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330:. A number of sandglasses could be fixed in a common frame, each with a different operating time, e.g. as in a four-way Italian sandglass likely from the 17th century, in the collections of the Science Museum, in South Kensington, London, which could measure intervals of quarter, half, three-quarters, and one hour (and which were used in churches, for priests and ministers to measure lengths of sermons).
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86:. Typically, the upper and lower bulbs are symmetric so that the hourglass will measure the same duration regardless of orientation. The specific duration of time a given hourglass measures is determined by factors including the quantity and coarseness of the particulate matter, the bulb size, and the neck width.
314:
Hourglasses were an early dependable and accurate measure of time. The rate of flow of the sand is independent of the depth in the upper reservoir, and the instrument will not freeze in cold weather. From the 15th century onwards, hourglasses were being used in a range of applications at sea, in the
297:
oxides, pulverized, burnt eggshell". Over time, different textures of granule matter were tested to see which gave the most constant flow within the bulbs. It was later discovered that for the perfect flow to be achieved the ratio of granule bead to the width of the bulb neck needed to be 1/12 or
272:
in shape, the bulbs were not always connected. The first hourglasses were two separate bulbs with a cord wrapped at their union that was then coated in wax to hold the piece together and let sand flow in between. It was not until 1760 that both bulbs were blown together to keep moisture out of the
234:
After 1500, the hourglass was not as widespread as it had been. This was due to the development of the mechanical clock, which became more accurate, smaller and cheaper, and made keeping time easier. The hourglass, however, did not disappear entirely. Although they became relatively less useful as
230:
The hourglass also found popularity on land as an inexpensive alternative to mechanical clocks. Hourglasses were commonly seen in use in churches, homes, and work places to measure sermons, cooking time, and time spent on breaks from labor. Because they were being used for more everyday tasks, the
172:
Use of the marine sandglass has been recorded since the 14th century. The written records about it were mostly from logbooks of
European ships. In the same period it appears in other records and lists of ships stores. The earliest recorded reference that can be said with certainty to refer to a
210:
were popular aboard ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, hourglasses using granular materials were not affected by the motion of a ship and less affected by temperature changes (which could cause condensation inside a clepsydra). While
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that significantly improved on the stability of the hourglass at sea. Taking elements from the design logic behind the hourglass, he made a marine chronometer in 1761 that was able to accurately measure the journey from
England to Jamaica accurate within five seconds.
494:
while the program is in the middle of a task, and may not accept user input. During that period of time, other programs, such as those open in other windows, may work normally. When such an hourglass does not disappear, it suggests a program is in an
89:
Depictions of an hourglass as a symbol of the passage of time are found in art, especially on tombstones or other monuments, from antiquity to the present day. The form of a winged hourglass has been used as a literal depiction of the Latin phrase
1104:
A Descriptive and
Historical Account of Hydraulic and Other Machines for Raising Water, Ancient and Modern With Observations on Various Subjects Connected with the Mechanic Arts, Including the Progressive Development of the Steam Engine. Vol.
596:
1088:"Time is getting short; there will be little opportunity to do what you have to do unless you take the chance now. The phrase is often used with reference to one who has not much longer to live. The allusion is to the hourglass."
326:. It was the job of a ship's page to turn the hourglasses and thus provide the times for the ship's log. Noon was the reference time for navigation, which did not depend on the glass, as the sun would be at its
267:
Little written evidence exists to explain why its external form is the shape that it is. The glass bulbs used, however, have changed in style and design over time. While the main designs have always been
422:
flags, to evoke fear through imagery associated with death. In
England, hourglasses were sometimes placed in coffins, and they have graced gravestones for centuries. The hourglass was also used in
637:
551:
Because of its symmetry, graphic signs resembling an hourglass are seen in the art of cultures which never encountered such objects. Vertical pairs of triangles joined at the apex are common in
681:
2508:
2431:
192:
The same Thomas accounts to have paid at
Lescluse, in Flanders, for twelve glass horologes (" pro xii. orlogiis vitreis "), price of each 4½ gross', in sterling 9
618:
575:. Observers have even given the name "hourglass motif" to shapes which have more complex symmetry, such as a repeating circle and cross pattern from the
1142:
1351:
Guye, Samuel; Henri, Michel; Dolan, D.; Mitchell, S. W. (1970). "Time and space: Measuring instruments from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century".
