1631:. Consequently, this written Scots looked very similar to contemporary Standard English, suggesting a somewhat modified version of that, rather than a distinct speech form with a phonological system which had been developing independently for many centuries. This modern literary dialect, "Scots of the book" or Standard Scots once again gave Scots an orthography of its own, lacking neither "authority nor author". During the 20th century a number of proposals for spelling reform were presented. Commenting on this, John Corbett (2003: 260) writes that "devising a normative orthography for Scots has been one of the greatest linguistic hobbies of the past century". Most proposals entailed regularising the use of established 18th and 19th century conventions, in particular the avoidance of the
1710:
31:
2070:), and a common written form was current well into the 20th century, the two varieties have usually been considered as dialects of a single tongue rather than languages in their own right; the written forms have diverged in the 21st century. The government of the United Kingdom "recognises that Scots and Ulster Scots meet the Charter's definition of a regional or minority language". Whether this implies recognition of one regional or minority language or two is a question of interpretation. Ulster Scots is defined in legislation (The North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northern Ireland Order 1999) as:
1279:
1490:
1874:
1990:
813:
145:
177:
934:
1135:. Although native speakers frequently use an English word for which there is a perfectly good Gaelic equivalent, they will, without thinking, simply adopt the English word and use it, applying the rules of Gaelic grammar, as the situation requires. With verbs, for instance, they will simply add the verbal suffix (
2510:) has also been spoken in Scotland, but became more or less extinct in the country during the 20th century. It has lent Scotland's other languages a number of loanwords, and has also had an effect on the Gaelic of the travelling community. Since the beginning of the 21st century increasing numbers of
1610:
descended from the old court Scots emerged. This variety abandoned some of the more distinctive old Scots spellings, adopted many standard
English spellings (although from the rhymes it is clear that a Scots pronunciation was intended) and introduced what came to be known as the
2102:, a derivative of Old Norse mutually intelligible with Icelandic and Faroese, died out in the 18th century after large-scale immigration by Lowland Scots speakers. To this day, many Shetlanders and Orcadians maintain a separate identity, albeit through the
2082:
Some resent
Scottish Gaelic being promoted in the Lowlands, although it was once spoken everywhere in mainland Scotland including, to an extent, the extreme south-east (that part of Scotland which was originally Northumbria) and the extreme north-east
3040:
by the tenth and eleventh centuries the Gaelic language was in use throughout the whole of
Scotland, including the English-speaking south-east, though no doubt the longer-established Northern English continued to be the dominant language
3003:
2005:. There are a few signs used in Scotland which are unique to the country, as well as variations in some signs from Dundee to Glasgow (similar to accents). Most deaf people in Scotland are educated in mainstream schools.
1355:, are particularly evident. Often the Brittonic influence on Scots Gaelic is indicated by comparing with the Irish Gaelic usage which is not likely to have been influenced so much by Brittonic. In particular, the word
3179:
1965:
origin and national cohesion was fostered with the creation of various unique religious and cultural practices. By the end of the period, Scotland experienced a "Gaelic revival" which created an integrated
1638:
Spoken Scots comprises many dialects, none of which may be said to be more "true" Scots than any other. This diversity is often seen as a mark of local pride among Scots. There are four dialect groupings:
1921:
Norman French was historically used in
Scotland, and appears in some mottos as well. Some works of medieval literature from Scotland were composed in this language. After the twelfth-century reign of
3007:
1902:
1542:
influences due to trade and immigration from the Low
Countries. Scots also includes loan words resulting from contact with Scottish Gaelic. Early medieval legal documents include a body of
2041:, although a number of paradigms exist, which render sometimes contradictory results. The exact distinction is therefore a subjective one, dependent on the user's frame of reference. (See
4930:
1906:), and various ceremonial contexts. Latin abbreviations can also be seen on British coins and in mottos etc. The use of Latin has declined greatly in recent years. At one time, Latin and
1343:
has a far greater overlap with P-Celtic than with
English in terms of vocabulary, it is not always possible to disentangle P- and Q-Celtic words. However some common words, such as
1297:
language was probably spoken in southern
Scotland in Roman times and earlier. It was certainly spoken there by the early medieval era, and Brittonic-speaking kingdoms such as
1733:
after the 17th century. The resulting shift towards
Standard English by Scots-speakers resulted in many phonological compromises and lexical transfers, often mistaken for
2363:
The 2011 census asked people to specify the language that they used at home. This found that the language used by majority of people aged 3 and over (92.6%) was
English.
3209:
3077:
2360:
study, 85% of respondents noted they speak Scots. According to the 2011 census, 1,541,693 people can speak Scots in
Scotland, approximately 30% of the population.
1202:(Bowie – yellow), and Gille- (meaning lad or servant) gives rise to names such as Gilmour and Gillies. Common place name elements from Gaelic in Scotland include
2543:
During the 20th and 21st centuries immigrants from a wide variety of countries have created a complex mosaic of spoken languages amongst the resident population.
2055:
to a limited degree – especially between southern dialects of Scottish Gaelic and northern dialects of Irish (programmes in each form of Gaelic are broadcast on
963:, and by some people in other areas of Scotland. It was formerly spoken over a far wider area than today, even in the recent past, as evidenced by placenames.
1750:
1175:. However, as Gaelic medium education grows in popularity, a newer generation of literate Gaels is becoming more familiar with modern Gaelic vocabulary.
1842:
Most of the use of Norn/Norse in modern-day Shetland and Orkney is purely ceremonial, and mostly in Old Norse, for example the Shetland motto, which is
3858:
1918:
are still available in both subjects. Latin's presence is almost two thousand years old in Scotland, but it has rarely been a community language.
