1642:. Consequently, this written Scots looked very similar to contemporary Standard English, suggesting a somewhat modified version of that, rather than a distinct speech form with a phonological system which had been developing independently for many centuries. This modern literary dialect, "Scots of the book" or Standard Scots once again gave Scots an orthography of its own, lacking neither "authority nor author". During the 20th century a number of proposals for spelling reform were presented. Commenting on this, John Corbett (2003: 260) writes that "devising a normative orthography for Scots has been one of the greatest linguistic hobbies of the past century". Most proposals entailed regularising the use of established 18th and 19th century conventions, in particular the avoidance of the
1721:
42:
2081:), and a common written form was current well into the 20th century, the two varieties have usually been considered as dialects of a single tongue rather than languages in their own right; the written forms have diverged in the 21st century. The government of the United Kingdom "recognises that Scots and Ulster Scots meet the Charter's definition of a regional or minority language". Whether this implies recognition of one regional or minority language or two is a question of interpretation. Ulster Scots is defined in legislation (The North/South Co-operation (Implementation Bodies) Northern Ireland Order 1999) as:
1290:
1501:
1885:
2001:
824:
156:
188:
945:
1146:. Although native speakers frequently use an English word for which there is a perfectly good Gaelic equivalent, they will, without thinking, simply adopt the English word and use it, applying the rules of Gaelic grammar, as the situation requires. With verbs, for instance, they will simply add the verbal suffix (
2521:) has also been spoken in Scotland, but became more or less extinct in the country during the 20th century. It has lent Scotland's other languages a number of loanwords, and has also had an effect on the Gaelic of the travelling community. Since the beginning of the 21st century increasing numbers of
1621:
descended from the old court Scots emerged. This variety abandoned some of the more distinctive old Scots spellings, adopted many standard
English spellings (although from the rhymes it is clear that a Scots pronunciation was intended) and introduced what came to be known as the
2113:, a derivative of Old Norse mutually intelligible with Icelandic and Faroese, died out in the 18th century after large-scale immigration by Lowland Scots speakers. To this day, many Shetlanders and Orcadians maintain a separate identity, albeit through the
2093:
Some resent
Scottish Gaelic being promoted in the Lowlands, although it was once spoken everywhere in mainland Scotland including, to an extent, the extreme south-east (that part of Scotland which was originally Northumbria) and the extreme north-east
3051:
by the tenth and eleventh centuries the Gaelic language was in use throughout the whole of
Scotland, including the English-speaking south-east, though no doubt the longer-established Northern English continued to be the dominant language
3014:
2016:. There are a few signs used in Scotland which are unique to the country, as well as variations in some signs from Dundee to Glasgow (similar to accents). Most deaf people in Scotland are educated in mainstream schools.
1366:, are particularly evident. Often the Brittonic influence on Scots Gaelic is indicated by comparing with the Irish Gaelic usage which is not likely to have been influenced so much by Brittonic. In particular, the word
3190:
1976:
origin and national cohesion was fostered with the creation of various unique religious and cultural practices. By the end of the period, Scotland experienced a "Gaelic revival" which created an integrated
1649:
Spoken Scots comprises many dialects, none of which may be said to be more "true" Scots than any other. This diversity is often seen as a mark of local pride among Scots. There are four dialect groupings:
1932:
Norman French was historically used in
Scotland, and appears in some mottos as well. Some works of medieval literature from Scotland were composed in this language. After the twelfth-century reign of
3018:
1913:
1553:
influences due to trade and immigration from the Low
Countries. Scots also includes loan words resulting from contact with Scottish Gaelic. Early medieval legal documents include a body of
2052:, although a number of paradigms exist, which render sometimes contradictory results. The exact distinction is therefore a subjective one, dependent on the user's frame of reference. (See
4939:
1917:), and various ceremonial contexts. Latin abbreviations can also be seen on British coins and in mottos etc. The use of Latin has declined greatly in recent years. At one time, Latin and
1354:
has a far greater overlap with P-Celtic than with
English in terms of vocabulary, it is not always possible to disentangle P- and Q-Celtic words. However some common words, such as
1308:
language was probably spoken in southern
Scotland in Roman times and earlier. It was certainly spoken there by the early medieval era, and Brittonic-speaking kingdoms such as
1744:
after the 17th century. The resulting shift towards
Standard English by Scots-speakers resulted in many phonological compromises and lexical transfers, often mistaken for
2374:
The 2011 census asked people to specify the language that they used at home. This found that the language used by majority of people aged 3 and over (92.6%) was
English.
3220:
3088:
2371:
study, 85% of respondents noted they speak Scots. According to the 2011 census, 1,541,693 people can speak Scots in
Scotland, approximately 30% of the population.
1213:(Bowie – yellow), and Gille- (meaning lad or servant) gives rise to names such as Gilmour and Gillies. Common place name elements from Gaelic in Scotland include
2554:
During the 20th and 21st centuries immigrants from a wide variety of countries have created a complex mosaic of spoken languages amongst the resident population.
2066:
to a limited degree – especially between southern dialects of Scottish Gaelic and northern dialects of Irish (programmes in each form of Gaelic are broadcast on
974:, and by some people in other areas of Scotland. It was formerly spoken over a far wider area than today, even in the recent past, as evidenced by placenames.
1761:
1186:. However, as Gaelic medium education grows in popularity, a newer generation of literate Gaels is becoming more familiar with modern Gaelic vocabulary.
1853:
Most of the use of Norn/Norse in modern-day Shetland and Orkney is purely ceremonial, and mostly in Old Norse, for example the Shetland motto, which is
3867:
1929:
are still available in both subjects. Latin's presence is almost two thousand years old in Scotland, but it has rarely been a community language.