659:
528:. The symbol features an hourglass to represent time "running out" for extinct and endangered species, and also to represent time "running out" for
1270:
1110:"Hour-glasses were formerly placed in coffins and buried with the corpse, probably as symbols of mortality—the sands of life having run out. See
219:(as an error of just four minutes would correspond to one degree of longitude), they were sufficiently accurate to be used in conjunction with a
469:
Recognition of the hourglass as a symbol of time has survived its obsolescence as a timekeeper. For example, the
American television soap opera
450:
925:
Balmer, R.T. "The
Operation of Sand Clocks and Their Medieval Development." Technology and Culture, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pp. 615–632.
414:
The hourglass, sometimes with the addition of metaphorical wings, is often used as a symbol that human existence is fleeting, and that the "
2424:
1004:
1035:
118:
dated c. 350, representing the wedding of Peleus and Thetis (observe the magnification with the object held by
Morpheus in his hands)
359:
2962:
1238:
Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1963), pp. 41-91 (NB: includes reviews disputing the central thesis and methodology)- via JSTOR (subscription)
231:
model of the hourglass began to shrink. The smaller models were more practical and very popular as they made timing more discreet.
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1994:
1830:
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1250:
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clock technology advanced, hourglasses remained desirable in their design. The oldest known surviving hourglass resides in the
30:
German half-hour sand glass, first quarter of the 16th century, bronze-gilt and silver-gilt, height: 8.3 cm, diameter: 8.4 cm,
567:
textiles they symbolise a married man, as opposed to a pair of triangles joined at the base, which symbolise a married woman.
1459:
866:
196:
Item, For four horologes of the same sort (" de eadem secta "), bought there, price of each five gross', making in sterling 3
2931:
285:
sand as the granular material to measure time, many did not use sand at all. The material used in most bulbs was "powdered
1126:
322:
around the globe, 18 hourglasses from
Barcelona were in the ship's inventory, after the trip had been authorized by King
552:
948:
Peterson, Ivars. "Trickling sand: how an hourglass ticks". Science News, Vol. 144, No. 11 (September 11, 1993). p. 167
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While hourglasses are no longer widely used for keeping time, some institutions do maintain them. Both houses of the
903:
936:"How hourglass is made - material, manufacture, making, history, used, components, machine, History, Raw Materials"
403:
Unlike most other methods of measuring time, the hourglass concretely represents the present as being between the
1944:
1599:
2755:
1823:
1368:
Smith, Alan (1975). "Clocks and watches: American, European and
Japanese timepieces". New York: Crescent Books.
2936:
1906:
1431:
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17thC tombstone in the mausoleum of John Livingstone, 'an apothecary in Edinburgh', who fell victim to the
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or (in more elongated form) an enemy scalp, and in South America, where it is believed to represent a
78:
bulbs connected vertically by a narrow neck that allows a regulated flow of a substance (historically
2712:
2523:
2260:
2109:
1989:
1539:
1452:
529:
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and needs to be terminated, or is waiting for some external event (such as the user inserting a CD).
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1959:
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888:
A History of the Royal Navy, from the earliest times to the wars of the French revolution, vol. II
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2750:
2652:
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2215:
1866:
556:
1286:
1081:
1569:
665:
1330:
Cowan, Harrison J. (1958). "Time and its measurement: From the stone age to the nuclear age".
1279:
Archaeological Studies of the Middle and Late Holocene, Papua New Guinea (Technical Report 20)
1188:
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886:
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161:; the first documented example dates from the 14th century, a depiction in the 1338 fresco
8:
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used an hourglass on its coat of arms, symbolising Greenwich's role as the origin of
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Time and Space. Measuring Instruments from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century
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use symbols of the hourglass representing either time travel or time running out.
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art; both in North America, where it can represent, for example, the body of the
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26:
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Peterson, Ivars (September 11, 1993). "Trickling sand: how an hourglass ticks".
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Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe
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Of Time and Measurement: Studies in the History of Horology and Fine Technology
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475:(1965–present) displays an hourglass in its opening credits, with narration by
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bulbs and regulate the pressure within the bulb that varied the flow.