1830:
who could repeat sentences in Norn, as I myself had the opportunity of hearing. The last man in Unst who is said to have been able to speak Norn,
1006:, the oldest known form of the Goidelic languages. Primitive Irish is known only from fragments, mostly personal names, inscribed on stone in the
611:
4635:
1182:
means "Son of...") and toponymy. The surname influence is not restricted to Mac- names: several colours give rise to common Scottish surnames:
3459:
3202:
2991:
843:
4297:
1838:, on the other hand, men who were living very much later than the middle of the present century are said to have been able to speak Norn
4925:
4388:
3891:
2966:
2349:, where the language is spoken by the majority of the population. There are also large populations of speakers in other parts of the
1013:
Goidelic languages were once the most prominent by far among the Scottish population, but are now mainly restricted to the West. The
1737:
by linguists unfamiliar with the history of Scottish English. Furthermore, the process was also influenced by interdialectal forms,
4773:
3195:
1814:(the national church), and it was gradually replaced by Lowland Scots over time. Norn persisted well into the 19th century, as the
735:
2345:). In total 92,400 people aged three and over in Scotland had some Gaelic language ability in 2001. 15,723 of these reside in the
4268:
1802:, Orkney, Shetland and the west coast of the mainland during the Viking occupation from the 8th to the 13th centuries. After the
1587:. The growth in prestige of Early Scots in the 14th century, and the complementary decline of French in Scotland, made Scots the
4398:
4149:
3822:
2051:
and Irish are generally viewed as being languages in their own right rather than dialects of a single tongue but are sometimes
435:
4312:
4122:
3995:
3152:
2899:
2066:
Since there is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between contemporary speakers of Scots in Scotland and in Ulster (
262:
2624:
4952:
4687:
4219:
558:
467:
2072:
the variety of the Scots language which has traditionally been used in parts of Northern Ireland and in Donegal in Ireland
1845:
4863:
4667:
4563:
4239:
3985:
3517:
3074:
797:
252:
1850:("with law shall land be built"), which is the same motto used by the Icelandic police force and inspired by the Danish
1290:
None of the Brittonic languages of Scotland survive to the modern day, though they have been reconstructed to a degree.
4523:
1518:
Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England. Later influences on the development of Scots were from
4910:
4645:
4382:
4307:
4224:
4030:
3950:
3452:
2756:
836:
297:
217:
3975:
3960:
3940:
2063:), but the relationship of Scots and English is less clear, since there is usually partial mutual intelligibility.
980:
242:
227:
207:
4900:
4969:
4327:
4117:
4000:
3853:
3724:
3537:
3218:
3128:
1359:(anglicised as "Strath") is a native Goidelic word, but its usage appears to have been modified by its Brittonic
909:
is usually seen as a Brittonic language but this is not universally accepted. They are known collectively as the
267:
3054:
2884:
2658:
2098:) were ceded to Scotland in lieu of an unpaid dowry in 1472, and never spoke Gaelic; its traditional vernacular
1493:
Plaque on a building near Gladstone Court Museum which was opened by MacDiarmid in 1968. The inscription reads:
1475:
invasions of the 9th century forced the dialect to split in two and in the north it began to evolve into Scots.
5037:
4737:
4408:
4144:
4134:
3812:
3562:
3388:
3033:
4979:
4483:
4433:
4355:
3970:
3884:
3734:
3416:
2835:
Mackie, Albert D. (1952). "Fergusson's Language: Braid Scots Then and Now". In Smith, Syndney Goodsir (ed.).
2060:
1624:
1335:
There are also many Brittonic influences on Scottish Gaelic. Scottish Gaelic contains a number of apparently
968:
237:
1941:
to native Scottish culture. A consequence was the spread of French institutions and social values including
4727:
4630:
4577:
4528:
4488:
4285:
4263:
3930:
3827:
3779:
3649:
3644:
3445:
3148:"Bilingualism in Sardinia and Scotland: Exploring the cognitive benefits of speaking a 'minority' language"
2563:
829:
372:
197:
2110:
dialects of Lowland Scots, rather than their former national tongue. Norn was also spoken at one point in
4937:
4873:
4732:
4677:
4139:
4129:
4102:
3945:
1942:
1779:
1730:
767:
212:
4868:
4662:
4370:
4364:
4214:
4159:
4040:
3784:
3609:
2654:
2620:
1967:
1709:
380:
307:
30:
967:
is the extinct dialect of Scottish Gaelic formerly spoken in southwest Scotland. It was spoken by the
4947:
4942:
4624:
4292:
4107:
3789:
3751:
3394:
1595:
had established orthographic and literary norms largely independent of those developing in England. "
1313:("Old North"), emerged in what is now Scotland. Eventually Brittonic evolved into a variety known as
1178:
The influence of Scottish Gaelic can be seen particularly in surnames (notably Mac- names, where the
1164:
2593:
1973:
The use of Ancient Greek is almost entirely gone in Scotland, but one example would be the motto of
1865:("New Norn"), based upon linguistic analysis of the known records and Norse linguistics in general.
4878:
4858:
4793:
4707:
4640:
4598:
4558:
4513:
4378:
4280:
4246:
4077:
3877:
3709:
2319:
1831:
1439:
1163:". This tendency was remarked upon by the minister who compiled the account covering the parish of
910:
876:
772:
762:
695:
4853:
4468:
4251:
4164:
4154:
4035:
3980:
3679:
3639:
3619:
3599:
3502:
2139:
1950:
1890:
1415:
1112:
705:
571:
302:
247:
3271:
3147:
1861:
There are some enthusiasts who are engaged in developing and disseminating a modern form called
566:
4742:
4533:
4317:
4229:
4187:
4015:
3817:
3614:
3093:
2342:
2056:
1994:
1742:
1460:
1298:
638:
576:
282:
2747:
Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane, eds. (2003). "A Brief History of Scots".
1489:
4915:
4830:
4778:
4618:
4543:
4478:
4258:
4209:
4062:
4050:
3837:
3769:
3694:
3689:
3664:
3522:
3411:
3378:
3182:
3107:
2553:
2067:
2052:
2002:
1974:
1878:
1632:
1612:
1446:
581:
390:
125:
58:
4712:
3807:
4959:
4905:
4892:
4493:
4337:
4332:
4196:
4178:
3990:
3935:
3729:
3719:
3669:
3629:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3567:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3527:
3512:
3507:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3321:
3293:
2568:
2507:
2233:
2175:
1911:
1882:
1453:
1278:
675:
530:
450:
257:
202:
3276:
2970:
2820:
J. Derrick, McClure (1985). "The debate on Scots orthography". In Görlach, Manfred (ed.).
1397:
8:
5002:
4974:
4697:
4692:
4672:
4590:
4538:
4503:
4456:
4302:
4234:
4204:
4092:
4072:
4025:
3965:
3955:
3922:
3912:
3832:
3774:
3714:
3704:
3684:
3674:
3659:
3654:
3634:
3604:
3572:
3557:
3532:
3468:
3383:
2892:
Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009
2357:
1926:
1922:
1734:
1628:
1584:
1273:
1022:
902:
749:
544:
475:
292:
232:
222:
187:
167:
3084:
from General Registrar for Scotland website, 10 October 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2007
4920:
4783:
4650:
4423:
4418:
4360:
4273:
4097:
4020:
4005:
3744:
3699:
3624:
3594:
3426:
3169:
2695:
2573:
2350:
2090:
Two areas with mostly Norse-derived placenames (and some Pictish), the Northern Isles (
1989:
1873:
1811:
1515:
1409:
1069:
960:
928:
898:
861:
685:
643:
446:
287:
272:
5011:
4964:
4759:
4722:
4717:
4702:
4682:
4508:
4413:
4403:
4112:
4087:
4082:
3173:
3029:
2895:
2752:
1930:
1607:
1539:
976:
868:
657:
633:
625:
601:
554:
158:
78:
41:
1320:
The main legacy of these languages has been Scotland's toponymy, e.g. names such as
879:
are minority languages. The dialect of English spoken in Scotland is referred to as
4815:
4810:
4747:
4613:
4473:
4374:
3351:
3244:
3230:
3161:
2953:
2711:
Jackson K; The Pictish Language in F T Wainright "The Problem of the Picts" (1955).
