644:
693:
873:
893:
760:
664:
559:
598:
144:
102:
843:
740:
815:. Based on its overall morphology, it was considered to belong to the Serikodiastida, although the presence of silk-producing spigots was not demonstrated. Like uraraneids, it lacked spinnerets, but it also lacked a flagellum, thus resembling spiders. A cladogram based on morphology placed
942:
Regier, Jerome C.; Shultz, Jeffrey W.; Zwick, Andreas; Hussey, April; Ball, Bernard; Wetzer, Regina; Martin, Joel W. & Cunningham, Clifford W. (2010). "Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences".
520:
published in 2014 divides the
Tetrapulmonata into two clades, the Schizotarsata and the Serikodiastida. The Schizotarsata have walking legs II–IV with the tarsus having a specific pattern of three subsegments (tarsomeres). The Serikodiastida
500:, a complex coxotrochanteral joint in the walking legs, a pretarsal depressor muscle arising in the patella (convergent with Dromopoda, lost in Amblypygi), a pedicel formed, in part, by ventral elements of the second opisthomal segment and a
1233:
129:
1628:
1230:
123:
1790:
1047:
Garwood, Russell J.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Selden, Paul A.; Spencer, Alan R.T.; Atwood, Robert C.; Vo, Nghia T. & Drakopoulos, Michael (2016).
410:
289:
496:
of
Tetrapulmonata include a large postcerebral pharynx (reduced in Uropygi), prosomal endosternite with four segmental components,
1276:
525:
for "silk workers") share the ability to produce and use silk. The sister clade to
Tetrapulmonata is the extinct order
417:
occupying the second and third opisthosomal segments, although the posterior pair is absent in
Schizomida and most
1100:, a new trigonotarbid arachnid from the late Devonian of North America (Chelicerata, Arachnida, Trigonotarbida)".
1210:
Jeffrey W. Shultz. 2007. "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters".
925:
The Late
Carboniferous appears to be a time when there was a greater diversity of tetrapulmonate arachnids.
1775:
1187:
143:
1785:
1780:
692:
529:; together they form a clade that has been called "Pantetrapulmonata", to which the Carboniferous genus
1770:
401:, was also included in the Tetrapulmonata; as of March 2016 it has not been assigned to an order.
643:
1269:
806:
469:
377:
1747:
1697:
381:
1742:
497:
1149:
438:
8:
1262:
1163:
1144:
1125:
1117:
1073:
1048:
1019:
992:
968:
872:
802:
422:
138:
111:
1188:"A remarkable spiny arachnid from the Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek Lagerstätte, Illinois"
1588:
1241:
1168:
1129:
1078:
1024:
960:
221:
892:
759:
663:
1671:
1158:
1109:
1068:
1060:
1014:
1004:
972:
952:
465:
430:
993:"Three-dimensional reconstruction and the phylogeny of extinct chelicerate orders"
558:
1237:
531:
434:
346:
319:
1720:
1676:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1400:
1335:
597:
554:
526:
343:
1113:
1764:
522:
454:
418:
59:
1049:"Almost a spider: a 305-million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins"
1606:
1172:
1082:
1064:
1028:
964:
867:
811:
501:
493:
397:
357:
307:
1729:
1593:
1557:
1310:
1245:
505:
185:
101:
34:
956:
1666:
1484:
1343:
1121:
838:
735:
659:
392:
365:
299:
271:
79:
44:
1734:
1009:
1525:
1462:
1408:
1373:
1356:
1304:
688:
593:
517:
481:
477:
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414:
388:
369:
265:
256:
175:
155:
84:
1691:
1249:
1714:
1450:
1381:
1285:
1254:
450:
384:
376:(spiders). It is the only supra-ordinal group of arachnids that is
353:
313:
208:
195:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
1492:
888:
755:
636:
453:. The clade is referred to as Pantetrapulmonata when the extinct
361:
277:
117:
89:
64:
1437:
1298:
373:
324:
165:
1538:
842:
739:
461:
349:
1598:
1046:
941:
1246:
Museu
Nacional / UFRJ / Departamento de Invertebrados
1042:
1040:
1038:
1145:"Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida"
387:. Two extinct orders are also placed in this clade,
1035:
492:In addition to the two pairs of book lungs, other
464:as recently as 2000, in the first paragraph of an
1762:
991:Garwood, Russell J. & Dunlop, Jason (2014).