1841:
who could repeat sentences in Norn, as I myself had the opportunity of hearing. The last man in Unst who is said to have been able to speak Norn,
1017:, the oldest known form of the Goidelic languages. Primitive Irish is known only from fragments, mostly personal names, inscribed on stone in the
622:
4644:
1193:
means "Son of...") and toponymy. The surname influence is not restricted to Mac- names: several colours give rise to common Scottish surnames:
3468:
3213:
3002:
854:
4306:
1849:, on the other hand, men who were living very much later than the middle of the present century are said to have been able to speak Norn
4934:
4397:
3900:
2977:
2360:, where the language is spoken by the majority of the population. There are also large populations of speakers in other parts of the
1024:
Goidelic languages were once the most prominent by far among the Scottish population, but are now mainly restricted to the West. The
1748:
by linguists unfamiliar with the history of Scottish English. Furthermore, the process was also influenced by interdialectal forms,
4782:
3206:
1825:(the national church), and it was gradually replaced by Lowland Scots over time. Norn persisted well into the 19th century, as the
746:
2356:). In total 92,400 people aged three and over in Scotland had some Gaelic language ability in 2001. 15,723 of these reside in the
4277:
1813:, Orkney, Shetland and the west coast of the mainland during the Viking occupation from the 8th to the 13th centuries. After the
1598:. The growth in prestige of Early Scots in the 14th century, and the complementary decline of French in Scotland, made Scots the
4407:
4158:
3831:
2062:
and Irish are generally viewed as being languages in their own right rather than dialects of a single tongue but are sometimes
446:
4321:
4131:
4004:
3163:
2910:
2077:
Since there is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between contemporary speakers of Scots in Scotland and in Ulster (
273:
2635:
4961:
4696:
4228:
569:
478:
17:
2083:
the variety of the Scots language which has traditionally been used in parts of Northern Ireland and in Donegal in Ireland
1856:
4872:
4676:
4572:
4248:
3994:
3526:
3085:
808:
263:
1861:("with law shall land be built"), which is the same motto used by the Icelandic police force and inspired by the Danish
1301:
None of the Brittonic languages of Scotland survive to the modern day, though they have been reconstructed to a degree.
4532:
1529:
Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England. Later influences on the development of Scots were from
4919:
4654:
4391:
4316:
4233:
4039:
3959:
3461:
2767:
847:
308:
228:
3984:
3969:
3949:
2074:), but the relationship of Scots and English is less clear, since there is usually partial mutual intelligibility.
991:
253:
238:
218:
4909:
4978:
4336:
4126:
4009:
3862:
3733:
3546:
3229:
3139:
1370:(anglicised as "Strath") is a native Goidelic word, but its usage appears to have been modified by its Brittonic
920:
is usually seen as a Brittonic language but this is not universally accepted. They are known collectively as the
278:
3065:
2895:
2669:
2109:) were ceded to Scotland in lieu of an unpaid dowry in 1472, and never spoke Gaelic; its traditional vernacular
1504:
Plaque on a building near Gladstone Court Museum which was opened by MacDiarmid in 1968. The inscription reads:
1486:
invasions of the 9th century forced the dialect to split in two and in the north it began to evolve into Scots.
5046:
4746:
4417:
4153:
4143:
3821:
3571:
3397:
3044:
4988:
4492:
4442:
4364:
3979:
3893:
3743:
3425:
2846:
Mackie, Albert D. (1952). "Fergusson's Language: Braid Scots Then and Now". In Smith, Syndney Goodsir (ed.).
2071:
1635:
1346:
There are also many Brittonic influences on Scottish Gaelic. Scottish Gaelic contains a number of apparently
979:
248:
1952:
to native Scottish culture. A consequence was the spread of French institutions and social values including
4736:
4639:
4586:
4537:
4497:
4294:
4272:
3939:
3836:
3788:
3658:
3653:
3454:
3159:"Bilingualism in Sardinia and Scotland: Exploring the cognitive benefits of speaking a 'minority' language"
2574:
840:
383:
208:
2121:
dialects of Lowland Scots, rather than their former national tongue. Norn was also spoken at one point in
4946:
4882:
4741:
4686:
4148:
4138:
4111:
3954:
1953:
1790:
1741:
778:
223:
4877:
4671:
4379:
4373:
4223:
4168:
4049:
3793:
3618:
2665:
2631:
1978:
1720:
391:
318:
41:
978:
is the extinct dialect of Scottish Gaelic formerly spoken in southwest Scotland. It was spoken by the
4956:
4951:
4633:
4301:
4116:
3798:
3760:
3403:
1606:
had established orthographic and literary norms largely independent of those developing in England. "
1324:("Old North"), emerged in what is now Scotland. Eventually Brittonic evolved into a variety known as
1189:
The influence of Scottish Gaelic can be seen particularly in surnames (notably Mac- names, where the
1175:
2604:
1984:
The use of Ancient Greek is almost entirely gone in Scotland, but one example would be the motto of
1876:("New Norn"), based upon linguistic analysis of the known records and Norse linguistics in general.
4887:
4867:
4802:
4716:
4649:
4607:
4567:
4522:
4387:
4289:
4255:
4086:
3886:
3718:
2330:
1842:
1450:
1174:". This tendency was remarked upon by the minister who compiled the account covering the parish of
921:
887:
783:
773:
706:
4862:
4477:
4260:
4173:
4163:
4044:
3989:
3688:
3648:
3628:
3608:
3511:
2150:
1961:
1901:
1426:
1123:
716:
582:
313:
258:
3280:
3158:
1872:
There are some enthusiasts who are engaged in developing and disseminating a modern form called
577:
4751:
4542:
4326:
4238:
4196:
4024:
3826:
3623:
3104:
2353:
2067:
2005:
1753:
1471:
1309:
649:
587:
293:
2758:
Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane, eds. (2003). "A Brief History of Scots".
1500:
4924:
4839:
4787:
4627:
4552:
4487:
4267:
4218:
4071:
4059:
3846:
3778:
3703:
3698:
3673:
3531:
3420:
3387:
3193:
3118:
2564:
2078:
2063:
2013:
1985:
1889:
1643:
1623:
1457:
592:
401:
136:
69:
4721:
3816:
4968:
4914:
4901:
4502:
4346:
4341:
4205:
4187:
3999:
3944:
3738:
3728:
3678:
3638:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3576:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3536:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3330:
3302:
2579:
2518:
2244:
2186:
1922:
1893:
1464:
1289:
686:
541:
461:
268:
213:
3285:
2981:
2831:
J. Derrick, McClure (1985). "The debate on Scots orthography". In Görlach, Manfred (ed.).
1408:
8:
5011:
4983:
4706:
4701:
4681:
4599:
4547:
4512:
4465:
4311:
4243:
4213:
4101:
4081:
4034:
3974:
3964:
3931:
3921:
3841:
3783:
3723:
3713:
3693:
3683:
3668:
3663:
3643:
3613:
3581:
3566:
3541:
3477:
3392:
2903:
Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009
2368:
1937:
1933:
1745:
1639:
1595:
1284:
1033:
913:
760:
555:
486:
303:
243:
233:
198:
178:
3095:
from General Registrar for Scotland website, 10 October 2005. Retrieved 27 December 2007
4929:
4792:
4659:
4432:
4427:
4369:
4282:
4106:
4029:
4014:
3753:
3708:
3633:
3603:
3435:
3180:
2706:
2584:
2361:
2101:
Two areas with mostly Norse-derived placenames (and some Pictish), the Northern Isles (
2000:
1884:
1822:
1526:
1420:
1080:
971:
939:
909:
872:
696:
654:
457:
298:
283:
5020:
4973:
4768:
4731:
4726:
4711:
4691:
4517:
4422:
4412:
4121:
4096:
4091:
3184:
3040:
2906:
2763:
1941:
1618:
1550:
987:
879:
668:
644:
636:
612:
565:
169:
89:
52:
1331:
The main legacy of these languages has been Scotland's toponymy, e.g. names such as
890:
are minority languages. The dialect of English spoken in Scotland is referred to as
4824:
4819:
4756:
4622:
4482:
4383:
3360:
3248:
3243:
3172:
2964:
2722:
Jackson K; The Pictish Language in F T Wainright "The Problem of the Picts" (1955).
2670:"Table AT_002_2011 - Language used at home other than English (detailed), Scotland"
2300:
2267:
2176:
2118:
2114:
1926:
1864:
1757:
1737:
1729:
1715:
1695:
1687:
1599:
1530:
1438:
1430:
1386:
1305:
1293:
Possible language zones in southern Scotland, 7th–8th centuries (after Nicolaisen,
1278:
1044:
975:
952:
917:
903:
891:
876:
768:
468:
364:
359:
123:
119:
106:
81:
57:
3198:
3005:, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Status as of: 17 March 2011
2740:
1617:
There is no institutionalised standard variety, but during the 18th century a new
5025:
4849:
4829:
4447:
4331:
3371:
3335:
3309:
3268:
3092:
2569:
2544:
2526:
2514:
2349:
2257:
2181:
2138:
2059:
1749:
1679:
1558:
1538:
1092:
1029:
1025:
1014:
959:
933:
828:
506:
349:
331:
144:
111:
98:
65:
1921:
were commonly taught in Scottish schools (and were required for entrance to the
1821:
in the 15th century, its use was discouraged by the Scottish government and the
617:
4834:
3314:
3297:
3258:
2357:
2315:
2218:
2191:
2024:
1949:
1907:
1899:
Latin is also used to a limited degree in certain official mottos, for example
1830:
1826:
1814:
1663:
1611:
1546:
1514:
1495:
1479:
1468:
1434:
1392:
1131:
1108:
1060:
967:
963:
883:
701:
691:
597:
354:
94:
61:
2551:, being a form of Gaelic or semi-Gaelicised English spoken by some travellers.
2095:
1138:, although written in Gaelic orthography; "television", for instance, becomes
5040:
4853:
4617:
4557:
4526:
4402:
3366:
3353:
3263:
3176:
2926:
2905:. Aberdeen: Forum for Research on the Languages of Scotland and Ireland: 40.
2538:
2522:
2223:
2110:
1969:
1918:
1784:
1703:
1699:
1683:
1651:
1575:
1542:
1446:
1151:
1002:
948:
607:
431:
411:
369:
131:
76:
990:
until the early modern period. It was also once spoken, but much less so in
4612:
4562:
4507:
4076:
2262:
2239:
2234:
2159:
2125:, apparently dying out much earlier than Shetland and Orkney. However, the
1945:
1733:
1607:
1603:
1554:
1404:
1242:
1006:
798:
711:
548:
496:
406:
4775:
2133:
speaking population in the Western Isles; to what degree this happened in
1771:
Distinct vocabulary, often from Latin and Lowland Scots, is still used in
2785:
The Language of Walter Scott: A Study of his Scottish and Period Language
2213:
2164:
1965:
1691:
1671:
1522:
1518:
1328:, which survived in southwestern Scotland until around the 11th century.
1266:
803:
441:
1760:
has been influenced by Gaelic. The most Gaelic influenced variety being
1021:
alphabet in Ireland and western Britain up to about the 6th century AD.
4019:
3290:
2805:. Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Scottish National Dictionary Association.
1590:
From the 13th century Early Scots spread further into Scotland via the
1321:
1234:
1226:
995:
525:
501:
288:
3446:
4356:
3274:
2530:
2208:
2169:
2134:
2126:
2122:
1806:
1802:
1772:
1667:
1634:. This Written Scots drew not only on the vernacular but also on the
1627:
1561:
loanwords are mainly for geographical and cultural features, such as
1340:
1238:
1127:
1010:
426:
3878:
1182:, published over 170 years ago. It has even gone so far as the verb
155:
4666:
4437:
3909:
2102:
2042:
1810:
1794:
1765:
1659:
1396:
1351:
1347:
1332:
1317:
1043:
The majority of the vocabulary of modern Scottish Gaelic is native
983:
726:
491:
416:
187:
3039:(1987 ed.). Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press. p. ix.
1638:, and was also heavily influenced by the norms and conventions of
3347:
3341:
2534:
2203:
2198:
2053:
2048:
2020:
1973:
1631:
1563:
1460:
1442:
1371:
1336:
1325:
1254:
1250:
1218:
908:
The Celtic languages of Scotland can be divided into two groups:
788:
681:
602:
530:
520:
516:
421:
2947:
1594:, early urban institutions which were first established by King
944:
46:
Geographic distribution of Scots and Gaelic speakers in Scotland
4763:
2548:
2149:
Diagrammatic representation of the development of the historic
2106:
1957:
1873:
1818:
1798:
1655:
1483:
1475:
1313:
1262:
1037:
793:
721:
511:
396:
150:
2541:
and the Romani language can be heard being spoken in the area.
2040:
There are no universally accepted criteria for distinguishing
882:. The main language now spoken in Scotland is English, while
2881:
Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects
2130:
1846:
1838:
1675:
1610:" is used to describe the language after 1700, when southern
1591:
1534:
1135:
1048:
1018:
436:
3157:
Lauchlan, Fraser; Parisi, Marinella; Fadda, Roberta (2013).
1507:
Let the lesson be – to be yersels and to mak that worth bein
1130:
which are coined for modern concepts are typically based on
1964:. These developments were offset by the acquisition of the
1960:, appeared in the same era, and as they spread, so did the
1569:
1400:
676:
115:
2757:
2141:
was spoken in parts of the county until the 20th century.