2659:"Table AT_002_2011 - Language used at home other than English (detailed), Scotland"
2289:
2256:
2165:
2107:
2103:
1915:
1853:
1746:
1726:
1718:
1704:
1684:
1676:
1588:
1519:
1427:
1419:
1375:
1294:
1282:
Possible language zones in southern Scotland, 7th–8th centuries (after Nicolaisen,
1267:
1033:
964:
941:
906:
892:
880:
865:
757:
457:
353:
348:
112:
108:
95:
70:
46:
3187:
2994:, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Status as of: 17 March 2011
2729:
1606:
There is no institutionalised standard variety, but during the 18th century a new
5016:
4840:
4820:
4438:
4322:
3362:
3326:
3300:
3259:
3081:
2558:
2533:
2515:
2503:
2338:
2246:
2170:
2127:
2048:
1738:
1668:
1547:
1527:
1081:
1018:
1014:
1003:
948:
922:
817:
495:
338:
320:
133:
100:
87:
54:
1910:
were commonly taught in Scottish schools (and were required for entrance to the
1810:
in the 15th century, its use was discouraged by the Scottish government and the
606:
4825:
3305:
3288:
3249:
2346:
2304:
2207:
2180:
2013:
1938:
1896:
1888:
Latin is also used to a limited degree in certain official mottos, for example
1819:
1815:
1803:
1652:
1600:
1535:
1503:
1484:
1468:
1457:
1423:
1381:
1120:
1097:
1049:
956:
952:
872:
690:
680:
586:
343:
83:
50:
2540:, being a form of Gaelic or semi-Gaelicised English spoken by some travellers.
2084:
1127:, although written in Gaelic orthography; "television", for instance, becomes
5031:
4844:
4608:
4548:
4517:
4393:
3357:
3344:
3254:
3165:
2915:
2894:. Aberdeen: Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ireland: 40.
2527:
2511:
2212:
2099:
1958:
1907:
1773:
1692:
1688:
1672:
1640:
1564:
1531:
1435:
1140:
991:
937:
596:
420:
400:
358:
120:
65:
979:
until the early modern period. It was also once spoken, but much less so in
4603:
4553:
4498:
4067:
2251:
2228:
2223:
2148:
2114:, apparently dying out much earlier than Shetland and Orkney. However, the
1934:
1722:
1596:
1592:
1543:
1393:
1231:
995:
787:
700:
537:
485:
395:
4766:
2122:
speaking population in the Western Isles; to what degree this happened in
1760:
Distinct vocabulary, often from Latin and Lowland Scots, is still used in
2774:
The Language of Walter Scott: A Study of his Scottish and Period Language
2202:
2153:
1954:
1680:
1660:
1511:
1507:
1317:, which survived in southwestern Scotland until around the 11th century.
1255:
792:
430:
1749:
has been influenced by Gaelic. The most Gaelic influenced variety being
1010:
alphabet in Ireland and western Britain up to about the 6th century AD.
4010:
3281:
2794:. Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Scottish National Dictionary Association.
1579:
From the 13th century Early Scots spread further into Scotland via the
1310:
1223:
1215:
984:
514:
490:
277:
3437:
4347:
3265:
2519:
2197:
2158:
2123:
2115:
2111:
1795:
1791:
1761:
1656:
1623:. This Written Scots drew not only on the vernacular but also on the
1616:
1550:
loanwords are mainly for geographical and cultural features, such as
1329:
1227:
1116:
999:
415:
3869:
1171:, published over 170 years ago. It has even gone so far as the verb
144:
4657:
4428:
3900:
2091:
2031:
1799:
1783:
1754:
1648:
1385:
1340:
1336:
1321:
1306:
1032:
The majority of the vocabulary of modern Scottish Gaelic is native
972:
715:
480:
405:
176:
3028:(1987 ed.). Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. p. ix.
1627:, and was also heavily influenced by the norms and conventions of
3338:
3332:
2523:
2192:
2187:
2042:
2037:
2009:
1962:
1620:
1552:
1449:
1431:
1360:
1325:
1314:
1243:
1239:
1207:
897:
The Celtic languages of Scotland can be divided into two groups:
777:
670:
591:
519:
509:
505:
410:
2936:
1583:, early urban institutions which were first established by King
933:
35:
Geographic distribution of Scots and Gaelic speakers in Scotland
4754:
2537:
2138:
Diagrammatic representation of the development of the historic
2095:
1946:
1862:
1807:
1787:
1644:
1472:
1464:
1302:
1251:
1026:
782:
710:
500:
385:
139:
2530:
and the Romani language can be heard being spoken in the area.
2029:
There are no universally accepted criteria for distinguishing
871:. The main language now spoken in Scotland is English, while
2870:
Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects
2119:
1835:
1827:
1664:
1599:" is used to describe the language after 1700, when southern
1580:
1523:
1124:
1037:
1007:
425:
3146:
Lauchlan, Fraser; Parisi, Marinella; Fadda, Roberta (2013).
1496:
Let the lesson be – to be yersels and to mak that worth bein
1119:
which are coined for modern concepts are typically based on
1953:. These developments were offset by the acquisition of the
1949:, appeared in the same era, and as they spread, so did the
1558:
1389:
665:
104:
2746:
2130:
was spoken in parts of the county until the 20th century.
2790:
Grant and, William; Murison, David D., eds. (1929–1976).
1868:
2992:
List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148
2785:
2783:
1396:
invaded Northern Britain, each with their own language.
3094:"Census 2001 Scotland: Gaelic speakers by council area"
3075:"News Release – Scotland's Census 2001 – Gaelic Report"
2751:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 9ff.
