1465:
3467:
1213:
1954:
1487:
1140:
3379:
769:
2891:
178:
2407:
198:
3478:. In the late Old Latin period, the last element of the diphthongs was lowered to , so that the diphthongs were pronounced and in Classical Latin. They were then monophthongized to and respectively, starting in rural areas at the end of the Republican period. The process, however, does not seem to have been completed before the 3rd century AD, and some scholars say that it may have been regular by the 5th century.
7668:
position, the scansion reveals that can be split across syllables, but this is never the case for ⟨qu⟩. Neither ⟨qu⟩ nor ⟨gu⟩ are ever followed by a consonant, unlike any (other) Latin stop, nor can they occur word-finally. The voicing contrast between ⟨nqu⟩ and ⟨ngu⟩ is not found in any (other) sequence of three consonants. Assimilation of the prefix
7676:- is followed by a consonant cluster. The Proto-Indo-European predecessor of Latin ⟨qu⟩ is, in many cases, reconstructed as a single consonant */kʷ/, notably distinct from sequences of */kw/. Occasionally Latin /w/ scans as a vowel in poetry, when preceded by /s/ or /l/, but this is never the case for the ⟨u⟩ of ⟨qu⟩.
5939:. Before then, the pronunciation of Latin in church was the same as the pronunciation of Latin in other fields and tended to reflect the sound values associated with the nationality and native language of the speaker. Other ecclesiastical pronunciations are still in use, especially outside the Catholic Church.
5573:
was elided instead. Elision also occurred in
Ancient Greek, but in that language, it is shown in writing by the vowel in question being replaced by an apostrophe, whereas in Latin elision is not indicated at all in the orthography, but can be deduced from the verse form. Only occasionally is it found
4813:
of the penult. If the penult is heavy, it is accented; if the penult is light and there are more than two syllables, the antepenult is accented. In a few words originally accented on the penult, accent is on the ultima because the two last syllables have been contracted, or the last syllable has been
5920:
However, other languages—including
Romance family members—all have their own interpretations of the Latin phonological system, applied both to loan words and formal study of Latin. But English, Romance, or other teachers do not always point out that the particular accent their students learn is not
5908:
However, using loanwords in the context of the language borrowing them is a markedly different situation from the study of Latin itself. In this classroom setting, instructors and students attempt to recreate at least some sense of the original pronunciation. What is taught to native anglophones is
5017:
As shown in the examples above, Latin syllables have a variety of possible structures. Here are some of them. The first four examples are light syllables, and the last six are heavy. All syllables have at least one V (vowel). A syllable is heavy if it has another V or C (or both) after the first V.
4934:
After this, if there is an additional consonant inside the word, it is placed at the end of the syllable. This consonant is the syllable coda. Thus if a consonant cluster of two consonants occurs between vowels, they are broken up between syllables: one goes with the syllable before, the other with
4822:
To determine stress, syllable weight of the penult must be determined. To determine syllable weight, words must be broken up into syllables. In the following examples, syllable structure is represented using these symbols: C (a consonant), K (a stop), R (a liquid), and V (a short vowel), VV (a long
4640:
Although some French and
Italian scholars believe that the classical Latin accent was purely a pitch accent, which had no effect on the placing of words in a line of poetry, the view of most scholars is that the accent was a stress accent. One argument for this is that unlike most languages with
5798:
over a vowel is used to indicate the stressed syllable. It would be redundant for one who knew the classical rules of accentuation and made the correct distinction between long and short vowels, but most Latin speakers since the 3rd century have not made any distinction between long and short
7667:
indicated that the ⟨u⟩ of ⟨qu⟩ was in some way different from /w/ in general. No geminate *⟨ququ⟩ is attested, whereas all (other) Latin stops are also found as geminates. Sequences of obstruent + glide are rare in
Classical Latin. In poetry, whenever sequences of stop + glide occur in medial
129:
by native speakers of different languages. While nowadays a reconstructed classical pronuncation aimed to be that of the 1st century AD is usually employed in the teaching of Latin, the
Italian-influenced ecclesiastical pronunciation as used by the Catholic church is still in common use. The
3534:); in the second century AD, those were given apices as well. The Classical vowel length system faded in later Latin and ceased to be phonemic in Romance, having been replaced by contrasts in vowel quality. Consonant length, however, remains contrastive in much of Italo-Romance, cf. Italian
8474:. Traina cites various sources: Quintilianus (I, 7, 26) certifies that his teachers had the group 'vo' written in its epoch by now writing 'vu'; Velio Longo (VII 58 K.) attests the spelling 'quu' pronounced ; various inscriptions from different periods even show the spelling 'cu' for 'quu'.
3518:. Vowel length was indicated only intermittently in classical sources and even then through a variety of means. Later medieval and modern usage tended to omit vowel length altogether. A short-lived convention of spelling long vowels by doubling the vowel letter is associated with the poet
7141:
recommended in a 1912 letter to the
Archbishop of Bourges, "is probably less far removed from classical Latin than any other 'national' pronunciation"; but, as can be seen from the table above, there are, nevertheless, very significant differences. The introduction to the
4770:
In the earliest Latin writings, the original unreduced vowels are still visible. Study of this vowel reduction, as well as syncopation (dropping of short unaccented syllables) in Greek loan words, indicates that the stress remained word-initial until around the time of
3490:
were more significant and more clearly defined in Latin than in modern
English. Length is the duration of time that a particular sound is held before proceeding to the next sound in a word. In the modern spelling of Latin, especially in dictionaries and academic work,
5265:
In a word of three or more syllables, the weight of the penult determines where the accent is placed. If the penult is light, accent is placed on the antepenult; if it is heavy, accent is placed on the penult. Below, stress is marked by placing the stress mark
7344:). Translation: "I sing of arms and the man, who, driven by fate, came first from the borders of Troy to Italy and the Lavinian shores; he much afflicted both on lands and on the deep by the power of the gods, because of fierce Juno's vindictive wrath."
7348:
4697:, stress normally fell on the first syllable of a word. During this period, the word-initial stress triggered changes in the vowels of non-initial syllables, the effects of which are still visible in classical Latin. Compare for example:
5192:
Thus, a syllable is heavy if it ends in a long vowel or diphthong, a short vowel and a consonant, a long vowel and a consonant, or a diphthong and a consonant. Syllables ending in a diphthong and consonant are rare in
Classical Latin.
3550:
3552:
1466:
7520:(13th century). Rhymed accentual metre. Translation: "Extol, tongue, the mystery of the glorious body and the precious blood, which the fruit of a noble womb, the king of nations, poured out as the price of the world."
7209:
As
Classical Latin developed to Late Latin, and eventually into the modern Romance languages, it experienced several phonological changes. Notable changes include the following (the precise order of which is uncertain):
7350:
2948:
1171:). It was frequently elided before a following vowel in poetry and lost without a trace (apart from perhaps lengthening) in the Romance languages, except in a number of monosyllabic words, where it often survives as
5913:, the direct descendants of Latin. Instructors who take this approach rationalize that Romance vowels probably come closer to the original pronunciation than those of any other modern language (see also the section
1671:, geminate consonants were written as if they were single until the middle of the second century BC, when orthographic doubling began to appear. Grammarians mention the marking of double consonants with the
8790:
2860:, later fronted by vowel reduction. In the vicinity of labial consonants, this sound was not as fronted and may have retained some rounding, thus being more similar if not identical to the unreduced short
1214:
1955:
2912:
1488:
1141:
3468:
3380:
2930:
1626:
was generally still pronounced in
Classical Latin, at least by educated speakers, but in many cases it appears to have been lost early on between vowels, and sometimes in other contexts as well (
770:
760:, where it is impossible to tell whether it counted as one consonant or two. The labial element, whether or , appears to have been palatalised before a front vowel, resulting in / (for instance
4863:
A consonant before a vowel or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word is placed in the same syllable as the following vowel. This consonant or consonant cluster forms the syllable onset.
3074:, the vowels lost their nasalisation, and they merged with the long vowels (which were themselves shortened by that time). This is shown by many forms in the Romance languages, such as Spanish
5848:
in a modern language, there is ordinarily little or no attempt to pronounce them as the Romans did; in most cases, a pronunciation suiting the phonology of the receiving language is employed.
7631:
8084:, §4.9. In footnote 206, he adds: "The evidence has been thoroughly assessed in the diachronic literature; see Sen (2012: 472–3; 2015: 15 sqq.), Meiser (1998: 68–9), Leumann (1977: 85–7)."
2946:
383:) consonants that are assumed for Classical Latin. Those placed in brackets have a debated phonemic status, and those preceded by a dagger are found mainly or only in Greek loanwords.
5799:
vowels, but they have kept the accents in the same places; thus, the use of accent marks allows speakers to read a word aloud correctly even if they have never heard it spoken aloud.
1106:
in Old Latin, or perhaps in free variation with . Lloyd, Sturtevant, and Kent make this argument based on misspellings in early inscriptions, the fact that many instances of Latin
1089:
did not count as a consonant when followed by a word beginning with a consonant. By the Classical period this practice was described as characteristic of non-urban speech by Cicero.
2910:
3551:
4653:(rising accent) "man" where a change of accent on the same syllable changes the meaning. Among other arguments are the loss of vowels before or after the accent in words such as
2928:
7349:
2947:
5241:
should not be mistaken for implying a syllable "is long because of its position/place in a word" but rather "is treated as 'long' by convention". This article uses the words
1123:
was pronounced as a bilabial nasal. At the end of a word, however, it was generally lost beginning in Old Latin (except when another nasal or a plosive followed it), leaving
157:
is an important source for the spoken variety in the 4th century CE, for example) and have in some cases indeed influenced the development of the language. The efforts of
72:. Evidence comes in the form of comments from Roman grammarians, common spelling mistakes, transcriptions into other languages, and the outcomes of various sounds in the
5761:
or horizontal bar above the long vowel, but it is not generally done in regular texts. Occasionally, mainly in early printed texts up to the 18th century, one may see a
7200:
4791:
In Classical Latin, stress changed. It moved from the first syllable to one of the last three syllables, called the antepenult, the penult, and the ultima (short for
2911:
7768:
2929:
5539:) and the next word began with a vowel, the former vowel, at least in verse, was regularly elided; that is, it was omitted altogether, or possibly (in the case of
8805:
3157:
occurred before a plosive or nasal in the next word, however, it was pronounced as a nasal at the place of articulation of the following consonant. For instance,
2875:Ⱶ ⱶ was possibly invented to represent this sound, but is never actually found used this way in the epigraphic record (it usually served as a replacement for the
7106:
of Classical Latin, which was dependent on vowel length, becomes a phonemic one in Ecclesiastical Latin. (Some Ecclesiastical texts mark the stress with an
5822:
period onwards, with the language being used as an international language among intellectuals, pronunciation of Latin in Europe came to be dominated by the
1188:
via assimilation before a following consonant, with the following consonant determining the resulting pronunciation: bilabial before a bilabial consonant (
5196:
The syllable onset has no relationship to syllable weight; both heavy and light syllables can have no onset or an onset of one, two, or three consonants.
125:
a native language, pronunciation and – to a lesser extent – spelling diverged significantly from the classical standard with Latin words being
3510:
Long consonants were usually indicated through doubling, but ancient Latin orthography did not distinguish between the vocalic and consonantal uses of
45:
9273:, an online collection of video lectures on Ancient Indo-European languages, including lectures about the phonology and writing systems of Early Latin
10108:
8465:
215:
3626:
are always pronounced as in English , , , , , respectively, and they do not usually cause any difficulties. The exceptions are mentioned below:
756:
The former could occur between vowels, where it always counted as a single consonant in Classical poetry, whereas the latter only occurred after
7663:⟨qu⟩ enjoyed a wide lexical distribution, while ⟨gu(V)⟩ was limited to a dozen or so words, where it was always preceded by /n/. The grammarian
7524:
Traditional orthography as in Roman Catholic service books (stressed syllable marked with an acute accent on words of three syllables or more).
9298:
9036:
149:
or attempted to "restore" an earlier standard. Such sources are of great value in reconstructing various stages of the spoken language (the
5935:
Since the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an Italianate pronunciation of Latin has grown to be accepted as a universal standard in the
7295:
Loss of phonemic vowel length, with vowel quality becoming the distinctive factor instead. A number of vowel mergers followed as a result.
1778:
7608:
131:
854:
were less aspirated than the corresponding English consonants, as implied by their usually being transliterated into Ancient Greek as
9964:
9565:
1401:
7511:
7613:
7204:
836:, probably indicating the loss of the labial element in this context. Another possibility is that such spellings indicate that
9570:
9533:
9009:
8904:
8854:
8828:
4992:
between vowels usually goes to the syllable after it, although it is also sometimes broken up like other consonant clusters.
2582:
134:
has all but disappeared from classics education but continues to be used for Latin-based loanwords and use of Latin e.g. for
979:
in borrowings starting around the first century BC. (In earlier borrowings, the Greek sound had been rendered in Latin as
7622:
705:
689:
9291:
9198:
9053:
8747:
8703:
3973:
There were two trends: the educated and popular pronunciation. Within educated circles it was pronounced , evoking the
2866:
2603:
1676:
4831:
Every short vowel, long vowel, or diphthong belongs to a single syllable. This vowel forms the syllable nucleus. Thus
9139:
9120:
9072:
8960:
8770:
8725:
8396:
7795:
7180:
237:
9400:
2939:
4775:, in the 3rd century BC. The placement of the stress then shifted to become the pattern found in classical Latin.