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There are no records of the hourglass existing in Europe prior to the
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479:: "Like sands through the hourglass, so are the days of our lives."
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Keeping time: From the beginning and into the twenty-first century
579:. Both the members of Project Tic Toc, from television series the
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of England; translated from the Latin, the receipt says: in 1345:
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1281:(ed. Specht, Jim & Attenbrow, Val) Australian Museum (2007)
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269:
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83:
38:
2025:
1005:"Four-way sand glass, Italian, 17th century, image no. 10325648"
411:, and this has made it an enduring symbol of time as a concept.
211:
hourglasses were insufficiently accurate to be compared against
180:, in a receipt of Thomas de Stetesham, clerk of the King's ship
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3039:
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1426:
908:. LONDON, B. T. BATSFORD, 94 HIGH HOLBORN. pp. 16 and 249.
438:
419:
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1195:(ed. Schevill, M.B. et al.), University of Texas Press (1996)
42:
A winged hourglass as a literal depiction of the Latin phrase
3069:
2881:
2780:
2735:
2343:
2092:
1783:
1731:
1193:
Textile Traditions of Mesoamerica and the Andes: An Anthology
75:
736:
306:
122:
The origin of the hourglass is unclear. Its predecessor the
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3049:
2503:
2440:
1482:
1468:
427:
404:
369:
Sand timers are sometimes included with boardgames such as
294:
79:
71:
2509:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
3054:
1401:
Morris, Scot (September 1992). "The floating hourglass".
753:
Balmer, R. T. (1979). "The invention of the sand clock".
418:" will run out for every human life. It was used thus on
290:
1437:
544:
Diagram of "hourglass" motif from carved stone tablet,
310:
A contemporary sand timer made of inexpensive plastic
298:
more but not greater than 1/2 the neck of the bulb.
1124:
Splendid Heritage: treasures of native american art
1033:
854:
2439:
1308:
976:
3180:
1212:An African Valentine: The Bead Code of the Zulus
377:that place time constraints on rounds of play.
813:
281:While some early hourglasses actually did use
82:) from the upper bulb to the lower one due to
2425:
1453:
1108:. New York: Derby & Jackson. p. 547.
997:
825:. Vol. 17, no. 3. pp. 97–109.
70:) is a device used to measure the passage of
961:The First Voyage Around the World, 1519-1522
850:
848:
134:and Egypt as early as the 16th century BCE.
901:
880:
878:
91:
43:
2432:
2418:
1460:
1446:
1338:. New York: The World Publishing Company.
1168:The Great Mystery: Myths of Native America
149:bearing an hourglass; detail Lorenzetti's
957:
905:OLD CLOCKS AND WATCHES & THEIR MAKERS
845:
814:Mills, A.A.; Day, S.; Parkes, S. (1996).
2963:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1409:
1248:Image, "Croquis 1872" (click to enlarge)
1232:The Upper Palaeolithic and the New World
974:
968:
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337:
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253:
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110:
37:
25:
1306:
1083:Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
1027:
951:
891:. London: Richard Bentley. p. 476.
884:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
779:
456:
3181:
1400:
1097:
1091:
1073:
964:. Hakluyt Society Press. pp. A12.
895:
752:
225:measurement of a ship's speed in knots
2413:
1441:
1367:
1329:
1034:Senate of Australia (26 March 1997).
912:
315:church, in industry, and in cookery.
16:Device to measure the passage of time
2394:
1315:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
1149:University of Nebraska Press (2004)
1086:. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers.
1079:
798:
571:examples can be seen among Spanish
13:
1295:
535:
460:
215:for the determination of a ship's
14:
3200:
2683:Discrete time and continuous time
1419:
885:Nicolas, Nicholas Harris (1847).
520:came into use as a symbol of the
435:Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich
301:
2608:
2602:
2393:
2384:
2383:
1425:
1355:. New York: Praeger Publishers.
1147:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
680:
658:
636:
610:
595:
445:. The district's successor, the
380:
1268:A Stone Tablet from Buka Island
1260:
1241:
1224:
1205:
1181:
1160:
1136:
1117:
647:- Youth between Vice and Virtue
242:Not until the 18th century did
2756:History of timekeeping devices
942:
861:. Ashgate Publishing Company.
