59:
29:
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313:) and through the cell's signalling protein (calcium-independent receptor of alpha-latrotoxin CIRL). Thus initial pain is often followed by severe muscle cramps. Contraction of musculature may extend throughout the body, though cramping in the abdomen is frequently the most severe. Latrotoxin may act on muscles directly preventing relaxation, promoting
425:
occur usually because of accidental contact with the spiders. The species are not aggressive to humans naturally, but may bite when trapped. As such, bite incidents may be described as accidents. Reports of epidemics were associated with agricultural areas in Europe in the last two centuries. However
378:
is administered. Antivenom historically completely resolves pain in a short time. Antivenom is made by injecting horses with latrodectus venom over a period of time. The horse develops antibodies against the venom. The horse is bled and the antibodies purified for later use. Doctors recommend the use
247:
A few people go on to have widespread symptoms. Pain typically starts at the bite site then travels up (e.g. from foot to thigh to trunk), followed by generalized pain (in back, trunk, chest or shoulder). The venom directly affects nerves leading to the unusual feature of severe sweating, which may
226:
may not inject any venom (known as a dry bite) and so no illness occurs. About 75% of "wet" bites will have localized pain and nothing more. If, however, there is a substantial dose, a bite can cause latrodectism. The main symptoms are generalized muscle pain, stomach cramps, nausea and vomiting.
1037:
Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Page, Colin B.; Buckley, Nicholas A.; Fatovich, Daniel M.; Pascu, Ovidiu; MacDonald, Stephen P.J.; Calver, Leonie A.; Brown, Simon G.A. (December 2014). "Randomized
Controlled Trial of Intravenous Antivenom Versus Placebo for Latrodectism: The Second Redback Antivenom
404:
The vast majority of victims fully recover without significant lasting problems. Death from latrodectism is rare and primarily occurs in adults with cardiovascular disease or children. In the United States, where antivenom is rarely used, there have been no deaths reported for decades.
1124:
Dart, Richard C.; Bush, Sean P.; Heard, Kennon; et al. (September 2019). "The
Efficacy of Antivenin Latrodectus (Black Widow) Equine Immune F(abʹ)2 Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Latrodectism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial".
408:
Despite a frequent reference to youth and old age being predisposing factors, it has been demonstrated that young children appear to be at the lowest risk for a serious bite, perhaps owing to the rapid use of antivenom. Bite victims who are very young, old,
1160:
Shackleford, Rodney; Veillon, Diana; Maxwell, Nicole; LaChance, Lisa; Jusino, Tamara; Cotelingam, James; Carrington, Patrick (March 2015). "The black widow spider bite: differential diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and treatment options".
437:
In Perth, Australia, for example there were 156 bites in children from redback spiders over 20 years. Twice as many boys were bitten as girls, mostly toddlers. A third of the children developed latrodectism and there were no deaths.
426:
the
European spider is associated with fields and humans come in contact only during harvest. For example, in the 1950s researchers believed that three bites happened each year and with an epidemic up to 180 each year.
383:
have also recovered quickly. Antivenom is used widely in
Australia for redback bites; however, in the United States, it is less commonly used. Antivenom made from spider bite survivors has been used since the 1920s.
358:
People who have been bitten by a black widow spider are recommended to seek professional medical assistance for symptoms. Symptoms self-resolve in hours to days in a majority of bites without medical intervention.
1443:
1428:
341:
spider. Overdiagnosis is a risk, without a spider to identify. However, without a history of contact, the diagnosis may be missed as symptoms overlap with a variety of other serious clinical syndromes such as
379:
of anti-inflammatory medications before antivenom administration, because antivenom can induce allergic reactions to the horse proteins. The efficacy of antivenom has come under scrutiny as patients receiving
433:
in the United States each year. Of the bites reported in the United States from 2001 to 2005, approximately 31% were treated in a health care facility, 0.5% had major complications, and none were fatal.
227:
Initially a pinprick or burning sensation can be felt when bitten by widow spiders. If there was enough venom injected, pain worsens over the next hour. The area will develop localized sweating and
254:
Symptoms may wax and wane over the next one to four days. Rarely, patients may feel unwell for up to a week. Very rarely, untreated patients report ongoing bite site pain that last weeks or months.