9801:
9327:
2618:
2520:
2515:
600:
161:
authors were to a large extent successful in removing innovations in grammar, spelling and vocabulary present in
27:
9999:
9352:
7179:
choirs adopted it when classicists abandoned traditional English pronunciation after World War II. The rise of
2589:
294:, each of which could represent either a short vowel or a long one. The long vowels were sometimes marked with
219:
9959:
9924:
9555:
9342:
9284:
7305:
5863:. Other words have a stronger Latin feel to them, usually because of spelling features such as the digraphs
2777:
9545:
9498:
9337:
7603:
7188:
7149:
5828:
2625:
2555:
2550:
2534:
2529:
607:
126:
7730:
7726:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7309:
7299:
7289:
7285:
7278:
7274:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7233:
7229:
7219:
7215:
5898:
5880:
5784:
5771:
5746:
5742:
5680:
5676:
5664:
5660:
5645:
5641:
5625:
5621:
5544:
5540:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5267:
5005:
5001:
4977:
4966:
4955:
4944:
4927:
4916:
4905:
4894:
4883:
4872:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4725:
4721:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3296:
3284:
3265:
3252:
3240:
3222:
3111:
3055:
3032:
3015:
2999:
2988:
2861:
2857:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:. Latin did not have this sound as a native phoneme, and speakers tended to pronounce such loanwords with
2747:
2720:
2706:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2642:
2638:
2572:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2373:
2369:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2301:
2286:
2271:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2171:
2131:
2127:
2087:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2060:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1912:
1908:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1819:
1815:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1766:
1762:
1724:
1715:
1698:
1690:
1664:
1642:
1623:
1611:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1503:
1475:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1413:
1407:
1391:
1379:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1257:
1249:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1048:
1017:
1013:
1001:
994:
990:
980:
972:
966:
962:
958:
905:
899:
895:
867:
863:
859:
851:
841:
837:
793:
789:
785:
779:
757:
750:
746:
727:
723:
367:
352:
337:
303:
41:
37:
10103:
3464:
and probably pronounced as , with a fully closed second element, similar to the final syllable in French
2785:
2611:
2596:
2481:
2476:
1265:
983:.) In initial position this appears to have been pronounced , and between vowels it appears to have been
620:
7156:
in the Vatican that is charged with the dissemination and education of Catholics in the Latin language.
7137:
remarked that this pronunciation, used by the Catholic Church in Rome and elsewhere, and whose adoption
9937:
9473:
9423:
9357:
9332:
7321:
The following examples are both in verse, which demonstrates several features more clearly than prose.
5832:
for more details on those (with the exception of the Italian one, which is described in the section on
5199:
In Latin a syllable that is heavy because it ends in a long vowel or diphthong is traditionally called
2076:
1425:
696:
495:
488:
9646:
9575:
9433:
9413:
5942:
A guide to this Italianate pronunciation is provided below. Since the letters or letter-combinations
2864:
2783:
2775:
2743:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2487:
1399:
576:
344:
began to be used as distinct spellings for these consonants (now often pronounced very differently).
9969:
9651:
9585:
9550:
5205:('syllable long by nature'), and a syllable that is heavy because it ends in a consonant is called
4040:
2903:
2632:
2501:
2496:
1124:
1185:
10098:
9813:
9696:
9666:
9631:
9418:
9362:
9347:
1390:
likened it to the sound of a dog, and later writers described it as being produced by vibration.
1012:
in the fourth century BC, which may give some idea of the chronology. Afterward new instances of
504:
452:
445:
208:
9276:
3919:
when being pronounced in English. Transliteration of Greek ⟨φ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords.
145:
During most of the time written Latin was in widespread use, authors variously complained about
10067:
9854:
9661:
9560:
8791:"On the Feature [ATR] and the Evolution of the Short High Vowels of Latin into Romance"
7747:
5826:
of local languages, resulting in a variety of different pronunciation systems. See the article
5509:
The term also refers to shortening of closed syllables following a short syllable, for example
2921:
1936:
1932:
1437:
23:
7660:(§2.2.2) comes to the opposite conclusion. The relevant facts, per the latter, are as follows:
5018:
In the table below, the extra V or VC is bolded, indicating that it makes the syllable heavy.
858:
and their pronunciation in most Romance languages. In many cases however it was not the Latin
9711:
9678:
9671:
9580:
9493:
9488:
7694:
Lucius Cornelius from 159 BC, contains the first examples of doubled consonants in the words
5884:
3523:
2210:
1990:. They began to be used in writing around 150 BC, primarily as a transcription of Greek
681:
665:
641:
634:
259:
10057:
9919:
9829:
9808:
9718:
9706:
9701:
9445:
9428:
7134:
5930:
5891:
5515:
and so on. This type of shortening is found in early Latin, for example in the comedies of
461:
283:
103:
9270:
8970:
Leppänen, Ville; Alho, Tommi (November 2018). "On The Mergers Of Latin Close-Mid Vowels".
7159:
Outside of Austria, Germany, Czechia and Slovakia, it is the most widely used standard in
7148:
indicates that Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation should be used at Church liturgies. The
8:
10047:
9954:
9932:
9889:
9874:
9839:
9783:
9728:
9723:
9592:
9478:
9455:
9395:
7481:
in the third line. For a fuller discussion of the prosodic features of this passage, see
7170:
1309:
561:
549:
540:
533:
526:
118:
99:
9150:
5765:
used to indicate a long vowel where this makes a difference to the sense, for instance,
1348:
was reduced to , and this change was reflected in the orthography of later texts, as in
9944:
9753:
9688:
9683:
9638:
9597:
9385:
9311:
9177:
9030:
8939:
8931:
8881:
8758:
7733:
were lax , implying that none of the Latin short-long vowel pairs differed in quality (
7482:
7341:
7225:
7153:
5758:
5651:
Many publishers (such as Oxford University Press) have adopted the convention of using
3492:
3487:
2349:
1261:
894:), especially borrowings of a non-learned character. This might suggest that the Latin
314:
166:
110:
9844:
9044:
McCullagh, Matthew (2011). "The Sounds of Latin: Phonology". In James Clackson (ed.).
7354:
Recording of first four lines of Aeneid in reconstructed Classical Latin pronunciation
5705:
Most modern editions, however, adopt an intermediate position, distinguishing between
1264:
say that a vowel before is always long, but W. Sidney Allen says that is based on an
282:
In Classical spelling, individual letters mainly corresponded to individual phonemes (
10072:
10037:
10022:
10006:
9994:
9979:
9949:
9909:
9879:
9859:
9849:
9793:
9773:
9763:
9748:
9733:
9618:
9613:
9540:
9510:
9505:
9483:
9465:
9460:
9450:
9440:
9194:
9135:
9116:
9068:
9049:
9005:
8956:
8943:
8900:
8885:
8850:
8843:
8824:
8766:
8743:
8721:
8699:
5910:
1869:, which did not distinguish voiced plosives from voiceless ones. In Classical Latin,
1866:
567:
438:
432:
411:
401:
396:
158:
91:
73:
9248:
7807:
908:
were pronounced with notable aspiration, like the initial consonants of the English
10052:
9984:
9974:
9914:
9904:
9899:
9884:
9869:
9864:
9778:
9768:
9626:
9520:
9408:
9390:
9380:
9169:
8979:
8923:
8873:
5813:
2739:
2699:
were probably pronounced closer when they occurred before another vowel, with e.g.
2608:, and the corresponding long vowels with a relatively close quality, approximately
1924:
1376:
657:
391:
295:
8677:
5852:
4665:; and the shortening of post or pre-accentual syllables in Plautus and Terence by
10062:
10042:
10027:
9989:
9894:
9834:
9758:
9743:
9738:
9528:
9515:
9020:
8894:
8735:
8713:
7746:
The simplification was already common in rural speech as far back as the time of
5936:
5855:
into the English sound system, with little to mark them as foreign, for example,
5788:
5440:
4810:
4784:
4666:
3746:
3670:
3176:
2872:
2359:
2072:
1272:, and the vowel was actually long or short depending on the root, as for example
1052:
628:
406:
146:
61:
9067:(in Finnish and Latin) (3rd-6th ed.). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
1675:, a diacritic in the shape of a sickle. It appears in a few inscriptions of the
90:, but further details varied from period to period. The alphabet developed from
10077:
10032:
8838:
8816:
7593:
7517:
5914:
1793:
1559:
1387:
1383:
993:
was unvoiced in all positions in Classical Latin. Previously however Old Latin
162:
152:
135:
122:
95:
87:
65:
8914:
Gilbert, Allan H (June 1939). "Mock Accents in Renaissance and Modern Latin".
5757:
Textbooks and dictionaries usually indicate the length of vowels by putting a
10092:
9108:
7664:
7598:
7457:ˈl̪iː.t̪ɔ.ɾä|ˈmʊɫ̪.t̪(ʷ)‿ɪl̪|l̪‿ɛt̪ˈt̪ɛr|riːs̠jäk|ˈt̪äː.t̪ʊ.s̠‿ɛ‖ˈt̪.äɫ̪.t̪oː
7194:
7144:
7103:
5775:
3519:
2899:
Examples of nasalized vowels at ends of words and before -ns-, -nf- sequences
2458:
1421:
797:
593:
512:
481:
469:
424:
271:
182:
114:
8983:
8877:
8484:
3689:
is a letter coming from Greek, but seldom used and generally replaced by c.
2059:, probably representing aspirated allophones of the voiceless plosives near
1946:
probably represented the consonant cluster , at least between vowels, as in
9083:
7107:
5970:
are pronounced as they are in English, they are not included in the table.
5795:
4694:
3564:
3527:
3071:
2419:
2135:
2009:
1782:
1417:
957:. When this occurred it was nearly always in the vicinity of the consonant
186:
177:
102:. The Latin alphabet most resembles the Greek alphabet that can be seen on
69:
5531:
Where one word ended with a vowel (including the nasalized vowels written
2968:
Vowels followed by a nasal consonant were allophonically realised as long
2796:, can be reconstructed for the classical period. Such a vowel is found in
7138:
7122:
5819:
5566:
5458:, where the light syllable is stressed. By this sound change, words like
3070:
Those long nasal vowels had the same quality as ordinary long vowels. In
2969:
2470:
2453:
2358:. It indicates not that the vowel is long but that the first syllable is
2035:. Some native words were later also written with these digraphs, such as
1805:
1450:
generally appeared only at the beginning of words, before a vowel, as in
1253:
1128:
1096:
267:
251:
9227:
5547:) pronounced like the corresponding semivowel. When the second word was
4467:) (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek short ⟨υ⟩.
9261:
9181:
9101:
From Latin to Modern French with especial consideration of Anglo-Norman
7164:
5762:
4486:) (mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek long ⟨υ⟩.
2960:
2576:
2542:
2463:
2376:
in Greek loanwords. Both the consonantal and vocalic pronunciations of
1656:
1507:
1429:
1033:
984:
263:
222: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
9244:: Classical and ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation with audio examples
9160:
Ward, Ralf L. (June 1962). "Evidence For The Pronunciation Of Latin".
8935:
7672:- to a following ⟨qu⟩ is relatively rare, which is also the case when
4373:
when long. Transliteration of Greek long ⟨ι⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ in some cases.
929:
respectively. They are attested beginning c. 150 BC, in the spellings
336:, which could either indicate vowels (as mentioned) or the consonants
9307:
5823:
4690:
3974:
3530:) or, in the case of long i, by increasing the height of the letter (
2509:
1963:. Vowels before this cluster were sometimes long and sometimes short.
1920:
1672:
1668:
1440:
position, it appears to have been velarized before all vowels except
1082:
1016:
developed between vowels from sound-changes like the degemination of
998:
255:
83:
9173:
4174:
is pronounced in some English accents, but without the nasal sound:
3567:
showing both long and short vowels and long and short consonants is
2406:
197:
8927:
7462:
wiːˈs̠ʊ.pɛ|ɾʊ̃ːˈs̠äe̯|wäe̯ˈmɛ.mɔ|ɾɛ̃ːjuː|ˈn̪oː.n̪ɪ.s̠‿ɔ‖ˈb‿iː.ɾä̃ː]
7176:
5845:
5604:
Modern usage, even for classical Latin texts, varies in respect of
2430:
1928:
1537:
1269:
1116:, and the outcomes of the sound in Romance (particularly in Spain).
1100:
139:
60:. This article largely deals with what features can be deduced for
33:
7447:[ˈär.mäwɪ|ˈɾʊŋ.kʷɛˈkä|n̪oːˈt̪ɾɔj|jäe̯kʷiː|ˈpɾiː.mʊs̠‿ä‖ˈb‿oː.ɾiːs̠
3416:
1568:
was pronounced as an approximant until the first century AD, when
9306:
9263:
The Roman Pronunciation of Latin: Why we use it and how to use it
7691:
7452:
iː.ˈt̪ä.l̪i|ä̃ːˈfäː|t̪oːˈprɔ.fʊ|ɡʊs̠ɫ̪äː|ˈwiː.n̪jä.kʷɛ‖ˈweː.n̪ɪt̪
5915:§ Pronunciation shared by Vulgar Latin and Romance languages
5520:
5516:
4772:
4408:
when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ω⟩, and ⟨ου⟩ in some cases.
4338:
when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨η⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ in some cases.
2876:
1074:
380:
7401:
Modern orthography with macrons and without u and v distinction
4246:(mostly used in Greek loanwords). Transliteration of Greek ⟨ζ⟩.
3439:
in morpheme borders is traditionally written without the tréma:
778:). This palatalisation did not affect the independent consonant
274:, which includes letterforms corresponding to modern lowercase.
250:
In Classical times there was no modern-like distinction between
7335:
7329:
3531:
3419:
above the second vowel, both vowels are pronounced separately:
2710:
2122:. Around the second and first centuries B.C., the Greek letter
1078:
1041:
1037:
307:
5612:. During the Renaissance, the printing convention was to use
4122:
Transliteration of Greek ⟨θ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords.