773:
746:
690:(with hourglass and skull) by
449:, uses two hourglasses on its
137:
130:, is known to have existed in
1:
1307:Branley, Franklyn M. (1993).
1114:vol xvi, 646, and xvii, 264."
782:Pietro et Ambrogio Lorenzetti
731:
394:
174:
855:Anthony John Turner (1993).
816:"Mechanics of the sandglass"
767:10.1016/0160-9327(79)90100-5
173:marine sandglass dates from
106:
7:
2703:Gravitational time dilation
2539:Barycentric Coordinate Time
2198:Geological history of Earth
975:Bergreen, Laurence (2003).
823:European Journal of Physics
784:. Scala Books. p. 83.
716:List of largest hourglasses
699:
393:'s "Bloody Red" jack,
276:
163:Allegory of Good Government
151:Allegory of Good Government
10:
3205:
2559:Geocentric Coordinate Time
2544:Barycentric Dynamical Time
2482:Coordinated Universal Time
1550:Orders of magnitude (time)
839:10.1088/0143-0807/17/3/001
585:Challengers of the Unknown
447:Royal Borough of Greenwich
101:
32:Metropolitan Museum of Art
21:Hourglass (disambiguation)
18:
3113:
3004:
2971:
2945:
2826:
2726:
2713:Time-translation symmetry
2643:
2617:
2600:
2524:International Atomic Time
2474:
2451:
2379:
2321:
2274:
2261:Time translation symmetry
2206:
2146:
2136:
2058:
1985:
1905:
1846:
1730:
1648:
1558:
1520:
1506:
1475:
530:climate change mitigation
516:In the 21st century, the
484:graphical user interfaces
443:Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
358:use three hourglasses to
262:
1467:
780:Frugoni, Chiara (1988).
2973:Astronomical chronology
2946:Archaeology and geology
2653:Absolute space and time
2569:IERS Reference Meridian
2564:International Date Line
2475:International standards
2216:Absolute space and time
1867:Astronomical chronology
1170:, Clarion Books (2001)
1133:(search on "hourglass")
669:Still-Life with a Skull
360:time certain procedures
2266:Time reversal symmetry
1570:Italian six-hour clock
1381:Cite journal requires
1257:at colonias.iespana.es
1061:Cite journal requires
1041:: 2472. Archived from
741:
666:Philippe de Champaigne
548:
466:
400:
351:
311:
259:
258:19th century hourglass
205:
154:
119:
92:
51:
44:
35:
2932:Weekday determination
2818:Sundial markup schema
2031:Time and fate deities
1976:The Unreality of Time
1915:A series and B series
1189:Nature Versus Culture
1080:Room, Adrian (1999).
739:
543:
464:
388:
356:Australian Parliament
341:
334:Modern practical uses
318:During the voyage of
309:
257:
190:
145:
114:
41:
29:
2953:Chronological dating
2693:Theory of relativity
2554:Daylight saving time
2282:Chronological dating
2251:Theory of relativity
1595:Daylight saving time
1434:at Wikimedia Commons
1236:Current Anthropology
902:F.J.Britten (190x).
457:Modern symbolic uses
19:For other uses, see
3163:Time value of money
2958:Geologic time scale
2813:History of sundials
2678:Cosmological decade
2630:Greenwich Mean Time
2461:Orders of magnitude
1575:Thai six-hour clock
1361:1971tsmi.book.....G
1344:1958tmfs.book.....C
1221:, edunetconnect.com
831:1996EJPh...17...97M
740:Antique sandglasses
563:jungle dweller. In
522:Holocene extinction
167:Ambrogio Lorenzetti
74:. It comprises two
3138:Mental chronometry
2766:Marine chronometer
2618:Obsolete standards
2105:Rosy retrospection
2083:Mental chronometry
1907:Philosophy of time
1273:2008-10-03 at the
1253:2008-12-08 at the
1217:2008-05-18 at the
1129:2016-05-03 at the
1036:"Official Hansard"
1015:on 1 November 2014
1009:The Science Museum
983:. William Morrow.
958:Pigafetta (1874).