2801:
Grant and, William; Murison, David D., eds. (1929–1976).
1879:
3003:
List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148
2796:
2794:
1407:
invaded Northern Britain, each with their own language.
3105:"Census 2001 Scotland: Gaelic speakers by council area"
3086:"News Release – Scotland's Census 2001 – Gaelic Report"
2762:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 9ff.
1724:
A Book of Psalms printed in the reign of James VI and I
1513:
Scots has its origins in the variety of early northern
1925:
until 1919, for Greek, and the 1960s, for Latin), and
1395:
language. At its height, it may have been spoken from
958:
The Goidelic language currently spoken in Scotland is
3022:
2894:
Barnes, Michael (2010). Millar, Robert McColl (ed.).
2800:
2791:
2664:
2630:
2129:
speaking population were entirely assimilated by the
1525:
variety due to 12th and 13th century immigration of
3228:
3156:
3116:
3015:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
2978:"University Coat of Arms; University of St Andrews"
1801:, off the north coast of mainland Scotland, and in
2705:
2027:, a sign language based on the English language.
1602:of most of eastern Scotland. By the 16th century
1557:legal and administrative loanwords. Contemporary
5038:
3110:
2597:
2019:Other sign languages in use in Scotland include
1614:was generally adopted as the literary language.
1249:(Kin-, meaning a head or top of something) e.g.
2874:
2872:
1854:
1702:. A Jewish hybrid of the early 20th century is
1517:spoken in southeastern Scotland, also known as
1170:" (I am watching the television), rather than "
2967:. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
2865:. Vol. 8. London: Heinemann. p. 152.
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
1047:. There are a large number of borrowings from
3894:
3462:
3214:
3119:"Public Attitudes Towards the Scots Language"
2738:
2626:
2624:
2622:
1992:) ("Ever to Excel" or "Ever To Be The Best")
1728:Scottish (Standard) English is the result of
848:
2869:
2818:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
1972:of many of the noble families of French and
1892:, showing on a blue scroll the motto of the
2850:. Edinburgh: Nelson. pp. 123–124, 129.
2725:
1862:
1579:, and also occur in colloquialisms such as
1505:
3901:
3887:
3469:
3455:
3221:
3207:
3107:Comunn na Gàidhlig. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
3079:
2830:
2619:
2525:migrants from Eastern Europe has seen the
2378:2011 Census: Language persons use at home
855:
841:
154:
40:
2860:
2745:A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue
2739:Macafee, Caroline; Aitken, A. J. (2002).
3034:
2883:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2660:
2658:
2656:
1999:
1883:
1719:
1499:
1288:
943:
3476:
2878:
2861:Stevenson, R. L. (1905). "Underwoods".
2820:. Oxford University Press. p. 168.
2815:
2782:
2703:
2352:has 58,652 speakers (roughly 1% of the
2012:Scotland's deaf community tends to use
1377:, whose meaning is slightly different.
14:
5039:
3063:
2893:
2845:
2035:
2008:for the Deaf in West Coates, Edinburgh
1880:Norman French, Ancient Greek and Latin
1837:As late as 1894, there were people in
1411:may have been a precursor of Pictish.
1403:, but it was pushed back as Scots and
1272:
1063:, especially in the religious domain (
3908:
3882:
3450:
3202:
3164:International Journal of Bilingualism
2879:Macafee, C. (2004). Hikey, R. (ed.).
2708:Language and History in Early Britain
2653:
2605:"Fact: Scotland's official languages"
2287:Distribution of languages of Scotland
2137:is a matter of controversy, although
1914:condictio causa data causa non-secuta
1541:and later Parisian French due to the
1414:
1172:Tha mi a' coimhead air an telebhisean
927:
4229:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
2835:. Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 204.
1433:group are spoken in Scotland today:
982:in their time, and by the people of
2704:Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone (1953).
2386:Count of all people aged 3 or over
1789:Norn is an extinct North Germanic,
1709:
1380:
1180:New Statistical Account of Scotland
1001:Scottish Gaelic, along with modern
897:
809:Scottish inventions and discoveries
24:
3150:
2996:
2965:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 98.6.16
1013:, which is descended in turn from
25:
5058:
4655:Scottish Qualifications Authority
4392:Office of the Accountant of Court
4317:Member of the Scottish Parliament
3868:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1995:
1521:. That began to diverge from the
1489:
2760:The Edinburgh Companion to Scots
2694:. Edinburgh. Birlinn. pp.225–29.
2030:
1944:are perhaps better described as
1778:
822:
186:
3230:Languages of the United Kingdom
3132:
3098:
3057:
3028:
3008:
2970:
2958:
2940:
2919:
2887:
2854:
2839:
2824:
2809:
2787:. London: Deutsch. p. 249.
1845:from Skaw, died about 1850. In
1630:exists in the Standard English
2776:
2751:
2716:
2697:
2684:
2672:. National Records of Scotland
2641:. National Records of Scotland
1948:than Gaelic, often preferring
1809:that was widely spoken in the
1793:, language that was spoken in
1626:, generally occurring where a
13:
1:
3035:Robinson, Mairi, ed. (1985).
2590:
2440:Gaelic (Scottish and others)
2348:According to the 2001 census
2277:
1690:and South West Scotland; and
1533:via ecclesiastical and legal
1445:of the English language. The
1034:Scottish travelling community
1005:and Irish, is descended from
980:independent kings of Galloway
962:. It is widely spoken in the
4005:Colonisation of the Americas
3037:The Concise Scots Dictionary
2863:The Works of R. L. Stevenson
2803:Scottish National Dictionary
2741:"A history of Scots to 1700"
2575:Abstand and ausbau languages
2088:
871:belong predominantly to the
274:Colonisation of the Americas
7:
2558:
2155:
2144:
1391:The Pictish language is an
1297:and Taylor, "Place Names").
1233:(Inver-, Inner-, meaning a
1225:(Kil-, an old church) e.g.