4033:
in Italian and several Romance languages, but voiceless; e.g.
3725:
Transliteration of Greek ⟨χ⟩, mostly used in Greek loanwords.
3146:), likely by analogy with other forms beginning in the prefix
937:
in loanwords. (Previously these had been rendered in Latin as
7160:
4837:
has four syllables, one for every vowel (a i ā u: V V VV V),
4648:
4642:
4641:
tonal accents, there are no minimal pairs like ancient Greek
4043:). Transcription of Greek ῥ, mostly used in Greek loanwords.
3500:
2437:
by educated speakers but approximated with the native vowels
2117:
2105:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1851:
877:
871:
840:
in general were allophonically labialized to by a following
322:
57:
9103:(revised ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press.
7725:
There is, however, a fringe view that the short high vowels
5794:
Sometimes, for instance in Roman Catholic service books, an
5211:('long by position'). These terms are translations of Greek
4190:
is post-classical (in order to become regular in spelling).
8442:
8440:
7131:
Vox Latina: A guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin
5741:, probably because in this position it did not change from
2758:
in Classical and Late Latin if they were unable to produce
2418:
Classical Latin had ten native phonemic monophthongs, five
2123:
8916:
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
8718:
Vox Latina—a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin
7298:
Palatalization of various other consonants by a following
7201:
Phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance
7195:
Pronunciation shared by Vulgar Latin and Romance languages
2856:) and other words. It developed out of a historical short
2774:
An intermediate vowel sound (likely a close central vowel
2719:, indicating that its quality was similar to that of long
945:
spread to a number of native Latin words as well, such as
86:
down to the present. Latin was nearly always spelt in the
82:
refers to the writing system used to spell Latin from its
9222:
Trame, Richard H. 1983. "A Note On Latin Pronunciation."
8864:
Cser, András (2020). "The phonology of Classical Latin".
7772:
7102:
Vowel length is not phonemic. As a result, the automatic
5569:): the vowel of the preceding word was retained, and the
3989:); meanwhile, within popular circles it was pronounced (
2709:
before another vowel is often written with the so-called
1991:
1558:, and in poetry one could be replaced with the other for
1051:
after a short vowel was often lost, probably after first
9239:
8437:
4984:
There are two exceptions. A consonant cluster of a stop
3522:. Later spelling conventions marked long vowels with an
2433:
from Greek had ⟨y⟩, which would have been pronounced as
1641:
being a particularly early example). Where intervocalic
8798:
University of Connecticut Working Papers in Linguistics
4778:
8485:
Review: Cesare Questa, La metrica di Plauto e Terenzio
5686:
An alternative approach, less common today, is to use
3406:
remained only in a few words such as the interjection
2641:
were, as this implies, similar in quality to the long
2308:
could occur in some of the same environments: compare
1822:
were not distinguished. They were both represented by
1604:
it remained a single consonant in most words, e.g. in
997:
appears to have voiced to between vowels, ultimately
8568:
8566:
8472:(5 ed.). Bologna: Pàtron. pp. 44 and 59–60.
7656:(p. 17) judges the evidence to favour /kʷ ɡʷ/, while
5454:
is vowel shortening that occurs in words of the type
3503:
is sometimes used to indicate that a vowel is short:
2304:. Both the consonantal and vocalic pronunciations of
9271:
glottothèque - Ancient Indo-European Grammars online
9215:
Hall, William Dawson, and Michael De Angelis. 1971.
8647:
4809:'last syllable'). Its position is determined by the
1111:
1036:
reports to have happened a little after the time of
32:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8953:
Metrical stress theory: principles and case studies
8896:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
8872:. Publications of the Philological Society: 1–218.
5851:Latin words in common use in English are generally
5640:subsequently within the word regardless of whether
4134:Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable, or after
1907:was created in the third century BC to distinguish
8842:
8765:. Newburyport, Massachusetts: R. Pullins Company.
8563:
8447:Traina, Alfonso; Perini, Giorgio Bernardi (1998),
5565:, a different form of elision sometimes occurred (
2380:sometimes occurred in similar environments, as in
1474:). Between vowels, it was generally as a geminate
8782:Latin in Church. The History of its Pronunciation
8587:
8585:
8583:
8581:
7835:
7833:
7820:
7818:
7816:
7183:and the availability of guides such as Copeman's
3007:Before nasal consonants followed by a fricative:
2575:appear to have been pronounced with a relatively
1792:as well. This was unlike the usage of chi in the
325:may also be used to indicate short vowels, as in
56:is the system of sounds used in various kinds of
10090:
8815:
8740:Vox Graeca: The Pronunciation of Classical Greek
8371:
8204:
7905:
7713:
4358:when short. Transliteration of short Greek ⟨ι⟩.
4288:when short. Transliteration of Greek short ⟨α⟩.
2239:was usually not doubled in writing, so a single
1655:Doubled consonant letters represented genuinely
359:also stood for sequences of two adjacent vowels.
266:largely corresponding to modern upper-case, and
46:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
9132:Phonetics and Philology: Sound Change in Italic
7359:Traditional (19th century) English orthography
7273:Phonemic (no longer allophonic) development of
5924:
5632:in the upper case and in the lower case to use
4560:. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ει⟩ in some cases.
3018:> (in early inscriptions, often written as
2645:is suggested by attested misspellings such as:
2067:. Aspirated plosives and the glottal fricative
1935:around 230 BC, but it may have originated with
64:as it was spoken by the educated from the late
8756:
8671:
8615:
8578:
8572:
8557:
8460:
8458:
8252:
8189:
8042:
7830:
7813:
7433:Litora; multum ille et terris iactatus et alto
7412:Lītora; multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō
7391:Lītora; multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō
7370:Litora; multùm ille et terris jactatus et alto
5839:
4303:when long. Transliteration of Greek long ⟨α⟩.
902:more suitable to approximate the Greek sounds.
722:Latin may have had the labialized velar stops
313:. In modern times long vowels are marked with
9292:
9217:Latin Pronunciation According to Roman Usage.
8200:
8198:
7427:Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris
7406:Arma uirumque canō, Troiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs
7385:Arma virumque canō, Troiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs
5523:, but not in poetry of the classical period.
4624:Transliteration of the Greek diphthong ⟨υι⟩.
3789:Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable, as
3541:
3535:
3481:
3093:
3075:
2705:written as ⟨mia⟩ in some inscriptions. Short
2685:most likely had a more open allophone before
1576:began to develop into fricatives. In poetry,
726:as opposed to the stop + semivowel sequences
8969:
8841:(2008). "Latin". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.).
8720:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
8696:Romance Languages: A Historical Introduction
7999:
7997:
7995:
7901:
7899:
7364:Arma virúmque cano, Trojæ qui primus ab oris
5012:
3956:
3121:
3115:
2730:
1506:is sometimes marked in modern editions by a
866:that were used to render Greek word-initial
98:, which had developed from a variant of the
94:, which had developed from a variant of the
9081:
8821:The Blackwell History of the Latin Language
8693:
8630:Dictionarium, seu Latinae linguae thesaurus
8628:
8455:
7982:
7980:
7886:
7884:
7827:, pp. 20–22, §25: the Italic alphabets
7707:
7701:
7695:
7685:
7509:
7495:
7489:
7476:
7470:
7436:Vi superum, saevae memorem Iunonis ob iram.
7415:Uī superum, saeuae memorem Iūnōnis ob īram.
7394:Vī superum, saevae memorem Iūnōnis ob īram.
7333:
7168:
5779:
5766:
5581:
5575:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5510:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5449:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5257:for vowels since the two are not the same.
5236:
5222:
5212:
5206:
5200:
4996:
4972:
4961:
4950:
4939:
4922:
4911:
4900:
4889:
4878:
4867:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4832:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4741:
4731:
4711:
4701:
4676:
4670:
4660:
4654:
4181:
4175:
4034:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3870:
3849:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3440:
3407:
3389:
3372:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3133:
3127:
3105:
3099:
3087:
3081:
3059:
3050:
3042:
3036:
3027:
3019:
3010:
2994:
2983:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2807:
2797:
2791:
2766:
2700:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2387:
2381:
2353:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2309:
2296:
2290:
2281:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2111:
2099:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
1947:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1719:
1710:
1645:survived, it was likely voiced (that is, ).
1635:
1627:
1615:
1605:
1550:
1541:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1497:
1479:
1457:
1451:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1319:
1313:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1237:
1223:
1222:) and across word-boundaries (for instance
1201:
1166:
1159:
1132:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1027:
1021:
952:
946:
889:
883:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
761:
185:with portions of speeches delivered in the
150:
9299:
9285:
9148:
9113:New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
9035:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9018:
8763:New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges
8521:
8240:
8195:
8161:
8159:
8107:
8105:
8092:
8090:
8014:
8012:
7943:
7941:
7928:
7926:
7609:Traditional English pronunciation of Latin
7525:
7423:
7402:
7381:
7360:
7340:, Book 1, verses 1–4. Quantitative metre (
7163:singing which, with a few exceptions like
4443:when long. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ου⟩.
4393:when short. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ο⟩.
4323:when short. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ε⟩.
4017:in Italian and several Romance languages.
3110:). On the other hand, the short vowel and
1614:in borrowings from Greek such as the name
987:to (counted as two consonants in poetry).
340:respectively. In modern times the letters
132:Traditional English pronunciation of Latin
109:As the language continued to be used as a
9043:
8788:
7992:
7896:
7767:This approach is also recommended in the
7734:
7729:were tense and that the long mid vowels
7551:Italianate ecclesiastical pronunciation:
7373:Vi superum, sævæ memorem Junonis ob iram.
3495:are frequently used to mark long vowels:
3194:Diphthongs classified by beginning sound
3142:is the normal development of Latin short
1584:could be replaced with each other, as in
1200:). This occurred both within words (e.g.
933:, at first only used to render the Greek
238:Learn how and when to remove this message
10109:Indo-European Latin-script orthographies
9062:
9022:Précis de phonétique historique du latin
8972:Transactions of the Philological Society
8866:Transactions of the Philological Society
8837:
8779:
8653:
8336:
7977:
7881:
7512:Pange Lingua Gloriosi Corporis Mysterium
7430:Italiam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venit
7409:Ītaliam, fātō profugus, Lāuīniaque uēnit
7388:Ītaliam, fātō profugus, Lāvīniaque vēnit
7367:Italiam, fato profugus, Lavíniaque venit
7346:
7262:Phonemic (no longer allophonic) loss of
6748:Word internally before a stressed vowel
5559:, and possibly when the second word was
4758:in Old Latin following vowel reduction,
3548:
2566:
2405:
1192:), coronal before a coronal consonant (
1020:after long vowels and diphthongs (as in
366:, standing for the aspirated consonants
176:
9219:Anaheim, CA: National Music Publishers.
9155:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8913:
8892:
8642:
8509:
8446:
8397:"Pronouncing Italian double consonants"
8156:
8117:
8102:
8087:
8009:
7938:
7923:
7324:
7205:Palatalization in the Romance languages
6272:Beginning of a word and before a vowel
5921:actually the way ancient Romans spoke.
5270:⟩ before the stressed syllable.
4728:in later Old Latin and Classical Latin.
4635:
4630:
3597:
1300:probably did not assimilate to before
1196:) and velar before a velar consonant (
1099:in Classical Latin but may have been a
277:
10091:
9191:Latin Punctuation in the Classical Age
9107:
8464:
8419:
8053:
8051:
7824:
7503:
7175:, is concerned with liturgical texts.
5807:
3114:were restored, for example, in French
2579:quality, which may be approximated as
975:was found as a rendering of the Greek
898:had some degree of aspiration, making
9280:
9228:https://www.jstor.org/stable/23546146
9188:
9129:
8999:
8950:
8734:
8712:
8665:
8603:
8591:
8545:
8533:
8431:
8383:
8348:
8324:
8312:
8300:
8288:
8276:
8264:
8228:
8216:
8177:
8165:
8150:
8146:
8144:
8135:
8123:
8111:
8096:
8069:
8057:
8030:
8018:
8003:
7986:
7971:
7959:
7947:
7932:
7890:
7875:
7869:
7863:
7851:
7839:
7755:
7653:
7312:before front vowels (not everywhere).
7218:, in all contexts, and loss of final
7110:in words of three or more syllables.)
5589:
2882:
2411:
1610:, although it did represent a double
969:had become aspirated in that context.
800:. This is suggested by the fact that
388:
9259:
9159:
9152:The pronunciation of Greek and Latin
9098:
8990:
8863:
8823:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
8470:L'alfabeto e la pronunzia del latino
8449:Propedeutica al latino universitario
8360:
8081:
7917:
7657:
7614:Deutsche Aussprache des Lateinischen
7270:and of final in polysyllabic words.
5871:(occasionally written as ligatures:
5434:
5235:position'), respectively; therefore
4779:Classical Latin syllables and stress
3367:sometimes represented the diphthong
2782:or possibly its rounded counterpart
2723:; it was almost never confused with
1769:was also spelled in other ways like
1649:
1386:in some positions and when doubled.
1149:). In Old Latin inscriptions, final
965:, and the implication is that Latin
220:adding citations to reliable sources
191:
36:. For the distinction between ,
9115:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8048:
7422:Modern orthography without macrons
7123:nasalization of the preceding vowel
5909:suggested by the sounds of today's
5879:, respectively), which both denote
4684:
2090:between vowels were represented by
1978:represented the aspirated plosives
1496:) except in compound words such as
1456:, except in compound words such as
1344:. At the start of a word, original
351:, which represented the diphthongs
13:
9209:
8141:
7619:– traditional German pronunciation
5897:in some words tend to be given an
5818:Since around the beginning of the
5512:quid ĕst, volŭptātem, apŭd iudicem
4493:Pronunciation of Latin diphthongs
3630:Pronunciation of Latin consonants
2959:Problems playing these files? See
2889:
2368:between vowels represented single
2082:In Old Latin, Koine Greek initial
1804:instead represented by the letter
1731:appeared in only a few words like
1709:distinguish minimal pairs such as
1131:on the preceding vowel (such that
1110:descend from Proto-Indo-European *
1055:to , as in the inscriptional form
766:would have sounded something like
14:
10120:
9233:
9149:Sturtevant, Edgar Howard (1920).