742:
706:Chemex Coffeemaker
619:Sebastiansfriedhof
591:Hourglasses in art
549:
467:
401:
352:
324:Charles I of Spain
320:Ferdinand Magellan
312:
260:
248:marine chronometer
208:Marine sandglasses
184:, in the reign of
155:
120:
52:
36:
3176:
3175:
2986:Nuclear timescale
2668:Continuous signal
2407:
2406:
2317:
2316:
2292:Circadian rhythms
2110:Tense–aspect–mood
1965:Temporal finitism
1842:
1841:
1818:Grandfather clock
1430:Media related to
1143:Wishart, David J.
1048:on 29 April 1998.
868:978-0-86078-378-7
518:Extinction symbol
508:
482:Various computer
472:Days of Our Lives
391:Christopher Moody
3196:
2877:Dominical letter
2808:Equation of time
2771:Marine sandglass
2612:
2606:
2584:Terrestrial Time
2441:Time measurement
2434:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2304:Glottochronology
2144:
2143:
2060:Human experience
1920:B-theory of time
1518:
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1314:
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1203:
1187:Wilson, Lee Ann
1185:
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1095:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1011:. Archived from
1001:
995:
994:
982:
972:
966:
965:
955:
949:
946:
940:
939:
932:
926:
923:
910:
909:
899:
893:
892:
882:
873:
872:
852:
843:
842:
820:
811:
796:
795:
777:
771:
770:
750:
721:Marine sandglass
711:Hourglass figure
684:
662:
640:
627:
614:
599:
512:
506:
465:Hourglass cursor
426:as a symbol for
399:
396:
179:
176:
159:Late Middle Ages
98:("time flies").
97:
49:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3109:
3000:
2967:
2941:
2822:
2722:
2673:Coordinate time
2645:Time in physics
2639:
2613:
2607:
2598:
2470:
2447:
2438:
2408:
2403:
2375:
2366:Time immemorial
2313:
2270:
2231:Coordinate time
2202:
2156:Geological time
2132:
2115:Time management
2078:Generation time
2062:
2054:
1999:
1981:
1901:
1860:
1838:
1726:
1644:
1561:
1554:
1510:
1502:
1471:
1466:
1422:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1323:
1298:
1296:Further reading
1293:
1292:
1275:Wayback Machine
1265:
1261:
1255:Wayback Machine
1246:
1242:
1230:Greenman, E.F.
1229:
1225:
1219:Wayback Machine
1210:
1206:
1186:
1182:
1165:
1161:
1141:
1137:
1131:Wayback Machine
1122:
1118:
1096:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1003:
1002:
998:
991:
973:
969:
956:
952:
947:
943:
934:
933:
929:
924:
913:
900:
896:
883:
876:
869:
853:
846:
818:
812:
799:
792:
778:
774:
751:
747:
734:
702:
695:
685:
676:
663:
654:
649:(attributed to
641:
632:
621:
615:
606:
600:
577:Solomon Islands
553:Native American
546:Solomon Islands
538:
536:Hourglass motif
510:
486:may change the
477:Macdonald Carey
459:
397:
383:
336:
304:
279:
265:
246:come up with a
177:
140:
109:
104:
34:(New York City)
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:Time metrology
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3114:Related topics
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Dialing scales
2800:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2635:Prime meridian
2632:
2627:
2625:Ephemeris time
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2594:180th meridian
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2309:Time geography
2306:
2301:
2299:Clock reaction
2296:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2098:time signature
2095:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1970:Temporal parts
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Eternal return
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:Chronocentrism
1922:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1736:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1710:Hindu Panchang
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1654:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1421:
1420:External links
1418:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1392:
1391:
1383:|journal=
1365:
1348:
1327:
1321:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1259:
1240:
1223:
1204:
1180:
1159:
1135:
1116:
1099:Ewbank, Thomas
1090:
1072:
1063:|journal=
1026:
996:
989:
967:
950:
941:
927:
911:
894:
874:
867:
844:
797:
790:
772:
761:(3): 118–122.
