4330: 4119: 3930: 2782: 2644: 2642:("thieves"), and larger colonies are more successful in this. The herbivorous spider 2333: 2199: 2164:

spiders comprise the vast majority (over 80%) of reported incidents of plant-eating.

2061: 1917: 1855: 1623: 1583: 1466: 1413: 1329: 1304: 843: 545: 504: 440: 416: 9684: 9641: 8905: 8843: 7975: 7775: 7618: 7379: 7332: 7134: 7095: 7030: 6987: 6944: 6640: 6419:

Nyffeler, Martin; Machado, Glauco; Hartmann, Arik; Keiser, Carl N. (14 March 2023).

6318: 6203:

Oxford, G.S.; Gillespie, R.G. (1998). "Evolution and Ecology of Spider Coloration".

4824: 3320: 2780:. However, the significance of many variations is unclear. The orb-weaving species, 1425: 1275:

Other differences between the principal and secondary eyes are that the latter have

423:, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their 12207: 11849: 11421: 10695: 10669: 10463: 10330: 10093: 9629: 9593: 9364: 9333: 9172: 9122: 9070: 9025: 9017: 8976: 8968: 8927: 8900: 8788: 8727: 8669: 8659: 8453: 8284: 8149: 8103: 8093: 8060: 8012: 8002: 7963: 7918: 7902: 7853: 7845: 7814: 7761: 7652: 7606: 7557: 7547: 7474: 7466: 7359: 7320: 7293: 7264: 7230: 7177: 7169: 7122: 7083: 7018: 6975: 6932: 6886: 6849: 6804: 6715: 6678: 6620: 6478: 6432: 6386: 6290: 6232: 6212: 6074: 6066: 5993: 5983: 5950: 5903: 5895: 5864: 5814: 5722: 5677: 5669: 5626: 5574: 5447: 5429: 5307: 5263: 5130: 5091: 4867: 4859: 4802: 4674: 4634: 4599: 4589: 4541: 4537: 4213: 4091: 3935: 3780: 2850: 2841:

spiders and enable them to build their normally shaped webs under such conditions.

2572: 2217: 1970: 1417: 1409: 1233: 459: 367: 300: 9074: 8049:"A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters" 7594: 7324: 7241: 6735: 6624: 6216: 5818: 5795:"Fertilization occurs internally in the spider Achaearanea tepidariorum (C. Koch)" 3986:

do not and instead rely on their built-in vibration sensors. Spiders of the genus

1401: 798:. As arthropods, they have: segmented bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a 469:, but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets. True spiders have been found in 11382: 11351: 11225: 11201: 11186: 11117: 11050: 10962: 10747: 10537: 10481: 10322: 10299: 10057: 10038: 10008: 9888: 9796: 9202: 8437: 8360: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7592: 7575: 5109:

Barghusen, L.E.; Claussen, D.L.; Anderson, M.S.; Bailer, A.J. (1 February 1997).

5108: 4628: 4474: 4242: 4006: 3994: 3990:

have no venom glands, although they do have venom gland outlets on the fang tip.

3723: 3565: 3090: 2743: 2659: 2630: 2627: 2523: 2436: 2421: 2318: 2306: 2270: 1491: 1265: 1194: 1130: 811: 529: 481: 385: 347: 312: 283: 12109: 11979: 11927: 9778:

Forest Spiders of South East Asia: With a Revision of the Sac and Ground Spiders

9453:

Tales, Rumors, and Gossip: Exploring Contemporary Folk Literature in Grades 7–12

6761:

The Cognitive Animal: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Cognition

6558:"Web manipulation and two stereotyped attack behaviors in the ogre-faced spider 1021: 623:(a reference to how spiders make their webs), from the Proto-Indo-European root 12026: 12013: 11940: 11854: 11758: 11748: 11743: 11603: 11578: 11513: 11403: 11268: 10939: 10898: 10827: 10574: 10442: 10418: 10408: 10351: 10238: 9840: 9831: 8921: 8793: 8776: 8153: 8098: 8081: 7502: 7470: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7203: 7201: 6378: 4532:

Cushing, P.E. (2008). "Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae)". In Capinera, J.L. (ed.).

4398: 4263: 4153: 4114: 4103: 4096: 3951: 3593: 3507: 3337: 3298: 2989: 2639: 2536:, of the Namibian desert escapes parasitic wasps by flipping onto its side and 2490: 2291: 2287: 2057: 2045: 2017: 1716: 1628: 1541: 1522:. In other words, it can stretch much further before breaking or losing shape. 1222: 1006: 648: 572:

superior to synthetic materials, and spider silk genes have been inserted into

225: 10069: 9633: 9597: 9249:

Arachnophobia, or fear of spiders, is one of the most common specific phobias.

8664: 8639: 8636: 7906: 7782: 7126: 6890: 6390: 6332: 6330: 6328: 5954: 5312: 4863: 4807: 4782: 4365:

and planting it in the ground to produce eight previously nonexistent plants.

4086: 4027: 2889: 2738: 1148:"), which use large amounts of water to excrete nitrogenous waste products as 814:, sets of segments that serve similar functions: the foremost one, called the 12201: 11367: 11291: 11276: 11248: 11243: 11233: 10903: 10890: 10832: 10753: 10739: 10713: 10703: 10674: 10561: 10532: 10450: 10381: 10230: 10218: 10206: 10183: 10003: 9959: 9932: 9862: 9376: 8683: 8296: 8117: 8007: 7914: 7725: 7371: 6490: 6444: 6302: 6259: 5826: 5588: 5443: 5434: 4686: 4422: 4374: 4314: 4238: 4233: 4081: 4022: 4010: 3998: 3899: 3873: 3869: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3736: 3578: 3533: 3472: 3455: 3075: 3052: 3048: 3015: 2996: 2973: 2969: 2921: 2900: 2888:

so far is 100 million years old. Earlier spider fossils come from a few

2677: 2553: 2519: 2511: 2329: 2040: 1982: 1820: 1603: 1433: 1378: 1367: 1284: 1212: 1137: 1063: 911: 815: 585: 558: 489: 485: 470: 389: 272: 267: 262: 147: 143: 88: 9986: 9908: 9546:. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 166. 9337: 8582: 7766: 7737: 7198: 5988: 5969: 5563:"Hydraulic Leg Extension Is Not Necessarily the Main Drive in Large Spiders" 4594: 1920:

process, resulting in a brown coloration. Bilins are found, for example, in

1912:, very common in other animals, are apparently absent. In some species, the 541:, as arachnids do not have the mandibles that crustaceans and insects have. 138:

Representatives of the three major extant spider groups (counterclockwise):

11784: 11073: 11068: 11045: 11030: 10971: 10908: 10778: 10646: 10625: 10582: 10509: 10471: 10304: 10294: 10262: 10175: 9916: 9879: 9753: 9184: 9162: 9134: 9082: 9039: 8990: 8972: 8914: 8802: 8739: 8691: 8161: 8026: 7932: 7867: 7849: 7488: 7363: 7191: 7074:

Cangialosi, K.R. (1990). "Social spider defense against kleptoparasitism".

6747: 6745: 6727: 6632: 6325: 6310: 6224: 6088: 5917: 5899: 5734: 5691: 5596: 5528: 5461: 4896:"Spider | Origin and meaning of spider by Online Etymology Dictionary" 4881: 4816: 4694: 4613: 4418: 4258: 3947: 3940: 3546: 3443: 3067: 3004: 2723: 2699: 2682: 2607: 2532: 2344: 2258: 2229: 2157:

present in their digestive fluid allows for the digestion of these spores.

2085: 2066: 1956: 1374: 1257: 1181: 1067: 990: 900: 293: 10085: 10044: 9479:

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

9368: 9021: 7593:

Dunlop, Jason A.; David Penney; O. Erik Tetlie; Lyall I. Anderson (2008).

7552: 7525: 6719: 5637: 5560: 4382:(Ancient Greek for "spider") was a Lydian girl who challenged the goddess 2806: 12083: 12052: 11907: 11898: 11771: 11735: 11488: 11377: 11341: 11331: 11321: 11286: 11173: 11040: 11003: 10984: 10948: 10877: 10861: 10810: 10801: 10792: 10633: 10603: 10499: 10359: 10142: 10081:

Record breaking achievements by spiders and the scientists who study them

6683: 6662: 6436: 5932: 5673: 5630: 5158: 4479: 4454: 4402: 4209: 4203: 4190: 4162: 4146: 4110: 3788: 3642: 3213: 3171: 3153: 3140: 3110: 3094: 3031: 2992:

in China. Its body length is almost 25 mm, (i.e., almost one inch).

2964: 2828: 2815: 2765: 2671: 2650: 2575: 2559: 2504: 2453: 2416: 2325: 2295: 2283: 2279: 2093: 2007: 1938: 1851: 1811: 1779: 1611: 1530: 1483: 1479: 1461: 1377:

sensors and rely on their eyes to tell them which way is up. Arthropods'

1269: 1261: 1217: 1176:

is encircled by this conglomeration of ganglia. Except for the primitive

1043: 994: 986: 966: 957:

Spiders have developed several different respiratory anatomies, based on

858:, and serve different functions within different groups of chelicerates. 839: 791: 550: 475: 393: 339: 202: 63: 8931:

Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook

8674: 8389: 8108: 7630: 7628: 7523: 7173: 6742: 6465:

Nyffeler, Martin; Olson, Eric J.; Symondson, William O.C. (April 2016).

5561:

Weihmann, Tom; Günther, Michael; Blickhan, Reinhard (15 February 2012).

1298:

There are spiders with a reduced number of eyes, the most common having

1192:

Despite the relatively small central nervous system, some spiders (like

889: 11844: 11662: 11521: 11398: 11301: 11296: 11238: 11088: 11079: 11060: 11021: 11012: 10933: 10885: 10869: 10845: 10840: 10819: 10783: 10734: 10718: 10687: 10679: 10616: 10553: 10504: 10434: 10426: 10413: 10400: 10343: 10317: 10286: 10270: 10164: 9971:. Cambridge Studies in Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8715: 8304: 7087: 6936: 6420: 6294: 6267: 6143:"World's oldest known spider dies at 43 after a quiet life underground" 5579: 5562: 4413: 4318: 4309: 4172: 4061: 4045: 3982: 3968: 3925: 3841: 3760: 3627: 3437: 3252: 3083: 3000: 2930: 2884: 2694: 2635: 2622: 2612: 2583: 2564: 2482: 2399: 2364: 2338: 2262: 2203: 2173: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 1913: 1905: 1889: 1868: 1796: 1313: 1276: 1177: 1133: 1121:

lineages that can live far away from water, for example the tubules of

1059: 1047: 970: 947: 896: 851: 452: 435: 420: 355: 335: 323: 256: 139: 108: 73: 11966: 7610: 7562: 7108: 5529:

Barnes, R.S.K.; Calow, P.; Olive, P.; Golding, D.; Spicer, J. (2001).

4783:"Herbivory in a Spider Through Exploitation of an Ant–Plant Mutualism" 4440: 3285: 2860: 2298:

capture prey by chasing it, and rely mainly on vision to locate prey.

2027:, which can change its body color from white to brown near instantly. 926:, a cavity that runs most of the length of the body and through which 431:

muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure.

12057: 12000: 11703: 11640: 11586: 11551: 11534: 11482: 11346: 11306: 11281: 11035: 10989: 10953: 10708: 10566: 10523: 10517: 10490: 10364: 10312: 10136: 9661:. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 31. 9618:"Ekphrasis and the Theme of Artistic Failure in Ovid's Metamorphoses" 7967: 7625: 7000: 6853: 6764: 6482: 5998: 5726: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4506: 4406: 4390: 4354: 4292: 4280: 4268: 4180: 4107: 4057: 3485: 3417: 3233: 3184: 3126: 3121: 3061: 3020: 2979: 2951: 2947: 2936: 2911: 2878: 2592: 2515: 2349: 2266: 2251: 2243: 2222: 2194: 2161: 2154: 2134: 2011: 1950: 1873: 1836: 1828: 1800: 1599: 1545: 1526: 1515: 1475: 1353: 1342: 1288: 1252: 1173: 1141: 1118: 1102: 1010: 1002: 974: 958: 940: 847: 795: 581: 565: 554: 509: 494: 464: 319: 192: 172: 113: 57: 12044: 11869: 10049: 8457: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8207: 7988: 7346:

Pasquet, Alain; Ridwan, Ahmad; Leborgne, Raymond (1 February 1994).

7297: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 4044:

period, are generally heavily built and ″hairy″, with large, robust

2876:. The oldest known amber that contains fossil arthropods dates from 1356:

produced by females, both contact and air-borne. The jumping spider

1320:

species have no eyes, or possess vestigial eyes incapable of sight.

1050:

are fangs, and the great majority of spiders can use them to inject

12005: 11961: 11892: 11628: 11559: 11463: 11432: 11336: 11326: 11055: 10913: 10664: 10641: 10458: 10148: 10080: 8488:

Penney, D. & Selden, P.A. Deltshev, C. & Stoev, P. (eds.).

7800:"The Role of Behavior in the Evolution of Spiders, Silks, and Webs" 6843: 6466: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4284: 4272: 4246: 4041: 3977: 3963: 3946:

The only living members of the primitive Mesothelae are the family

3861:

Four pairs, in some species one pair fused, under middle of abdomen

3490: 3278: 3130: 3079: 3056: 2942: 2925: 2917: 2896: 2791: 2752: 2358: 2209: 2142: 1944: 1792: 1703: 1615: 1511: 1452:, keep at least four legs on the surface while walking or running. 1449: 1445: 1429: 1363: 1169: 1098: 1084: 1075: 1071: 923: 892: 866: 862: 855: 538: 513: 456: 444: 428: 424: 351: 343: 212: 103: 98: 83: 78: 68: 50: 9095: 8928:

Williamson, J.A.; Fenner, P.J.; Burnett, J.W.; Rifkin, J. (1996).