9082:Pope Pius X (November 22, 1903).
9046:A Companion to the Latin Language
8694:Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010).
7284:Palatalization of the consonants
7187:has led to the recent revival of
7181:historically informed performance
5221:= 'syllable long by nature') and
4858:
4669:, for example, scansions such as
4592:. Transliteration of Greek ⟨οι⟩.
4576:. Transliteration of Greek ⟨ευ⟩.
4540:. Transliteration of Greek ⟨αυ⟩.
4524:. Transliteration of Greek ⟨αι⟩.
2738:was used in Greek loanwords with
2554:
2549:
2533:
2528:
2519:
2514:
2500:
2495:
2480:
2475:
2372:in native Latin words but double
1175:or a further development thereof.
1004:. Cicero reports the family-name
704:
695:
688:
664:
640:
633:
619:
606:
599:
575:
548:
539:
532:
511:
503:
494:
487:
468:
460:
451:
444:
165:but absent in both classical and
9065:Ars grammatica—Latinan kielioppi
8893:Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004).
7632:Traditional French pronunciation
7628:– revised "school" pronunciation
7623:Schulaussprache des Lateinischen
7580:ˈɾɛksefˈfuːd̪it̪ˈd͡ʒen̪t̪͡s̪ium]
7575:ˈfɾukt̪usˈvɛn̪t̪ɾisd͡ʒen̺eˈɾɔːsi
7380:Modern orthography with macrons
7247:, then lenition of intervocalic
6474:(rolled like Italian or Spanish
5802:
5482:with long final vowel change to
5274:Words with stress on antepenult
4681:with the second syllable short.
3915:, always aspirated; never as in
3861:In all other positions, as dark
2944:
2926:
2908:
1210:may have sounded something like
1137:may have sounded something like
379:Below are the distinctive (i.e.
196:
8845:The Ancient Languages of Europe
8686:
8659:
8636:
8621:
8618:, p. 400, section 612 e, f
8609:
8597:
8551:
8539:
8527:
8515:
8503:
8490:
8477:
8425:
8413:
8389:
8377:
8365:
8354:
8342:
8330:
8318:
8306:
8294:
8282:
8270:
8258:
8246:
8234:
8222:
8210:
8183:
8171:
8129:
8075:
8063:
8036:
8024:
7965:
7953:
7911:
7796:Latin Pronunciation Demystified
7761:
7740:
7719:
7679:
2765:
2742:Υ. This letter represented the
2401:
207:needs additional citations for
28:International Phonetic Alphabet
16:Phonology of the Latin language
8995:. University of Chicago Press.
8849:. Cambridge University Press.
8761:(2001) . Mahoney, Anne (ed.).
8742:. Cambridge University Press.
8698:. Cambridge University Press.
8627:For example, Henri Estienne's
7857:
7845:
7801:
7788:
7647:
7565:säŋɡwiˈn̺iskwepɾet̪t̪͡s̪i'ɔːsi
7555:[ˈpän̠ʲd͡ʒeˈl̺iŋɡwäɡl̺oɾiˈɔːsi
7443:Classical Roman pronunciation
7281:when unstressed and in hiatus.
7121:are pronounced fully, with no
6236:Between vowels in a few words
5620:(lower case) for both vocalic
5260:
4253:Pronunciation of Latin vowels
2221:, as well as the close vowels
2075:, an affectation satirized in
1931:attributes this innovation to
1915:. Its letterform derived from
172:
1:
9260:Lord, Frances Ellen (2007) .
8819:; Horrocks, Geoffrey (2007).
8487:. Bryn Mawr Classical Review.
7782:
6201:(roughly); precisely Italian
5844:When Latin words are used as
5752:
4647:(falling accent) "light" vs.
4114:, and aspirated; never as in
3709:, and aspirated; never as in
3188:
2344:. The vowel before a doubled
1510:on the preceding vowel, e.g.
844:, such that writing a double
374:
270:was generally in the form of
8780:Brittain, Frederick (1955).
8451:(in Italian), pp. 62–63
8401:www.italianlanguageguide.com
8372:Clackson & Horrocks 2007
8205:Clackson & Horrocks 2007
7906:Clackson & Horrocks 2007
7794:Covington, Michael. (2019).
7714:Clackson & Horrocks 2007
7604:Latin regional pronunciation
7570:kwɛmin̺ˈmun̪d̪iˈpɾɛt̪ː͡s̪ium
7150:Pontifical Academy for Latin
6520:Between vowels (informally)
5925:Ecclesiastical pronunciation
5901:pronunciation, for example,
5834:Ecclesiastical pronunciation
5829:Latin regional pronunciation
5332:Words with stress on penult
4843:has three (ae e u: VV V V),
3505:⟨ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ y̆⟩
3323:could represent diphthongs:
2170:, suggest the pronunciation
1743:- which could also be spelt
1398:, possibly suggesting a tap
716:
7:
9534:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
9134:. Oxford University Press.
9130:Smith, Jane Stuart (2004).
8993:A Latin Reader for Colleges
7587:
7316:
5840:Loan words and formal study
5721:. Usually, the non-vocalic
5594:
4817:
3812:Doubled between vowels, as
3526:(a diacritic similar to an
3497:⟨ā ē ī ō ū ȳ⟩
2348:is sometimes marked with a
2235:representing the consonant
2126:Ζ was adopted to represent
1814:In Old Latin inscriptions,
1484:(pronounced something like
1462:(pronounced something like
319:⟨ā ē ī ō ū ȳ⟩
292:⟨a e i o u y⟩
10:
10125:
8789:Calabrese, Andrea (2005).
8616:Allen & Greenough 2001
8573:Allen & Greenough 2001
8558:Allen & Greenough 2001
8253:Allen & Greenough 2001
8190:Allen & Greenough 2001
8043:Allen & Greenough 2001
7198:
5928:
5814:Pronunciation of Neo-Latin
5811:
5636:at the start of words and
5599:
5526:
5438:
5008:(CV.CV.KRVC or CV.CVK.RVC)
4826:
4782:
4649:
4643:
3482:Vowel and consonant length
2410:The Latin vowel-space per
2362:from the double consonant.
2118:
2106:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1877:only in the abbreviations
1112:
1073:). Often in the poetry of
878:
872:
824:) are also found spelt as
749:is stronger than that for
327:⟨ă ĕ ŏ ŭ y̆⟩
10015:
9822:
9606:
9373:
9318:
9240:
9019:Neidermann, Max (1945) .
8955:. University of Chicago.
8500:, 2nd edition, pp. 85–86.
6917:
6914:
6768:
6718:
6619:
6540:
6491:
6473:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6264:
6211:
6101:
6063:
5995:
5749:in post-classical times.
5223:
5213:
5013:Heavy and light syllables
4849:has two (u ō: V VV), and
4447:
4412:
4377:
4342:
4307:
4272:
3824:
3781:
3275:
2744:close front rounded vowel
2731:Adoption of Greek upsilon
2396:
1939:in the fourth century BC.
1394:was sometimes written as
941:.) From c. 100 BC onward
680:
656:
627:
560:
431:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
300:⟨á é ó ú ý⟩
252:upper case and lower case
9063:Pekkanen, Tuomo (1999).
9048:. Blackwell Publishing.
8784:(2nd ed.). Mowbray.
8496:W. Sidney Allen (1978),
7640:
7541:fructus ventris generósi
7526:
7424:
7403:
7382:
7361:
7222:, in polysyllabic words.
5694:only for the vowels and
5506:with short final vowel.
4459:when short (or as short
4041:Voiceless alveolar trill
3402:by the classical epoch;
3294:
3282:
3263:
3250:
3238:
3220:
3035:> (often written as
1771:⟨ks cs xs⟩
1375:In Classical Latin, the
1153:is often omitted, as in
1125:compensatory lengthening
943:⟨ph th ch⟩
931:⟨ph th ch⟩
364:⟨ph th ch⟩
349:⟨ae au oe⟩
9566:Regional North American
9189:Wingo, E. Otha (1972).
9086:. Rome, Italy: Adoremus
9000:Lloyd, Paul M. (1987).
8991:Levy, Harry L. (1989).
8984:10.1111/1467-968X.12130
8878:10.1111/1467-968X.12184
8804:: 33–78. Archived from
7754:, 5:97 (referred to in
7488:Some manuscripts have "
7255:. (Later developing to
7189:regional pronunciations
6643:(never aspirated as in
6410:(never aspirated as in
6338:(never aspirated as in
6253:(never aspirated as in
6071:(never aspirated as in
5574:in inscriptions, as in
4750:'affected'; pronounced
2746:, both short and long:
1919:with the addition of a
1850:derives from the Greek
1532:could also varied with
286:). Exceptions include:
24:phonetic transcriptions
10000:Dialects and varieties
9561:Received Pronunciation
9401:American Sign Language
9249:"Ecclesiastical Latin"
9084:"Tra le Sollecitudini"
8629:
8483:W. C. de Melo (2007),
7750:(116 BC – 27 BC): cf.
7708:
7702:
7696:
7686:
7535:Sanguinísque pretiósi,
7510:
7500:" in the second line.
7496:
7490:
7477:
7471:
7355:
7334:
7169:
7029:English approximation
6876:English approximation
5991:English approximation
5780:
5767:
5702:for the approximants.
5675:(lower case) for both
5659:(lower case) for both
5582:
5576:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5511:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5450:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5237:
5207:
5201:
4997:
4973:
4962:
4951:
4940:
4923:
4912:
4901:
4890:
4879:
4868:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4805:
4799:
4797:'before almost last',
4793:
4742:
4732:
4712:
4702:
4677:
4671:
4661:
4655:
4508:English approximation
4478:when long (or as long
4268:English approximation
4202:A letter representing
4182:
4176:
4035:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3957:
3871:
3850:
3645:English approximation
3587:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3542:
3536:
3441:
3435:. However, disyllabic
3408:
3398:mostly had changed to
3390:
3373:
3181:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3060:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3028:
3020:
3011:
2995:
2984:
2894:
2848:
2838:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2792:
2767:
2701:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2445:by the less-educated.
2415:
2388:
2382:
2354:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2297:
2291:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2112:
2100:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
1948:
1937:Appius Claudius Caecus
1933:Spurius Carvilius Ruga
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1779:Western Greek alphabet
1777:was borrowed from the
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1720:
1711:
1636:
1628:
1616:
1606:
1551:
1542:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1498:
1480:
1458:
1452:
1424:and probably somewhat
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1320:
1314:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1238:
1224:
1202:
1167:
1160:
1133:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1028:
1022:
953:
947:
890:
884:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
762:
189:
181:A papyrus fragment in
151:
127:pronounced differently
21:This article contains
9253:Catholic Encyclopedia
9193:. De Gruyter Mouton.
9099:Pope, M. K. (1952) .
9002:From Latin to Spanish
8951:Hayes, Bruce (1995).
8736:Allen, William Sidney
8714:Allen, William Sidney
7716:, pp. 147, 149).
7560:ˈkɔrpoɾismisˈt̪eːɾium
7538:quem in mundi prétium
7529:Pange lingua gloriósi
7469:Note the elisions in
7353:
4988:followed by a liquid
4823:vowel or diphthong).
3717:and also never as in
3555:
3169:in inscriptions, and
2972:in two environments:
2893:
2567:Long and short vowels
2409:
1842:before consonants or
1796:, where it stood for
1727:. In Classical Latin
939:⟨p t c⟩
935:⟨φ θ χ⟩
870:in borrowings (as in
856:⟨π τ κ⟩
357:⟨ae oe⟩
308:the special character
306:could be marked with
180:
106:dating to c. 540 BC.
9266:. Gutenberg Project.
9025:(2 ed.). Paris.
9004:. Diane Publishing.
8811:on 13 November 2012.
7687:epistula ad tiburtes
7544:Rex effúdit géntium.
7325:From Classical Latin
7135:William Sidney Allen
7075:no obvious example;
6374:(never 'dark' as in
6220:In nearly all cases
5931:Ecclesiastical Latin
5733:is still printed as
5219:syllabḕ makrá phýsei
5202:syllaba nātūrā longa
4935:the syllable after.
4636:Nature of the accent
4631:Syllables and stress
3598:Table of orthography
3486:Vowel and consonant
2158:, and the spellings
1857:, which represented
1155:⟨viro⟩
1047:In Old Latin, final
782:before front vowels.
745:). The argument for
284:alphabetic principle
278:Letters and phonemes
216:improve this article
104:black-figure pottery
9925:Proto-Indo-European
9571:White South African
9162:The Classical World
8759:Greenough, James B.
8374:, pp. 273, 274
7532:Córporis mystérium,
7504:From Medieval Latin
7019:
6866:
5975:
5808:Post-Medieval Latin
5333:
5275:
5249:for syllables, and
5214:συλλαβὴ μακρά φύσει
4803:'almost last', and
4766:in Classical Latin.