966:, and also in parts of the
10:
5063:
4677:Inventions and discoveries
4380:Supreme Courts of Scotland
2848:Robert Fergusson 1750–1774
2636:"Table KS206SC - Language"
1979:Scottish national identity
1956:. The first towns, called
1857:Með lögum skal land byggja
1817:were ceded to Scotland by
1782:
1773:Scottish legal terminology
1713:
1493:
1418:
1384:
1282:
1276:
937:
931:
901:
5005:
4952:Scottish Episcopal Church
4900:
4848:
4810:
4801:
4634:Curriculum for Excellence
4598:
4594:
4585:
4473:
4464:
4355:
4204:
4195:
4186:
4067:
4058:
3930:
3917:
3855:
3807:
3769:
3484:
3413:
3380:
3323:
3236:
3117:The Scottish Government.
2429:Mandarin, Min Nan, etc.)
2339:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2309:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2185:
2175:
2163:
2158:
1890:Charles II, King of Scots
143:
130:
105:
88:
75:
51:
39:
34:
4388:High Court of Justiciary
3177:10.1177/1367006911429622
2783:Tulloch, Graham (1980).
2547:, a Scottish analogy to
2537:has become home to many
2529:return to Scotland. The
2507:
2072:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta
1805:. Norn evolved from the
922:Insular Celtic languages
4962:Free Church of Scotland
4249:International relations
3140:"Language used at home"
3073:media.scotslanguage.com
2816:McClure, J. D. (1992).
2151:Indo-European languages
1962:Middle English language
1902:Nemo Me Impune Lacessit
1855:
1754:spelling pronunciations
1640:Augustan English poetry
1527:Scandinavian-influenced
1506:
1451:North Germanic language
1427:West Germanic languages
1142:and "computer" becomes
1124:Indo-European languages
583:Scottish highland dance
4543:Royal Bank of Scotland
4239:Great Seal of Scotland
3527:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2484:British Sign Language
2354:population of Scotland
2068:BBC Radio nan Gaidheal
2009:
1896:
1863:
1851:
1725:
1510:
1472:Kingdom of Northumbria
1298:
1261:(meaning a fort) e.g.
955:
588:Scottish country dance
27:Languages of a country
5047:Languages of Scotland
4840:British Sign Language
4307:Members of Parliament
4234:Deputy First Minister
4072:Anglo-Scottish border
4040:Industrial Revolution
3194:Gale Academic Onefile
2690:Neat, Timothy (2002)
2666:United Kingdom census
2632:United Kingdom census
2064:mutually intelligible
2014:British Sign Language
2003:
1986:St Andrews University
1905:, legal terminology (
1887:
1835:
1723:
1678:, Aberdeenshire, and
1644:apologetic apostrophe
1624:apologetic apostrophe
1503:
1292:
1283:Further information:
1122:In common with other
947:
938:Further information:
869:languages of Scotland
593:Scottish sword dances
402:Burning of the Clavie
309:Industrial Revolution
137:British Sign Language
70:British Sign Language
35:Languages of Scotland
4783:World Heritage Sites
3980:Wars of Independence
3478:Languages of Europe
3066:"A history of Scots"
2607:. scotland.org. 2011
2580:Languages of Ireland
2245:Early Modern English
2187:Early Middle English
1923:ancient universities
1894:Order of the Thistle
1465:Old English language
1295:Scottish Place-Names
1217:(Bal-, a town) e.g.
910:Goidelic (or Gaelic)
747:World Heritage Sites
447:Units of measurement
249:Wars of Independence
145:Keyboard layout
18:Language in Scotland
4573:International trade
4127:Mountains and hills
4035:Highland Clearances
4010:Glorious Revolution
3975:Davidian Revolution
3922:Outline of Scotland
3770:States with limited
3414:Languages by region
3091:22 May 2013 at the
3064:Aitken, A. (1985).
2896:"The Study of Norn"
2712:. University Press.
2427:Chinese (Cantonese,
2379:
2369:Scottish Government
2036:Language vs dialect
2006:Donaldson's College
2004:The former home of
1988:, ΑΙΕΝ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΥΕΙΝ (
1938:Davidian Revolution
1936:and the so-called "
1285:Brittonic languages
1273:Brittonic languages
1160:Tha mi a' watcheadh
829:Scotland portal
304:Highland Clearances
279:Glorious Revolution
244:Davidian Revolution
179:Culture of Scotland
4930:Church of Scotland
4722:Royal National Mòd
4660:Education Scotland
4433:Scots property law
4428:College of Justice
4337:Secretary of State
4159:Biosphere reserves
4030:Lowland Clearances
4015:1707 Acts of Union
2833:Focus on: Scotland
2692:The Summer Walkers
2585:Languages of Wales
2377:
2010:
1897:
1823:Church of Scotland
1726:
1511:
1467:was spoken in the
1453:, is now extinct.
1421:Germanic languages
1415:Germanic languages
1350:loanwords, but as
1299:
1028:is a Gaelic-based
1009:, a derivative of
972:Scottish Highlands
956:
940:Goidelic languages
928:Goidelic languages
299:Lowland Clearances
284:1707 Acts of Union
5034:
5033:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4989:Ethnic minorities
4947:Roman Catholicism
4896:
4895:
4581:
4580:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4443:Prison population
4423:Sheriff principal
4418:Solicitor General
4413:Procurator fiscal
4322:Political parties
4182:
4181:
3960:Early Middle Ages
3876:
3875:
3444:
3443:
3023:Council of Europe
3021:on 14 May 2005),
2912:978-0-9566549-1-5
2505:
2504:
2344:
2343:
2275:
2274:
1942:Scottish monarchs
1843:Walter Sutherland
1791:West Scandinavian
1762:Hebridean English
1619:literary language
1600:prestige language
1551:Middle Low German
1531:Romance languages
880:language families
865:
864:
229:Early Middle Ages
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
5054:
5014:
4935:General Assembly
4825:Scottish English
4820:Highland English
4808:
4807:
4697:Oldest buildings
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4538:Renewable energy
4483:Bank of Scotland
4471:
4470:
4384:Court of Session
4365:Advocate General
4295:Military history
4273:Local government
4202:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4065:
4064:
3985:Late Middle Ages
3970:High Middle Ages
3903:
3896:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3808:Dependencies and
3744:Northern Ireland
3485:Sovereign states
3471:
3464:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3426:Northern Ireland
3223:
3216:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3188:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3032:
3026:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2980:. Archived from
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2701:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2601:
2380:
2376:
2284:
2283:
2268:Scottish English
2177:Common Brittonic
2156:
1927:Scottish Highers
1868:
1865:Codex Holmiensis
1860:
1764:, spoken in the
1758:Highland English
1750:hypercorrections
1738:Standard English
1730:language contact
1716:Scottish English
1710:Scottish English
1696:Scottish Borders
1694:, spoken in the
1688:Central Lowlands
1686:, spoken in the
1636:King James Bible
1509:
1439:Scottish English
1387:Pictish language
1381:Pictish language
1306:Common Brittonic
1279:Cumbric language
1209:(Dunn – brown),
1197:(Bain – white),
976:Galwegian Gaelic
953:Kyle of Lochalsh
916:(or Brythonic).