7507:"Space Station Spiders Found a Hack to Build Webs Without Gravity" 7445:

Zschokke, Samuel; Countryman, Stefanie; Cushing, Paula E. (2021).

6336: 4902: 3962:. Most of the Liphistiidae construct silk-lined burrows with thin 3779:

of spiders (order Araneae) have been identified, grouped into 132

11670: 11316: 11311: 10926: 10726: 10335: 9890:

The Book of the Spider: From Arachnophobia to the Love of Spiders

8204: 7148:

Fischer, Andreas; Lee, Yerin; Dong, T'ea; Gries, Gerhard (2021).

6368: 5412:

Brescovit, Antonio D.; Sánchez-Ruiz, Alexander (6 October 2016).

5203: 4379: 4338: 4002: 3827: 3776: 3026: 2959: 2465: 2146: 2117: 2049: 1988: 1901: 1897: 1885: 1832: 1607: 1498: 1347: 1149: 978: 962: 888:. The upper surface of the cephalothorax is covered by a single, 835: 819: 799: 377: 363: 359: 118: 93: 10050:

Online Videos of Jumping Spiders (Salticids) and other arachnids

7703:"A trigonotarbid arachnid from the Upper Silurian of Shropshire" 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5193: 5191: 5178: 5176: 5047: 5045: 5017: 3066:. Some Triassic mygalomorphs appear to be members of the family 2402:

serves both as a trap and as a way of making its home in a leaf.

1992:) are notable for their bright structural colours in the males. 1932:. It is in many species accumulated in specialized cells called 568:. Spider silk provides a combination of lightness, strength and 11476: 10130: 10045:

New Mexico State University "The Spiders of the Arid Southwest"

10022: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4394: 4383: 4362: 4288: 3511: 3041: 2954:

and whose mobility is important in the building of webs. Hence

2440:

uses both webs and cunning, versatile tactics to overcome prey.

2130: 2125: 2105: 2070: 1976: 1909: 1791:

in one or more silk egg sacs, which maintain a fairly constant

1507: 1438: 1292: 1248: 1226: 1145: 1126: 1122: 1110: 1079: 982: 951: 932: 919: 831: 823: 807: 803: 573: 534: 448: 412: 405: 182: 9714:

American Anthropology: Papers from the American Anthropologist

9519:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 184. 8581:. Agricultural Research Council of New Zealand. Archived from 8042: 8040: 8038: 8036: 5970:"Risky mate search and male self-sacrifice in redback spiders" 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 2638:). Social predatory spiders need to defend their prey against 1392: 12166: 11716: 8354: 8352: 6418: 6095: 6006: 5749: 5335: 5188: 5173: 5057: 5042: 4358: 4053: 4049: 3959: 3955: 3784: 3748: 3739: 3729: 3248: 3106: 2873: 2865: 2795: 2714: 2598: 2353: 2302: 2239: 2150: 2113: 1818:

food. In one exceptional case, females of the jumping spider

1807: 1708: 1699: 1595: 1537: 1503: 1487: 1338: 1125:

and arachnids develop from completely different parts of the

1091: 1055: 1051: 927: 878: 874: 577: 525: 521: 517: 331: 11992: 9290: 8612:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 8394:

Bulletin of the National Science Museum (Of Japan), Series A

8229:. In Ubick, D.; Paquin, P.; Cushing, P.E.; Roth, V. (eds.). 7447:"Spiders in space—orb-web-related behaviour in zero gravity" 6866: 5531:"Invertebrates with Legs: the Arthropods and Similar Groups" 2002:

will become orange if the spider ingests certain species of

783:

Legs are labelled I, II, III, IV from anterior to posterior.

11776: 8443: 8180:

Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History

8033: 7831: 6555: 6371:"Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar" 6053:

Dong, Bing; Quan, Rui-Chang; Chen, Zhan-Qi (18 July 2019).

4934: 4924: 4922: 4426: 4369: 4350: 4346: 4334: 4326: 4217: 2924:

and segmented abdomen, as well as eight legs and a pair of

2777: 2727: 2578:) can form colonies of up to 50,000 individuals. The genus 2541: 2527: 2486: 2247: 2138: 1965: 1334: 1287:

of some jumping spiders exceeds by a factor of ten that of

1114: 885: 870: 827: 327: 130: 11134: 9481:. London, England: The British Museum Press. p. 182. 8349: 5930: 5508:'Vampire' spiders use blood as perfume | CBC News – CBC.ca 5216: 5080: 4013:

rocks, have been classified as members of the Mesothelae.

2056:

Although spiders are generally regarded as predatory, the

1441:

muscles to generate the propulsive force for their jumps.

1408:

that works as a hinge for the following long segment, the

8820:. Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech. Archived from 8266: 8079: 7444: 6794: 6759:. In Bekoff, M.; Allen, C. & Burghardt, G.M. (eds.). 6337:

Meehan, C.J.; Olson, E.J.; Curry, R.L. (21 August 2008).

2275: 2078: 2003: 1788: 754:

female, ventral aspect. Nos 1 to 14 as for dorsal aspect.

624: 7797: 6957: 6697: 5704: 5609: 4919: 3420:

shows the relation among spider suborders and families:

846:

typical of most arthropods. In fact, chelicerates' only

354:. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except 9658:

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales

9543:

Aspects of Ecphrastic Technique in Ovid's Metamorphoses

9295:

Cognitive Science: An Introduction to the Study of Mind

7991:"A Cambrian–Ordovician Terrestrialization of Arachnids" 7392: 6663:"The Natural History and Behavior of the Bolas Spider, 5967: 4780: 4567: 1866:

Spiders occur in a large range of sizes. The smallest,

1013:, so environmental temperatures affect their activity. 9351:

Costa-Neto, E.M.; Grabowski, N.T. (27 November 2020).

8465:"A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives" 7634: 7046:"Cooperative prey capture in the communal web spider, 6510: 6464: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 5483:(3rd p/b ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 4661:

Dimitrov, Dimitar; Hormiga, Gustavo (7 January 2021).

4357:

heard Uttu's screams and rescued her, removing Enki's

3044:, there are very few fossil spiders from this period. 981:

surface of the abdomen allow air to enter and diffuse

346:

and rank seventh in total species diversity among all

8073: 7524:

Selden, P.A.; Anderson, H.M.; Anderson, J.M. (2009).

7345: 6751: 6028:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press US. pp. 5411: 5260:"Cognitive Abilities of Araneophagic Jumping Spiders" 5076: 5074: 5072: 4570:"Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets" 2481:

There is strong evidence that spiders' coloration is

2342:

walk on the outer edges of leaves in the same way as

2317:

s instinctive tactics are only starting points for a

484:, the Mesothelae. The main groups of modern spiders, 480:

and are very similar to the most primitive surviving

7807:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

6906:"Fog, wind and heat – life in the Namib desert" 4838:

Nyffeler, Martin; Birkhofer, Klaus (14 March 2017).

4563: 4561: 4436: 4317:

ceramic depicts a spider, and dates from around 300

4131: 604: 9927:(1st ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: W.C. Brown Company. 9516:

The Harps that Once: Sumerian Poetry in Translation

9350: 7881:Selden, Paul A.; Shih, ChungKun; Ren, Dong (2013). 7738:"A replacement name for the trigonotarbid arachnid 7147: 6181: 1016: 1005:. Spiders that have tracheae generally have higher 561:spiders can live up to 25 years in captivity. 492:, first appeared in the Triassic period, more than 358:, and have become established in nearly every land 9920: 9683: 9575: 9292: 8954: 8815: 8487: 8446:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 8231:Spiders of North America: an identification manual 5069: 4724: 1312:. Other species have four eyes and members of the 1113:chamber, from which they are expelled through the 822:, is a complete fusion of the segments that in an 810:. Being chelicerates, their bodies consist of two 9775: 9344: 9262:"The 10 Most Common Phobias – Did You Know?" 8893:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 8358: 7946:Selden, P.A. (1996). "Fossil mesothele spiders". 7595:"How many species of fossil arachnids are there?" 7283: 6825:. University of California Museum of Paleontology 6280: 6019: 5399: 4837: 4558: 4048:and fangs (technically, spiders do not have true 2590:developed social behavior. For example, although 2254:, and catch them with their front pairs of legs. 2225:flies that they catch with the backwards strike. 396:, or abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical 12199: 9794: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9498: 8640:"The global spread of misinformation on spiders" 8221: 7982: 7073: 5755: 5643: 5360: 5348: 5197: 5182: 5063: 5051: 5036: 5011: 4928: 4913: 4568:Selden, P.A. & Shear, W.A. (December 2008). 4220:' milk and in the leaves of plants, by means of 4117:, as well as the only known herbivorous spider, 3767:, of which the latter contains two infraorders, 3105:The spiders (Araneae) are monophyletic (i.e., a 3003:, a primitive group now represented only by the 2485:that helps them to evade their major predators, 1839:can live in captivity for over 20 years, and an 1590:Spiders reproduce sexually and fertilization is 1470:An orb weaver producing silk from its spinnerets 10307:(funnel-webs or venomous funnel-web tarantulas) 9795:Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004). 9768: 9752:The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasures from the 9096:Hinman, M.B.; Jones J.A.; Lewis, R. W. (2000). 7310: 6598:"Aggressive Chemical Mimicry by a Bolas Spider" 6202: 5556: 5554: 5258:Wilcox, R. Stimson; Jackson, Robert R. (1998). 4663:"Spider Diversification Through Space and Time" 4660: 4040:The Mygalomorphae, which first appeared in the 3133:that are specially adapted for sperm transfer. 2681:ant colonies. These ants are predators and the 1373:Like most arthropods, spiders lack balance and 537:. They also grind food with the bases of their 10066:, from the International Field Guides database 9003: 8553:Schultz, Stanley; Schultz, Margeurite (2009). 8552: 8528:Schultz, Stanley; Schultz, Marguerite (2009). 8527: 8272: 7832:Selden, P.A.; ChungKun Shih; Dong Ren (2011). 7213: 6660: 6595: 6364: 6362: 3893:One, two or three pairs under rear of abdomen 2356:. When at rest, the ant-mimicking crab spider 1551: 977:filled with haemolymph, where openings on the 906: 903:, have segmented plates on the upper surface. 419:. In all except the most primitive group, the 11448: 11150: 10101: 9717:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 455. 9577:"The spinner and the poet: Arachne in Ovid's 9495: 9323: 9052: 8557:. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's. p. 88. 8532:. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's. p. 28. 8337:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). 8130: 7880: 7250: 7043: 6903: 5772:(3rd p/b ed.). Oxford University Press. 5655: 5257: 4760:. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's. p. 23. 4731:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4626: 3070:, whose modern members include the notorious 2835: 1058:in the roots of the chelicerae. The families 1025:A syrphid fly captured in the web of a spider 10698:(wandering spiders or tropical wolf spiders) 9915: 9291:Friedenberg, J. & Silverman, G. (2005). 8774: 8417:Spiders – webs, behavior, and evolution 8336: 8046: 7945: 7735: 7724:but was renamed when it was realized that a 7700: 6922: 6052: 5551: 4756:Shultz, Stanley; Shultz, Marguerite (2009). 4755: 4341:as a marriage gift, thereby allowing him to 1974:results from bristles reflecting the light, 1494:also produce silk in modified venom glands. 910: 10115: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9402:. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 308. 9046: 8957:"Misdiagnosis of brown recluse spider bite" 8410: 8318:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). 8174: 6556:Coddington, J. & Sobrevila, C. (1987). 6359: 6167:Levi, Herbert W. and Levi, Lorna R. (2001) 5961: 5799:Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 5612:"The Hydraulic Mechanism of the Spider Leg" 4716: 4507:"Currently valid spider genera and species" 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 1614:or palpal organs, borne on the tips of the 1105:, which can be excreted as a dry material. 1009:and better water conservation. Spiders are 362:. As of September 2024, 52,309 spider 11455: 11441: 11157: 11143: 10204: 10108: 10094: 9476: 8886: 8711: 8709: 8317: 7414: 7113:Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Theridiidae)". 5931:Knoflach, B. & van Harten, A. (2001). 5468: 5217:Harland, D.P. & Jackson, R.R. (2000). 4656: 4654: 4627:Sebastin, P.A.; Peter, K.V., eds. (2009). 2084:Juveniles of some spiders in the families 1750:Orange spider egg sac hanging from ceiling 1424:is next, and it connects the tibia to the 1291:, which have by far the best vision among 865:are members of one chelicerate group, the 129: 10257:(atypical tarantulas or purseweb spiders) 9710: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9226: 9116: 9029: 8980: 8904: 8792: 8673: 8663: 8499:. Supplement No. 1: 25–39. Archived from 8224:"Phylogeny and Classification of Spiders" 8107: 8097: 8064: 8053:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 8016: 8006: 7922: 7857: 7765: 7588: 7586: 7561: 7551: 7478: 7268: 7257:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 7181: 6880: 6682: 6245: 6078: 5997: 5987: 5907: 5681: 5578: 5451: 5433: 5311: 5300:"Spiders are much smarter than you think" 5134: 4871: 4806: 4603: 4593: 3411: 3100: 2895:The oldest known exclusively terrestrial 1916:of the legs and prosoma is modified by a 1602:, male spiders do not produce ready-made 1486:, each of which is connected to one silk 1155: 642: 512:in 2008, but all other known species are 11125:are families with more than 1000 species 10012:) is being considered for deletion. See 9886: 9869: 9839: 9675: 9560: 9512: 9422: 9264:. 10 Most Common Phobias. Archived from 9098:"Synthetic spider silk: a modular fiber" 8638:Dhiya’ulhaq, Naufal Urfi (August 2022). 8276:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 7819:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221 7798:Vollrath, F. & Selden, P.A. (2007). 7223:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5610:Parry, D.A. & Brown, R.H.J. (1959). 4492: 4308: 4262: 4085: 4026: 3929: 3759:Spiders are divided into two suborders, 2859: 2805: 2737: 2698: 2464: 2039: 2035: 1850: 1831:, spiders have to molt to grow as their 1732:The tiny male of the golden orb weaver ( 1567: 1465: 1391: 1232: 1216: 1129:. However, a few primitive spiders, the 1028: 1020: 10162: 10028:Picture story about the jumping spider 9754:Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera 9573: 9397: 8706: 8387: 8330: 8182:. Hutchinson Radius. pp. 102–06 . 7825: 7501: 7216:"Function and Phylogeny of Spider Webs" 5924: 5881: 4774: 4651: 4620: 4531: 2261:, the "trapdoor spiders" of the family 2030: 1767:spiderlings next to their eggs' capsule 985:. This is also the case for some basal 14: 12218:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances 12200: 9824: 9776:Deeleman-Reinhold, Christa L. (2001). 9750:Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. 9616:Leach, Eleanor Winsor (January 1974). 9604: 9539: 9477:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). 9449: 8756:. Illinois Department of Public Health 8603: 8419:. Stanford University Press. pp. 7583: 6511:Schütz, D. & Taborsky, M. (2003). 6110: 6104: 5850: 5792: 5767: 5761: 5656:Suter, R. B.; Stratton, G. E. (2009). 5474: 4722: 939:. The blood of many spiders that have 11874: 11873: 11833: 11501: 11436: 11138: 10203: 10161: 10089: 9681: 9654: 9615: 8732:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093503 7677: 6752:Wilcox, S. & Jackson, R. (2002). 5537:. Blackwell Publishing. p. 168. 5376:A Spider's World: Senses and Behavior 5372: 5297: 5291: 4298: 3966:, although some species of the genus 2069:, a solid plant material produced by 826:would form two separate tagmata, the 12172:E6743423-ECE0-112E-7821-15817558C6C1 12133:8fe5dc6f-2d05-45f2-98ee-598d13b7fe9d 12032:c0be2190-1e35-453a-a53f-22a44bf8c472 11462: 9966: 9939: 9456:. Libraries Unlimited. p. 186. 7393:Thomson, Peggy & Park, Edwards. 6117:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4126: 3728:The order name Araneae derives from 3025:, had five spinnerets. Although the 2657:In experiments, spider species like 1345:, often by means of setae. An adult 1308:) with a pair of eyes absent on the 12223:Taxa named by Carl Alexander Clerck 9357:Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 9006:"Spider mythology across the world" 8289:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025 8086:Organisms Diversity & Evolution 7235:10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.002013 7076:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6925:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6809:10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.002031 5567:The Journal of Experimental Biology 5096:10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.003025 3913:From sides to center, like pincers 3047:The main groups of modern spiders, 1328:As with other arthropods, spiders' 1168:running below the gut, with paired 918:Like other arthropods, spiders are 682:carapace of prosoma (cephalothorax) 24: 10556:(violin spiders, assassin spiders) 9817: 9690:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 9201:. phobias-help.com. Archived from 8866:"Pub chef bitten by deadly spider" 8579:"Natural history of Mygalomorphae" 8413:"The Role of Silk in Prey Capture" 7680:"Oldest spider web found in amber" 6823:"Different smiles, single species" 6071:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.041 4679:10.1146/annurev-ento-061520-083414 4421:are depictions of spiderwebs. The 4368:In a story told by the Roman poet 3824:Segmented plates on top of abdomen 3089:According to a 2020 study using a 1455: 1416:, which acts as the hinge for the 25: 12234: 10016:to help reach a consensus. › 9995: 9825:Bilger, Burkhard (5 March 2007). 8359:Leroy, J & Leroy, A. (2003). 5151:"Spiders-Arañas – Dr. Sam Thelin" 4465:List of animals that produce silk 4279:Spiders are used as food. Cooked 4132:Media coverage and misconceptions 2215:deinopids, but one population of 2167: 1841:Australian female trapdoor spider 1782:carrying its young on its abdomen 1594:but indirect, in other words the 1506:and biological materials such as 1412:; next is the spider's knee, the 1140:, retain the ancestral arthropod 1046:, the final sections of spiders' 850:ahead of the mouth are a pair of 11814:are possibly paraphyletic groups 11417: 11416: 11215: 10795:(sheet weavers or money spiders) 9847:. Taplinger Publishing Company. 9744: 9741:. New York: Praeger Press. 1972. 9731: 9704: 9648: 9533: 9470: 9443: 9416: 9391: 9317: 9284: 9254: 9220: 9191: 9177:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00087.x 9156: 9089: 8997: 8948: 8880: 8858: 8846:. Australian Venom Research Unit 8836: 8809: 8768: 8746: 8630: 8597: 8571: 8546: 8521: 8481: 8404: 8381: 8311: 8168: 8066:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x 7728:arachnid had already been named 7718:The fossil was originally named 7657:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2007.00641.x 7395:"Odd Tales from the Smithsonian" 7270:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00120.x 7023:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00202.x 6980:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2005.00289.x 5968:Andrade, Maydianne C.B. (2003). 5869:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2011.00227.x 5298:Mason, Betsy (28 October 2021). 5136:10.1046/j.1365-2435.1997.00040.x 4439: 4227: 4216:are being made to produce it in 4075: 4016: 3646: 3510: 3489: 3341: 3319: 3284: 3256: 3218: 3188: 3157: 2855: 2547: 2445: 2428: 2407: 2385: 2373: 1968:or scales. The white prosoma of 1772: 1755: 1743: 1725: 1657: 1643: 1622:Spiders generally use elaborate 1548:" by the young of some species. 1404:; the next segment is the short 1017:Feeding, digestion and excretion 744: 662: 342:. They are the largest order of 159: 61: 10249:(Australian funnel-web spiders) 10064:List of field guides to spiders 9586:The Cambridge Classical Journal 9229:"Spider Fears or Arachnophobia" 9227:Fritscher, Lisa (3 June 2009). 8906:10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.2.0700239 8235:American Arachnological Society 8124: 7939: 7874: 7694: 7671: 7517: 7495: 7438: 7408: 7386: 7339: 7304: 7277: 7141: 7102: 7067: 7037: 6994: 6951: 6916: 6897: 6860: 6837: 6815: 6788: 6691: 6671:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 6654: 6589: 6549: 6504: 6458: 6412: 6283:Journal of Experimental Biology 6274: 6239: 6161: 6135: 6046: 5875: 5844: 5833: 5786: 5698: 5649: 5619:Journal of Experimental Biology 5603: 5522: 5512: 5501: 5405: 5393: 5366: 5354: 5251: 5143: 5102: 4888: 4212:is both light and very strong, 4066:Australasian funnel-web spiders 4056:). Well-known examples include 2414:A trapdoor spider in the genus 2065:gets over 90% of its food from 1540:and for fertilized eggs; as a " 1323: 1316:family can have as few as two. 1251:("little eyes"), which in most 1201: 899:, whose living members are the 834:; the rear tagma is called the 301:134 families, c. 52,000 species 9739:The Mochica: A Culture of Peru 8934:. UNSW Press. pp. 65–68. 8816:Hannum, C. & Miller, D.M. 7428:European Journal of Entomology 6904:Armstrong, S. (14 July 1990). 5756:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 5644:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 5535:The Invertebrates: A Synthesis 5361:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 5349:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 5198:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 5183:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 5064:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 5052:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 5037:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 5012:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 4929:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 4914:Ruppert, Fox & Barnes 2004 4831: 4749: 4542:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_4320 4525: 4305:Cultural depictions of spiders 4031:A Mexican red-kneed tarantula 2794:took two orb-web spiders into 2601:with no other social species, 1544:"; for nest-building; and as " 13: 1: 10756:(flat-bellied ground spiders) 10233:(mouse spiders and relatives) 10001: 9801:(7th ed.). Brooks/Cole. 9711:De Laguna, Frederica (2002). 