244:
Intense local pain develops 5–10 minutes after the bite and is followed by sweating and piloerection (goosebumps) within an hour. Neither puncture marks nor redness are necessarily seen.
2519:
1083:
Isbister, G.K.; Brown, S.G.A.; Miller, M.; Tankel, A.; Macdonald, E.; Stokes, B.; Ellis, R.; Nagree, Y.; Wilkes, G.J.; James, R.; Short, A.; Holdgate, A. (4 March 2008).
889:
Krasnoperov, V. G.; Bittner, M. A.; Beavis, R; Kuang, Y; Salnikow, K. V.; Chepurny, O. G.; Little, A. R.; Plotnikov, A. N.; Wu, D; Holz, R. W.; Petrenko, A. G. (1997).
325:
There are no tests required to diagnose widow spider bites, or latrodectism symptoms. The diagnosis is clinical and based on historic evidence of widow spider bites.
264:
During pregnancy the pain and abdominal cramps may be confused with other conditions. A case of preterm labor initiated by a redback spider was relieved by antivenom.
2417:
267:
Early medical reports of latrodectism were described in men using outhouses. The genitals were often the site of the bite. No direct injury to site is reported.
953:
Prongay, R; Kelsberg, G; Safranek, S (November 2012). "Clinical inquiry: which treatments relieve painful muscle spasms from a black widow spider bite?".
294:
Spider venoms are a complex collection of toxic agents. Unique to the widows is latrotoxin. The venom acts on nerves causing the massive release of the
1842:
1529:
930:
309:. The release of these neurotransmitters leads to pain, cramps, sweating and fast pulse. Latrotoxin acts on presynaptic nerve membranes (See
429:
Conversely, redback and North
American black widows live in proximity with people and several hundred black widow bites are reported to
2509:
2388:
231:. The pain may spread and become generalized. The typical duration is three to six days. Rarely, some people who do not receive
873:
563:
780:
KNOX, IAN, and DON CAVE. "Premature labor precipitated by red‐back spider envenomation." Emergency
Medicine 5.1 (1993): 3–5.
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1522:
366:) have been discovered to be useless. Currently, treatment usually involves symptomatic therapy with pain medication,
1959:
2478:
2273:
1515:
624:
607:
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2086:
758:
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273:(inflammation of the heart muscle) has been associated with one medically reported death in the last 50 years.
2358:
2096:
1784:
413:, pregnant, or who have existing heart problems are reported to be the most likely to develop complications.
350:. Blood values are typically unimportant but may be needed to show myocarditis or dehydration from vomiting.
2514:
1914:
1085:"A randomised controlled trial of intramuscular vs. intravenous antivenom for latrodectism--the RAVE study"
147:
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1501:
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be regional (e.g. one leg). Changes in adrenaline can lead to mild increase in blood pressure and pulse.
2524:
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1819:
891:"Alpha-Latrotoxin stimulates exocytosis by the interaction with a neuronal G-protein-coupled receptor"
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58:
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Non-specific features of latrodectism include headache, nausea, vomiting and feeling ill and weak.
2398:
2019:
1929:
1733:
1366:
MEAD, H. J.; JELINEK, G. A. (August 1993). "Red-back spider bites to Perth children, 1979–1988".
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provide evidence of envenomation. Diagnosis in most people includes reporting contact with a
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Mead H. J., Jelinek G. A. (1993). "Red-back spider bites to Perth children, 1979-1988".
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1327:"Animal bites and stings reported by United States poison control centers, 2001–2005"
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Vetter
Richard S., Isbister Geoffrey K. (2008). "Medical aspects of spider bites".
367:
310:
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74:
1005:
820:
González
Valverde FM; et al. (2001). "Fatal latrodectism in an elderly man".
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Ushkaryov, YA; Rohou, A; Sugita, S (2008). "α-Latrotoxin and iItsReceptors".
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spiders (the black widow spider and related species). Pain, muscle rigidity,
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550:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 184. pp. 171–206.
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are not commonly associated with latrodectism including the cosmopolitan
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Medical treatments have varied over the years. Some treatments (e.g.
279:(rapid skeletal muscle tissue breakdown) is an uncommon complication.