744:
743:
733:
730:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
701:
698:
697:
696:
692:Johann Zoffany
686:
679:
677:
675:painting, 1671
664:
657:
655:
651:Jacob Jordaens
642:
635:
633:
616:
609:
607:
601:
594:
592:
573:cave paintings
537:
534:
526:climate crisis
458:
455:
382:
379:
335:
332:
303:
302:Practical uses
300:
278:
275:
264:
261:
237:British Museum
223:to enable the
139:
136:
108:
105:
103:
100:
50:("time flies")
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3201:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3007:units of time
3003:
2997:
2996:Sidereal time
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Galactic year
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2937:Weekday names
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:Tropical year
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2892:Intercalation
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:(lunar Hijri)
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Time dilation
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2534:24-hour clock
2532:
2530:
2529:12-hour clock
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:Chronobiology
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Arrow of time
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Geochronology
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:Wheel of time
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Periodization
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1813:Digital clock
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Relative hour
1588:
1586:
1585:24-hour clock
1583:
1581:
1580:12-hour clock
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1408:
1405:. p. 86.
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1322:9780395477779
1318:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:Craig, Barry
1263:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1201:0-292-77714-0
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1176:0-395-98405-X
1173:
1169:
1166:Philip, Neil
1163:
1156:
1155:0-8032-4787-7
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1068:
1055:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1000:
992:
990:0-06-621173-5
986:
981:
980:
971:
963:
962:
954:
945:
937:
931:
922:
920:
918:
916:
907:
906:
898:
890:
889:
881:
879:
870:
864:
860:
859:
851:
849:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
793:
791:0-935748-80-6
787:
783:
776:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
745:
738:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
693:
689:
688:Self-portrait
683:
678:
674:
670:
667:
661:
656:
652:
648:
646:
639:
634:
631:
625:
620:
613:
608:
605:
598:
593:
590:
589:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
547:
542:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
504:
500:
498:
497:infinite loop
493:
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454:
452:
448:
444:
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436:
431:
429:
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417:
416:sands of time
412:
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392:
387:
381:Symbolic uses
378:
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349:
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244:John Harrison
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57:
48:
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40:
33:
28:
22:
3143:Decimal time
2872:Astronomical
2760:
2751:Complication
2746:Atomic clock
2361:Time capsule
2355:Tempus fugit
2353:
2275:Other fields
1974:
1955:Perdurantism
1877:Calendar era
1829:
1822:
1808:Cuckoo clock
1768:
1745:astronomical
1719:
1545:Unit of time
1476:Key concepts
1412:Science News
1411:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1374:cite journal
1352:
1335:
1331:
1310:
1300:
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1278:
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1235:
1226:
1207:
1192:
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1103:
1093:
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1075:
1054:cite journal
1043:the original
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1013:the original
1008:
999:
978:
970:
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953:
944:
930:
904:
897:
887:
857:
822:
781:
775:
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754:
748:
687:
668:
645:Know thyself
643:
617:Tomb in the
550:
515:
501:
481:
470:
468:
451:coat of arms
432:
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368:
353:
317:
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123:
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94:tempus fugit
88:
67:
63:
59:
55:
53:
46:tempus fugit
3189:Hourglasses
3153:System time
3148:Metric time
2867:Solar Hijri
2793:Water clock
2776:Radio clock
2708:Time domain
2688:Proper time
2574:Leap second
2456:Chronometry
2371:Time travel
2349:System time
2256:Time domain
2241:Proper time
2065:use of time
2036:Father Time
2016:Immortality
2006:Ages of Man
1935:Endurantism
1892:Regnal year
1872:Big History
1801:water-based
1700:Solar Hijri
1610:Hexadecimal
1560:Measurement
1522:Chronometry
1508:Measurement
1432:Hourglasses
1395:Periodicals
726:Water clock
622: [
604:plague 1645
581:Time Tunnel
557:Thunderbird
433:The former
398: 1714
239:in London.
178: 1345
138:Middle Ages
128:water clock
116:Sarcophagus
3168:Timekeeper
3121:Chronology
3105:Millennium
2991:Precession
2897:Julian day
2718:T-symmetry
2579:Solar time
2549:Civil time
2073:Chronemics
2048:Kalachakra
1960:Presentism
1945:Eternalism
1851:Chronology
1789:mechanical
1740:Main types
1658:Main types
1112:Gent. Mag.