1713:
A Book of Psalms printed in the reign of James VI and I
1502:
Scots has its origins in the variety of early northern
1914:
until 1919, for Greek, and the 1960s, for Latin), and
1384:
language. At its height, it may have been spoken from
947:
The Goidelic language currently spoken in Scotland is
3011:
2883:
Barnes, Michael (2010). Millar, Robert McColl (ed.).
2789:
2780:
2653:
2619:
2118:
speaking population were entirely assimilated by the
1514:
variety due to 12th and 13th century immigration of
3217:
3145:
3105:
3004:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
2967:"University Coat of Arms; University of St Andrews"
1790:, off the north coast of mainland Scotland, and in
2694:
2016:, a sign language based on the English language.
1591:of most of eastern Scotland. By the 16th century
1546:legal and administrative loanwords. Contemporary
5029:
3099:
2586:
2008:Other sign languages in use in Scotland include
1603:was generally adopted as the literary language.
1238:(Kin-, meaning a head or top of something) e.g.
2863:
2861:
1843:
1691:. A Jewish hybrid of the early 20th century is
1506:spoken in southeastern Scotland, also known as
1159:" (I am watching the television), rather than "
2956:. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
2854:. Vol. 8. London: Heinemann. p. 152.
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
1036:. There are a large number of borrowings from
3885:
3453:
3203:
3108:"Public Attitudes Towards the Scots Language"
2727:
2615:
2613:
2611:
1981:) ("Ever to Excel" or "Ever To Be The Best")
1717:Scottish (Standard) English is the result of
837:
2858:
2807:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
1961:of many of the noble families of French and
1881:, showing on a blue scroll the motto of the
2839:. Edinburgh: Nelson. pp. 123–124, 129.
2714:
1851:
1568:, and also occur in colloquialisms such as
1494:
3892:
3878:
3460:
3446:
3210:
3196:
3096:Comunn na Gàidhlig. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
3068:
2819:
2608:
2514:migrants from Eastern Europe has seen the
2367:2011 Census: Language persons use at home
844:
830:
143:
29:
2849:
2734:A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue
2728:Macafee, Caroline; Aitken, A. J. (2002).
3023:
2872:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2649:
2647:
2645:
1988:
1872:
1708:
1488:
1277:
932:
3467:
2867:
2850:Stevenson, R. L. (1905). "Underwoods".
2809:. Oxford University Press. p. 168.
2804:
2771:
2692:
2341:has 58,652 speakers (roughly 1% of the
2001:Scotland's deaf community tends to use
1366:, whose meaning is slightly different.
5030:
3052:
2882:
2834:
2024:
1997:for the Deaf in West Coates, Edinburgh
1869:Norman French, Ancient Greek and Latin
1826:As late as 1894, there were people in
1400:may have been a precursor of Pictish.
1392:, but it was pushed back as Scots and
1261:
1052:, especially in the religious domain (
3899:
3873:
3441:
3191:
3153:International Journal of Bilingualism
2868:Macafee, C. (2004). Hikey, R. (ed.).
2697:Language and History in Early Britain
2642:
2594:"Fact: Scotland's official languages"
2276:Distribution of languages of Scotland
2126:is a matter of controversy, although
1903:condictio causa data causa non-secuta
1530:and later Parisian French due to the
1403:
1161:Tha mi a' coimhead air an telebhisean
916:
4220:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
2824:. Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 204.
1422:group are spoken in Scotland today:
971:in their time, and by the people of
2693:Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone (1953).
2375:Count of all people aged 3 or over
1778:Norn is an extinct North Germanic,
1698:
1369:
1169:New Statistical Account of Scotland
990:Scottish Gaelic, along with modern
886:
798:Scottish inventions and discoveries
13:
3139:
2985:
2954:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 98.6.16
1002:, which is descended in turn from
14:
5049:
4646:Scottish Qualifications Authority
4383:Office of the Accountant of Court
4308:Member of the Scottish Parliament
3859:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1984:
1510:. That began to diverge from the
1478:
2749:The Edinburgh Companion to Scots
2683:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. pp.225–29.
2019:
1933:are perhaps better described as
1767:
811:
175:
3219:Languages of the United Kingdom
3121:
3087:
3046:
3017:
2997:
2959:
2947:
2929:
2908:
2876:
2843:
2828:
2813:
2798:
2776:. London: Deutsch. p. 249.
1834:from Skaw, died about 1850. In
1619:exists in the Standard English
2765:
2740:
2705:
2686:
2673:
2661:. National Records of Scotland
2630:. National Records of Scotland
1937:than Gaelic, often preferring
1798:that was widely spoken in the
1782:, language that was spoken in
1615:, generally occurring where a
1:
3238:Recognised regional languages
3024:Robinson, Mairi, ed. (1985).
2579:
2429:Gaelic (Scottish and others)
2337:According to the 2001 census
2266:
1679:and South West Scotland; and
1522:via ecclesiastical and legal
1434:of the English language. The
1023:Scottish travelling community
994:and Irish, is descended from
969:independent kings of Galloway
951:. It is widely spoken in the
3996:Colonisation of the Americas
3026:The Concise Scots Dictionary
2852:The Works of R. L. Stevenson
2792:Scottish National Dictionary
2730:"A history of Scots to 1700"
2564:Abstand and ausbau languages
2077:
860:belong predominantly to the
263:Colonisation of the Americas
7:
2547:
2144:
2133:
1380:The Pictish language is an
1286:and Taylor, "Place Names").
1222:(Inver-, Inner-, meaning a
1214:(Kil-, an old church) e.g.
955:, and also in parts of the
10:
5054:
4668:Inventions and discoveries
4371:Supreme Courts of Scotland
2837:Robert Fergusson 1750–1774
2625:"Table KS206SC - Language"
1968:Scottish national identity
1945:. The first towns, called
1846:Með lögum skal land byggja
1806:were ceded to Scotland by
1771:
1762:Scottish legal terminology
1702:
1482:
1407:
1373:
1271:
1265:
926:
920:
890:
4996:
4943:Scottish Episcopal Church
4891:
4839:
4801:
4792:
4625:Curriculum for Excellence
4589:
4585:
4576:
4464:
4455:
4346:
4195:
4186:
4177:
4058:
4049:
3921:
3908:
3846:
3798:
3760:
3475:
3404:
3371:
3314:
3237:
3225:
3106:The Scottish Government.
2418:Mandarin, Min Nan, etc.)