232:
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Symptoms of a bite depend on the amount of venom injected. A bite of
183:
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2286:
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2127:
1801:
1545:
742:"A review of venomous animal bites and stings in pregnant patients"
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128:
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Bettini, Sergio (1 October 1964). "Epidemiology of latrodectism".
2422:
2331:
2048:
1693:
1159:
652:
Peterson, ME (November 2006). "Black widow spider envenomation".
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is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to
2418:
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608:"Widow spider envenomation (latrodectism): a worldwide problem"
314:
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1587:
888:
113:
866:
Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons
854:
Vetter, Richard S., et al. "Bites of widow spiders". (2013).
1036:
701:
Sherman Roger P.; et al. (2000). "Black widow spider (
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10.1580/1080-6032(1997)008[0226:WSELAW]2.3.CO;2
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98:
89:
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10.1580/1080-6032(2004)15[207:arovab]2.0.co;2
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80:
138:
There are several spider species all named black widow:
1239:
Bettini Sergio (1964). "Epidemiology of latrodectism".
952:
931:"Spider bites - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic"
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Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
1537:
507:"Latrodectism—effects of the black widow spider bite"
110:
101:
1410:
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819:
793:
Bogen Emil (1926). "Arachnidism: spider poisoning".
317:—constant, strong, and painful muscle contractions.
104:
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83:
77:
1123:
982:"Insecticidal toxins from black widow spider venom"
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1163:The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society
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980:Rohou, A; Nield, J; Ushkaryov, YA (2007-03-15).
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235:may have muscle weakness that lasts for weeks.
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654:Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice
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505:Timms, P. K.; Gibbons, R. B. (March 1986).
174:that cause latrodectism are the Australian
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548:Pharmacology of Neurotransmitter Release
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1368:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
1331:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
1281:
1198:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health
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746:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
612:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
605:
500:
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121:) is the illness caused by the bite of
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1511:
857:
705:) envenomation in a term pregnancy".
481:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093503
217:
202:. Several other members of the genus
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807:10.1001/archinte.1926.00120290072008
495:
396:ease muscle spasm in most patients.
374:. When the pain becomes unbearable,
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13:
1380:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00518.x
1210:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00518.x
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135:are the symptoms of latrodectism.
14:
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2510:Toxic effects of venomous animals
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1139:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.007
1052:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.06.006
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36:The southern black widow spider (
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864:Meier J, White J, eds. (1995).
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955:The Journal of Family Practice
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680:
460:
1:
1038:Evaluation (RAVE-II) Study".
1006:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.021
908:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80332-3
834:10.1016/s0025-7753(01)72100-8
795:Archives of Internal Medicine
719:10.1016/s0149-7944(00)00276-2
606:Jelinek, GA (November 1997).
1304:10.1016/0041-0101(64)90009-1
1261:10.1016/0041-0101(64)90009-1
1127:Annals of Emergency Medicine
1040:Annals of Emergency Medicine
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666:10.1053/j.ctsap.2006.10.003
556:10.1007/978-3-540-74805-2_7
511:Western Journal of Medicine
469:Annual Review of Entomology
441:
329:symptoms such as localized
164:Northern black widow spider
140:southern black widow spider
10:
2541:
2201:Arthropod bites and stings
1820:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning
740:Langley Ricky Lee (2004).
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156:Western black widow spider
42:), a cause of latrodectism
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1502:"Black Widow Spider Bite"
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199:Latrodectus curacaviensis
190:) and the South American
46:
35:
26:
21:
1344:10.1580/07-weme-or-111.1
1325:Langley Ricky L (2008).
152:L. tredecimguttatus
2399:List of types of poison
1955:Serotonergic substances
1687:Other non-toxic metals
193:Latrodectus corallinus
2067:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
688:"Unsupported Browser"
259:Special circumstances
1102:10.1093/qjmed/hcn048
148:European black widow
2515:Medical emergencies
2437:foodborne illnesses
2394:Lists of poisonings
2077:Shellfish poisoning
1785:Aluminium phosphide
1296:1964Txcn....2...93B
1253:1964Txcn....2...93B
998:2007Txcn...49..531R
703:Latrodectus mactans
212:L. geometricus
182:), the New Zealand
39:Latrodectus mactans
2389:EPA list of hazard
2171:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
1915:Anticholinesterase
1504:on eMedicineHealth
1474:External resources
218:Signs and symptoms
53:Emergency medicine
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1046:(6): 620–628.e2.