9127:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01481-5 9075:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.023 8781:Journal of Medical Entomology 8775:Vetter RS, Barger DK (2002). 7325:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.06.011 7286:Australian Journal of Zoology 6625:10.1126/science.198.4322.1173 6524:Evolutionary Ecology Research 6217:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.619 5819:10.1080/07924259.1995.9672484 4513:. Natural History Museum Bern 4283:are considered a delicacy in 4271:are considered a delicacy in 4168:Australian funnel-web spiders 3919: 2920:period, and had a triangular 1879: 1862:), the largest spider by mass 1497:Silk is mainly composed of a 1387: 761:pedicel (also called pedicle) 11805:Classification is based on 10619:(araneomorph funnel weavers) 9919:; Kaston, Elizabeth (1953). 9769:General and cited references 8887:Diaz, J.H. (1 August 2004). 8555:The Tarantula Keeper's Guide 8530:The Tarantula Keeper's Guide 6171:, Golden Press, pp. 20, 44. 5373:Barth, Friedrich G. (2013). 4758:The Tarantula Keeper's Guide 4485: 3836:Striking direction of fangs 2999:spiders were members of the 2844: 2688: 2454:ant-mimicking jumping spider 2301:Some jumping spiders of the 1806:Baby spiders pass all their 1637:Spider fertilization systems 1237:Eyes of the jumping spider, 653: 591: 7: 11834: 11665:(shorttailed whipscorpions) 11254:List of families of spiders 11164: 10273:(cork-lid trapdoor spiders) 9940:Main, Barbara York (1975). 9513:Jacobsen, Thorkild (1987). 9235:. About.com. Archived from 9165:Plant Biotechnology Journal 9010:Western Journal of Medicine 8961:Western Journal of Medicine 8955:Nishioka, S. de A. (2001). 8719:Annual Review of Entomology 8490:"European Arachnology 2005" 6797:Annual Review of Entomology 6754:"Jumping Spider Tricksters" 6562:Marx (Araneae, Deinopidae)" 6530:(1): 105–17. Archived from 6205:Annual Review of Entomology 4667:Annual Review of Entomology 4432: 4160:) and widow spiders (genus 3717: 2776:most effective in catching 1651:Haplogyne or non-entelegyne 1560:Sexual selection in spiders 1552:Reproduction and life cycle 907:Circulation and respiration 10: 12239: 11502: 10569:(long-legged cave spiders) 10265:(brushed trapdoor spiders) 10241:(folding trapdoor spiders) 9969:Spiders in Ecological Webs 9893:. New York: Random House. 9540:Norton, Elizabeth (2013). 8794:10.1603/0022-2585-39.6.948 8604:Foelix, Rainer F. (2011). 8367:. Struik. pp. 15–21. 8365:Spiders of Southern Africa 8345:. Perseus Digital Library. 8326:. Perseus Digital Library. 8154:10.1016/j.zool.2005.06.003 8099:10.1007/s13127-019-00390-7 7599:The Journal of Arachnology 7471:10.1007/s00114-020-01708-8 7154:Royal Society Open Science 6425:The Journal of Arachnology 6248:The Journal of Arachnology 6111:Foelix, Rainer F. (1996). 6020:Foelix, Rainer F. (1996). 5768:Foelix, Rainer F. (2011). 5475:Foelix, Rainer F. (2011). 4723:Foelix, Rainer F. (1996). 4536:. Springer. p. 3496. 4534:Encyclopedia of Entomology 4470:List of endangered spiders 4302: 4256: 4252: 4231: 4201: 4144: 4079: 4020: 3923: 3749: 3740: 3721: 2848: 2836:Web design in zero gravity 2692: 2551: 2460: 2362:does not closely resemble 2221:appears to live mainly on 2171: 1557: 1482:. Each spinneret has many 1459: 1210: 973:spiders have two pairs of 954:transport more efficient. 646: 29: 11882: 11840: 11829: 11801: 11757: 11734: 11715: 11699: 11690: 11652: 11643:(tailless whip scorpions) 11636: 11627: 11611: 11602: 11571: 11544: 11533: 11512: 11508: 11497: 11471: 11412: 11391: 11360: 11267: 11224: 11213: 11172: 11113: 10611: 10602: 10587:Trogloraptor marchingtoni 10396: 10389: 10380: 10226: 10217: 10213: 10199: 10171: 10157: 10125: 9634:10.1017/S0048671X00004549 9598:10.1017/S006867350000523X 8665:10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.026 8222:Coddington, J.A. (2005). 7907:10.1007/s00114-013-1121-7 7127:10.1007/s10164-007-0082-8 6891:10.1163/15685390151074357 6846:American Museum Novitates 6467:"Plant-eating by spiders" 6391:10.1017/S095283690100108X 6347:. 93rd ESA Annual Meeting 5955:10.1017/S0952836901000954 5851:Burger, Matthias (2011). 5793:Suzuki, Hirohumi (1995). 5662:Journal of Insect Science 5313:10.1146/knowable-102821-1 5266:; Kamil, Alan C. (eds.). 4864:10.1007/s00114-017-1440-1 4808:10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.049 4062:ctenizid trapdoor spiders 3892: 3889: 3886: 3863: 3806: 3803:(numbers are approximate) 3799: 3640: 3625: 3618: 3591: 3576: 3569: 3559: 3544: 3537: 3505: 3483: 3476: 3466: 3459: 3441: 3431: 3334: 3309: 3302: 3282: 3272: 3245: 3237: 3210: 3203: 3182: 3175: 3151: 3144: 2801: 2709:(European garden spider). 2398:or leaf-curling spider's 1803:and dragging them along. 1799:or attaching them to the 1682:Parasteatoda tepidariorum 1035:Cheiracanthium punctorium 989:spiders, like the family 330:generally able to inject 299: 292: 253: 248: 156:Scientific classification 154: 137: 128: 41: 11063:(cribellate orb weavers) 10997:(long jawed orb-weavers) 10649:(anyphaenid sac spiders) 10445:(crevice weaver spiders) 10281:(wafer trapdoor spiders) 10014:templates for discussion 8497:Acta Zoologica Bulgarica 8415:. In Shear, W.A. (ed.). 8008:10.3389/fgene.2020.00182 5435:10.3897/zookeys.622.8682 5262:. In Balda, Russell P.; 5232:: 231–40. Archived from 4460:Glossary of spider terms 4331:ancient Sumerian goddess 4140: 3072:Sydney funnel-web spider 2822: 2471:Sydney funnel-web spider 2075:mutualistic relationship 1787:Females lay up to 3,000 756: 12213:Carboniferous arachnids 11259:Lists of spider species 10864:(red and black spiders) 10804:(liocranid sac spiders) 10548:(tube-dwelling spiders) 10484:(midget ground weavers) 10346:(funnel-web tarantulas) 10338:(tree trapdoor spiders) 10289:(funnel-web tarantulas) 10030:Aelurillus v-insignitus 9967:Wise, David A. (1993). 9887:Hillyard, Paul (1994). 9870:Crompton, John (1950). 9574:Harries, Byron (1990). 9338:10.1163/156853094X00045 9105:Trends in Biotechnology 9004:Isbister, G.K. (2001). 8343:A Greek-English Lexicon 7887:Die Naturwissenschaften 7767:10.1111/1475-4983.00068 7214:Eberhard, W.G. (1990). 6661:Eberhard, W.G. (1980). 6596:Eberhard, W.G. (1977). 5882:Rezác M (August 2009). 4595:10.1073/pnas.0809174106 4197: 4009:, so far found only in 3864:Downwards and forwards 3064: million years ago 3023: million years ago 2982: million years ago 2974:Mongolarachne jurassica 2939: million years ago 2931:Attercopus fimbriunguis 2914: million years ago 2881: million years ago 2772:presence of predators. 1846: 1206: 710: 626: 606: 497: million years ago 467: million years ago 322:that have eight limbs, 32:Spider (disambiguation) 10893:(running crab spiders) 10786:(white-tailed spiders) 10628:(tangled nest spiders) 10453:(large-clawed spiders) 10429:(false violin spiders) 9872:The Life of the Spider 9655:Haase, Donald (2008). 9400:Lonely Planet Cambodia 8973:10.1136/ewjm.174.4.240 8361:"How spiders function" 7850:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0228 7364:10.1006/anbe.1994.1066 7251:Agnarsson, I. (2004). 7057:Journal of Arachnology 7050:(Araneae, Uloboridae)" 7044:Matsumoto, T. (1998). 6570:Journal of Arachnology 6471:Journal of Arachnology 5900:10.1098/rspb.2009.0104 5400:Deeleman-Reinhold 2001 5084:Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4322: 4276: 4099: 4037: 3943: 3412:Internal relationships 3101:External relationships 3055:, first appear in the 2868: 2814:Members of the family 2811: 2748: 2733: 2710: 2533:Carparachne aureoflava 2478: 2053: 1884:Only three classes of 1863: 1735:Trichonephila clavipes 1693:traumatic insemination 1587: 1471: 1397: 1243: 1230: 1164:consists of a pair of 1162:central nervous system 1156:Central nervous system 1039: 1026: 915: 698:PL (posterior lateral) 672:female, dorsal aspect 643:Anatomy and physiology 634:to draw, stretch, spin 415:, spiders do not have 370:have been recorded by 12154:Paleobiology Database 11524:(microwhip scorpions) 10921:(nursery web spiders) 10856:(cave cobweb spiders) 10848:(spurred orb-weavers) 10765:(dwarf sheet spiders) 10721:(net-casting spiders) 10512:(palp-footed spiders) 10354:(bald-legged spiders) 9450:De Vos, Gail (1996). 9369:10.3920/JIFF2020.0046 9022:10.1136/ewjm.175.2.86 8047:Shultz, J.W. (2007). 7995:Frontiers in Genetics 7736:Dunlop, J.A. (1999). 7701:Dunlop, J.A. (1996). 7553:10.5733/afin.050.0103 7531:African Invertebrates 7451:The Science of Nature 6960:Systematic Entomology 6720:10.1007/s004420050347 6665:Mastophora dizzydeani 6169:Spiders and their Kin 5989:10.1093/beheco/arg015 4844:The Science of Nature 4633:. Universities Press/ 4397:are prominent in the 4312: 4266: 4089: 4030: 3993:The extinct families 3933: 3775:. Some 50,356 living 3243:Non‑pulmonates 2950:, which are modified 2863: 2809: 2747:, a golden orb weaver 2741: 2703:The large orb web of 2702: 2495:disruptive coloration 2468: 2380:Crab spider with prey 2043: 2036:Non-predatory feeding 2010:, but if it consumes 1854: 1764:Gasteracantha mammosa 1580: 1558:Further information: 1469: 1395: 1236: 1220: 1097:Most spiders convert 1054:into prey from venom 1032: 1024: 914: 701:PM (posterior median) 692:AL (anterior lateral) 685:opisthosoma (abdomen) 12027:Fauna Europaea (new) 11706:(hooded tickspiders) 11006:(tangle-web spiders) 10773:(tree trunk spiders) 10729:(intertidal spiders) 10658:(orb-weaver spiders) 10037:28 July 2013 at the 9874:. New York: Mentor. 9845:The World of Spiders 9798:Invertebrate Zoology 9780:. Brill Publishers. 9682:Garai, Jana (1973). 8868:. BBC. 27 April 2005 8844:"Funnel web spiders" 8411:Coyle, F.A. (1986). 7505:(10 December 2020). 7048:Philoponella raffray 6437:10.1636/JoA-S-22-015 5857:Invertebrate Biology 5674:10.1673/031.009.6201 5631:10.1242/jeb.36.2.423 5264:Pepperberg, Irene M. 5239:on 28 September 2006 4511:World Spider Catalog 4291:Indians of southern 3887:Only in some fossils 3032:299 to 251 2864:Spider preserved in 2719:Convergent evolution 2666:Latrodectus hesperus 2469:Threat display by a 2395:Phonognatha graeffei 2031:Ecology and behavior 2024:Cyrtophora cicatrosa 1936:. In genera such as 1923:Micrommata virescens 1691:, which has evolved 1610:-styled structures, 1581:Mating behaviour of 1525:Some spiders have a 1310:anterior median line 1160:The basic arthropod 1101:waste products into 695:AM (anterior median) 476:318 to 299 447:with silk-producing 392:or prosoma, and the 318:) are air-breathing 30:For other uses, see 11373:Cultural depictions 10979:(dwarf orb-weavers) 10466:(lampshade spiders) 10437:(woodlouse hunters) 10186:(segmented spiders) 10178:(segmented spiders) 10056:12 May 2011 at the 9944:. Sydney: Collins. 9737:Benson, Elizabeth. 9686:The Book of Symbols 9326:Society and Animals 9268:on 3 September 2009 9144:on 16 December 2008 9067:2016Txcn..114...40S 8656:2022CBio...32.R871M 8585:on 26 December 2008 8506:on 16 December 2008 8188:1989wlbs.book.....G 8146:2006Zool..109....2S 7960:1996Natur.379..498S 7899:2013NW....100.1171S 7758:1999Palgy..42..191D 7649:2007GeolT..23..231P 7544:2009AfrIn..50..105S 7463:2021SciNa.108....1Z 7419:Drapetisca socialis 7415:Schütt, K. (1995). 7174:10.1098/rsos.210279 7166:2021RSOS....810279F 7115:Journal of Ethology 7015:2006Biotr..38..743A 6972:2005SysEn..30..575A 6712:1997Oecol.112..572Y 6617:1977Sci...198.1173E 6537:on 16 December 2008 6515:Argyroneta aquatica 6059:Zoological Research 5811:1995InvRD..28..211S 5719:2001Natur.410..541V 5426:2016ZooK..622...47B 5161:on 21 February 2017 5127:1997FuEco..11....4B 4856:2017SciNa.104...30N 4799:2009CBio...19.R892M 4586:2008PNAS..10520781S 4222:genetic engineering 4034:Brachypelma hamorii 3812:Suborder/Infraorder 3093:calibrated with 27 2819:take several days. 2510:Many of the family 2500:Theridion grallator 2185:Argyroneta aquatica 1999:Theridion grallator 1688:Harpactea sadistica 1518:, but is much more 945:respiratory pigment 937:circulatory systems 873:that are generally 779:posterior spinneret 384:are fused into two 11579:Pseudoscorpionida 11013:Theridiosomatidae 10977:Symphytognathidae 10965:(huntsman spiders) 10872:(disc web spiders) 10690:(dark sac spiders) 10540:(spitting spiders) 10325:(dwarf tarantulas) 8824:on 18 October 2008 8608:Biology of Spiders 8324:A Latin Dictionary 8254:on 9 December 2008 8237:. pp. 18–24. 7574:2011-08-10 at the 7088:10.1007/BF00183313 6937:10.1007/BF00300005 6767:. pp. 27–34. 6684:10.1155/1980/81062 6295:10.1242/jeb.039743 6114:Biology of Spiders 6026:Biology of Spiders 5975:Behavioral Ecology 5942:Journal of Zoology 5894:(1668): 2697–701. 5770:Biology of Spiders 5580:10.1242/jeb.054585 5479:Biology of Spiders 5270:. Academic Press. 5115:Functional Ecology 4727:Biology of Spiders 4425:people of ancient 4389:Stories about the 4323: 4299:Spiders in culture 4277: 4100: 4038: 3944: 3939:, a member of the 3187:(horseshoe crabs) 2869: 2812: 2749: 2711: 2706:Araneus diadematus 2672:Eratigena agrestis 2618:Agelena consociata 2505:warning coloration 2479: 2077:with a species of 2054: 1929:Araneus diadematus 1864: 1588: 1564:Spider cannibalism 1472: 1398: 1359:Evarcha culicivora 1244: 1240:Plexippus paykulli 1231: 1107:Malphigian tubules 1040: 1038:, displaying fangs 1027: 916: 776:anterior spinneret 758:sternum of prosoma 752:Palystes castaneus 670:Palystes castaneus 455:) appeared in the 441:orb-weaver spiders 27:Order of arachnids 12195: 12194: 12141:Open Tree of Life 11876:Taxon identifiers 11867: 11866: 11863: 11862: 11825: 11824: 11821: 11820: 11797: 11796: 11793: 11792: 11780: 11767:Opilioacariformes 11727: 11707: 11686: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11674: 11666: 11644: 11619: 11598: 11597: 11590: 11582: 11581:(pseudoscorpions) 11563: 11555: 11525: 11430: 11429: 11361:Human interaction 11132: 11131: 11109: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11083: 11064: 11025: 11016: 11007: 10998: 10980: 10966: 10957: 10943: 10942:(jumping spiders) 10930: 10922: 10894: 10881: 10873: 10865: 10857: 10849: 10836: 10823: 10814: 10805: 10796: 10787: 10774: 10766: 10757: 10743: 10730: 10722: 10699: 10691: 10683: 10659: 10650: 10637: 10636:(termite hunters) 10629: 10620: 10598: 10597: 10590: 10583:Trogloraptoridae 10578: 10577:(armored spiders) 10570: 10557: 10549: 10541: 10527: 10513: 10494: 10485: 10477:Mecysmaucheniidae 10467: 10454: 10446: 10438: 10430: 10422: 10421:(coneweb spiders) 10404: 10403:(pelican spiders) 10376: 10375: 10368: 10367:(true tarantulas) 10355: 10347: 10339: 10326: 10323:Mecicobothriidae 10308: 10290: 10282: 10274: 10266: 10258: 10250: 10242: 10234: 10195: 10194: 10187: 10179: 9978:978-0-521-32547-9 9951:978-0-00-211443-1 9900:978-0-679-40881-9 9854:978-0-8008-8598-4 9835:. pp. 66–73. 