4720:'made'; pronounced
4608:, approximately to
4494:
4254:
3967:⟨quu⟩
3631:
3195:
3041:and abbreviated as
2715:, as in ⟨dꟾes⟩ for
2243:represented double
1836:⟨o u⟩
1828:⟨e i⟩
1382:was most likely an
1338:, from the root of
730:(as in the English
342:⟨j v⟩
334:⟨i u⟩
119:liturgical language
100:Phoenician alphabet
10104:Italic phonologies
9224:The Choral Journal
8757:Allen, Joseph A.;
8524:, pp. 207–218
8243:, pp. 115–116
7483:Dactylic hexameter
7356:
7342:dactylic hexameter
7226:Monophthongization
7154:pontifical academy
7084:⟨ui⟩
7069:⟨eu⟩
7052:⟨ei⟩
7035:⟨au⟩
7017:
6930:⟨oe⟩
6911:⟨ae⟩
6897:precisely Spanish
6864:
6770:⟨xc⟩
6665:Before unstressed
6542:⟨sc⟩
6499:Always (formally)
6486:⟨rh⟩
6423:⟨qu⟩
6178:⟨gn⟩
6084:⟨ch⟩
5973:
5590:Modern conventions
5535:and the diphthong
5331:
5273:
4855:has one (ui: VV).
4618:⟨yi⟩
4598:⟨ui⟩
4582:⟨oe⟩
4566:⟨eu⟩
4546:⟨ei⟩
4530:⟨au⟩
4514:⟨ae⟩
4492:
4252:
4164:⟨vu⟩
4100:⟨th⟩
4023:⟨rh⟩
3925:⟨qu⟩
3901:⟨ph⟩
3834:⟨ll⟩
3763:⟨gn⟩
3695:⟨ch⟩
3629:
3561:
3193:
3098:from Vulgar Latin
3080:from Vulgar Latin
3058:> (written as
2976:Before word-final
2895:
2883:Vowel nasalization
2727:in this position.
2416:
2251:and the sequences
1695:⟨qu⟩
1661:⟨cc⟩
1659:consonants, as in
190:
167:contemporary Latin
111:classical language
10086:
10085:
9576:Standard Canadian
9312:world's languages
9109:Sihler, Andrew L.
9011:978-0-87169-173-6
8906:978-1-4051-0315-2
8856:978-0-521-68495-8
8830:978-1-4051-6209-8
8351:, pp. 55, 56
8291:, pp. 51, 52
8168:, pp. 15, 16
8006:, pp. 30, 31
7962:, pp. 34, 35
7893:, pp. 26, 27
7866:, pp. 19, 20
7351:
7099:
7098:
7015:
7014:
6999:⟨y⟩
6981:⟨u⟩
6962:⟨o⟩
6944:⟨i⟩
6937:⟨e⟩
6882:⟨a⟩
6862:
6861:
6840:⟨z⟩
6720:⟨x⟩
6694:⟨v⟩
6621:⟨t⟩
6493:⟨s⟩
6459:⟨r⟩
6388:⟨p⟩
6351:⟨l⟩
6316:⟨k⟩
6266:⟨i⟩
6213:⟨h⟩
6103:⟨g⟩
5997:⟨c⟩
5911:Romance languages
5883:in English. The
5853:fully assimilated
5671:(upper case) and
5655:(upper case) and
5648:was represented.
5616:(upper case) and
5446:Iambic shortening
5435:Iambic shortening
5432:
5431:
5412:/in.telˈleːk.sit/
5329:
5328:
5190:
5189:
4980:(VC.CVC.CVVC.CVC)
4978:/in.tel.leːk.sit/
4628:
4627:
4572:As in Portuguese
4490:
4489:
4449:⟨y⟩
4414:⟨u⟩
4379:⟨o⟩
4344:⟨i⟩
4309:⟨e⟩
4274:⟨a⟩
4250:
4249:
4232:⟨z⟩
4216:⟨s⟩
4212:⟨g⟩
4208:⟨s⟩
4204:⟨c⟩
4196:⟨x⟩
4140:⟨s⟩
4136:⟨g⟩
4128:⟨v⟩
4081:⟨t⟩
4049:⟨s⟩
4039:⟨διάῤῥοια⟩. (see
4007:⟨r⟩
3949:⟨i⟩
3881:⟨p⟩
3838:⟨i⟩
3826:⟨l⟩
3783:⟨i⟩
3731:⟨g⟩
3687:⟨k⟩
3655:⟨k⟩
3651:⟨c⟩
3558:ānus, annus, anus
3553:
3302:
3301:
3179:, presumably for
3104:(Classical Latin
2949:
2931:
2913:
2754:in Old Latin and
2637:. That the short
2571:The short vowels
2564:
2563:
2201:In ancient times
2174:, as for example
2073:hypercorrectively
1917:⟨c⟩
1905:⟨g⟩
1871:⟨c⟩
1855:⟨Γ⟩
1848:⟨c⟩
1846:. The letterform
1844:⟨a⟩
1840:⟨k⟩
1832:⟨q⟩
1824:⟨c⟩
1809:⟨ξ⟩
1786:⟨χ⟩
1775:⟨x⟩
1759:⟨x⟩
1729:⟨k⟩
1707:⟨q⟩
1703:⟨c⟩
1689:both represented
1687:⟨k⟩
1683:⟨c⟩
1650:Notes on spelling
1572:and intervocalic
1406:(like the single
1396:⟨r⟩
1312:, as for example
1290:from the root of
1278:from the root of
1252:assimilated to a
1151:⟨m⟩
1008:being changed to
977:⟨ζ⟩
714:
713:
362:Digraphs such as
355:. In a few words
347:Digraphs such as
311:⟨ꟾ⟩
248:
247:
240:
159:Renaissance Latin
92:Old Italic script
80:Latin orthography
74:Romance languages
10116:
9938:Kerkrade dialect
9551:General American
9301:
9294:
9287:
9278:
9277:
9267:
9256:
9242:
9241:phonetica latinæ
9204:
9185:
9156:
9145:
9126:
9104:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9078:
9059:
9040:
9034:
9026:
9015:
8996:
8987:
8966:
8947:
8910:
8889:
8860:
8848:
8834:
8812:
8810:
8795:
8785:
8776:
8753:
8731:
8709:
8681:
8675:
8669:
8663:
8657:
8651:
8645:
8640:
8634:
8632:
8625:
8619:
8613:
8607:
8601:
8595:
8594:, pp. 89–92
8589:
8576:
8570:
8561:
8555:
8549:
8543:
8537:
8531:
8525:
8519:
8513:
8507:
8501:
8494:
8488:
8481:
8475:
8473:
8462:
8453:
8452:
8444:
8435:
8434:, pp. 33–34
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8393:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8369:
8363:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8310:
8304:
8298:
8292:
8286:
8280:
8274:
8268:
8267:, pp. 47–49
8262:
8256:
8250:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8193:
8187:
8181:
8175:
8169:
8163:
8154:
8148:
8139:
8133:
8127:
8126:, pp. 43–45
8121:
8115:
8114:, pp. 40–42
8109:
8100:
8099:, pp. 37–40
8094:
8085:
8079:
8073:
8067:
8061:
8060:, pp. 71–73
8055:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8033:, pp. 23–25
8028:
8022:
8021:, pp. 27–30
8016:
8007:
8001:
7990:
7984:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7957:
7951:
7950:, pp. 35–37
7945:
7936:
7930:
7921:
7915:
7909:
7903:
7894:
7888:
7879:
7878:, pp. 12–13
7873:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7828:
7822:
7811:
7805:
7799:
7792:
7776:
7765:
7759:
7752:De lingua Latina
7744:
7738:
7732:
7728:
7723:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7699:
7689:
7683:
7677:
7651:
7636:
7627:
7618:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7515:
7499:
7493:
7480:
7474:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7352:
7339:
7311:
7301:
7291:
7287:
7280:
7276:
7269:
7265:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7242:
7235:
7231:
7221:
7217:
7185:Singing in Latin
7174:
7085:
7070:
7053:
7036:
7020:
7016:
7000:
6982:
6963:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6912:
6883:
6867:
6863:
6841:
6771:
6721:
6695:
6622:
6543:
6494:
6487:
6460:
6424:
6389:
6352:
6317:
6267:
6214:
6179:
6104:
6085:
5998:
5976:
5972:
5903:curriculum vitae
5900:
5882:
5786:
5783:
5773:
5770:
5748:
5744:
5713:but not between
5682:
5678:
5666:
5662:
5647:
5643:
5627:
5624:and consonantal
5623:
5585:
5579:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5533:am em im um~(om)
5514:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5453:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5330:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5240:
5226:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5021:
5020:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4979:
4976:
4968:
4965:
4957:
4954:
4946:
4943:
4929:
4926:
4918:
4915:
4907:
4904:
4896:
4893:
4885:
4882:
4874:
4871:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4685:Old Latin stress
4680:
4674:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4645:
4619:
4599:
4583:
4567:
4547:
4531:
4515:
4495:
4491:
4450:
4415:
4380:
4345:
4310:
4275:
4255:
4251:
4233:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4185:
4179:
4165:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4101:
4082:
4050:
4038:
4024:
4008:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3968:
3960:
3950:
3926:
3902:
3882:
3874:
3853:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3784:
3764:
3732:
3696:
3688:
3656:
3652:
3632:
3628:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3554:
3545:
3539:
3506:
3498:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3456:were written as
3444:
3411:
3394:. The diphthong
3393:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3298:
3295:
3286:
3283:
3267:
3264:
3254:
3251:
3242:
3239:
3224:
3221:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3163:was written for
3162:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3001:
2998:
2990:
2987:
2951:
2950:
2940:infans, infantem
2933:
2932:
2915:
2914:
2892:
2870:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2835:
2825:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2789:
2781:
2770:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2722:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2574:
2558:
2553:
2537:
2532:
2523:
2518:
2504:
2499:
2484:
2479:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2391:
2385:
2375:
2371:
2357:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:represented the
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2089:
2085:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1951:
1942:The combination
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:. In Old Latin,
1764:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1666:
1662:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1435:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1381:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1259:
1251:
1245:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1136:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1088:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1003:
996:
992:
982:
978:
974:
968:
964:
960:
956:
950:
944:
940:
936:
932:
907:
901:
897:
893:
887:
881:
880:
875:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:was unnecessary.
843:
839:
835:
829:
823:
817:
812:(from Old Latin
811:
805:
795:
792:may have become
791:
787:
781:
777:
776:
775:
773:
765:
759:
752:
748:
729:
725:
708:
699:
692:
668:
644:
637:
623:
610:
603:
596:
579:
570:
552:
543:
536:
529:
515:
507:
498:
491:
484:
472:
464:
455:
448:
441:
427:
420:
386:
385:
369:
365:
358:
354:
350:
343:
339:
335:
328:
320:
312:
305:
301:
293:
268:handwritten text
243:
236:
232:
229:
223:
200:
192:
156:
43:
39:
10124:
10123:
10119:
10118:
10117:
10115:
10114:
10113:
10089:
10088:
10087:
10082:
10011:
9965:Scottish Gaelic
9818:
9662:Standard Modern
9602:
9409:Modern Standard
9369:
9314:
9305:
9247:
9236:
9226:23, no. 5: 29.
9212:
9210:Further reading
9207:
9201:
9174:10.2307/4344896
9142:
9123:
9089:
9087:
9075:
9056:
9028:
9027:
9012:
8963:
8907:
8857:
8839:Clackson, James
8831:
8817:Clackson, James
8808:
8793:
8773:
8750:
8728:
8706:
8689:
8684:
8676:
8672:
8664:
8660:
8652:
8648:
8641:
8637:
8626:
8622:
8614:
8610:
8602:
8598:
8590:
8579:
8571:
8564:
8556:
8552:
8544:
8540:
8532:
8528:
8522:Sturtevant 1920
8520:
8516:
8508:
8504:
8495:
8491:
8482:
8478:
8466:Traina, Alfonso
8463:
8456:
8445:
8438:
8430:
8426:
8418:
8414:
8405:
8403:
8395:
8394:
8390:
8382:
8378:
8370:
8366:
8359:
8355:
8347:
8343:
8335:
8331:
8323:
8319:
8311:
8307:
8299:
8295:
8287:
8283:
8275:
8271:
8263:
8259:
8251:
8247:
8241:Sturtevant 1920
8239:
8235:
8227:
8223:
8215:
8211:
8203:
8196:
8188:
8184:
8176:
8172:
8164:
8157:
8149:
8142:
8134:
8130:
8122:
8118:
8110:
8103:
8095:
8088:
8080:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8056:
8049:
8041:
8037:
8029:
8025:
8017:
8010:
8002:
7993:
7985:
7978:
7970:
7966:
7958:
7954:
7946:
7939:
7931:
7924:
7916:
7912:
7904:
7897:
7889:
7882:
7874:
7870:
7862:
7858:
7850:
7846:
7838:
7831:
7823:
7814:
7806:
7802:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7780:
7779:
7773:Latin Knowledge
7766:
7762:
7745:
7741:
7724:
7720:
7684:
7680:
7662:
7661:
7652:
7648:
7643:
7634:
7625:
7616:
7590:
7548:
7547:
7506:
7494:" rather than "
7440:
7439:
7419:
7418:
7398:
7397:
7377:
7376:
7347:
7327:
7319:
7288:by a following
7259:in many areas.)
7207:
7199:Main articles:
7197:
7083:
7068:
7051:
7034:
6998:
6980:
6961:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6910:
6881:
6839:
6769:
6719:
6693:
6650:nor soft as in
6620:
6541:
6492:
6485:
6458:
6422:
6387:
6350:
6315:
6303:Doubled, as in
6293:Between vowels
6265:
6212:
6177:
6102:
6083:
5996:
5937:Catholic Church
5933:
5927:
5842:
5816:
5810:
5805:
5755:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5529:
5451:brevis brevians
5443:
5441:Brevis brevians
5437:
5387:VC.CVC.CVVC.CVC
5263:
5208:positiōne longa
5015:
4861:
4829:
4820:
4811:syllable weight
4789:
4786:Dreimorengesetz
4781:
4687:
4667:brevis brevians
4638:
4633:
4617:
4597:
4581:
4565:
4545:
4529:
4513:
4504:
4499:
4448:
4413:
4378:
4343:
4308:
4273:
4264:
4259:
4231:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4186:. The spelling
4163:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4099:
4080:
4048:
4022:
4006:
3977:pronunciation (
3966:
3948:
3924:
3900:
3895:, unaspirated.