395:. In 2016, a newly described fossil arachnid,
1270:
990:
1185:
986:
984:
982:
460:The name "Pulmonata" has been used for this
425:of this lineage are rejected; "Caulogastra
1277:
1263:
1179:
100:
1212:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1162:
1072:
1018:
1008:
979:
935:
1089:
1791:Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances
1763:
1142:
1696:
1695:
1655:
1323:
1258:
1136:
1095:
1284:
1186:Selden, Paul; Dunlop, Jason (2024).
801:In 2016, a fossil arachnid from the
280: – whip scorpions, vinegaroons
13:
1164:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00523.x
1053:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
487:
274: – short-tailed whipscorpions
14:
1802:
1224:
809:) age was described in the genus
1636:are possibly paraphyletic groups
891:
871:
841:
819:between uraraneids and spiders:
758:
738:
691:
662:
642:
596:
557:
142:
32:
372:(tail-less whip scorpions) and
368:(short-tailed whip scorpions),
1:
1231:Shultz on arachnid morphology
928:
1627:Classification is based on
511:
413:from the presence of paired
404:
7:
1656:
1487:(shorttailed whipscorpions)
1143:Shultz, Jeffrey W. (1990).
1096:Shear, William A. (2000). "
622: or Uropygi
535:was also referred in 2024.
10:
1807:
1324:
1242:Index of /mndi/Aracnologia
1205:
449:" is easily confused with
1704:
1662:
1651:
1623:
1579:
1556:
1537:
1521:
1512:
1474:
1465:(tailless whip scorpions)
1458:
1449:
1433:
1424:
1393:
1366:
1355:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1293:
1114:10.1017/s0022336000031218
1098:Gigantocharinus szatmaryi
886:
863:
856:
835:
828:
753:
732:
725:
686:
657:
634:
627:
612:
590:
583:
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551:
544:
249:
244:
139:Scientific classification
137:
109:Clockwise from top left:
108:
99:
23:
457:arachnids are included.
356:. It is composed of the
130:Mastigoproctus scabrosus
1195:Journal of Paleontology
1102:Journal of Paleontology
470:Journal of Paleontology
1065:10.1098/rspb.2016.0125
382:molecular phylogenetic
1743:Paleobiology Database
1346:(microwhip scorpions)
1250:Museu Nacional / UFRJ
498:subchelate chelicerae
1528:(hooded tickspiders)
447:Van der Hammen, 1977
437:for the lineage and
268: – whip spiders
1776:Paleozoic arachnids
957:10.1038/nature08742
951:(7284): 1079–1083.
504:axoneme with a 9+3
472:, but this creates
1786:Cenozoic arachnids
1781:Mesozoic arachnids
1401:Pseudoscorpionida
1236:2016-04-10 at the
1217:(?):221-265. (See
1059:(1827): 20160125.
803:Late Carboniferous
618:Thelyphonida
542:Pantetrapulmonata
445:, and "Arachnidea
421:spiders. Previous
378:strongly supported
364:(whip scorpions),
112:Araneus diadematus
16:Clade of arachnids
1771:Arachnid taxonomy
1758:
1757:
1698:Taxon identifiers
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1647:
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1614:
1602:
1589:Opilioacariformes
1549:
1529:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1466:
1441:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1403:(pseudoscorpions)
1385:
1377:
1347:
1010:10.7717/peerj.641
922:
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337:
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222:Pantetrapulmonata
124:Hubbardia briggsi
30:Devonian–Holocene
1798:
1751:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1693:
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1672:Phalangiotarbida
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1133:
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577:
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446:
435:symplesiomorphic
426:
409:It receives its
238:
209:Arachnopulmonata
147:
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104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
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1470:
1445:
1416:
1411:(camel spiders)
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1238:Wayback Machine
1227:
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1203:
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1090:
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931:
923:
914:
905:
826:Serikodiastida
799:
790:
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772:
723:Serikodiastida
714:
705:
676:
532:Douglassarachne
514:
490:
488:Characteristics
407:
327: – spiders
320:Chimerarachnida
295:Serikodiastida
237:
141:
95:
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1706:Tetrapulmonata
1702:
1701:
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1680:
1679:
1677:Trigonotarbida
1674:
1669:
1663:
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1581:Parasitiformes
1577:
1576:
1574:
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1571:Trombidiformes
1568:
1566:Sarcoptiformes
1562:
1560:
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1546:(ticks, mites)
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555:Trigonotarbida
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527:Trigonotarbida
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494:synapomorphies
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480:is a group of
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71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
1705:
1607:Mesostigmata
1476:
1425:
1394:Haplocnemata
1376:(harvestmen)
1367:Stomothecata
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1194:
1181:
1154:
1148:
1138:
1108:(1): 25–31.