9808:978-0-03-025982-1 9759:Thames and Hudson 9724:978-0-8032-8280-3 9697:978-0-671-21773-0 9668:978-0-313-33441-2 9553:978-1-4438-4271-6 9526:978-0-300-07278-5 9488:978-0-7141-1705-8 9463:978-1-56308-190-3 9436:978-0-452-28700-6 9423:Weil, C. (2006). 9409:978-1-74059-111-9 9310:978-1-4129-2568-6 9299:. Sage. pp. 9199:"A Common Phobia" 8941:978-0-86840-279-6 8650:(16): R871–R873. 8623:978-0-19-973482-5 8564:978-0-7641-3885-0 8539:978-0-7641-3885-0 8430:978-0-8047-1203-3 8374:978-1-86872-944-9 8244:978-0-9771439-0-0 8197:978-0-09-174271-3 7893:(12): 1171–1181. 7611:10.1636/CH07-89.1 6774:978-0-262-52322-6 6667:sp. n. (Araneae)" 6611:(4322): 1173–75. 6560:Deinopis spinosus 6342:Bagheera kiplingi 6128:978-0-674-07431-6 6039:978-0-19-509594-4 5779:978-0-19-973482-5 5758:, pp. 537–39 5646:, pp. 325–49 5544:978-0-632-04761-1 5494:978-0-19-973482-5 5363:, pp. 578–80 5351:, pp. 532–37 5304:Knowable Magazine 5277:978-0-12-077030-4 5200:, pp. 531–32 5185:, pp. 529–30 5066:, pp. 527–28 5054:, pp. 565–69 5039:, pp. 559–64 5014:, pp. 571–84 4931:, pp. 518–22 4916:, pp. 554–55 4767:978-0-7641-3885-0 4742:978-0-19-509593-7 4644:978-81-7371-641-6 4551:978-1-4020-6242-1 4447:Arthropods portal 4353:her. Enki's wife 4127:Human interaction 4120:Bagheera kiplingi 3917: 3916: 3804: 3714: 3713: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3686: 3678: 3677: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3659: 3604: 3603: 3523: 3522: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3362: 3354: 3353: 3034:million years ago 3007:. The mesothelid 2783:Zygiella x-notata 2675:stayed away from 2645:Bagheera kiplingi 2603:T. nigroannulatum 2514:, which includes 2200:Theridiosomatidae 2182:The water spider 2062:Bagheera kiplingi 1962:Structural colors 1860:Theraphosa blondi 1856:Goliath birdeater 1578: 1305:Periegops suterii 1260:of the ancestral 965:system, or both. 508:was described as 505:Bagheera kiplingi 478:million years ago 306: 305: 244: 16:(Redirected from 12230: 12188: 12187: 12175: 12174: 12162: 12161: 12149: 12148: 12136: 12135: 12126: 12125: 12113: 12112: 12110:NHMSYS0000841308 12100: 12099: 12087: 12086: 12074: 12073: 12061: 12060: 12048: 12047: 12035: 12034: 12022: 12021: 12009: 12008: 11996: 11995: 11983: 11982: 11970: 11969: 11957: 11956: 11944: 11943: 11931: 11930: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11871: 11870: 11850:Phalangiotarbida 11831: 11830: 11813: 11778: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11725: 11721: 11719: 11705: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11672: 11664: 11642: 11634: 11633: 11617: 11609: 11608: 11588: 11580: 11561: 11553: 11542: 11541: 11537: 11523: 11510: 11509: 11499: 11498: 11457: 11450: 11443: 11434: 11433: 11420: 11419: 11219: 11159: 11152: 11145: 11136: 11135: 11081: 11062: 11023: 11014: 11005: 10996: 10978: 10964: 10955: 10941: 10924: 10920: 10892: 10879: 10871: 10863: 10855: 10847: 10835:(pirate spiders) 10834: 10822:(shield spiders) 10821: 10812: 10803: 10794: 10785: 10772: 10764: 10755: 10742:(velvet spiders) 10741: 10728: 10720: 10697: 10689: 10681: 10670:Cheiracanthiidae 10657: 10648: 10635: 10627: 10618: 10609: 10608: 10584: 10576: 10568: 10555: 10547: 10539: 10526:(cellar spiders) 10525: 10511: 10493:(goblin spiders) 10492: 10483: 10482:Ochyroceratidae 10465: 10452: 10444: 10436: 10428: 10420: 10402: 10394: 10393: 10387: 10386: 10366: 10353: 10345: 10337: 10331:Microstigmatidae 10324: 10306: 10288: 10280: 10279:Cyrtaucheniidae 10272: 10264: 10256: 10248: 10240: 10232: 10224: 10223: 10215: 10214: 10201: 10200: 10185: 10177: 10159: 10158: 10110: 10103: 10096: 10087: 10086: 10072: 9990: 9963: 9936: 9926: 9912: 9883: 9866: 9836: 9812: 9791: 9762: 9748: 9742: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9689: 9679: 9673: 9672: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9613: 9602: 9601: 9583: 9571: 9558: 9557: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9510: 9493: 9492: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9398:Ray, N. (2002). 9395: 9389: 9388: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9298: 9288: 9282: 9281: 9275: 9273: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9246: 9244: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9210: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9160: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9143: 9137:. Archived from 9120: 9102: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9033: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8984: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8908: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8796: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8713: 8704: 8703: 8677: 8667: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8611: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8575: 8569: 8568: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8511: 8505: 8494: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8469: 8461: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8388:Ono, H. (2002). 8385: 8379: 8378: 8356: 8347: 8346: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8253: 8247:. Archived from 8228: 8219: 8202: 8201: 8172: 8166: 8165: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8111: 8101: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8044: 8031: 8030: 8020: 8010: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7968:10.1038/379498b0 7954:(6565): 498–99. 7943: 7937: 7936: 7926: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7861: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7804: 7795: 7780: 7779: 7769: 7717: 7707: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7632: 7623: 7622: 7590: 7581: 7567: 7565: 7555: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7482: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7425: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7352:Animal Behaviour 7343: 7337: 7336: 7313:Animal Behaviour 7308: 7302: 7301: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7248: 7239: 7238: 7220: 7211: 7196: 7195: 7185: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7054: 7041: 7035: 7034: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6884: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6758: 6749: 6740: 6739: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6602: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6566: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6536: 6521: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6483:10.1636/P15-45.1 6462: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6400:on 18 March 2009 6399: 6393:. Archived from 6375: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6334: 6323: 6322: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6200: 6179: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6108: 6102: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6017: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5991: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5911: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5848: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5727:10.1038/35069000 5713:(6828): 541–48. 5702: 5696: 5695: 5685: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5616: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5582: 5558: 5549: 5548: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5482: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5455: 5437: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5315: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5238: 5223: 5214: 5201: 5195: 5186: 5180: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5157:. Archived from 5155:Drsamchapala.com 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5078: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5040: 5034: 5015: 5009: 4932: 4926: 4917: 4911: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4810: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4730: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4635:Orient Blackswan 4630:Spiders of India 4624: 4618: 4617: 4607: 4597: 4580:(52): 20781–85. 4565: 4556: 4555: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4503: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4092:Leucauge venusta 3950:, found only in 3936:Ryuthela sasakii 3802: 3800:Spider diversity 3794: 3793: 3752: 3751: 3743: 3742: 3651: 3650: 3621: 3620: 3572: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3540: 3539: 3514: 3494: 3493: 3479: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3434: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3345: 3323: 3305: 3304: 3288: 3275: 3274: 3260: 3240: 3239: 3223: 3222: 3216:(sea scorpions) 3206: 3205: 3192: 3178: 3177: 3161: 3147: 3146: 3137: 3136: 3065: 3035: 3024: 3014:, from the Late 2984:, recorded from 2983: 2958:and the similar 2940: 2915: 2882: 2851:Spider evolution 2611:species (family 2524:urticating hairs 2449: 2432: 2411: 2389: 2377: 2316: 2271:ambush predators 2218:Deinopis subrufa 1776: 1759: 1747: 1729: 1661: 1647: 1579: 1492:Spitting spiders 767:book lung stigma 748: 666: 638: 635: 632: 629: 622: 619: 616: 609: 498: 479: 468: 239: 164: 163: 133: 123: 60: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 12238: 12237: 12233: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12198: 12197: 12196: 12191: 12183: 12178: 12170: 12165: 12157: 12152: 12144: 12139: 12131: 12129: 12121: 12116: 12108: 12103: 12095: 12090: 12082: 12077: 12069: 12064: 12056: 12051: 12043: 12038: 12030: 12025: 12017: 12012: 12004: 11999: 11991: 11986: 11978: 11973: 11965: 11960: 11952: 11947: 11939: 11934: 11926: 11921: 11912: 11911: 11906: 11897: 11896: 11891: 11878: 11868: 11859: 11836: 11817: 11811: 11789: 11753: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11711: 11691: 11678: 11648: 11623: 11594: 11589:(camel spiders) 11567: 11535: 11529: 11504: 11493: 11467: 11461: 11431: 11426: 11408: 11404:Web decorations 11387: 11383:Spider fighting 11356: 11352:Urticating hair 11302:Cheliceral fang 11263: 11220: 11211: 11168: 11163: 11133: 11128: 11118:Spider taxonomy 11093: 11051:Trochanteriidae 10995:Tetragnathidae 10748:Gallieniellidae 10594: 10575:Tetrablemmidae 10390:Non-entelegynes 10372: 10352:Paratropididae 10300:Halonoproctidae 10239:Antrodiaetidae 10209: 10191: 10167: 10153: 10121: 10114: 10070: 10058:Wayback Machine 10039:Wayback Machine 10017: 9998: 9993: 9979: 9952: 9901: 9855: 9841:Bristowe, W. S. 9820: 9818:Further reading 9815: 9809: 9788: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9709: 9705: 9698: 9680: 9676: 9669: 9653: 9649: 9614: 9605: 9572: 9561: 9554: 9538: 9534: 9527: 9511: 9496: 9489: 9475: 9471: 9464: 9448: 9444: 9437: 9421: 9417: 9410: 9396: 9392: 9349: 9345: 9322: 9318: 9311: 9289: 9285: 9271: 9269: 9260: 9259: 9255: 9242: 9240: 9239:on 19 June 2009 9225: 9221: 9208: 9206: 9205:on 25 June 2009 9197: 9196: 9192: 9161: 9157: 9147: 9145: 9141: 9100: 9094: 9090: 9051: 9047: 9002: 8998: 8953: 8949: 8942: 8926: 8922: 8885: 8881: 8871: 8869: 8864: 8863: 8859: 8849: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8827: 8825: 8818:"Widow Spiders" 8814: 8810: 8773: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8714: 8707: 8644:Current Biology 8635: 8631: 8624: 8602: 8598: 8588: 8586: 8577: 8576: 8572: 8565: 8551: 8547: 8540: 8526: 8522: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8492: 8486: 8482: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8442: 8438: 8431: 8409: 8405: 8386: 8382: 8375: 8357: 8350: 8335: 8331: 8316: 8312: 8271: 8267: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8226: 8220: 8205: 8198: 8173: 8169: 8129: 8125: 8078: 8074: 8045: 8034: 7987: 7983: 7944: 7940: 7879: 7875: 7838:Biology Letters 7830: 7826: 7802: 7796: 7783: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7685: 7683: 7682:. New Scientist 7676: 7672: 7633: 7626: 7591: 7584: 7576:Wayback Machine 7522: 7518: 7503:Dvorsky, George 7500: 7496: 7443: 7439: 7423: 7413: 7409: 7399: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7344: 7340: 7309: 7305: 7298:10.1071/ZO00007 7282: 7278: 7249: 7242: 7218: 7212: 7199: 7146: 7142: 7107: 7103: 7072: 7068: 7052: 7042: 7038: 6999: 6995: 6956: 6952: 6921: 6917: 6902: 6898: 6882:10.1.1.512.3868 6865: 6861: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6793: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6756: 6750: 6743: 6696: 6692: 6677:(3–4): 143–70. 6659: 6655: 6645: 6643: 6600: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6564: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6519: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6447: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6373: 6367: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6335: 6326: 6279: 6275: 6244: 6240: 6201: 6182: 6166: 6162: 6152: 6150: 6149:. 30 April 2018 6141: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6109: 6105: 6101:Ruppert, 523–24 6100: 6096: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6018: 6007: 5966: 5962: 5929: 5925: 5888:Proc. Biol. Sci 5880: 5876: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5834: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5703: 5699: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5473: 5469: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5371: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5221: 5215: 5204: 5196: 5189: 5181: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5107: 5103: 5079: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5043: 5035: 5018: 5010: 4935: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4903: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4836: 4832: 4793:(19): R892–93. 