2328:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2174:
2164:
2152:
2147:
1879:Charles II, King of Scots
132:
119:
94:
77:
64:
40:
28:
23:
4379:High Court of Justiciary
3166:10.1177/1367006911429622
2772:Tulloch, Graham (1980).
2536:, a Scottish analogy to
2526:has become home to many
2518:return to Scotland. The
2496:
2061:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta
1794:. Norn evolved from the
911:Insular Celtic languages
4953:Free Church of Scotland
4240:International relations
3129:"Language used at home"
3062:media.scotslanguage.com
2805:McClure, J. D. (1992).
2140:Indo-European languages
1951:Middle English language
1891:Nemo Me Impune Lacessit
1844:
1743:spelling pronunciations
1629:Augustan English poetry
1516:Scandinavian-influenced
1495:
1440:North Germanic language
1416:West Germanic languages
1131:and "computer" becomes
1113:Indo-European languages
572:Scottish highland dance
4534:Royal Bank of Scotland
4230:Great Seal of Scotland
3518:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2473:British Sign Language
2343:population of Scotland
2057:BBC Radio nan Gaidheal
1998:
1885:
1852:
1840:
1714:
1499:
1461:Kingdom of Northumbria
1287:
1250:(meaning a fort) e.g.
944:
577:Scottish country dance
16:Languages of a country
5038:Languages of Scotland
4831:British Sign Language
4298:Members of Parliament
4225:Deputy First Minister
4063:Anglo-Scottish border
4031:Industrial Revolution
3183:Gale Academic Onefile
2679:Neat, Timothy (2002)
2655:United Kingdom census
2621:United Kingdom census
2053:mutually intelligible
2003:British Sign Language
1992:
1975:St Andrews University
1894:, legal terminology (
1876:
1824:
1712:
1667:, Aberdeenshire, and
1633:apologetic apostrophe
1613:apologetic apostrophe
1492:
1281:
1272:Further information:
1111:In common with other
936:
927:Further information:
858:languages of Scotland
582:Scottish sword dances
391:Burning of the Clavie
298:Industrial Revolution
126:British Sign Language
59:British Sign Language
24:Languages of Scotland
4774:World Heritage Sites
3971:Wars of Independence
3469:Languages of Europe
3055:"A history of Scots"
2596:. scotland.org. 2011
2569:Languages of Ireland
2234:Early Modern English
2176:Early Middle English
1912:ancient universities
1883:Order of the Thistle
1454:Old English language
1284:Scottish Place-Names
1206:(Bal-, a town) e.g.
899:Goidelic (or Gaelic)
736:World Heritage Sites
436:Units of measurement
238:Wars of Independence
134:Keyboard layout
4564:International trade
4118:Mountains and hills
4026:Highland Clearances
4001:Glorious Revolution
3966:Davidian Revolution
3913:Outline of Scotland
3761:States with limited
3405:Languages by region
3080:22 May 2013 at the
3053:Aitken, A. (1985).
2885:"The Study of Norn"
2701:. University Press.
2416:Chinese (Cantonese,
2368:
2358:Scottish Government
2025:Language vs dialect
1995:Donaldson's College
1993:The former home of
1977:, ΑΙΕΝ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΥΕΙΝ (
1927:Davidian Revolution
1925:and the so-called "
1274:Brittonic languages
1262:Brittonic languages
1149:Tha mi a' watcheadh
818:Scotland portal
293:Highland Clearances
268:Glorious Revolution
233:Davidian Revolution
168:Culture of Scotland
4921:Church of Scotland
4713:Royal National Mòd
4651:Education Scotland
4424:Scots property law
4419:College of Justice
4328:Secretary of State
4150:Biosphere reserves
4021:Lowland Clearances
4006:1707 Acts of Union
2822:Focus on: Scotland
2681:The Summer Walkers
2574:Languages of Wales
2366:
1999:
1886:
1812:Church of Scotland
1715:
1500:
1456:was spoken in the
1442:, is now extinct.
1410:Germanic languages
1404:Germanic languages
1339:loanwords, but as
1288:
1017:is a Gaelic-based
998:, a derivative of
961:Scottish Highlands
945:
929:Goidelic languages
917:Goidelic languages
288:Lowland Clearances
273:1707 Acts of Union
5025:
5024:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4980:Ethnic minorities
4938:Roman Catholicism
4887:
4886:
4572:
4571:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4434:Prison population
4414:Sheriff principal
4409:Solicitor General
4404:Procurator fiscal
4313:Political parties
4173:
4172:
3951:Early Middle Ages
3867:
3866:
3435:
3434:
3226:Official language
3012:Council of Europe
3010:on 14 May 2005),
2901:978-0-9566549-1-5
2494:
2493:
2333:
2332:
2264:
2263:
1931:Scottish monarchs
1832:Walter Sutherland
1780:West Scandinavian
1751:Hebridean English
1608:literary language
1589:prestige language
1540:Middle Low German
1520:Romance languages
869:language families
854:
853:
218:Early Middle Ages
152:
151:
5045:
5005:
4926:General Assembly
4816:Scottish English
4811:Highland English
4799:
4798:
4688:Oldest buildings
4587:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4529:Renewable energy
4474:Bank of Scotland
4462:
4461:
4375:Court of Session
4356:Advocate General
4286:Military history
4264:Local government
4193:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4056:
4055:
3976:Late Middle Ages
3961:High Middle Ages
3894:
3887:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3799:Dependencies and
3735:Northern Ireland
3476:Sovereign states
3462:
3455:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3417:Northern Ireland
3212:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3177:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3021:
3015:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2969:. Archived from
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2617:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2590:
2369:
2365:
2273:
2272:
2257:Scottish English
2166:Common Brittonic
2145:
1916:Scottish Highers
1857:
1854:Codex Holmiensis
1849:
1753:, spoken in the
1747:Highland English
1739:hypercorrections
1727:Standard English
1719:language contact
1705:Scottish English
1699:Scottish English
1685:Scottish Borders
1683:, spoken in the
1677:Central Lowlands
1675:, spoken in the
1625:King James Bible
1498:
1428:Scottish English
1376:Pictish language
1370:Pictish language
1295:Common Brittonic
1268:Cumbric language
1198:(Dunn – brown),
1186:(Bain – white),
965:Galwegian Gaelic
942:Kyle of Lochalsh
905:(or Brythonic).