875:978-0-8493-4489-3
565:978-3-540-74804-5
392:relieve pain and
364:calcium gluconate
296:neurotransmitters
66:
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16:Medical condition
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311:Chemical synapse
180:L. hasselti
168:L. variolus
160:L. hesperus
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1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1893:Drug overdoses
1886:
1884:Pharmaceutical
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1440:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:Classification
1408:
1407:External links
1405:
1402:
1401:
1374:(4): 305–308.
1358:
1317:
1274:
1231:
1204:(4): 305–308.
1188:
1152:
1133:(3): 439–449.
1116:
1095:(7): 557–565.
1075:
1029:
972:
942:
922:
881:
874:
856:
847:
812:
801:(5): 623–632.
782:
773:
752:(3): 207–215.
732:
713:(4): 346–348.
693:
679:
639:
589:
564:
538:
517:(3): 315–317.
494:
458:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
443:
440:
431:Poison Control
418:
415:
401:
398:
355:
352:
322:
319:
303:norepinephrine
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:Rhabdomyolysis
274:
268:
265:
260:
257:
256:
255:
252:
249:
245:
240:
239:Classic course
237:
219:
216:
188:L. katipo
176:redback spider
64:
63:
50:
44:
43:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2537:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:Miscellaneous
2375:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Deadly fungus
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:Charybdotoxin
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Batrachotoxin
2121:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2020:Megavitamin-B
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Sulfuric acid
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:(2): 93–102.
1289:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:(2): 93–102.
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:(4): 531–49.
991:
987:
983:
976:
968:
964:
961:(11): 694–5.
960:
956:
949:
947:
938:
937:
932:
926:
918:
914:
909:
904:
901:(6): 925–37.
900:
896:
892:
885:
877:
871:
868:. CRC Press.
867:
860:
851:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
787:
777:
769:
765:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
736:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
689:
683:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:(4): 187–90.
659:
655:
648:
646:
644:
635:
631:
626:
621:
618:(4): 226–31.
617:
613:
609:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
585:
581:
576:
571:
567:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:
534:
530:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
499:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
463:
459:
449:
446:
445:
439:
435:
432:
427:
424:
414:
412:
406:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
351:
349:
348:acute abdomen
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Pathognomonic
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:acetylcholine
297:
291:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
262:
253:
250:
246:
243:
242:
236:
234:
230:
225:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:
195:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
125:
118:
70:
60:
54:
51:
49:
45:
41:
40:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2248:Latrodectism
2247:
2239:spider venom
2062:Haff disease
1983:Dipyridamole
1925:Barbiturates
1835:
1597:Toxic metals
1481:
1457:
1442:
1427:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1169:(2): 74–78.
1166:
1162:
1155:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1043:
1039:
1032:
989:
985:
975:
958:
954:
934:
925:
898:
894:
884:
865:
859:
850:
825:
821:
815:
798:
794:
776:
749:
745:
735:
710:
706:
702:
696:
682:
657:
653:
615:
611:
547:
541:
514:
510:
472:
468:
462:
436:
428:
422:
420:
417:Epidemiology
407:
403:
361:
357:
338:
335:piloerection
324:
293:
223:
221:
211:
203:
197:
191:
187:
179:
171:
167:
159:
151:
143:
137:
122:
69:Latrodectism
68:
67:
37:
22:Latrodectism
2505:Latrodectus
2479:WikiProject
2292:Fish toxins
2253:Loxoscelism
2166:Snake venom
2138:Physalaemin
2110:vertebrates
1950:Paracetamol
1337:(1): 7–14.
936:Mayo Clinic
475:: 409–429.
448:Loxoscelism
423:Latrodectus
421:Bites from
411:hypotensive
339:Latrodectus
271:Myocarditis
224:Latrodectus
208:brown widow
204:Latrodectus
172:Latrodectus
124:Latrodectus
2499:Categories
2427:including
2384:Antibiotic
2312:Strychnine
2282:Cinchonism
2244:Latrotoxin
2193:Arthropods
2181:Batroxobin
2092:Neurotoxic
2087:Diarrhetic
2037:Biological
1780:Pesticides
1772:Phosphorus
1708:Metalloids
1061:2123/14928
828:(8): 319.