4787:Current Biology 4779: 4775: 4768: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4625: 4621: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4530: 4526: 4516: 4514: 4505: 4504: 4493: 4488: 4475:Spider taxonomy 4445: 4438: 4435: 4307: 4301: 4261: 4255: 4243:specific phobia 4236: 4230: 4206: 4200: 4154:recluse spiders 4149: 4143: 4134: 4129: 4115:jumping spiders 4104:orb-web spiders 4084: 4078: 4025: 4019: 4007:Arthromygalidae 3995:Arthrolycosidae 3928: 3922: 3898:Opisthothelae: 3801: 3726: 3724:Spider taxonomy 3720: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3645: 3605: 3566:Austrochiloidea 3524: 3488: 3414: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3217: 3129:and, in males, 3103: 3091:molecular clock 3060: 3038:diversification 3030: 3019: 2978: 2935: 2910: 2877: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2825: 2804: 2744:Nephila clavata 2736: 2697: 2691: 2660:Steatoda grossa 2640:kleptoparasites 2556: 2550: 2491:parasitic wasps 2463: 2456: 2450: 2441: 2433: 2424: 2422:ambush predator 2412: 2403: 2390: 2381: 2378: 2319:trial-and-error 2314: 2292:fishing spiders 2288:jumping spiders 2198:and the family 2176: 2170: 2038: 2033: 1882: 1849: 1783: 1777: 1768: 1760: 1751: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1639: 1638: 1629:jumping spiders 1584:Neriene radiata 1568: 1566: 1554: 1464: 1458: 1456:Silk production 1390: 1326: 1266:tapetum lucidum 1215: 1209: 1204: 1180:, of which the 1158: 1136:and infraorder 1042:Uniquely among 1019: 1007:metabolic rates 909: 794:and therefore, 788: 787: 786: 785: 784: 782: 770:epigastric fold 749: 741: 740: 739: 707: 704: 667: 656: 651: 645: 636: 633: 630: 620: 617: 614: 594: 520:it with sticky 493: 474: 463: 404:(head) and the 284:Spider taxonomy 259: 238: 158: 124: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 55: 54: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12236: 12226: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12189: 12176: 12163: 12150: 12137: 12127: 12114: 12101: 12088: 12075: 12062: 12049: 12036: 12023: 12014:Fauna Europaea 12010: 11997: 11984: 11971: 11958: 11945: 11932: 11919: 11904: 11888: 11886: 11880: 11879: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11855:Trigonotarbida 11852: 11847: 11841: 11838: 11837: 11827: 11826: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11815: 11812:Items in green 11809: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11782: 11774: 11769: 11763: 11761: 11759:Parasitiformes 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11749:Trombidiformes 11746: 11744:Sarcoptiformes 11740: 11738: 11729: 11724:(ticks, mites) 11713: 11712: 11710: 11709: 11700: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11676: 11668: 11659: 11657: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11646: 11637: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11621: 11612: 11606: 11604:Tetrapulmonata 11600: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11584: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11565: 11557: 11548: 11546: 11539: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11527: 11518: 11516: 11514:Incertae sedis 11506: 11505: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11485: 11479: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11460: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11437: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11273: 11271: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11230: 11228: 11222: 11221: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11209: 11204: 11202:Classification 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11178: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11162: 11161: 11154: 11147: 11139: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11099: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11091: 11086: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11024:(crab spiders) 11018: 11010: 11000: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10974: 10969: 10959: 10956:(bark hunters) 10951: 10946: 10936: 10931: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10899:Phrurolithidae 10896: 10891:Philodromidae 10888: 10883: 10880:(lynx spiders) 10875: 10867: 10859: 10851: 10843: 10838: 10830: 10828:Megadictynidae 10825: 10817: 10813:(wolf spiders) 10807: 10799: 10789: 10781: 10779:Homalonychidae 10776: 10768: 10760: 10750: 10745: 10737: 10732: 10724: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10693: 10685: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10652: 10644: 10639: 10631: 10623: 10612: 10606: 10600: 10599: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10592: 10580: 10572: 10564: 10559: 10551: 10543: 10535: 10530: 10520: 10515: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10487: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10461: 10456: 10451:Gradungulidae 10448: 10440: 10432: 10424: 10416: 10411: 10409:Austrochilidae 10406: 10397: 10391: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10365:Theraphosidae 10362: 10360:Porrhothelidae 10357: 10349: 10341: 10333: 10328: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10284: 10276: 10268: 10260: 10252: 10244: 10236: 10231:Actinopodidae 10227: 10221: 10211: 10210: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10189: 10184:Heptathelidae 10181: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10113: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10090: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10067: 10061: 10047: 10042: 10025: 9997: 9996:External links 9994: 9992: 9991: 9977: 9964: 9950: 9937: 9913: 9899: 9884: 9867: 9853: 9837: 9832:The New Yorker 9827:"Spider Woman" 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9813: 9807: 9792: 9787:978-9004119598 9786: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9743: 9730: 9723: 9703: 9696: 9674: 9667: 9647: 9603: 9559: 9552: 9532: 9525: 9494: 9487: 9469: 9462: 9442: 9435: 9415: 9408: 9390: 9363:(3): 261–279. 9343: 9316: 9309: 9283: 9253: 9219: 9190: 9155: 9118:10.1.1.682.313 9088: 9045: 8996: 8947: 8940: 8920: 8879: 8857: 8835: 8808: 8767: 8745: 8705: 8629: 8622: 8596: 8570: 8563: 8545: 8538: 8520: 8480: 8436: 8429: 8403: 8380: 8373: 8348: 8329: 8310: 8265: 8243: 8203: 8196: 8167: 8123: 8072: 8032: 7981: 7938: 7873: 7824: 7781: 7693: 7670: 7624: 7582: 7516: 7494: 7437: 7407: 7385: 7338: 7303: 7276: 7263:(4): 447–626. 7240: 7197: 7140: 7121:(2): 299–302. 7101: 7066: 7036: 6993: 6950: 6915: 6896: 6859: 6836: 6814: 6787: 6773: 6741: 6690: 6653: 6588: 6548: 6503: 6457: 6411: 6379:J. Zool. Lond. 6358: 6324: 6289:(9): 1425–35. 6273: 6238: 6180: 6160: 6134: 6127: 6103: 6094: 6065:(4): 241–243. 6045: 6038: 6022:"Reproduction" 6005: 5960: 5923: 5874: 5863:(2): 148–160. 5843: 5832: 5805:(3): 211–214. 5785: 5778: 5760: 5748: 5697: 5648: 5636: 5602: 5550: 5543: 5521: 5519:p.e2122789119. 5511: 5500: 5493: 5467: 5420:(622): 47–84. 5404: 5392: 5385: 5365: 5353: 5334: 5290: 5276: 5250: 5202: 5187: 5172: 5142: 5101: 5068: 5056: 5041: 5016: 4933: 4918: 4901: 4887: 4830: 4773: 4766: 4748: 4741: 4715: 4673:(1): 225–241. 4650: 4643: 4619: 4557: 4550: 4524: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4434: 4431: 4303:Main article: 4300: 4297: 4254: 4251: 4232:Main article: 4229: 4226: 4202:Main article: 4199: 4196: 4145:Main article: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4097:orb-web spider 4080:Main article: 4077: 4074: 4021:Main article: 4018: 4015: 3952:Southeast Asia 3924:Main article: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3798: 3789:arachnologists 3722:Main article: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3594:Austrochilidae 3590: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3508:Avicularioidea 3504: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3430: 3422: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3338:whip scorpions 3333: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3299:Tetrapulmonata 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3281: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3156:(sea spiders) 3150: 3145: 3143: 3135: 3102: 3099: 2990:Inner Mongolia 2857: 2854: 2849:Main article: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2824: 2821: 2803: 2800: 2735: 2732: 2693:Main article: 2690: 2687: 2595:nigroannulatum 2560:social insects 2552:Main article: 2549: 2546: 2520:baboon spiders 2475:Atrax robustus 2462: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2434: 2427: 2425: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2391: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2372: 2257:The primitive 2228:Mature female 2172:Main article: 2169: 2168:Capturing prey 2166: 2104:feed on plant 2067:Beltian bodies 2058:jumping spider 2046:jumping spider 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2018:Misumena vatia 1881: 1878: 1848: 1845: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1771: 1769: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1742: 1740: 1731: 1724: 1717:redback spider 1671: 1670: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1604:spermatophores 1553: 1550: 1460:Main article: 1457: 1454: 1389: 1386: 1379:proprioceptors 1368:slit sensillae 1325: 1322: 1223:jumping spider 1211:Main article: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1157: 1154: 1018: 1015: 908: 905: 781: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 755: 750: 743: 742: 738: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 709: 706: 705: 703: 702: 699: 696: 693: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 673: 668: 661: 660: 659: 658: 657: 655: 652: 649:Spider anatomy 647:Main article: 644: 641: 602:Proto-Germanic 593: 590: 443:. Spider-like 304: 303: 297: 296: 290: 289: 278: 277: 276: 275: 270: 260: 251: 250: 246: 245: 233: 229: 228: 226:Tetrapulmonata 223: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 152: 151: 135: 134: 126: 125: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12235: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12186: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12155: 12151: 12147: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12128: 12124: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12067: 12063: 12059: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11937: 11933: 11929: 11924: 11920: 11915: 11909: 11905: 11900: 11894: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11872: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11839: 11832: 11828: 11810: 11808: 11807:Shultz (2007) 11804: 11803: 11800: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11760: 11756: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11714: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11695: 11689: 11675: 11673:(vinegaroons) 11669: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11653:Thelyphonida 11651: 11645: 11639: 11638: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11626: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11601: 11591: 11585: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11570: 11564: 11558: 11556: 11550: 11549: 11547: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11478: 11474: 11473: 11470: 11465: 11458: 11453: 11451: 11446: 11444: 11439: 11438: 11435: 11423: 11415: 11414: 11411: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11390: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11368:Arachnophobia 11366: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11292:Cephalothorax 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11277:Arthropod leg 11275: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11249:Opisthothelae 11247: 11245: 11244:Mygalomorphae 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11234:Araneomorphae 11232: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11223: 11218: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11160: 11155: 11153: 11148: 11146: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11112: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11084: 11082:(ant spiders) 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11019: 11017: 11015:(ray spiders) 11011: 11009: 11008: 11001: 10999: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10960: 10958: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10923: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10904:Physoglenidae 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10876: 10874: 10868: 10866: 10860: 10858: 10852: 10850: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10818: 10816: 10815: 10808: 10806: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10790: 10788: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10769: 10767: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10725: 10723: 10717: 10715: 10714:Cycloctenidae 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10704:Cyatholipidae 10702: 10700: 10694: 10692: 10686: 10684: 10682:(sac spiders) 10678: 10676: 10675:Cithaeronidae 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10653: 10651: 10647:Anyphaenidae 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10632: 10630: 10626:Amaurobiidae 10624: 10622: 10621: 10614: 10613: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10601: 10591: 10588: 10581: 10579: 10573: 10571: 10565: 10563: 10562:Stenochilidae 10560: 10558: 10552: 10550: 10546:Segestriidae 10544: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10533:Plectreuridae 10531: 10529: 10528: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10510:Palpimanidae 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10495: 10488: 10486: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10464:Hypochilidae 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10449: 10447: 10443:Filistatidae 10441: 10439: 10433: 10431: 10425: 10423: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10395: 10392: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10382:Araneomorphae 10379: 10369: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10350: 10348: 10342: 10340: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10321: 10319: 10318:Macrothelidae 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10305:Hexathelidae 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10285: 10283: 10277: 10275: 10269: 10267: 10263:Barychelidae 10261: 10259: 10253: 10251: 10245: 10243: 10237: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10219:Mygalomorphae 10216: 10212: 10208: 10207:Opisthothelae 10202: 10198: 10188: 10182: 10180: 10176:Liphistiidae 10174: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10124: 10119: 10111: 10106: 10104: 10099: 10097: 10092: 10091: 10088: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10068: 10065: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9999: 9988: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9943: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9925: 9924: 9918: 9917:Kaston, B. J. 9914: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9892: 9891: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9822: 9810: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9793: 9789: 9783: 9779: 9774: 9773: 9760: 9756: 9755: 9747: 9740: 9734: 9726: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9707: 9699: 9693: 9688: 9687: 9678: 9670: 9664: 9660: 9659: 9651: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9628:(2): 102–42. 9627: 9623: 9619: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9582: 9580: 9579:Metamorphoses 9570: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9555: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9536: 9528: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9490: 9484: 9480: 9473: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9446: 9438: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9419: 9411: 9405: 9401: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9320: 9312: 9306: 9302: 9297: 9296: 9287: 9280: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9250: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9223: 9216: 9204: 9200: 9194: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9171:(5): 431–38. 9170: 9166: 9159: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9111:(9): 374–79. 9110: 9106: 9099: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9000: 8992: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8943: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8924: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8899:(2): 239–50. 8898: 8894: 8890: 8883: 8867: 8861: 8845: 8839: 8823: 8819: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8787:(6): 948–51. 