904:Celtic languages
898:Celtic languages
892:Scottish English
857:
850:
843:
827:
826:
825:
487:St. Andrew's Day
360:Scottish English
254:Late Middle Ages
239:High Middle Ages
190:
181:
165:
164:
158:
44:
32:
31:
21:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5017:
5010:
4993:
4892:
4844:
4830:Scottish Gaelic
4797:
4702:Performing arts
4577:
4452:
4448:Police Scotland
4351:
4332:Scotland Office
4178:
4139:Protected areas
4054:
3926:
3913:
3907:
3877:
3872:
3851:
3809:
3803:
3789:Northern Cyprus
3771:
3765:
3659:North Macedonia
3480:
3475:
3445:
3440:
3409:
3376:
3336:Beurla Reagaird
3324:Other languages
3319:
3310:Scottish Gaelic
3232:
3227:
3153:
3151:Further reading
3148:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3093:Wayback Machine
3084:
3080:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3047:
3033:
3029:
3017:(archived from
3013:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2877:
2870:
2859:
2855:
2844:
2840:
2829:
2825:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2792:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2756:
2752:
2747:. Vol. 12.
2737:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2663:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2570:Canadian Gaelic
2561:
2545:Beurla Reagaird
2527:Romani language
2515:Romani language
2510:
2428:
2350:Scottish Gaelic
2346:
2345:
2337:
2331:Scottish Gaelic
2322:
2307:
2280:
2258:Scottish Gaelic
2182:Primitive Irish
2147:
2091:
2060:Scottish Gaelic
2038:
2033:
1998:
1990:AIEN ARISTEUEIN
1882:
1787:
1781:
1718:
1712:
1498:
1492:
1478:estuary to the
1423:
1417:
1389:
1383:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1205:(Dow – black),
1036:related to the
1026:Beurla-reagaird
1015:Primitive Irish
960:Scottish Gaelic
942:
936:
934:Scottish Gaelic
930:
906:
900:
888:Scottish Gaelic
861:
823:
821:
814:
813:
779:National anthem
764:
763:
752:
751:
742:
741:
732:
731:
672:
671:
660:
659:
640:
639:
628:
627:
573:
572:
570:performing arts
536:
535:
482:
481:
452:
451:
387:
386:
375:
374:
350:Scottish Gaelic
345:
344:
326:
325:
324:
323:
202:
201:
177:
159:
153:
99:Scottish Gaelic
66:Scottish Gaelic
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5060:
5050:
5049:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5016:
5015:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4927:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4859:
4857:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4749:
4744:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Power stations
4530:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4408:Lord President
4405:
4400:
4395:
4377:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4224:First Minister
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4169:Municipalities
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912: articles
3906:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3863:European Union
3859:
3857:
3856:Other entities
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3810:other entities
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3734:United Kingdom
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:Czech Republic
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3398:Northern Irish
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3381:Sign languages
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3131:
3109:
3097:
3078:
3056:
3045:
3027:
3007:
2995:
2984:on 5 June 2011
2969:
2957:
2939:
2918:
2911:
2886:
2868:
2853:
2838:
2823:
2808:
2790:
2775:
2768:
2750:
2724:
2715:
2696:
2683:
2652:
2618:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2542:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:Mother tongue
2358:Outer Hebrides
2342:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2219:Middle English
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:Old West Norse
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2146:
2143:
2090:
2087:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:Signed English
1997:
1996:Sign languages
1994:
1968:west, and the
1950:French culture
1908:Ultimus haeres
1881:
1878:
1831:Jakob Jakobsen
1815:Northern Isles
1783:Main article:
1780:
1777:
1714:Main article:
1711:
1708:
1692:Southern Scots
1664:Northern Scots
1612:Modern English
1515:Middle English
1496:Scots language
1494:Main article:
1491:
1490:Scots language
1488:
1480:Firth of Forth
1419:Main article:
1416:
1413:
1393:Insular Celtic
1385:Main article:
1382:
1379:
1320:, part of the
1304:The ancestral
1277:Main article:
1274:
1271:
1071:from ἐκκλησία
968:Inner Hebrides
964:Outer Hebrides
932:Main article:
929:
926:
902:Main article:
899:
896:
863:
862:
860:
859:
852:
845:
837:
834:
833:
832:
831:
816:
815:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
765:
759:
758:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
743:
739:
738:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
702:Highland games
699:
694:
692:Haggis hurling
689:
684:
679:
673:
667:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
652:
647:
641:
635:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
564:
563:
562:
559:
558:
552:
551:
545:
544:
538:
537:
534:
533:
528:
523:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
483:
477:
476:
475:
472:
471:
465:
464:
454:
453:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
382:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
346:
340:
339:
338:
335:
334:
328:
327:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
205:
204:
203:
197:
196:
195:
192:
191:
183:
182:
174:
173:
161:
160:
149:
147:
141:
140:
134:
128:
127:
109:
103:
102:
92:
86:
85:
79:
73:
72:
55:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5059:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Baptist Union
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4757:national flag
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4527:North Sea oil
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Lord Advocate
4401:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Republicanism
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Enlightenment
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Faroe Islands
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:South Ossetia
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Liechtenstein
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Scottish Cant
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3141:
3135:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2769:0-7486-1596-2
2765:
2761:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2700:
2693:
2687:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2539:Romani people
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:of Scotland:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2031:Controversies
2028:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1970:Gaelicisation
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:Ancient Greek
1916:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1785:Norn language
1779:Norn language
1776:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1766:Western Isles
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1704:Scots-Yiddish
1701:
1700:Dumfriesshire
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:Central Scots
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:Insular Scots
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:; as well as
1544:
1543:Auld Alliance
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:Norn language
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:(Roy – red),
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1184:Backdatigeadh
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:Lowland Scots
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
951:sign outside
950:
949:Primary route
946:
941:
935:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:
874:
870:
858:
853:
851:
846:
844:
839:
838:
836:
835:
830:
820:
819:
818:
817:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
756:
755:
748:
745:
744:
736:
735:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
664:
663:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
632:
631:
624:
623:Border Ballad
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Waulking song
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
571:
567:
561:
560:
557:
554:
553:
550:
547:
546:
543:
540:
539:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
480:
474:
473:
470:
467:
466:
463:
459:
456:
455:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:Scottish clan
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:Common Riding
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
385:
379:
378:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
343:
337:
336:
333:
330:
329:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
294:Enlightenment
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
200:
194:
193:
189:
185:
184:
180:
176:
175:
171:
167:
166:
157:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
87:
83:
80:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4920:Christianity
4910:Baháʼí Faith
4811:
4803:Demographics
4747:coat of arms
4717:Prostitution
4650:Universities
4632:
4608:Architecture
4568:Unemployment
4563:Silicon Glen
4523:Oil industry
4508:Harris Tweed
4398:Crown Office
4290:Armed forces
4268:Independence
4256:Human rights
4087:Conservation
4077:Central Belt
3995:Early modern
3799:Transnistria
3761:Vatican City
3748:
3430:
3402:
3359:
3352:
3340:
3303:Ulster Scots
3273:
3252:
3191:Available at
3171:(1): 43–56.