893:Celtic languages
887:Celtic languages
881:Scottish English
846:
839:
832:
816:
815:
814:
476:St. Andrew's Day
349:Scottish English
243:Late Middle Ages
228:High Middle Ages
179:
170:
154:
153:
147:
33:
21:
20:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5008:
5001:
4984:
4883:
4835:
4821:Scottish Gaelic
4788:
4693:Performing arts
4568:
4443:
4439:Police Scotland
4342:
4323:Scotland Office
4169:
4130:Protected areas
4045:
3917:
3904:
3898:
3868:
3863:
3842:
3800:
3794:
3780:Northern Cyprus
3762:
3756:
3650:North Macedonia
3471:
3466:
3436:
3431:
3400:
3367:
3327:Beurla Reagaird
3315:Other languages
3310:
3301:Scottish Gaelic
3233:
3221:
3216:
3142:
3140:Further reading
3137:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3082:Wayback Machine
3073:
3069:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3036:
3022:
3018:
3006:(archived from
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2866:
2859:
2848:
2844:
2833:
2829:
2818:
2814:
2803:
2799:
2788:
2781:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2745:
2741:
2736:. Vol. 12.
2726:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2652:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2559:Canadian Gaelic
2550:
2534:Beurla Reagaird
2516:Romani language
2504:Romani language
2499:
2417:
2339:Scottish Gaelic
2335:
2334:
2326:
2320:Scottish Gaelic
2311:
2296:
2269:
2247:Scottish Gaelic
2171:Primitive Irish
2136:
2080:
2049:Scottish Gaelic
2027:
2022:
1987:
1979:AIEN ARISTEUEIN
1871:
1776:
1770:
1707:
1701:
1487:
1481:
1467:estuary to the
1412:
1406:
1378:
1372:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1194:(Dow – black),
1025:related to the
1015:Beurla-reagaird
1004:Primitive Irish
949:Scottish Gaelic
931:
925:
923:Scottish Gaelic
919:
895:
889:
877:Scottish Gaelic
850:
812:
810:
803:
802:
768:National anthem
753:
752:
741:
740:
731:
730:
721:
720:
661:
660:
649:
648:
629:
628:
617:
616:
562:
561:
559:performing arts
525:
524:
471:
470:
441:
440:
376:
375:
364:
363:
339:Scottish Gaelic
334:
333:
315:
314:
313:
312:
191:
190:
166:
148:
142:
88:Scottish Gaelic
55:Scottish Gaelic
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5051:
5041:
5040:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5006:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4740:
4735:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4524:Power stations
4521:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:Lord President
4396:
4391:
4386:
4368:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4215:First Minister
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4160:Municipalities
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903: articles
3897:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3854:European Union
3850:
3848:
3847:Other entities
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3801:other entities
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3725:United Kingdom
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:Czech Republic
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3391:
3389:Northern Irish
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3372:Sign languages
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3120:
3098:
3086:
3067:
3045:
3034:
3016:
2996:
2984:
2973:on 5 June 2011
2958:
2946:
2928:
2907:
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2875:
2857:
2842:
2827:
2812:
2797:
2779:
2764:
2757:
2739:
2713:
2704:
2685:
2672:
2641:
2607:
2584:
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2477:
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2398:
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2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:Mother tongue
2347:Outer Hebrides
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2301:
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2259:
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2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2208:Middle English
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:Old West Norse
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2135:
2132:
2079:
2076:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:Signed English
1986:
1985:Sign languages
1983:
1957:west, and the
1939:French culture
1897:Ultimus haeres
1870:
1867:
1820:Jakob Jakobsen
1804:Northern Isles
1772:Main article:
1769:
1766:
1703:Main article:
1700:
1697:
1681:Southern Scots
1653:Northern Scots
1601:Modern English
1504:Middle English
1485:Scots language
1483:Main article:
1480:
1479:Scots language
1477:
1469:Firth of Forth
1408:Main article:
1405:
1402:
1382:Insular Celtic
1374:Main article:
1371:
1368:
1309:, part of the
1293:The ancestral
1266:Main article:
1263:
1260:
1060:from ἐκκλησία
957:Inner Hebrides
953:Outer Hebrides
921:Main article:
918:
915:
891:Main article:
888:
885:
852:
851:
849:
848:
841:
834:
826:
823:
822:
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820:
805:
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785:
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760:
754:
748:
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739:
738:
732:
728:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
691:Highland games
688:
683:
681:Haggis hurling
678:
673:
668:
662:
656:
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624:
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579:
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317:
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305:
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194:
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186:
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172:
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163:
162:
150:
149:
138:
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130:
129:
123:
117:
116:
98:
92:
91:
81:
75:
74:
68:
62:
61:
44:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5050:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Baptist Union
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4917:
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4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
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4877:
4875:
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4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4748:national flag
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
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4709:
4706:
4704:
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4696:
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4659:
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4545:
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4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:North Sea oil
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
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4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:Lord Advocate
4392:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
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4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Republicanism
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
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4260:
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4138:
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4128:
4124:
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4120:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
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4057:
4054:
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4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:Enlightenment
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
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3907:
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3895:
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3876:
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3872:
3860:
3857:
3855:
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3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3813:Faroe Islands
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3785:South Ossetia
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3759:
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3698:
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3648:
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3638:
3636:
3633:
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3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3610:Liechtenstein
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
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3499:
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3418:
3415:
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3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
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3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Scottish Cant
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
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3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
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3270:
3268:
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3263:
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3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
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3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3130:
3124:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2993:
2988:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2950:
2942:
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2932:
2917:
2911:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2758:0-7486-1596-2
2754:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2689:
2682:
2676:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:Romani people
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
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2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2415:
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2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
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2388:
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2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:of Scotland:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2020:Controversies
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1959:Gaelicisation
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:Ancient Greek
1905:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1774:Norn language
1768:Norn language
1765:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1755:Western Isles
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1693:Scots-Yiddish
1690:
1689:Dumfriesshire
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:Central Scots
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:Insular Scots
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:; as well as
1533:
1532:Auld Alliance
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:Norn language
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:(Roy – red),
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1173:Backdatigeadh
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:Lowland Scots
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
940:sign outside
939:
938:Primary route
935:
930:
924:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
894:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
867:
863:
859:
847:
842:
840:
835:
833:
828:
827:
825:
824:
819:
809:
808:
807:
806:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
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771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
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745:
744:
737:
734:
733:
725:
724:
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714:
712:
709:
707:
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702:
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694:
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689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
659:
653:
652:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
627:
621:
620:
613:
612:Border Ballad
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Waulking song
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
556:
550:
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546:
543:
542:
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521:
518:
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469:
463:
462:
459:
456:
455:
452:
448:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Scottish clan
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Common Riding
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
368:
367:
360:
357:
355:
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342:
340:
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332:
326:
325:
322:
319:
318:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
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291:
289:
286:
284:
283:Enlightenment
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
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137:
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76:
72:
69:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4911:Christianity
4901:Baháʼí Faith
4802:
4794:Demographics
4738:coat of arms
4708:Prostitution
4641:Universities
4623:
4599:Architecture
4559:Unemployment
4554:Silicon Glen
4514:Oil industry
4499:Harris Tweed
4389:Crown Office
4281:Armed forces
4259:Independence
4247:Human rights
4078:Conservation
4068:Central Belt
3986:Early modern
3790:Transnistria
3752:Vatican City
3739:
3421:
3393:
3350:
3343:
3331:
3294:Ulster Scots
3264:
3180:Available at
3160:(1): 43–56.