8786: 8782: 8778: 8771: 8755: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8712: 8710: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8633: 8625: 8619: 8615: 8610: 8609: 8600: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8566: 8560: 8556: 8549: 8541: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8502: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8466: 8462:Full text at 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8440: 8432: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8384: 8376: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8355: 8353: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8269: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8225: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8208: 8199: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8127: 8119: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8067: 8062: 8059:(2): 221–65. 8058: 8054: 8050: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8028: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7844:(5): 775–78. 7843: 7839: 7835: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7777: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7746:Palaeontology 7743: 7741: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7726:Carboniferous 7723: 7722: 7715: 7711: 7710:Palaeontology 7704: 7697: 7681: 7674: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7643:(6): 231–37. 7642: 7638: 7637:Geology Today 7631: 7629: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7605:(2): 267–72. 7604: 7600: 7596: 7589: 7587: 7580: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7538:(1): 105–16. 7537: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7520: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7420: 7411: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7358:(2): 477–80. 7357: 7353: 7349: 7342: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7319:(2): 309–18. 7318: 7314: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7292:(2): 217–23. 7291: 7287: 7280: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7245: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7160:(5): 210279. 7159: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7049: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7009:(6): 743–53. 7008: 7004: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6966:(4): 575–92. 6965: 6961: 6954: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6931:(4): 283–87. 6930: 6926: 6919: 6911: 6910:New Scientist 6907: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6875:(2): 155–71. 6874: 6870: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6824: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6746: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6706:(4): 572–76. 6705: 6701: 6694: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6666: 6657: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6592: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6563: 6561: 6552: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6518: 6516: 6507: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6372: 6365: 6363: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6254:(2): 171–77. 6253: 6249: 6242: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6107: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6041: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5982:(4): 531–38. 5981: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5949:(4): 449–59. 5948: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5935:Tidarren argo 5927: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5841: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5625:(2): 423–33. 5624: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5573:(4): 578–83. 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5555: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5515: 5509: 5504: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5388: 5386:9783662048993 5382: 5378: 5377: 5369: 5362: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5184: 5179: 5177: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5046: 5038: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4897: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4719: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419:Dreamcatchers 4415: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4375:Metamorphoses 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4287:, and by the 4286: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4239:Arachnophobia 4235: 4234:Arachnophobia 4228:Arachnophobia 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4138: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4082:Araneomorphae 4076:Araneomorphae 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4052:, but rather 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4024: 4023:Mygalomorphae 4017:Mygalomorphae 4014: 4012: 4011:Carboniferous 4008: 4004: 4000: 3999:Carboniferous 3996: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3900:Araneomorphae 3897: 3896: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3874:Mygalomorphae 3871: 3870:Opisthothelae 3868: 3867: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3773:Araneomorphae 3770: 3769:Mygalomorphae 3766: 3765:Opisthothelae 3762: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3738: 3737:Ancient Greek 3734: 3731: 3725: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3682: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3579:Gradungulidae 3574: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3534:Araneomorphae 3532: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3473:Mygalomorphae 3471: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3456:Opisthothelae 3454: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3376: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3339: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3076:Araneomorphae 3073: 3069: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3053:Araneomorphae 3050: 3049:Mygalomorphae 3045: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3016:Carboniferous 3013: 3012:montceauensis 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997:Carboniferous 2993: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2977:, from about 2976: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2922:cephalothorax 2919: 2913: 2909:, from about 2908: 2906: 2902: 2901:trigonotarbid 2898: 2893: 2891: 2886: 2883:in the Early 2880: 2875: 2867: 2862: 2856:Fossil record 2852: 2842: 2833: 2830: 2820: 2817: 2810:A funnel web. 2808: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2696: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2678:Myrmica rubra 2674: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2597:belongs to a 2596: 2594: 2589: 2588:independently 2585: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2555: 2554:Social spider 2548:Socialization 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512:Theraphosidae 2508: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2455: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2330:cephalothorax 2327: 2326:Ant-mimicking 2323: 2320: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2232:of the genus 2231: 2230:bolas spiders 2226: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2151:fungal spores 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2073:as part of a 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1821:Toxeus magnus 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1713:Tidarren argo 1710: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698:Males of the 1696: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1666: 1660: 1652: 1646: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1585: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478:, which emit 1477: 1468: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1434:cephalothorax 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1394: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1321: 1319: 1318:Cave dwelling 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1285:visual acuity 1281: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:compound eyes 1254: 1250: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1213:Spider vision 1199: 1197: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138:Mygalomorphae 1135: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Holarchaeidae 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 946: 943:contains the 942: 938: 934: 929: 925: 921: 913: 904: 902: 898: 894: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816:cephalothorax 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 764:book lung sac 763: 760: 757: 753: 747: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708:Leg segments: 700: 697: 694: 691: 690: 687: 684: 681: 679:trichobothria 678: 675: 674: 671: 665: 650: 640: 628: 613: 608: 603: 600:derives from 599: 589: 587: 586:arachnophobia 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 552: 551:widow spiders 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 506: 500: 496: 491: 490:Araneomorphae 487: 486:Mygalomorphae 483: 477: 472: 471:Carboniferous 466: 461: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 390:cephalothorax 387: 383: 379: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 338:that extrude 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 314: 310: 302: 298: 295: 291: 288: 286: 285: 274: 273:Araneomorphae 271: 269: 268:Mygalomorphae 266: 265: 264: 263:Opisthothelae 261: 258: 255: 254: 252: 247: 242: 237: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 162: 157: 153: 149: 148:Mygalomorphae 145: 144:Araneomorphae 141: 136: 132: 127: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 59: 52: 48: 47:Pennsylvanian 40: 37: 33: 19: 11883: 11785:Mesostigmata 11654: 11615: 11572:Haplocnemata 11554:(harvestmen) 11545:Stomothecata 11165: 11122: 11078: 11074:Xenoctenidae 11069:Viridasiidae 11046:Trechaleidae 11031:Titanoecidae 11020: 11004:Theridiidae 11002: 10972:Stiphidiidae 10963:Sparassidae 10961: 10954:Senoculidae 10938: 10909:Phyxelididae 10886:Penestomidae 10862:Nicodamidae 10809: 10802:Liocranidae 10793:Linyphiidae 10791: 10771:Hersiliidae 10754:Gnaphosidae 10752: 10680:Clubionidae 10654: 10634:Ammoxenidae 10615: 10586: 10522: 10518:Periegopidae 10489: 10472:Leptonetidae 10295:Euctenizidae 10117: 10071:Spider hunts 10029: 10007: 9968: 9941: 9922: 9889: 9871: 9844: 9830: 9797: 9777: 9757:. New York: 9751: 9746: 9738: 9733: 9713: 9706: 9685: 9677: 9657: 9650: 9625: 9621: 9589: 9585: 9578: 9542: 9535: 9515: 9478: 9472: 9452: 9445: 9425: 9418: 9399: 9393: 9360: 9356: 9346: 9332:(1): 17–25. 9329: 9325: 9319: 9294: 9286: 9277: 9270:. Retrieved 9266:the original 9256: 9248: 9241:. Retrieved 9237:the original 9232: 9222: 9214: 9207:. Retrieved 9203:the original 9193: 9168: 9164: 9158: 9146:. Retrieved 9139:the original 9108: 9104: 9091: 9058: 9054: 9048: 9016:(4): 86–87. 9013: 9009: 8999: 8964: 8960: 8950: 8930: 8923: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8870:. Retrieved 8860: 8848:. Retrieved 8838: 8826:. Retrieved 8822:the original 8811: 8784: 8780: 8770: 8758:. Retrieved 8748: 8723: 8717: 8675:10400.3/6470 8647: 8643: 8632: 8607: 8599: 8587:. Retrieved 8583:the original 8573: 8554: 8548: 8529: 8523: 8515: 8508:. Retrieved 8501:the original 8496: 8483: 8471:. Retrieved 8449: 8445: 8439: 8416: 8406: 8397: 8393: 8383: 8364: 8342: 8332: 8323: 8313: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8256:. Retrieved 8249:the original 8230: 8179: 8170: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8109:10261/217081 8092:(1): 71–86. 8089: 8085: 8075: 8056: 8052: 7998: 7994: 7984: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7890: 7886: 7876: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7810: 7806: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7729: 7719: 7716:(3): 605–14. 7713: 7709: 7696: 7684:. Retrieved 7673: 7640: 7636: 7602: 7598: 7535: 7529: 7519: 7510: 7497: 7454: 7450: 7440: 7431: 7427: 7418: 7410: 7398:. Retrieved 7388: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7260: 7256: 7226: 7222: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7060: 7056: 7047: 7039: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6909: 6899: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6845: 6839: 6827:. Retrieved 6817: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6778:. Retrieved 6760: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6656: 6644:. Retrieved 6608: 6604: 6591: 6579:. Retrieved 6574: 6568: 6559: 6551: 6539:. Retrieved 6532:the original 6527: 6523: 6514: 6506: 6494:. Retrieved 6477:(1): 15–27. 6474: 6470: 6460: 6448:. Retrieved 6428: 6424: 6414: 6402:. Retrieved 6395:the original 6382: 6377: 6349:. Retrieved 6343: 6339: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6208: 6204: 6168: 6163: 6151:. Retrieved 6147:The Guardian 6146: 6137: 6113: 6106: 6097: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6025: 5979: 5973: 5963: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5926: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5835: 5802: 5798: 5788: 5769: 5763: 5751: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5668:(62): 1–15. 5665: 5661: 5651: 5639: 5622: 5618: 5605: 5570: 5566: 5534: 5524: 5514: 5503: 5478: 5470: 5417: 5407: 5402:, p. 27 5395: 5379:. Springer. 