3880:
3837:
3833:
3825:
3782:
3762:
3737:Always hard as
3730:
3694:
3686:
3661:Always hard as
3654:
3650:
3641:
3636:
3600:
3594:('old woman').
3549:
3546:"grandfather".
3540:"ninth" versus
3504:
3496:
3484:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3268:
3262:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3219:
3191:
3177:double entendre
2966:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2885:
2873:Claudian letter
2772:
2733:
2649:⟨trebibos⟩ for
2569:
2485:
2404:
2399:
2134:. However, the
2071:were also used
1956:
1953:
1952:
1916:
1904:
1870:
1854:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1808:
1785:
1774:
1770:
1758:
1728:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1660:
1652:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1432:or followed by
1395:
1328:developed into
1215:
1212:
1211:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1138:
976:
942:
938:
934:
930:
855:
771:
768:
767:
719:
592:
566:
525:
480:
437:
423:
418:
377:
363:
356:
348:
341:
333:
326:
318:
310:
299:
291:
280:
260:square capitals
244:
233:
227:
224:
213:
201:
175:
147:language change
136:binominal names
62:Classical Latin
54:Latin phonology
51:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10122:
10112:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10099:Latin language
10084:
10083:
10081:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10009:
10004:
10003:
10002:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9970:Serbo-Croatian
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9941:
9940:
9935:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9826:
9824:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9816:
9811:
9806:
9805:
9804:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9715:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9675:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9656:
9655:
9654:
9649:
9641:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9629:
9621:
9616:
9610:
9608:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9589:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9538:
9537:
9536:
9531:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9502:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9377:
9375:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9330:
9325:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9304:
9303:
9296:
9289:
9281:
9275:
9274:
9268:
9257:
9245:
9235:
9234:External links
9232:
9231:
9230:
9220:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9205:
9200:978-9027923233
9199:
9186:
9168:(9): 273–275.
9157:
9146:
9140:
9127:
9121:
9105:
9096:
9079:
9073:
9060:
9055:978-1405186056
9054:
9041:
9016:
9010:
8997:
8988:
8978:(3): 460–483.
8967:
8961:
8948:
8928:10.2307/458579
8922:(2): 608–610.
8911:
8905:
8890:
8861:
8855:
8835:
8829:
8813:
8786:
8777:
8771:
8754:
8749:978-0521335553
8748:
8732:
8726:
8710:
8705:978-0521889155
8704:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8682:
8670:
8658:
8646:
8635:
8620:
8608:
8596:
8577:
8562:
8550:
8538:
8526:
8514:
8502:
8489:
8476:
8454:
8436:
8424:
8422:, p. 174.
8412:
8388:
8376:
8364:
8353:
8341:
8329:
8317:
8305:
8293:
8281:
8269:
8257:
8245:
8233:
8221:
8209:
8194:
8182:
8170:
8155:
8140:
8128:
8116:
8101:
8086:
8074:
8062:
8047:
8035:
8023:
8008:
7991:
7976:
7964:
7952:
7937:
7922:
7910:
7895:
7880:
7868:
7856:
7844:
7829:
7812:
7800:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7760:
7758:, p. 47).
7739:
7735:Calabrese 2005
7718:
7690:, a letter by
7678:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7637:
7629:
7620:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7594:Latin alphabet
7589:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7518:Thomas Aquinas
7505:
7502:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7326:
7323:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7313:
7306:Palatalization
7303:
7296:
7293:
7282:
7271:
7260:
7237:
7223:
7196:
7193:
7127:
7126:
7111:
7097:
7096:
7088:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7077:roughly EH-oo
7073:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7056:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7039:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7026:Pronunciation
7024:
7013:
7012:
7003:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6985:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6967:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6948:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6916:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6886:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6874:
6873:Pronunciation
6871:
6860:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6826:
6819:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6784:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6766:
6765:
6756:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6734:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6680:
6673:
6669:and not after
6663:
6660:
6659:
6634:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6608:
6601:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6575:
6568:
6546:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6528:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6506:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6437:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6401:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6365:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6301:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6244:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6192:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6174:
6173:
6165:
6162:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6136:
6129:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6062:
6056:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6030:
6023:
6001:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5982:Pronunciation
5980:
5926:
5923:
5841:
5838:
5812:Main article:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5778:) compared to
5754:
5751:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5528:
5525:
5439:Main article:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5308:/ˈfeː.mi.nae̯/
5305:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5262:
5259:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
4982:
4981:
4970:
4959:
4948:
4932:
4931:
4920:
4909:
4898:
4887:
4876:
4860:
4859:Onset and coda
4857:
4828:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4806:ultima syllaba
4794:antepaenultima
4780:
4777:
4768:
4767:
4760:/af.ˈfi.ki.oː/
4752:/ˈaf.fi.ki.oː/
4729:
4686:
4683:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4604:As in Spanish
4602:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4488:
4487:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4453:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4348:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4248:
4247:
4242:, never as in
4236:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4200:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4011:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3830:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3699:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3659:
3657:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3599:
3596:
3483:
3480:
3448:In Old Latin,
3415:If there is a
3300:
3299:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3255:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3190:
3187:
3092:) and Italian
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3048:
3025:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2992:
2956:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2826:(also spelled
2771:
2764:
2732:
2729:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2524:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2491:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2425:and five long
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2363:
2230:
2199:
2080:
1964:
1940:
1902:
1865:may come from
1861:. Its use for
1812:
1794:Ionic alphabet
1756:
1680:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1621:
1563:
1445:
1411:
1388:Gaius Lucilius
1384:alveolar trill
1373:
1304:. The cluster
1247:
1176:
1119:In most cases
1117:
1090:
1045:
988:
970:
903:
849:
783:
754:
718:
715:
712:
711:
709:
702:
700:
693:
686:
684:
678:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
662:
660:
654:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
638:
631:
625:
624:
617:
615:
613:
611:
604:
597:
589:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
573:
571:
564:
558:
557:
555:
553:
546:
544:
537:
530:
523:
520:
519:
517:
508:
501:
499:
492:
485:
477:
476:
474:
465:
458:
456:
449:
442:
435:
429:
428:
421:
415:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
376:
373:
372:
371:
360:
345:
330:
279:
276:
258:typically use
246:
245:
204:
202:
195:
174:
171:
163:Medieval Latin
153:Appendix Probi
121:long after it
96:Greek alphabet
88:Latin alphabet
84:archaic stages
66:Roman Republic
44:⟩, see
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10121:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10020:
10018:
10014:
10008:
10005:
10001:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9930:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9827:
9825:
9821:
9815:
9814:Luxembourgish
9812:
9810:
9807:
9803:
9802:Maastrichtian
9800:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9644:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9611:
9609:
9605:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9539:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9406:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9372:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9335:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9328:Orthographies
9326:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9302:
9297:
9295:
9290:
9288:
9283:
9282:
9279:
9272:
9269:
9265:
9264:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9246:
9243:
9238:
9237:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9218:
9214:
9213:
9202:
9196:
9192:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9158:
9154:
9153:
9147:
9143:
9141:0-19-925773-6
9137:
9133:
9128:
9124:
9122:0-19-508345-8
9118:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9097:
9085:
9080:
9076:
9074:951-570-022-1
9070:
9066:
9061:
9057:
9051:
9047:
9042:
9038:
9032:
9024:
9023:
9017:
9013:
9007:
9003:
8998:
8994:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8968:
8964:
8962:9780226321042
8958:
8954:
8949:
8945:
8941:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8912:
8908:
8902:
8898:
8897:
8891:
8887:
8883:
8879:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8862:
8858:
8852:
8847:
8846:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8792:
8787:
8783:
8778:
8774:
8772:1-58510-042-0
8768:
8764:
8760:
8755:
8751:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8729:
8727:0-521-37936-9
8723:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8701:
8697:
8692:
8691:
8679:
8678:Liber Usualis
8674:
8668:, p. 108
8667:
8662:
8655:
8654:Brittain 1955
8650:
8644:
8639:
8631:
8624:
8617:
8612:
8605:
8600:
8593:
8588:
8586:
8584:
8582:
8574:
8569:
8567:
8559:
8554:
8547:
8542:
8535:
8530:
8523:
8518:
8512:, p. 254
8511:
8506:
8499:
8493:
8486:
8480:
8471:
8467:
8461:
8459:
8450:
8443:
8441:
8433:
8428:
8421:
8416:
8402:
8398:
8392:
8386:, pp. 65
8385:
8380:
8373:
8368:
8362:
8357:
8350:
8345:
8338:
8337:Clackson 2008
8333:
8326:
8321:
8314:
8309:
8302:
8297:
8290:
8285:
8278:
8273:
8266:
8261:
8254:
8249:
8242:
8237:
8230:
8225:
8218:
8213:
8206:
8201:
8199:
8191:
8186:
8179:
8174:
8167:
8162:
8160:
8152:
8147:
8145:
8137:
8132:
8125:
8120:
8113:
8108:
8106:
8098:
8093:
8091:
8083:
8078:
8071:
8066:
8059:
8054:
8052:
8044:
8039:
8032:
8027:
8020:
8015:
8013:
8005:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7988:
7983:
7981:
7973:
7968:
7961:
7956:
7949:
7944:
7942:
7935:, pp. 46
7934:
7929:
7927:
7920:, p. 150
7919:
7914:
7908:, p. 190
7907:
7902:
7900:
7892:
7887:
7885:
7877:
7872:
7865:
7860:
7853:
7848:
7841:
7836:
7834:
7826:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7809:
7808:Latin Accents
7804:
7797:
7791:
7787:
7774:
7770:
7764:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7743:
7736:
7722:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7675:
7671:
7666:
7665:Velius Longus
7659:
7655:
7650:
7646:
7633:
7630:
7624:
7621:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7599:Latin grammar
7597:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7514:
7513:
7508:Beginning of
7501:
7498:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7479:
7473:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7421:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7400:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7379:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7358:
7357:
7345:
7343:
7338:
7337:
7331:
7322:
7307:
7304:
7297:
7294:
7283:
7272:
7261:
7239:Fortition of
7238:
7236:respectively.
7227:
7224:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7202:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7173:
7172:
7166:
7162:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7146:
7145:Liber Usualis
7140:
7136:
7132:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7104:stress accent
7101:
7100:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7087:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7072:
7067:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7057:
7055:
7050:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7038:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7011:
7009:
7004:
7002:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6986:
6984:
6979:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6968:
6965:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6949:
6947:
6942:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6894:
6892:
6887:
6885:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6827:
6824:
6820:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6642:
6640:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6470:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6450:
6445:(never as in
6444:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6421:
6420:
6416:
6414:
6409:
6407:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6373:
6371:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6337:
6335:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6263:
6259:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6200:
6198:
6193:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6075:
6070:
6068:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5932:
5922:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5896:
5893:
5889:
5886:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5803:Pronunciation
5800:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5782:
5777:
5774:('from Rome'
5769:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5674:
5670:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5587:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5538:
5534:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5311:
5306:
5303:/ˈwo.lu.kris/
5301:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5230:
5220:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5019:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4877:
4873:/feː.mi.nae̯/
4870:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4856:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4824:
4815:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4788:
4787:
4776:
4774:
4764:/af.ˈfek.tus/
4756:/ˈaf.fek.tus/
4748:
4746:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4718:
4716:
4710:'I do/make',
4708:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4656:discip(u)līna
4623:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4474:As in German
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4455:As in German
4454:
4452:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4210:, as well as
4201:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3832:When doubled
3831:
3829:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3566:
3559:
3556:Recording of
3547:
3544:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3520:Lucius Accius
3517:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3292:
3291:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3156:
3153:When a final
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3073:
3062:
3056:/ˈin.fe.roːs/
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2941:
2923:
2905:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2822:
2814:
2812:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2769:
2763:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2690:
2677:
2673:⟨punere⟩ for
2672:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2657:⟨minsis⟩ for
2656:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2432:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2390:
2384:
2379:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2307:
2302:/ˈrej.ji.kit/
2299:
2293:
2287:/ˈkon.ji.kit/
2284:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2125:
2114:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:The digraphs
1965:
1959:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1903:
1901:respectively.