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1056:
1052:
1000:
996:
948:
944:
937:
924:
887:
868:Idmonarachne
866:
864:
836:
817:Idmonarachne
816:
812:Idmonarachne
810:
800:
754:
733:
687:
658:
639:
635:
623:
619:
591:
571:
552:
530:
515:
502:spermatozoon
491:
459:
429:" refers to
427:Pocock, 1893
408:
398:Idmonarachne
396:
339:
338:
308:Idmonarachne
306:
288:
239:Shultz, 1990
234:
228:
215:
202:
128:
122:
121:(Amblypygi)
116:
110:
18:
1730:iNaturalist
1594:Holothyrida
1558:Acariformes
1514:Acaromorpha
1485:Schizomida
1384:(scorpions)
1382:Scorpiones
1344:Palpigradi
1311:Chelicerata
1309:Subphylum:
1157:(1): 1–38.
506:microtubule
433:, which is
419:araneomorph
186:Chelicerata
182:Subphylum:
1765:Categories
1526:Ricinulei
1463:Amblypygi
1409:Solifugae
1374:Opiliones
1305:Arthropoda
1150:Cladistics
929:References
839:Uraraneida
736:Uraraneida
660:Schizomida
610:Pedipalpi
482:gastropods
439:convergent
415:book lungs
393:Uraraneida
366:Schizomida
344:non-ranked
300:Uraraneida
290:Xenarachne
272:Schizomida
262:Pedipalpi
176:Arthropoda
133:(Uropygi)
115:(Araneae)
1667:Haptopoda
1451:Pedipalpi
1440:(spiders)
1358:Dromopoda
1286:Arachnida
1130:130348461
689:Amblypygi
594:Haptopoda
518:cladogram
512:Phylogeny
478:Pulmonata
474:ambiguity
451:Arachnida
443:Solifugae
405:Etymology
389:Haptopoda
370:Amblypygi
354:arachnids
302:(extinct)
266:Amblypygi
259:(extinct)
257:Haptopoda
196:Arachnida
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
1721:Q3821682
1715:Wikidata
1599:Ixodida
1493:Uropygi
1438:Araneae
1303:Phylum:
1299:Animalia
1297:Kingdom
1234:Archived
1221:below).
1173:34933471
1083:27030415
1029:25405073
1003:: e641.
965:20147900
476:because
423:synonyms
314:Araneida
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
1657:Extinct
1601:(ticks)
1206:Sources
1122:1306881
1074:4822468
1020:4232842
973:4427443
889:Araneae
756:Araneae
637:Uropygi
466:article
431:pedicel
385:studies
374:Araneae
362:Uropygi
360:orders
325:Araneae
278:Uropygi
245:Orders
192:Class:
118:Phrynus
1735:414769
1325:Extant
1288:orders
1197:: 1–7.
1171:
1128:
1120:
1081:
1071:
1027:
1017:
971:
963:
945:Nature
358:extant
1748:57504
1540:Acari
1191:(PDF)
1126:S2CID
1118:JSTOR
997:PeerJ
969:S2CID
523:Greek
462:group
441:with
350:clade
342:is a
229:Clade
216:Clade
203:Clade
1477:s.l.
1248:At:
1244:At:
1240:At:
1169:PMID
1079:PMID
1025:PMID
961:PMID
640:s.s.
624:s.l.
620:s.l.
411:name
391:and
35:PreꞒ
1215:150
1159:doi
1110:doi
1069:PMC
1061:doi
1057:283
1015:PMC
1005:doi
953:doi
949:463
468:in
380:in
352:of
1767::
1745::
1732::
1717::
1193:.
1167:.
1153:.
1147:.
1124:.
1116:.
1106:74
1104:.
1077:.
1067:.
1055:.
1051:.
1037:^
1023:.
1013:.
999:.
995:.
981:^
967:.
959:.
947:.
516:A
484:.
231::
218::
205::
85:Pg
1278:e
1271:t
1264:v
1175:.
1161::
1155:6
1132:.
1112::
1085:.
1063::
1031:.
1007::
1001:2
975:.
955::
865:†
837:†
805:(
734:†
592:†
553:†
521:(
318:†
305:†
298:†
287:†
255:†
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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