1019:1 November
732:References
509:symbol at
371:Pictionary
362:, such as
213:solar noon
186:Edward III
147:Temperance
68:sand clock
64:sand timer
3065:Fortnight
2912:Lunisolar
2902:Leap year
2836:Gregorian
2786:stopwatch
2761:Hourglass
2741:Astrarium
2658:Spacetime
2589:Time zone
2466:Metrology
2445:standards
2329:Leap year
2246:Spacetime
2120:Yesterday
2021:Dreamtime
1995:Mythology
1882:Deep time
1794:stopwatch
1769:hourglass
1750:astrarium
1680:Gregorian
1673:Lunisolar
1650:Calendars
1640:Time zone
1513:standards
1332:Cleveland
1287:1835-4211
755:Endeavour
694:, c. 1776
569:Neolithic
507:HOURGLASS
492:hourglass
364:divisions
350:, Hungary
344:Timewheel
217:longitude
182:La George
124:clepsydra
107:Antiquity
60:sandglass
56:hourglass
3183:Category
3126:Duration
3100:Saeculum
3080:Olympiad
2922:Solstice
2851:Holocene
2828:Calendar
2728:Horology
2519:ISO 8601
2514:ISO 31-1
2389:Category
2137:Time in
2128:Tomorrow
1990:Religion
1930:Duration
1897:Timeline
1831:Timeline
1630:Sidereal
1498:Eternity
1271:Archived
1251:Archived
1215:Archived
1178:, p64-65
1127:Archived
1101:(1857).
700:See also
630:Salzburg
583:and the
407:and the
348:Budapest
277:Material
221:chip log
3095:Century
3085:Lustrum
3015:Instant
2887:Equinox
2856:Islamic
2798:Sundial
2663:Chronon
2399:Commons
2322:Related
2236:Instant
2226:Chronon
2208:Physics
2148:Geology
2139:science
2011:Destiny
1856:History
1824:History
1779:sundial
1762:quantum
1705:Chinese
1695:Islamic
1605:Decimal
1600:Chinese
1562:systems
1488:Present
1357:Bibcode
1340:Bibcode
827:Bibcode
673:vanitas
561:Chuncho
505:has an
503:Unicode
488:pointer
424:alchemy
389:Pirate
270:ampoule
132:Babylon
102:History
84:gravity
3090:Decade
3045:Moment
3040:Minute
3035:Second
3005:Other
2862:Julian
2841:Hebrew
2487:offset
2339:Moment
2334:Memory
2186:period
1774:marine
1757:atomic
1732:Clocks
1690:Hebrew
1685:Julian
1620:Metric
1493:Future
1319:
1285:
1199:
1174:
1157:, p125
1153:
1145:(ed.)
987:
865:
788:
511:U+231B
490:to an
439:London
420:pirate
409:future
375:Boggle
328:zenith
287:marble
283:silica
263:Design
153:, 1338
3131:music
3070:Month
3030:Jiffy
3025:Shake
3020:Flick
2917:Solar
2907:Lunar
2882:Epact
2846:Hindu
2781:Watch
2736:Clock
2344:Space
2176:epoch
2166:chron
2124:Today
2093:tempo
2088:Music
1950:Event
1784:watch
1668:Lunar
1663:Solar
1635:Solar
1625:Roman
1615:Hindu
1301:Books
1046:(PDF)
1039:(PDF)
819:(PDF)
626:]
513:(⌛).
126:, or
76:glass
66:, or
3075:Year
3060:Week
3050:Hour
2504:DUT1
2443:and
2063:and
2026:Kāla
1721:List
1715:Maya
1511:and
1483:Past
1469:Time
1403:Omni
1387:help
1317:ISBN
1283:ISSN
1197:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1067:help
1021:2014
985:ISBN
863:ISBN
786:ISBN
565:Zulu
524:and
428:hour
405:past
373:and
342:The
295:lead
80:sand
72:time
58:(or
3055:Day
2181:era
2171:eon
2161:age
1540:TAI
1530:UTC
1277:in
1234:in
1191:in
835:doi
763:doi
437:in
346:in
291:tin
165:by
54:An
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2499:ΔT
2494:UT
2126:–
2122:–
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1372:{{
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