3168:
3162:
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3112:
3100:
3081:
3072:
3059:
3050:
3036:
3030:
3019:the original
3010:
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2982:the original
2972:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2921:
2902:
2889:
2880:
2862:
2856:
2847:
2841:
2832:
2826:
2817:
2811:
2802:
2784:
2778:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2718:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2643:. Retrieved
2609:. Retrieved
2599:
2565:Ulster Scots
2373:
2366:
2347:
2263:Modern Scots
2240:Middle Scots
2235:Middle Irish
2160:Proto-Celtic
2148:
2100:
2092:
2082:
2079:Ulster Scots
2076:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2018:
2011:
1989:
1983:
1974:Anglo-French
1966:Norse-Gaelic
1946:Scoto-Norman
1934:King David I
1931:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1871:
1852:
1836:
1788:
1770:
1727:
1666:, spoken in
1654:, spoken in
1648:
1616:
1608:Modern Scots
1604:Middle Scots
1589:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1523:Northumbrian
1512:
1458:Northumbrian
1455:
1424:
1405:Anglo-Saxons
1390:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1330:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1258:
1246:
1243:Innerleithen
1230:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:of Ireland.
1023:
1007:Middle Irish
1000:
957:
907:
868:
866:
799:Celtic cross
784:Lion Rampant
774:Coat of arms
712:Rugby sevens
707:Horse racing
618:Puirt à beul
497:Burns supper
407:Burns supper
341:
264:Early modern
29:
4478:Agriculture
4342:Nationalism
4261:LGBT rights
4164:Environment
4045:Romanticism
4000:Reformation
3990:Renaissance
3955:Middle Ages
3950:Roman times
3945:Prehistoric
3837:Isle of Man
3772:recognition
3719:Switzerland
3654:Netherlands
3404:Old Kentish
3331:Angloromani
3281:Guernésiais
3124:22 November
2952:Shetlopedia
2389:Percentage
2214:Early Scots
2165:Old English
1672:Easter Ross
1519:Early Scots
1362:, Cumbric *
1310:Strathclyde
1267:Dunfermline
1164:watchigeadh
1140:telebhisean
1103:), French (
1075:and βίβλος
1059:), ancient
1057:Didòmhnaich
804:Celtic knot
717:Rugby union
507:Lanimer Day
442:Up Helly Aa
355:Broad Scots
314:Romanticism
269:Reformation
259:Renaissance
224:Middle Ages
219:Roman times
214:Prehistoric
4940:Moderators
4883:Scientists
4769:regimental
4712:Placenames
4707:Philosophy
4682:Literature
4312:Parliament
4244:Government
4214:Devolution
4197:Government
4154:Ecoregions
4144:Waterfalls
4020:Jacobitism
3689:San Marino
3649:Montenegro
3629:Luxembourg
3609:Kazakhstan
3512:Azerbaijan
3291:Sercquiais
3046:0080284914
2611:3 November
2591:References
2519:Indo-Aryan
2397:4,740,547
2367:In a 2010
2278:Statistics
1322:Hen Ogledd
1235:confluence
1227:Kilmarnock
1158:, as in, "
1144:coimpiùtar
1128:neologisms
996:Strathnith
650:Television
578:Folk music
556:Literature
517:Bealltainn
502:Tartan Day
384:Traditions
289:Jacobitism
139:(official)
4925:Christmas
4878:Musicians
4873:Inventors
4812:Languages
4788:Festivals
4628:Education
4553:Transport
4493:Companies
4488:Charities
4219:Elections
4107:Highlands
4060:Geography
3827:Gibraltar
3624:Lithuania
3275:Auregnais
3255:official)
3237:Languages
3185:145120231
2948:"Welcome"
2531:Govanhill
2362:Highlands
2209:Old Irish
2170:Old Norse
2135:Caithness
2123:Caithness
2096:Caithness
2089:Hostility
2043:languages
1954:Canon law
1829:linguist
1807:Old Norse
1803:Caithness
1668:Caithness
1628:consonant
1474:from the
1409:Pritennic
1341:Ochiltree
1239:Inverness
1176:Stornoway
1162:(Lewis, "
1150:, or, in
1011:Old Irish
992:Annandale
914:Brittonic
740:Monuments
479:Festivals
458:Mythology
427:Scots law
342:Languages
114:(1.1%),
97:(30.1%),
5041:Category
5021:Category
4969:Hinduism
4915:Buddhism
4902:Religion
4732:Surnames
4672:Identity
4667:Hogmanay
4645:Colleges
4503:Forestry
4438:Udal law
4347:Unionism
4302:Monarchs
4206:Politics
4188:Politics
4122:Lowlands
3940:Timeline
3910:Scotland
3847:Svalbard
3832:Guernsey
3779:Abkhazia
3749:Scotland
3704:Slovenia
3699:Slovakia
3674:Portugal
3532:Bulgaria
3431:Scotland
3421:Cornwall
3286:Jèrriais
3253:de facto
3089:Archived
2676:13 April
2668:(2011).
2645:13 April
2634:(2011).