5375: 5368: 5356: 5325:. Retrieved 5303: 5293: 5281:. Retrieved 5267: 5253: 5241:. Retrieved 5234:the original 5229: 5225: 5163:. Retrieved 5159:the original 5154: 5145: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5087: 5082: 5059: 4890: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4790: 4786: 4776: 4757: 4751: 4726: 4718: 4706:. Retrieved 4670: 4666: 4629: 4622: 4577: 4573: 4533: 4527: 4515:. Retrieved 4510: 4411: 4388: 4373: 4367: 4324: 4278: 4259:Fried spider 4237: 4207: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4135: 4118: 4111:wolf spiders 4101: 4090: 4039: 4032: 3992: 3987: 3981: 3973: 3967: 3948:Liphistiidae 3945: 3941:Liphistiidae 3934: 3758: 3753: 3744: 3732: 3727: 3641: 3626: 3592: 3577: 3547:Hypochilidae 3545: 3506: 3484: 3444:Liphistiidae 3442: 3427: 3415: 3335: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3283: 3246: 3211: 3183: 3152: 3115: 3111:chelicerates 3104: 3088: 3068:Hexathelidae 3059:well before 3046: 3008: 3005:Liphistiidae 2994: 2972: 2963: 2955: 2929: 2905:Palaeotarbus 2903: 2894: 2890:lagerstätten 2870: 2839: 2826: 2813: 2789: 2781: 2774: 2770: 2766:oscillations 2762: 2758: 2750: 2742: 2724:Orbiculariae 2712: 2704: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2656: 2649: 2643: 2626: 2616: 2608:Philoponella 2606: 2602: 2591: 2579: 2563: 2557: 2538:cartwheeling 2531: 2509: 2498: 2480: 2474: 2435: 2415: 2393: 2363: 2357: 2345:Pseudomyrmex 2343: 2337: 2324: 2311: 2305: 2300: 2296:crab spiders 2284:Wolf spiders 2278:, which see 2259:Liphistiidae 2256: 2233: 2227: 2216: 2208: 2193: 2191: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2159: 2123: 2086:Anyphaenidae 2083: 2060: 2055: 2022: 2016: 1997: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1957:Theridiosoma 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1927: 1921: 1883: 1867: 1865: 1859: 1826: 1819: 1805: 1786: 1762: 1733: 1712: 1702: 1697: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1664: 1650: 1621: 1612:palpal bulbs 1589: 1582: 1555: 1535: 1524: 1496: 1473: 1443: 1399: 1383: 1375:acceleration 1372: 1357: 1346: 1327: 1324:Other senses 1303: 1297: 1282: 1274: 1270:wolf spiders 1262:chelicerates 1245: 1238: 1202:Sense organs 1193: 1191: 1185: 1182:Liphistiidae 1159: 1096: 1089: 1074:, including 1068:Liphistiidae 1044:chelicerates 1041: 1033: 991:Hypochilidae 956: 917: 901:Liphistiidae 883: 861:Spiders and 860: 792:chelicerates 790:Spiders are 789: 751: 669: 597: 595: 563: 543: 528: 503: 502:The species 501: 433: 410: 378:Anatomically 376: 315: 308: 307: 281: 279: 235: 219: 36: 12053:iNaturalist 11908:Wikispecies 11772:Holothyrida 11736:Acariformes 11692:Acaromorpha 11663:Schizomida 11562:(scorpions) 11560:Scorpiones 11522:Palpigradi 11489:Chelicerata 11487:Subphylum: 11378:Spider bite 11332:Palpal bulb 11322:Opisthosoma 11287:Calamistrum 11192:Cannibalism 11174:Arachnology 11080:Zodariidae 11061:Uloboridae 11041:Trachelidae 11022:Thomisidae 10990:Synotaxidae 10985:Synaphridae 10949:Selenopidae 10940:Salticidae 10925:(including 10919:Pisauridae 10870:Oecobiidae 10854:Nesticidae 10846:Mysmenidae 10820:Malkaridae 10784:Lamponidae 10719:Deinopidae 10688:Corinnidae 10617:Agelenidae 10604:Entelegynae 10554:Sicariidae 10538:Scytodidae 10500:Orsolobidae 10459:Huttoniidae 10435:Dysderidae 10427:Drymusidae 10419:Diguetidae 10401:Archaeidae 10344:Nemesiidae 10287:Dipluridae 10271:Ctenizidae 10143:Chelicerata 10141:Subphylum: 10002:‹ The 9426:Fierce Food 8400:(1): 51–60. 8176:Gould, S.J. 8140:(1): 2–13. 7111:Latrodectus 6496:1 September 6450:1 September 6431:(1): 1–18. 5327:10 December 5121:(1): 4–10. 4708:10 December 4517:24 November 4455:Arachnidism 4403:West Africa 4247:instinctive 4210:spider silk 4204:Spider silk 4191:Latrodectus 4163:Latrodectus 4147:Spider bite 4005:rocks, and 3997:, found in 3643:Entelegynae 3615:Araneoclada 3336:Pedipalpi ( 3270:pulmonates 3214:Eurypterida 3172:Prosomapoda 3154:Pycnogonida 3141:Chelicerata 3118:gnathobases 3095:chelicerate 2970:araneomorph 2965:Permarachne 2829:Linyphiidae 2816:Theridiidae 2651:Latrodectus 2576:Theridiidae 2417:Cyclocosmia 2352:", such as 2280:ultraviolet 2149:. Airborne 2110:amino acids 2094:Clubionidae 2008:Lepidoptera 1939:Tetragnatha 1906:carotenoids 1890:ommochromes 1827:Like other 1816:regurgitate 1812:wolf spider 1780:Wolf spider 1542:safety rope 1531:calamistrum 1462:Spider silk 1289:dragonflies 1277:rhabdomeres 1166:nerve cords 1099:nitrogenous 1066:, and some 995:desiccation 987:araneomorph 967:Mygalomorph 840:opisthosoma 559:mygalomorph 510:herbivorous 473:rocks from 436:Spider webs 394:opisthosoma 372:taxonomists 203:Chelicerata 199:Subphylum: 56:319–0 12202:Categories 11704:Ricinulei 11641:Amblypygi 11587:Solifugae 11552:Opiliones 11483:Arthropoda 11399:Spider web 11297:Chelicerae 11239:Mesothelae 11182:Ballooning 11089:Zoropsidae 10934:Psechridae 10878:Oxyopidae 10841:Miturgidae 10833:Mimetidae 10811:Lycosidae 10763:Hahniidae 10735:Dictynidae 10656:Araneidae 10567:Telemidae 10524:Pholcidae 10505:Pacullidae 10491:Oonopidae 10414:Caponiidae 10247:Atracidae 10165:Mesothelae 10137:Arthropoda 9148:19 October 8967:(4): 240. 8872:11 October 8850:11 October 8828:11 October 8760:11 October 8726:: 409–29. 8589:13 October 8510:13 October 8473:13 October 8283:: 565–92. 8258:12 October 7813:: 819–46. 7752:(1): 191. 7686:15 October 7678:Hecht, H. 7563:1808/17085 7229:: 341–72. 7003:Biotropica 6829:10 October 6803:: 351–77. 6581:11 October 6541:11 October 6351:10 October 6211:: 619–43. 6177:1582381569 5243:11 October 5226:Cimbebasia 5165:31 October 5090:: 565–92. 4850:(30): 30. 4414:tarantella 4343:intoxicate 4281:tarantulas 4269:tarantulas 4257:See also: 4186:Loxosceles 4173:Phoneutria 4158:Loxosceles 4058:tarantulas 4046:chelicerae 3988:Heptathela 3983:Heptathela 3976:run silk " 3974:Liphistius 3969:Liphistius 3926:Mesothelae 3920:Mesothelae 3842:Mesothelae 3833:Spinnerets 3830:in abdomen 3783:and 4,280 3761:Mesothelae 3735:borrowing 3628:Haplogynae 3438:Mesothelae 3279:Scorpiones 3253:harvestmen 3127:spinnerets 3084:Cretaceous 3040:of flying 3036:saw rapid 3010:Paleothele 3001:Mesothelae 2956:Attercopus 2952:appendages 2948:spinnerets 2885:Cretaceous 2695:Spider web 2683:pheromones 2636:Dictynidae 2623:Agelenidae 2613:Uloboridae 2584:Madagascar 2580:Anelosimus 2565:Anelosimus 2540:down sand 2516:tarantulas 2483:camouflage 2365:Oecophylla 2339:Synemosyna 2267:tarantulas 2263:Ctenizidae 2252:moth flies 2244:pheromones 2235:Mastophora 2204:Deinopidae 2174:Spider web 2102:Salticidae 2098:Thomisidae 2090:Corinnidae 2006:and adult 1934:guanocytes 1914:exocuticle 1880:Coloration 1874:tarantulas 1869:Patu digua 1837:tarantulas 1829:arthropods 1801:spinnerets 1797:chelicerae 1665:Entelegyne 1600:arthropods 1546:parachutes 1476:spinnerets 1422:metatarsus 1406:trochanter 1388:Locomotion 1364:mosquitoes 1354:pheromones 1314:Caponiidae 1302:(example, 1253:arthropods 1178:Mesothelae 1134:Mesothelae 1060:Uloboridae 1048:chelicerae 1011:ectotherms 1003:spinnerets 975:book lungs 971:Mesothelae 959:book lungs 948:hemocyanin 941:book lungs 920:coelomates 897:Mesothelae 881:transfer. 852:chelicerae 848:appendages 796:arthropods 727:metatarsus 715:trochanter 607:spin-þron- 570:elasticity 566:pesticides 557:and other 555:tarantulas 453:Uraraneida 421:Mesothelae 356:Antarctica 336:spinnerets 324:chelicerae 320:arthropods 257:Mesothelae 249:Suborders 193:Arthropoda 140:Mesothelae 11845:Haptopoda 11629:Pedipalpi 11618:(spiders) 11536:Dromopoda 11464:Arachnida 11347:Spinneret 11307:Cribellum 11282:Book lung 11197:Evolution 11036:Toxopidae 10740:Eresidae 10709:Cybaeidae 10696:Ctenidae 10313:Idiopidae 10255:Atypidae 10205:Suborder 10163:Suborder 10149:Arachnida 10129:Kingdom: 9960:123151744 9933:628203833 9863:256272177 9592:: 64–82. 9429:. Plume. 9385:229391382 9377:2352-4588 9113:CiteSeerX 9061:: 40–44. 8754:"Spiders" 8700:251727654 8684:0960-9822 8452:: 1–106. 8297:0066-4162 8118:1439-6092 7915:0028-1042 7665:130267137 7434:: 553–63. 7372:0003-3472 7063:: 392–96. 6877:CiteSeerX 6869:Behaviour 6854:2246/2705 6765:MIT Press 6700:Oecologia 6646:31 August 6491:0161-8202 6445:0161-8202 6404:11 August 6385:: 25–29. 6303:0022-0949 6260:0161-8202 5999:1807/1012 5827:0792-4259 5743:205015549 5589:0022-0949 5444:1313-2989 5322:240206876 4703:221235817 4687:0066-4170 4486:Citations 4407:Caribbean 4399:folktales 4391:trickster 4361:from her 4355:Ninhursag 4345:her with 4293:Venezuela 4181:jellyfish 4108:cursorial 3978:tripwires 3964:trapdoors 3807:Features 3791:in 2022. 3486:Atypoidea 3418:cladogram 3234:Arachnida 3185:Xiphosura 3131:pedipalps 3122:arthropod 2962:arachnid 2926:pedipalps 2845:Evolution 2790:In 1973, 2689:Web types 2593:Theridion 2350:livestock 2294:and some 2265:and many 2195:Hyptiotes 2162:cursorial 2155:chitinase 2135:marmalade 2012:Homoptera 1951:Argyrodes 1624:courtship 1616:pedipalps 1527:cribellum 1516:cellulose 1450:arachnids 1174:esophagus 1144:("little 1142:nephridia 1119:arthropod 1103:uric acid 1085:pedipalps 1076:scorpions 1072:arachnids 999:spiracles 867:arachnids 863:scorpions 856:pedipalps 736:chelicera 654:Body plan 612:literally 596:The word 592:Etymology 582:mythology 546:courtship 539:pedipalps 514:predators 445:arachnids 352:organisms 344:arachnids 294:Diversity 213:Arachnida 179:Kingdom: 173:Eukaryota 11962:BugGuide 11893:Wikidata 11777:Ixodida 11671:Uropygi 11616:Araneae 11481:Phylum: 11477:Animalia 11475:Kingdom 11422:Category 11337:Scopulae 11327:Pedipalp 11226:Taxonomy 11207:Glossary 11187:Behavior 11056:Udubidae 10914:Pimoidae 10727:Desidae 10665:Arkyidae 10642:Anapidae 10336:Migidae 10135:Phylum: 10131:Animalia 10120:families 10054:Archived 10035:Archived 10004:template 9987:25833874 9909:35231232 9843:(1976). 9642:29668658 9272:2 August 9243:2 August 9209:2 August 9185:17168889 9135:10942961 9083:26923161 9040:11483545 8991:11290673 8915:15306718 8803:12495200 8740:17877450 8692:35998593 8458:2246/991 8339:"ἀράχνη" 8320:"ărānĕa" 8178:(1990). 8162:16386884 8027:32218802 7976:26323977 7933:24317464 7868:21508021 7776:83825904 7740:Eotarbus 7731:Eotarbus 7721:Eotarbus 7619:42371883 7572:Archived 7569:Abstract 7489:33270151 7457:(1): 1. 7380:53157471 7333:53166407 7192:34017604 7135:36475912 7096:38307165 7031:54023263 6988:13871079 6945:44727810 6848:(2498). 6780:25 March 6728:28307636 6641:35215325 6633:17818935 6577:: 213–25 6319:26035671 6311:20400626 6225:15012400 6153:30 April 6089:31161756 5918:19403531 5735:11279484 5692:20050781 5597:22279064 5462:27843380 4882:28289774 4825:27885893 4817:19825348 4695:32822555 4614:19104044 4433:See also 4405:and the 4393:-spider 4285:Cambodia 4273:Cambodia 4214:attempts 4208:Because 4064:and the 4042:Triassic 3815:Families 3781:families 3754:arákhnēs 3718:Taxonomy 3080:Jurassic 3057:Triassic 2995:Several 2986:Daohuogo 2943:Devonian 2918:Silurian 2897:arachnid 2792:Skylab 3 2753:momentum 2634:(family 2631:gregalis 2621:(family 2571:(in the 2359:Amyciaea 2334:antennae 2212:spinosus 2210:Deinopis 2147:sausages 2143:egg yolk 2118:vitamins 2048:seen in 1945:Leucauge 1902:Melanins 1793:humidity 1711:species 1704:Tidarren 1592:internal 1512:collagen 1446:scopulae 1430:extensor 1330:cuticles 1300:six eyes 1225:'s main 1131:suborder 963:tracheal 950:to make 933:arteries 924:hemocoel 893:carapace 875:venomous 844:antennae 802:made of 676:pedipalp 518:lassoing 482:suborder 462:, about 457:Devonian 429:extensor 417:antennae 402:cephalon 382:segments 368:families 189:Phylum: 183:Animalia 169:Domain: 51:Holocene 12208:Spiders 11941:Araneae 11928:Araneae 11914:Araneae 11884:Araneae 11835:Extinct 11779:(ticks) 11317:Exuviae 11312:Epigyne 11269:Anatomy 11166:Spiders 10927:Halidae 10147:Class: 10118:Araneae 10116:Extant 10076:YouTube 10019:Spiders 10006:below ( 9942:Spiders 9880:1979220 9761:, 1997. 9233:Phobias 9063:Bibcode 9055:Toxicon 9031:1071491 8982:1071344 8652:Bibcode 8305:2097274 8184:Bibcode 8142:Bibcode 8134:Zoology 8018:7078165 8001:: 182. 7956:Bibcode 7924:3889289 7895:Bibcode 7859:3169061 7754:Bibcode 7742:Dunlop" 7645:Bibcode 7540:Bibcode 7511:Gizmodo 7480:7716925 7459:Bibcode 7400:21 July 7183:8131949 7162:Bibcode 7011:Bibcode 6968:Bibcode 6708:Bibcode 6613:Bibcode 6605:Science 6268:3705625 6233:6963733 6080:6680124 6030:176–212 5909:2839943 5807:Bibcode 5715:Bibcode 5683:3011943 5453:5096409 5422:Bibcode 5418:ZooKeys 5123:Bibcode 4873:5348567 4852:Bibcode 4795:Bibcode 4605:2634869 4582:Bibcode 4380:Arachne 4372:in his 4339:produce 4267:Cooked 4253:As food 4156:(genus 4070:balloon 4003:Permian 3828:Ganglia 3821:Species 3777:species 3750:ἀράχνης 3745:arákhnē 3428:Araneae 3340:, etc) 3316:spiders 3312:Araneae 3255:, etc) 3042:insects 3029:period 3027:Permian 2960:Permian 2941:in the 2934:, from 2916:in the 2899:is the 2568:eximius 2522:, have 2461:Defense 2223:tipulid 2131:bananas 2071:acacias 2050:Chennai 2004:Diptera 1989:Maratus 1971:Argiope 1918:tanning 1910:pterins 1898:guanine 1886:pigment 1833:cuticle 1608:syringe 1520:elastic 1499:protein 1484:spigots 1414:patella 1348:Araneus 1293:insects 1170:ganglia 1150:ammonia 1146:kidneys 1123:insects 1111:cloacal 1080:enzymes 979:ventral 836:abdomen 820:prosoma 812:tagmata 800:cuticle 773:epigyne 721:patella 627:(s)pen- 618:spinner 574:mammals 535:enzymes 449:spigots 425:ganglia 413:insects 411:Unlike 398:pedicel 386:tagmata 366:in 134 364:species 360:habitat 316:Araneae 309:Spiders 236:Araneae 232:Order: 209:Class: 18:Araneae 12185:150467 12146:614523 12130:NZOR: 12006:1ARANO 11503:Extant 11466:orders 10023:Curlie 10009:Curlie 9985: 9975: 9958: 9948: 9931: 9907: 9897: 9878: 9861: 9851: 9805: 9784: 9721: 9694: 9665: 9640: 9550: 9523: 9485: 9460: 9433: 9406: 9383: 9375: 9307: 9183: 9133: 9115: 9081: 9038: 9028: 8989: 8979: 8938: 8913: 8801: 8738: 8698: 8690: 8682: 8620: 8561: 8536: 8427: 8421:272–73 8371: 8303: 8295: 8241: 8194: 8160: 8116: 8025: 8015: 7974: 7948:Nature 7931: 7921: 7913: 7866: 7856: 7774: 7663: 7617: 7487: 7477: 7378: 7370: 7331: 7190: 7180: 7133: 7094: 7029: 6986: 6943: 6879: 6771: 6736:424262 6734: 6726: 6639: 6631: 6489: 6443: 6317: 6309: 6301: 6266: 6258: 6231: 6223: 6175: 6125: 6119:232–33 6087: 6077: 6036: 5916: 5906: 5825: 5776: 5741: 5733: 5707:Nature 5690: 5680: 5595: 5587: 5541: 5491: 5460: 5450: 5442: 5383: 5320: 5274: 4880: 4870: 4823: 4815: 4764: 4739: 4701: 4693: 4685: 4641: 4612: 4602: 4548: 4480:Toxins 4395:Anansi 4384:Athena 4363:vagina 4329:, the 4289:Piaroa 4113:, and 4106:, the 3958:, and 3910:46,770 3818:Genera 3797: 3785:genera 3741:ἀράχνη 3733:aranea 2907:jerami 2802:Cobweb 2628:Mallos 2625:) and 2573:family 2437:Portia 2354:aphids 2312:Portia 2307:Portia 2126:Pollen 2114:lipids 2106:nectar 1977:Lycosa 1894:bilins 1808:larval 1709:Yemeni 1508:chitin 1439:flexor 1426:tarsus 1420:; the 1268:, and 1249:ocelli 1227:ocelli 1195:Portia 1127:embryo 1056:glands 983:oxygen 952:oxygen 890:convex 832:thorax 824:insect 808:embryo 804:chitin 730:tarsus 598:spider 578:plants 530:Portia 460:period 406:thorax 388:, the 348:orders 334:, and 280: 243:, 1757 241:Clerck 42:Spider 12180:WoRMS 12167:Plazi 12159:57473 12097:82732 12071:12065 12066:IRMNG 12058:47118 12019:10626 11899:Q1357 11718:Acari 9638:S2CID 9622:Ramus 9381:S2CID 9303:–45. 9279:list. 9142:(PDF) 9101:(PDF) 8696:S2CID 8504:(PDF) 8493:(PDF) 8468:(PDF) 8301:JSTOR 8252:(PDF) 8227:(PDF) 7972:S2CID 7803:(PDF) 7772:S2CID 7706:(PDF) 7661:S2CID 7615:S2CID 7424:(PDF) 7376:S2CID 7329:S2CID 7219:(PDF) 7131:S2CID 7092:S2CID 7082:(1). 7053:(PDF) 7027:S2CID 6984:S2CID 6941:S2CID 6757:(PDF) 6732:S2CID 6637:S2CID 6601:(PDF) 6565:(PDF) 6535:(PDF) 6520:(PDF) 6398:(PDF) 6374:(PDF) 6315:S2CID 6264:JSTOR 6229:S2CID 5739:S2CID 5615:(PDF) 5487:–01. 5318:S2CID 5283:8 May 5237:(PDF) 5222:(PDF) 4821:S2CID 4699:S2CID 4423:Moche 4359:semen 4315:Moche 4313:This 4241:is a 4218:goats 4141:Bites 4095:, an 4054:setae 4050:hairs 3960:Japan 3956:China 3907:3,899 3884:3,327 3747:from 3730:Latin 3249:ticks 3107:clade 3018:over 2874:amber 2866:amber 2823:Other 2796:space 2778:moths 2728:wasps 2715:genus 2599:genus 2542:dunes 2528:setae 2487:birds 2420:, an 2315:' 2303:genus 2248:moths 2240:bolas 1966:setae 1700:genus 1596:sperm 1538:sperm 1504:nylon 1488:gland 1418:tibia 1410:femur 1343:smell 1339:taste 1335:setae 1221:This 1052:venom 928:blood 879:sperm 871:fangs 724:tibia 718:femur 625:* 605:* 526:genus 522:bolas 332:venom 328:fangs 326:with 313:order 220:Clade 12123:6893 12118:NCBI 12092:ITIS 12045:1496 12040:GBIF 12001:EPPO 11967:1954 11949:BOLD 11655:s.l. 11392:Webs 11342:Silk 11123:Bold 9983:OCLC 9973:ISBN 9956:OCLC 9946:ISBN 9929:OCLC 9905:OCLC 9895:ISBN 9876:OCLC 9859:OCLC 9849:ISBN 9803:ISBN 9782:ISBN 9719:ISBN 9692:ISBN 9663:ISBN 9548:ISBN 9521:ISBN 9483:ISBN 9458:ISBN 9431:ISBN 9404:ISBN 9373:ISSN 9305:ISBN 9274:2009 9245:2009 9211:2009 9181:PMID 9150:2008 9131:PMID 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