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1868:
1853:
1813:
1807:
1795:
1784:
1780:
1773:. The letter
1757:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1722:
1713:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1564:
1561:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1500:
1492:
1482:
1470:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:syllable coda
1419:
1416:was strongly
1412:
1403:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1336:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1266:interpolation
1263:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1187:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1053:debuccalizing
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1011:
1007:
1000:
989:
986:
971:
955:
949:
928:
926:
921:
919:
914:
912:
904:
892:
886:
850:
847:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
799:
798:dissimilation
784:
774:
764:
755:
744:
742:
736:
734:
721:
720:
710:
707:
703:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
685:
683:
679:
676:
674:
672:
670:
667:
663:
661:
659:
655:
652:
650:
648:
646:
643:
639:
636:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
616:
614:
612:
609:
605:
602:
598:
595:
591:
590:
587:
585:
583:
581:
578:
574:
572:
569:
565:
563:
559:
556:
554:
551:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
531:
528:
524:
522:
521:
518:
514:
509:
506:
502:
500:
497:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
478:
475:
471:
466:
463:
459:
457:
454:
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
416:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
387:
384:
382:
361:
346:
331:
324:
316:
309:
302:, while long
297:
289:
288:
287:
285:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
242:
239:
231:
221:
217:
211:
210:
205:This section
203:
199:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:Roman cursive
179:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
154:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:lingua franca
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:
71:
68:to the early
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
35:
31:
29:
25:
10068:West Frisian
9855:Massachusett
9788:
9353:Prepositions
9322:
9262:
9252:
9223:
9216:
9190:
9165:
9161:
9151:
9131:
9112:
9100:
9088:. Retrieved
9064:
9045:
9021:
9001:
8992:
8975:
8971:
8952:
8919:
8915:
8895:
8869:
8865:
8844:
8820:
8806:the original
8801:
8797:
8781:
8762:
8739:
8717:
8695:
8687:Bibliography
8673:
8661:
8649:
8643:Gilbert 1939
8638:
8623:
8611:
8606:, p. 86
8599:
8553:
8548:, p. 87
8541:
8536:, p. 83
8529:
8517:
8510:Fortson 2004
8505:
8497:
8492:
8479:
8469:
8448:
8427:
8415:
8404:. Retrieved
8400:
8391:
8379:
8367:
8356:
8344:
8339:, p. 77
8332:
8327:, p. 59
8320:
8315:, p. 56
8308:
8303:, p. 52
8296:
8284:
8279:, p. 51
8272:
8260:
8248:
8236:
8231:, p. 23
8224:
8219:, p. 15
8212:
8207:, p. 96
8185:
8180:, p. 45
8173:
8153:, p. 42
8138:, p. 11
8131:
8119:
8077:
8072:, p. 33
8065:
8038:
8026:
7989:, p. 81
7974:, p. 80
7967:
7955:
7913:
7871:
7859:
7854:, p. 17
7847:
7842:, p. 25
7803:
7790:
7763:
7751:
7742:
7721:
7681:
7673:
7669:
7649:
7507:
7487:
7468:
7328:
7320:
7208:
7184:
7158:
7143:
7130:
7128:
7118:
7114:
7108:acute accent
7092:
7090:
7076:
7060:
7058:
7042:
7041:
7007:
7005:
6989:
6987:
6971:
6969:
6952:
6950:
6920:
6918:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6890:
6888:
6856:
6849:
6830:
6828:
6822:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6788:
6786:
6780:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6738:
6736:
6730:
6711:
6704:
6684:
6682:
6676:
6670:
6666:
6653:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6630:
6611:
6610:
6604:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6578:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6532:
6530:
6524:
6509:
6508:
6502:
6476:
6475:
6468:
6448:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6433:
6412:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6397:
6377:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6361:
6340:
6339:
6333:
6331:
6325:
6306:
6304:
6297:
6282:
6281:
6275:
6255:
6254:
6248:
6246:
6240:
6223:
6203:
6202:
6196:
6194:
6188:
6168:
6167:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6139:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6094:
6073:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6033:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5934:
5919:
5907:
5902:
5894:
5887:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5843:
5833:
5827:
5817:
5796:acute accent
5793:
5756:
5738:
5737:rather than
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5685:
5672:
5668:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5603:
5583:scriptum est
5570:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5508:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5427:/koˈaːk.tus/
5417:/beˈaː.tae̯/
5402:/woˈluk.ris/
5264:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5232:
5229:makrà thései
5228:
5218:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5016:
5006:/wo.luk.ris/
5002:/wo.lu.kris/
4989:
4985:
4983:
4969:(CV.VVC.CVC)
4967:/ko.aːk.tus/
4958:(CV.CVC.CVC)
4956:/su.per.sum/
4933:
4919:(CCV.CV.CVC)
4917:/ɡra.wi.ter/
4906:/be.aː.tae̯/
4875:(CVV.CV.CVV)
4862:
4830:
4821:
4790:
4785:
4769:
4744:
4740:'I affect',
4734:
4714:
4704:
4695:Proto-Italic
4688:
4639:
4609:
4605:
4589:
4573:
4557:
4553:
4537:
4521:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4440:
4436:
4428:when short.
4425:
4421:
4405:
4401:
4390:
4386:
4370:
4366:
4355:
4351:
4335:
4331:
4320:
4316:
4300:
4296:
4285:
4281:
4243:
4239:
4223:
4219:
4187:
4171:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4092:
4088:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4030:
4014:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3892:
3888:
3866:
3862:
3845:
3841:
3817:
3813:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3774:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3738:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3602:The letters
3601:
3562:
3557:
3528:acute accent
3515:
3511:
3509:
3499:, while the
3485:
3470:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3447:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3364:
3359:represented
3356:
3351:represented
3348:
3343:represented
3340:
3335:represented
3332:
3327:represented
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3289:
3288:
3277:
3276:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3233:
3232:
3215:
3214:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3086:(originally
3072:Vulgar Latin
3069:
2989:/ˈmon.strum/
2977:
2970:nasal vowels
2967:
2958:
2850:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2793:sonus medius
2773:
2768:Sonus medius
2735:
2734:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2691:
2681:
2570:
2427:/iːeːaːoːuː/
2417:
2414:, p. 47
2402:Monophthongs
2377:
2365:
2333:/ˈjuː.li.us/
2305:
2240:
2232:
2206:
2202:
2167:
2166:for earlier
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:for earlier
2143:
2139:
2136:Vulgar Latin
2095:
2091:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1943:
1873:represented
1761:represented
1697:represented
1677:Augustan era
1633:
1536:in the same
1438:intervocalic
1410:in Spanish).
1260:. Allen and
1240:
1233:
1226:
1204:
1158:
1129:nasalization
1009:
1005:
924:
923:
917:
916:
910:
909:
845:
740:
738:
732:
731:
378:
332:The letters
321:; sometimes
290:The letters
281:
256:Inscriptions
249:
234:
225:
214:Please help
209:verification
206:
187:Roman Senate
144:
123:ceased being
108:
79:
78:
53:
52:
40:and ⟨
22:
9798:Limburgish
9679:Greenlandic
9556:New Zealand
9489:Northern Wu
9343:Determiners
9323:Phonologies
9308:Phonologies
8420:Sihler 1995
7825:Sihler 1995
7635:(in French)
7626:(in German)
7617:(in German)
7171:Oedipus rex
7139:Pope Pius X
7113:Word-final
7018:Diphthongs
5974:Consonants
5820:Renaissance
5567:prodelision
5456:light–heavy
5407:/wiˈdeː.re/
5396:CV.VVC.CVC
5313:/ˈpu.e.roː/
5261:Stress rule
5231:= 'long by
5224:μακρὰ θέσει
4986:p t c b d g
4930:(CCCVV.CVC)
4928:/straː.tum/
4908:(CV.VV.CVV)
4886:(CV.CVV.CV)
4884:/wi.deː.re/
4834:magistrārum
4722:/ˈfa.ki.oː/
4662:sinist(e)ra
4435:Similar to
4420:Similar to
4400:Similar to
4365:Similar to
4330:Similar to
4295:Similar to
4280:Similar to
4222:in English
4150:, never as
4063:, never as
3939:, never as
3931:Similar to
3840:, as clear
3797:, never as
3565:minimal set
2324:/ˈɡaː.i.us/
2213:consonants
2211:approximant
2077:Catullus 84
1426:palatalized
1324:. Original
1254:velar nasal
1165:(Classical
1097:labiodental
1067:(Classical
862:but rather
682:Approximant
353:/ae̯au̯oe̯/
264:letterforms
173:Letterforms
10093:Categories
10058:Vietnamese
9929:Ripuarian
9920:Portuguese
9830:Macedonian
9809:Lithuanian
9719:Hindustani
9546:Australian
9499:Historical
9446:Belarusian
9338:Adjectives
8680:, p. xxxvj
8666:Allen 1978
8604:Allen 1978
8592:Allen 1978
8546:Allen 1978
8534:Allen 1978
8498:Vox Latina
8432:Allen 1978
8406:2019-03-03
8384:Allen 1978
8349:Allen 1978
8325:Allen 1978
8313:Allen 1978
8301:Allen 1978
8289:Allen 1978
8277:Allen 1978
8265:Allen 1978
8255:, §6d, 11c
8229:Allen 1978
8217:Allen 1978
8178:Allen 1978
8166:Allen 1978
8151:Allen 1978
8136:Allen 1978
8124:Allen 1978
8112:Allen 1978
8097:Allen 1978
8070:Allen 1978
8058:Allen 1978
8031:Allen 1978
8019:Allen 1978
8004:Allen 1978
7987:Lloyd 1987
7972:Lloyd 1987
7960:Allen 1978
7948:Allen 1978
7933:Allen 1978
7891:Allen 1978
7876:Allen 1978
7864:Allen 1978
7852:Allen 1978
7840:Allen 1978
7783:References
7756:Smith 2004
7654:Allen 1978
7165:Stravinsky
6895:(roughly)
6776:Generally
6726:Generally
6627:Generally
5929:See also:
5789:nominative
5763:circumflex
5753:Diacritics
5422:/puˈel.la/
5381:CV.CVC.CVC
5353:intellēxit
5322:CVV.CV.CVV
5319:CV.CV.CCVC
4974:intellēxit
4947:(CV.VC.CV)
4945:/pu.el.la/
4897:(CV.V.CVV)
4895:/pu.e.roː/
4800:paenultima
4783:See also:
4726:/ˈfak.tus/
4678:voluptātem
3955:in French
3869:(known as
3848:(known as
3836:or before
3585:('year'),
3576:('anus'),
3189:Diphthongs
3033:/ˈkon.sul/
3016:/ˈken.sor/
3000:/ˈden.tem/
2961:media help
2790:), called
2665:⟨sob⟩ for
2412:Allen 1978
2342:/iˈuː.lus/
2315:/ˈmaj.jus/
2272:/ˈkuj.jus/
2138:spellings
1788:stood for
1693:, whereas
1556:/ˈe.ti.am/
1508:circumflex
1034:Quintilian
999:turning to
425:labialized
375:Consonants
10048:Ukrainian
9955:Sardinian
9933:Colognian
9890:Old Saxon
9875:Norwegian
9840:Maldivian
9784:Latgalian
9729:Icelandic
9724:Hungarian
9712:Samaritan
9593:Esperanto
9479:Cantonese
9456:Bulgarian
9424:Levantine
9396:Afrikaans
9031:cite book
8944:164184102
8899:. Wiley.
8886:219404384
8716:(1978) .
8361:Ward 1962
8082:Cser 2020
7918:Levy 1989
7769:help page
7658:Cser 2020
7023:Grapheme
6870:Grapheme
6633:ironibus
6229:(silent)
5846:loanwords
5824:phonology
5772:/ˈroːmaː/
5628:, to use
5577:scriptust
5390:CV.VV.CVV
5384:CV.CVV.CV
5325:CV.V.CVV
5238:positiōne
4691:Old Latin
4500:grapheme
4260:grapheme
4036:diarrhoea
3986:sequontur
3975:Old Latin
3947:. Before
3872:L pinguis
3818:toy yacht
3711:challenge
3707:chemistry
3583:/ˈan.nus/
3574:/ˈaː.nus/
3182:cunnō bis
3172:cum nōbīs
3166:tam dūrum
3160:tan dūrum
2431:loanwords
2056:triumphus
2020:Philippus
1921:diacritic
1838:, and by
1673:sicilicus
1669:Old Latin
1637:dis-habeō
1600:. Unlike
1499:trāiectus
1430:geminated
1418:velarized
1308:arose by
1262:Greenough
1083:Lucretius
1070:Cornelius
1064:Cornelios
1032:), which
717:Phonetics
594:voiceless
562:Fricative
527:aspirated
482:voiceless
228:June 2009
9945:Romanian
9754:Japanese
9707:Tiberian
9702:Biblical
9689:Hawaiian
9684:Gujarati
9647:Standard
9639:Galician
9627:Parisian
9598:Estonian
9529:Standard
9474:Mandarin
9470:Chinese
9434:Tunisian
9429:Moroccan
9414:Egyptian
9386:Acehnese
9358:Pronouns
9333:Grammars
9111:(1995).
8738:(1987).
8468:(2002).
7771:for the
7709:peccatum
7697:potuisse
7588:See also
7472:mult(um)
7317:Examples
7230:/ae̯oe̯/
7214:Loss of
7177:Anglican
6783:lamavit
6328:alendae
5985:Context
5979:Grapheme
5917:below).
5892:ligature
5836:below).
5787:('Rome'
5785:/ˈroːma/
5776:ablative
5595:Spelling
5393:CV.VC.CV
5339:volucris
5281:volucris
5266:⟨
4998:volucris
4952:supersum
4913:grauiter
4818:Syllable
4693:, as in
3998:secuntur
3851:L exilis
3745:, never
3723:chutzpa.
3669:, never
3637:grapheme
3592:/ˈa.nus/
3371:, as in
3135:infantem
3129:insignia
3117:enseigne
3089:constāre
2985:monstrum
2904:monstrum
2652:tribibus
2352:, as in
2298:reiiicit
2283:coniicit
2259:, as in
2183:diomedis
2177:ziomedis
2098:, as in
2050:gracchus
2044:lachrima
2017:, as in
1929:Plutarch
1867:Etruscan
1781:, where
1752:Carthagō
1746:calendae
1740:Karthagō
1734:kalendae
1598:/ˈɡenwa/
1594:/ˈɡenua/
1590:/ˈsilwa/
1586:/ˈsilua/
1562:purpose.