3157:
3151:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3101:
3089:
3070:
3061:
3048:
3039:
3025:
3019:
3008:the original
2999:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2971:the original
2961:
2949:
2940:
2931:
2919:. Retrieved
2910:
2891:
2878:
2869:
2851:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2806:
2800:
2791:
2773:
2767:
2748:
2742:
2733:
2707:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2632:. Retrieved
2598:. Retrieved
2588:
2554:Ulster Scots
2362:
2355:
2336:
2252:Modern Scots
2229:Middle Scots
2224:Middle Irish
2149:Proto-Celtic
2137:
2089:
2081:
2071:
2068:Ulster Scots
2065:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2007:
2000:
1978:
1972:
1963:Anglo-French
1955:Norse-Gaelic
1935:Scoto-Norman
1923:King David I
1920:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1860:
1841:
1825:
1777:
1759:
1716:
1655:, spoken in
1643:, spoken in
1637:
1605:
1597:Modern Scots
1593:Middle Scots
1578:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1512:Northumbrian
1501:
1447:Northumbrian
1444:
1413:
1394:Anglo-Saxons
1379:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1319:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1247:
1235:
1232:Innerleithen
1219:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:of Ireland.
1012:
996:Middle Irish
989:
946:
896:
857:
855:
788:Celtic cross
773:Lion Rampant
763:Coat of arms
701:Rugby sevens
696:Horse racing
607:Puirt à beul
486:Burns supper
396:Burns supper
330:
253:Early modern
18:
4469:Agriculture
4333:Nationalism
4252:LGBT rights
4155:Environment
4036:Romanticism
3991:Reformation
3981:Renaissance
3946:Middle Ages
3941:Roman times
3936:Prehistoric
3828:Isle of Man
3763:recognition
3710:Switzerland
3645:Netherlands
3395:Old Kentish
3322:Angloromani
3272:Guernésiais
3113:22 November
2941:Shetlopedia
2378:Percentage
2203:Early Scots
2154:Old English
1661:Easter Ross
1508:Early Scots
1351:, Cumbric *
1299:Strathclyde
1256:Dunfermline
1153:watchigeadh
1129:telebhisean
1092:), French (
1064:and βίβλος
1048:), ancient
1046:Didòmhnaich
793:Celtic knot
706:Rugby union
496:Lanimer Day
431:Up Helly Aa
344:Broad Scots
303:Romanticism
258:Reformation
248:Renaissance
213:Middle Ages
208:Roman times
203:Prehistoric
4931:Moderators
4874:Scientists
4760:regimental
4703:Placenames
4698:Philosophy
4673:Literature
4303:Parliament
4235:Government
4205:Devolution
4188:Government
4145:Ecoregions
4135:Waterfalls
4011:Jacobitism
3680:San Marino
3640:Montenegro
3620:Luxembourg
3600:Kazakhstan
3503:Azerbaijan
3282:Sercquiais
3035:0080284914
2600:3 November
2580:References
2508:Indo-Aryan
2386:4,740,547
2356:In a 2010
2267:Statistics
1311:Hen Ogledd
1224:confluence
1216:Kilmarnock
1147:, as in, "
1133:coimpiùtar
1117:neologisms
985:Strathnith
639:Television
567:Folk music
545:Literature
506:Bealltainn
491:Tartan Day
373:Traditions
278:Jacobitism
128:(official)
4916:Christmas
4869:Musicians
4864:Inventors
4803:Languages
4779:Festivals
4619:Education
4544:Transport
4484:Companies
4479:Charities
4210:Elections
4098:Highlands
4051:Geography
3818:Gibraltar
3615:Lithuania
3266:Auregnais
3174:145120231
2937:"Welcome"
2520:Govanhill
2351:Highlands
2198:Old Irish
2159:Old Norse
2124:Caithness
2112:Caithness
2085:Caithness
2078:Hostility
2032:languages
1943:Canon law
1818:linguist
1796:Old Norse
1792:Caithness
1657:Caithness
1617:consonant
1463:from the
1398:Pritennic
1330:Ochiltree
1228:Inverness
1165:Stornoway
1151:(Lewis, "
1139:, or, in
1000:Old Irish
981:Annandale
903:Brittonic
729:Monuments
468:Festivals
447:Mythology
416:Scots law
331:Languages
103:(1.1%),
86:(30.1%),
5032:Category
5012:Category
4960:Hinduism
4906:Buddhism
4893:Religion
4723:Surnames
4663:Identity
4658:Hogmanay
4636:Colleges
4494:Forestry
4429:Udal law
4338:Unionism
4293:Monarchs
4197:Politics
4179:Politics
4113:Lowlands
3931:Timeline
3901:Scotland
3838:Svalbard
3823:Guernsey
3770:Abkhazia
3740:Scotland
3695:Slovenia
3690:Slovakia
3665:Portugal
3523:Bulgaria
3422:Scotland
3412:Cornwall
3277:Jèrriais
3078:Archived
2665:13 April
2657:(2011).
2634:13 April
2623:(2011).