290:Latrotoxin
288:See also:
229:goosebumps
2404:Pollution
2344:Cnidocyte
2297:Lathyrism
2210:Bee venom
2206:Bee sting
2150:Coturnism
2133:Bufotenin
2118:Amphibian
2097:Paralytic
2072:Scombroid
2057:Ciguatera
2015:Vitamin E
2010:Vitamin D
2005:Vitamin A
1726:Nonmetals
1673:Manganese
1605:Beryllium
1579:Inorganic
1541:Poisoning
1483:eMedicine
1175:0024-6921
454:Footnotes
400:Prognosis
376:antivenom
372:antivenom
354:Treatment
321:Diagnosis
233:antivenom
170:). Other
48:Specialty
2455:Category
2307:Mushroom
2287:Ergotism
2272: /
2246: /
2220:Melittin
2208: /
2164: /
2128:Bombesin
2047: /
2024:syndrome
1853:Methanol
1815:Nicotine
1802:Nitrogen
1749:Fluoride
1744:Chlorine
1739:Selenium
1653:Chromium
1630:Thallium
1551:Overdose
1546:Toxicity
1488:derm/599
1396:25640556
1353:18333665
1312:14301291
1269:14301291
1226:25640556
1183:25978056
1147:30926190
1111:18400776
1070:24999282
1024:17210168
967:23256102
842:11571130
768:15473462
727:11024247
674:17265903
634:11990169
584:18064415
489:17877450
442:See also
390:morphine
388:such as
331:sweating
186:spider (
133:sweating
129:vomiting
2467:Commons
2423:argyria
2332:Stinger
2302:Locoism
2082:Amnesic
2049:Seafood
1978:Digoxin
1945:Opioids
1940:Lithium
1935:Cocaine
1920:Aspirin
1910:Alcohol
1902:Nervous
1870:Toluene
1843:Ethanol
1837:alcohol
1810:Cyanide
1763:Organic
1716:Arsenic
1620:Mercury
1610:Cadmium
1569:History
1388:8373679
1292:Bibcode
1284:Toxicon
1249:Bibcode
1241:Toxicon
1218:8373679
1015:2517654
994:Bibcode
986:Toxicon
917:9208860
575:2519134
533:3962294
524:1306604
386:Opioids
381:placebo
344:tetanus
146:), the
2433:toxins
2429:venoms
2419:Silver
2270:Plants
2215:Apamin
2176:Ancrod
2162:Snakes
2157:Mammal
2108:Other
1865:Oxygen
1694:Silver
1663:Copper
1658:Cobalt
1625:Nickel
1588:Metals
1564:Poison
1394:
1386:
1351:
1310:
1267:
1224:
1216:
1181:
1173:
1145:
1109:
1068:
1022:
1012:
965:
915:
895:Neuron
872:
840:
766:
725:
672:
632:
582:
572:
562:
531:
521:
487:
370:, and
315:tetany
305:, and
184:katipō
131:, and
55:
2337:plant
2274:Fungi
2145:Birds
1453:989.5
1438:T63.3
1392:S2CID
1222:S2CID
2330:and
2328:Bite
2045:Fish
1678:Zinc
1668:Iron
1615:Lead
1459:MeSH
1448:9-CM
1384:PMID
1349:PMID
1308:PMID
1265:PMID
1214:PMID
1179:PMID
1171:ISSN
1143:PMID
1107:PMID
1066:PMID
1020:PMID
963:PMID
913:PMID
870:ISBN
838:PMID
764:PMID
723:PMID
670:PMID
630:PMID
580:PMID
560:ISBN
529:PMID
485:PMID
333:and
307:GABA
196:and
1829:CHO
1635:Tin
1444:ICD
1429:ICD
1376:doi
1339:doi
1300:doi
1257:doi
1206:doi
1167:167
1135:doi
1097:doi
1093:101
1089:QJM
1056:hdl
1048:doi
1010:PMC
1002:doi
903:doi
830:doi
826:117
803:doi
754:doi
715:doi
662:doi
620:doi
570:PMC
552:doi
519:PMC
515:144
477:doi
346:or
214:).
162:),
154:),
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2431:,
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1335:19
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1329:.
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1141:.
1131:74
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1044:64
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1018:.
1008:.
1000:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