1560:metrical
1540:, as in
1538:morpheme
1478:, as in
1270:Priscian
1101:bilabial
1085:, final
1058:Cornelio
1010:Papirius
1006:Papisius
954:lachrima
906:/pʰtʰkʰ/
381:phonemic
368:/pʰtʰkʰ/
317:, as in
298:, as in
140:taxonomy
38:/ /
34:Help:IPA
10073:Yiddish
10038:Turkish
10023:Tagalog
10007:Swedish
9995:Spanish
9980:Slovene
9950:Russian
9910:Persian
9880:Occitan
9860:Medumba
9850:Marathi
9794:Latvian
9774:Kurdish
9764:Konkani
9749:Italian
9734:Ingrian
9693:Hebrew
9667:Ancient
9652:Bernese
9643:German
9623:French
9619:Finnish
9614:Faroese
9541:English
9511:Cornish
9506:Chukchi
9484:Hokkien
9466:Catalan
9461:Burmese
9451:Bengali
9441:Avestan
9405:Arabic
9310:of the
9255:. 1910.
9182:4344896
9090:15 June
7692:praetor
7497:Lāvīnia
7266:before
7152:is the
7129:In his
6865:Vowels
6846:Always
6799:Before
6700:Always
6589:Before
6548:Before
6505:anctum
6465:Always
6429:Always
6394:Always
6357:Always
6322:Always
6184:Always
6150:Before
6109:Before
6090:Always
6044:Before
6003:Before
5988:Example
5885:digraph
5857:cranium
5600:Letters
5527:Elision
5521:Terence
5517:Plautus
5374:coāctus
5288:fēminae
4963:coāctus
4924:strātum
4869:fēminae
4827:Nucleus
4773:Plautus
4371:machine
4073:measure
3951:, like
3945:antique
3775:wingnut
3642:phoneme
3493:macrons
3471:travail
3083:cōstāre
3052:inferōs
2877:upsilon
2740:upsilon
2712:i longa
2459:Central
2429:. Some
2423:/ieaou/
2277:conicit
2154:before
2038:pulcher
2026:cithara
1834:before
1826:before
1800:, with
1657:doubled
1629:diribeō
1617:Evander
1528:, etc.
1502:. This
1459:adiaceō
1321:tegimen
1310:syncope
1256:before
1075:Plautus
985:doubled
948:pulcher
891:guberno
879:κυβερνῶ
821:unguont
809:unguunt
788:before
433:Plosive
412:Glottal
402:Palatal
397:Coronal
315:macrons
272:cursive
26:in the
10053:Uyghur
9985:Somali
9975:Slovak
9915:Polish
9905:Pashto
9900:Ottawa
9885:Ojibwe
9870:Nepali
9865:Navajo
9779:Kyrgyz
9769:Korean
9697:Modern
9658:Greek
9632:Quebec
9586:Middle
9525:Dutch
9521:Danish
9419:Hejazi
9391:Adyghe
9381:Abkhaz
9197:
9180:
9138:
9119:
9071:
9052:
9008:
8959:
8942:
8936:458579
8934:
8903:
8884:
8853:
8827:
8769:
8746:
8724:
8702:
8633:(1531)
8045:, §10d
7731:/eːoː/
7706:, and
7491:Lāvīna
7478:ill(e)
7336:Aeneid
7330:Virgil
7234:/ɛːeː/
7161:choral
6825:elsis
6710:preser
6703:conser
6574:endit
6471:egina
6400:raeda
6164:plaga
6061:arnem
5966:, and
5861:saliva
5759:macron
5725:after
5667:, and
5367:puella
5360:beātae
5346:vidēre
4941:puella
4902:beātae
4880:uidēre
4840:aereus
4814:lost.
4588:As in
4552:As to
4536:As in
4520:As in
4505:phone
4301:father
4265:phone
4238:As in
4183:vivunt
4177:parvus
3715:change
3683:social
3675:cellar
3673:as in
3532:long i
3488:length
3445:'my'.
3382:listen
3355:, and
3285:ae̯~ɛː
3266:oe̯~eː
3209:Close
3175:was a
3123:enfant
3107:mensem
3077:costar
3061:iferos
3029:consul
3012:censor
2996:dentem
2922:mensis
2871:. The
2833:mentum
2803:mentum
2676:pōnere
2660:mēnsis
2643:/eːoː/
2573:/ieou/
2443:/u(ː)/
2439:/i(ː)/
2435:/y(ː)/
2397:Vowels
2350:macron
2329:Iūlius
2326:, and
2292:rēicit
2289:, and
2268:cuiius
2227:/i(ː)/
2223:/u(ː)/
2189:diaeta
2186:, and
2032:achāia
2029:, and
2008:, and
1957:listen
1925:stroke
1898:Gnaeus
1889:, for
1725:/kʷiː/
1716:/kui̯/
1490:listen
1468:listen
1442:/i(ː)/
1434:/i(ː)/
1377:rhotic
1357:gnōscō
1351:gnātus
1341:flagrō
1335:flamma
1315:tegmen
1287:magnus
1275:rēgnum
1216:listen
1198:/kkʷɡ/
1186:merged
1143:listen
1081:, and
1079:Ennius
1042:Virgil
1038:Cicero
1023:caussa
922:, and
833:ungunt
786:/kʷɡʷ/
772:listen
728:/kwɡw/
724:/kʷɡʷ/
658:Rhotic
568:voiced
439:voiced
392:Labial
323:breves
296:apices
70:Empire
42:
10063:Welsh
10043:Ubykh
10028:Tamil
9990:Sotho
9960:Scots
9895:Oromo
9845:Māori
9835:Malay
9789:Latin
9759:Kiowa
9744:Irish
9739:Inuit
9672:Koine
9516:Czech
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9348:Nouns
9178:JSTOR
8940:S2CID
8932:JSTOR
8882:S2CID
8809:(PDF)
8794:(PDF)
8560:, §11
8192:, §1a
7748:Varro
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6831:ck sh
6763:amine
6755:audi
6679:onem
6671:s/t/x
6278:anua
6206:occhi
6093:Antio
6029:ella
5295:puerō
5255:short
5247:light
5243:heavy
4891:puerō
4672:senex
4610:hooey
4522:aisle
4503:Latin
4498:Latin
4457:Stück
4263:Latin
4258:Latin
4244:pizza
4218:: as
4142:, as
4120:that.
4118:, or
4116:thing
4112:thyme
3980:equos
3937:quick
3917:photo
3913:party
3681:, or
3679:cello
3640:Latin
3635:Latin
3579:annus
3543:nonno
3501:breve
3417:tréma
3369:/ui̯/
3361:/eu̯/
3353:/ei̯/
3345:/au̯/
3337:/oe̯/
3329:/ae̯/
3273:Open
3204:Back
3201:Front
3126:from
3038:cosol
3021:cesor
3002:>
2991:>
2869:]
2865:[
2788:]
2784:[
2780:]
2776:[
2760:/yyː/
2756:/iiː/
2752:/uuː/
2748:/yyː/
2635:]
2631:[
2628:]
2624:[
2621:]
2617:[
2614:]
2610:[
2606:]
2602:[
2599:]
2595:[
2592:]
2588:[
2585:]
2581:[
2471:Close
2454:Front
2420:short
2389:silva
2383:genua
2360:heavy
2355:cūius
2338:Iūlus
2335:with
2320:Gāius
2317:with
2311:māius
2295:for *
2280:for *
2265:for *
2262:cuius
2257:/jːi/
2116:from
2113:massa
2104:from
2001:theta
1949:agnus
1911:from
1892:Gaius
1852:gamma
1830:, by
1667:. In
1632:<
1552:etiam
1547:/jam/
1525:mâior
1513:cûius
1481:cuius
1453:iaceō
1436:. In
1428:when
1404:]
1400:[
1369:nōscō
1363:nātus
1360:>
1318:from
1293:magis
1232:with
1229:causā
1168:virum
1161:virom
1134:decem
1029:causa
1026:>
967:/ptk/
885:buxus
882:>
873:πύξος
852:/ptk/
815:equos
803:equus
629:Nasal
419:plain
407:Velar
262:, in
58:Latin
30:(IPA)
10078:Zuni
10033:Taos
9195:ISBN
9136:ISBN
9117:ISBN
9092:2013
9069:ISBN
9050:ISBN
9037:link
9006:ISBN
8957:ISBN
8901:ISBN
8851:ISBN
8825:ISBN
8767:ISBN
8744:ISBN
8722:ISBN
8700:ISBN
8575:, §7
7727:/iu/
7703:esse
7475:and
7310:/kɡ/
7286:/td/
7275:/ie/
7203:and
7117:and
6893:ther
6852:ona
6791:laim
6733:tro
6707:are
6648:able
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6479:ana)
6447:anti
6309:acht
6226:ora
6135:ere
6036:ange
5899:/aɪ/
5881:/iː/
5875:and
5867:and
5781:Roma
5768:Româ
5717:and
5709:and
5698:and
5690:and
5679:and
5663:and
5644:and
5608:and
5580:for
5543:and
5519:and
5497:bene
5491:modo
5473:benē
5467:modō
5253:and
5251:long
5245:and
4762:and
4754:and
4747:ctus
4724:and
4717:ctus
4675:and
4659:and
4558:they
4476:früh
4441:true
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4069:rise
3992:ecus
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3431:and
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3229:Mid
3132:and
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2849:lacr
2819:lacr
2721:/iː/
2717:diēs
2695:and
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2577:open
2543:Open
2488:y yː
2464:Back
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2346:/jː/
2255:and
2253:/ji/
2249:/jj/
2245:/jː/
2225:and
2217:and
2205:and
2195:zeta
2192:for
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2172:/dz/
2162:and
2150:and
2132:/zz/
2130:and
2124:zeta
2119:μᾶζα
2110:and
2107:ζώνη
2101:sona
2094:and
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2086:and
2063:and
1988:/kʰ/
1986:and
1984:/tʰ/
1980:/pʰ/
1974:and
1895:and
1883:and
1818:and
1802:/ks/
1798:/kʰ/
1790:/ks/
1767:/ks/
1763:/ks/
1718:and
1705:and
1699:/kʷ/
1685:and
1665:/kk/
1663:for
1612:/ww/
1607:cavē
1580:and
1549:and
1519:êius
1504:/jj/
1476:/jj/
1346:/ɡn/
1330:/mm/
1326:/ɡm/
1306:/ɡm/
1284:but
1243:pace
1194:/td/
1190:/pb/
1181:and
1157:for
1127:and
1113:/bʰ/
1095:was
1061:for
1040:and
1018:/ss/
981:/ss/
951:and
900:/bɡ/
896:/pk/
868:/pk/
864:/bɡ/
860:/pk/
838:/kɡ/
830:and
827:ecus
818:and
806:and
794:/kɡ/
751:/ɡʷ/
747:/kʷ/
338:/jw/
304:/iː/
117:and
10016:T–Z
9823:M–S
9607:F–L
9581:Old
9494:Old
9374:A–E
9170:doi
8980:doi
8976:116
8924:doi
8874:doi
8870:118
7516:by
7332:'s
7308:of
7300:/j/
7290:/j/
7279:/j/
7277:to
7268:/s/
7264:/n/
7257:/v/
7253:/β/
7251:to
7249:/b/
7245:/β/
7243:to
7241:/w/
7232:to
7228:of
7220:/m/
7216:/h/
7167:'s
7093:ewy
7091:scr
6833:ell
6829:thi
6656:ion
6614:are
6581:ade
6531:tea
6527:er
6512:ing
6443:ick
6415:ill
6376:poo
6364:um
6360:pau
6343:ill
6307:y y
6300:us
6285:ard
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6191:um
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6097:ia
6076:ill
6025:pro
5890:or
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5747:/v/
5745:to
5743:/w/
5729:or
5681:/w/
5677:/u/
5665:/j/
5661:/i/
5646:/w/
5642:/u/
5626:/j/
5622:/i/
5553:or
5550:est
5545:/u/
5541:/i/
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5485:ego
5479:amā
5461:egō
5448:or
5233:pro
5004:or
4990:l r
4852:cui
4846:tuō
4743:aff
4737:ciō
4733:aff
4707:ciō
4689:In
4650:φώς
4644:φῶς
4606:muy
4590:boy
4556:in
4538:out
4482:or
4463:or
4439:in
4426:put
4424:in
4404:in
4389:in
4385:As
4369:in
4356:sit
4354:in
4350:As
4334:in
4321:pet
4319:in
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4299:in
4286:cut
4284:in
4224:axe
4172:one
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4071:or
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4061:say
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3667:sky
3665:in
3409:hei
3374:cui
3297:au̯
3253:eu̯
3241:ei̯
3223:ui̯
3148:in-
3112:/n/
3044:cos
2879:).
2862:/u/
2858:/u/
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2813:mus
2809:opt
2799:doc
2707:/i/
2702:mea
2697:/i/
2693:/e/
2687:/r/
2683:/e/
2668:sub
2510:Mid
2441:or
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2247:or
2237:/j/
2219:/j/
2215:/w/
2142:or
2128:/z/
2084:/z/
2069:/h/
2065:/l/
2061:/r/
2010:chi
1992:phi
1972:th,
1923:or
1913:/k/
1909:/ɡ/
1875:/ɡ/
1863:/k/
1859:/ɡ/
1820:/ɡ/
1816:/k/
1783:chi
1721:quī
1712:cui
1691:/k/
1643:/h/
1624:/h/
1602:/j/
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1582:/u/
1578:/w/
1574:/b/
1570:/w/
1566:/w/
1543:iam
1534:/i/
1530:/j/
1448:/j/
1420:in
1414:/l/
1408:/ɾ/
1392:/d/
1380:/r/
1332:in
1302:/m/
1298:/ɡ/
1281:rēx
1268:in
1258:/n/
1250:/ɡ/
1236:or
1203:quī
1183:/m/
1179:/n/
1173:/n/
1121:/m/
1108:/f/
1104:/ɸ/
1093:/f/
1087:/s/
1049:/s/
1014:/s/
1002:/r/
995:/s/
991:/s/
973:/z/
963:/l/
961:or
959:/r/
842:/u/
796:by
790:/u/
780:/w/
763:quī
758:/n/
739:pen
737:or
735:ick
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138:in
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