2548:See also
2522:area in
2451:Punjabi
2383:English
2134:Overview
2108:Orcadian
2104:Shetland
2092:Shetland
2038:dialects
1877:Arms of
1800:Hebrides
1784:Shetland
1725:and the
1721:between
1649:Shetland
1388:down to
1386:Shetland
1347:≡ Welsh
1341:Q-Celtic
1337:P-Celtic
1322:Aberdeen
1307:Gododdin
1157:an telly
1062:ekklesia
1042:muinntir
973:Galloway
862:Germanic
716:Shot put
676:Football
531:Religion
520:Samhainn
515:Lùnastal
481:Hogmanay
451:folklore
406:Crofting
381:Clothing
198:Timeline
159:a series
157:Part of
111:(0.5%),
107:(0.5%),
79:Minority
42:Official
5003:Outline
4975:Sikhism
4970:Judaism
4879:Writers
4859:Artists
4767:unicorn
4728:Symbols
4678:Museums
4631:Schools
4614:Cuisine
4591:Culture
4578:Society
4539:Tourism
4504:Housing
4489:Fishing
4457:Economy
4269:History
4123:Highest
4103:Islands
4093:Geology
4073:Climate
3956:Kingdom
3923:History
3730:England
3720:Ukraine
3670:Romania
3630:Moldova
3588:Ireland
3583:Iceland
3578:Hungary
3568:Germany
3563:Georgia
3553:Finland
3548:Estonia
3543:Denmark
3528:Croatia
3513:Belgium
3508:Belarus
3498:Austria
3493:Armenia
3488:Andorra
3483:Albania
3379:British
3352:Pictish
3339:Llanito
3333:Cumbric
3245:Cornish
3231:English
2921:10 June
2524:Glasgow
2487:11,317
2484:German
2476:12,533
2465:14,623
2462:French
2454:23,150
2443:23,394
2432:24,974
2421:27,381
2408:54,186
2405:Polish
2397:55,817
2325:
2310:
2295:
2290:English
2193:Pictish
2188:Cumbric
2043:Dialect
2010:Makaton
1929:", the
1822:wrote:
1816:Faroese
1735:mergers
1731:England
1621:cognate
1585:David I
1553:ceilidh
1458:Anglian
1452:of the
1450:dialect
1432:dialect
1418:in the
1361:cognate
1326:Tranent
1315:Cumbric
1244:Kinross
1240:Kintyre
1226:) e.g.
1208:Balerno
1167:in the
1058:Bìoball
1054:eaglais
1021:of the
977:Carrick
907:Pictish
778:Thistle
750:Symbols
671:Curling
592:Keening
510:May Day
458:Cuisine
411:Saining
354:Pictish
223:Kingdom
188:History
113:Punjabi
109:Chinese
96:Foreign
73:(98.6%)
71:English
47:English
5017:Portal
4854:Actors
4841:People
4784:Comedy
4755:tartan
4733:anthem
4549:Whisky
4361:Courts
4274:Cities
4041:Modern
3833:Jersey
3775:Kosovo
3715:Turkey
3705:Sweden
3685:Serbia
3675:Russia
3660:Poland
3655:Norway
3635:Monaco
3605:Latvia
3573:Greece
3558:France
3533:Cyprus
3363:Shelta
3260:Norman
3172:
3032:
2977:28 May
2916:"Norn"
2898:
2755:
2538:Shelta
2512:Romani
2394:Scots
2389:94.5%
2128:Gaelic
2120:Gaelic
2096:Orkney
2012:, and
1947:burghs
1863:Nynorn
1808:Norway
1788:Orkney
1645:Orkney
1581:burghs
1548:Gaelic
1544:Gaelic
1528:Norman
1473:Viking
1471:. The
1465:Humber
1426:, and
1420:Anglic
1364:ystrad
1353:monidh
1349:mynydd
1345:monadh
1305:, and
1303:Rheged
1252:Dundee
1246:, and
1220:inbhir
1200:buidhe
1145:igeadh
1115:, the
1106:bramar
1096:) and
1094:seòmar
1086:Sàbaid
1082:Hebrew
1074:eilean
1066:biblos
1034:Celtic
1027:Shelta
866:Celtic
783:Tartan
711:Shinty
686:Hailes
644:Cinema
501:Imbolc
386:Hackle
321:People
308:Modern
161:on the
140:QWERTY
121:Signed
115:(0.5%)
101:Polish
90:(1.1%)
4965:Islam
4826:Scots
4743:flags
4718:Sport
4683:Music
4609:Clans
4509:Media
4165:Munro
4140:Glens
4108:Lochs
4088:Flora
4083:Fauna
3808:Åland
3745:Wales
3700:Spain
3625:Malta
3595:Italy
3427:Wales
3384:Irish
3306:Welsh
3289:Scots
3250:Irish
3170:S2CID
3058:(PDF)
3041:there
2888:(PDF)
2628:(PDF)
2497:Other
2490:0.2%
2479:0.3%
2468:0.3%
2457:0.5%
2446:0.5%
2440:Urdu
2435:0.5%
2424:0.6%
2411:1.1%
2400:1.1%
2305:Scots
2116:Norse
2035:from
1836:Foula
1828:Foula
1723:Scots
1669:Angus
1665:Moray
1536:Dutch
1524:Latin
1424:Scots
1357:srath
1236:ceann
1212:cille
1204:baile
1188:ruadh
1141:Lewis
1137:-eadh
1125:Latin
1121:Greek
1078:sgeir
1070:Norse
1050:Greek
1038:Latin
1008:Ogham
873:Scots
658:Sport
634:Radio
626:Media
602:Opera
555:Music
426:Skalk
84:Scots
51:Scots
4845:list
4365:List
3345:Norn
3255:Manx
3115:2010
3030:ISBN
2979:2012
2923:2011
2896:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2667:2021
2636:2021
2602:2022
2502:The
2213:Norn
2106:and
2100:Norn
2094:and
2059:and
1900:and
1786:and
1741:and
1687:and
1647:and
1574:jilt
1572:and
1565:clan
1562:and
1559:loch
1538:and
1445:The
1438:, a
1430:, a
1414:Two
1390:Fife
1328:and
1254:and
1196:donn
1192:dubh
1102:aidh
1019:cant
992:Manx
983:and
975:and
959:and
901:and
875:and
864:and
856:The
758:Flag
666:Golf
557:and
449:and
359:Norn
105:Urdu
66:Main
57:and
4604:Art
4348:Law
3162:doi
2314:30%
2299:99%
2087:).
1729:of
1570:gob
1248:dun
1184:bàn
1180:mac
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1143:, -
1123:or
1108:).
1090:Aba
1080:),
1068:),
1040:, (
587:Mod
538:Art
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3168:.
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3060:.
3038:.
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2890:.
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2782:^
2732:.
2716:^
2644:^
2610:^
2353:.
2329:1%
2074:.
2045:)
1970:.
1858:.
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1757:.
1745:.
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1671:;
1663:,
1659:,
1651:;
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1526:,
1332:.
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