2559:See also
2533:area in
2462:Punjabi
2394:English
2145:Overview
2119:Orcadian
2115:Shetland
2103:Shetland
2049:dialects
1888:Arms of
1811:Hebrides
1795:Shetland
1736:and the
1732:between
1660:Shetland
1399:down to
1397:Shetland
1358:≡ Welsh
1352:Q-Celtic
1348:P-Celtic
1333:Aberdeen
1318:Gododdin
1168:an telly
1073:ekklesia
1053:muinntir
984:Galloway
873:Germanic
727:Shot put
687:Football
542:Religion
531:Samhainn
526:Lùnastal
492:Hogmanay
462:folklore
417:Crofting
392:Clothing
209:Timeline
170:a series
168:Part of
122:(0.5%),
118:(0.5%),
90:Minority
53:Official
5012:Outline
4984:Sikhism
4979:Judaism
4888:Writers
4868:Artists
4776:unicorn
4737:Symbols
4687:Museums
4640:Schools
4623:Cuisine
4600:Culture
4587:Society
4548:Tourism
4513:Housing
4498:Fishing
4466:Economy
4278:History
4132:Highest
4112:Islands
4102:Geology
4082:Climate
3965:Kingdom
3932:History
3739:England
3729:Ukraine
3679:Romania
3639:Moldova
3597:Ireland
3592:Iceland
3587:Hungary
3577:Germany
3572:Georgia
3562:Finland
3557:Estonia
3552:Denmark
3537:Croatia
3522:Belgium
3517:Belarus
3507:Austria
3502:Armenia
3497:Andorra
3492:Albania
3388:British
3361:Pictish
3348:Llanito
3342:Cumbric
3249:English
3244:Cornish
2932:10 June
2535:Glasgow
2498:11,317
2495:German
2487:12,533
2476:14,623
2473:French
2465:23,150
2454:23,394
2443:24,974
2432:27,381
2419:54,186
2416:Polish
2408:55,817
2336:
2321:
2306:
2301:English
2204:Pictish
2199:Cumbric
2054:Dialect
2021:Makaton
1940:", the
1833:wrote:
1827:Faroese
1746:mergers
1742:England
1632:cognate
1596:David I
1564:ceilidh
1469:Anglian
1463:of the
1461:dialect
1443:dialect
1429:in the
1372:cognate
1337:Tranent
1326:Cumbric
1255:Kinross
1251:Kintyre
1237:) e.g.
1219:Balerno
1178:in the
1069:Bìoball
1065:eaglais
1032:of the
988:Carrick
918:Pictish
789:Thistle
761:Symbols
682:Curling
603:Keening
521:May Day
469:Cuisine
422:Saining
365:Pictish
234:Kingdom
199:History
124:Punjabi
120:Chinese
107:Foreign
84:(98.6%)
82:English
58:English
5026:Portal
4863:Actors
4850:People
4793:Comedy
4764:tartan
4742:anthem
4558:Whisky
4370:Courts
4283:Cities
4050:Modern
3842:Jersey
3784:Kosovo
3724:Turkey
3714:Sweden
3694:Serbia
3684:Russia
3669:Poland
3664:Norway
3644:Monaco
3614:Latvia
3582:Greece
3567:France
3542:Cyprus
3372:Shelta
3269:Norman
3183:
3043:
2988:28 May
2927:"Norn"
2909:
2766:
2549:Shelta
2523:Romani
2405:Scots
2400:94.5%
2139:Gaelic
2131:Gaelic
2107:Orkney
2023:, and
1958:burghs
1874:Nynorn
1819:Norway
1799:Orkney
1656:Orkney
1592:burghs
1559:Gaelic
1555:Gaelic
1539:Norman
1484:Viking
1482:. The
1476:Humber
1437:, and
1431:Anglic
1375:ystrad
1364:monidh
1360:mynydd
1356:monadh
1316:, and
1314:Rheged
1263:Dundee
1257:, and
1231:inbhir
1211:buidhe
1156:igeadh
1126:, the
1117:bramar
1107:) and
1105:seòmar
1097:Sàbaid
1093:Hebrew
1085:eilean
1077:biblos
1045:Celtic
1038:Shelta
877:Celtic
794:Tartan
722:Shinty
697:Hailes
655:Cinema
512:Imbolc
397:Hackle
332:People
319:Modern
172:on the
151:QWERTY
132:Signed
126:(0.5%)
112:Polish
101:(1.1%)
4974:Islam
4835:Scots
4752:flags
4727:Sport
4692:Music
4618:Clans
4518:Media
4174:Munro
4149:Glens
4117:Lochs
4097:Flora
4092:Fauna
3817:Åland
3754:Wales
3709:Spain
3634:Malta
3604:Italy
3436:Wales
3393:Irish
3315:Welsh
3298:Scots
3259:Irish
3181:S2CID
3069:(PDF)
3052:there
2899:(PDF)
2639:(PDF)
2508:Other
2501:0.2%
2490:0.3%
2479:0.3%
2468:0.5%
2457:0.5%
2451:Urdu
2446:0.5%
2435:0.6%
2422:1.1%
2411:1.1%
2316:Scots
2127:Norse
2046:from
1847:Foula
1839:Foula
1734:Scots
1680:Angus
1676:Moray
1547:Dutch
1535:Latin
1435:Scots
1368:srath
1247:ceann
1223:cille
1215:baile
1199:ruadh
1152:Lewis
1148:-eadh
1136:Latin
1132:Greek
1089:sgeir
1081:Norse
1061:Greek
1049:Latin
1019:Ogham
884:Scots
669:Sport
645:Radio
637:Media
613:Opera
566:Music
437:Skalk
95:Scots
62:Scots
4854:list
4374:List
3354:Norn
3264:Manx
3126:2010
3041:ISBN
2990:2012
2934:2011
2907:ISBN
2764:ISBN
2678:2021
2647:2021
2613:2022
2513:The
2224:Norn
2117:and
2111:Norn
2105:and
2070:and
1911:and
1797:and
1752:and
1698:and
1658:and
1585:jilt
1583:and
1576:clan
1573:and
1570:loch
1549:and
1456:The
1449:, a
1441:, a
1425:Two
1401:Fife
1339:and
1265:and
1207:donn
1203:dubh
1113:aidh
1030:cant
1003:Manx
994:and
986:and
970:and
912:and
886:and
875:and
867:The
769:Flag
677:Golf
568:and
460:and
370:Norn
116:Urdu
77:Main
68:and
4613:Art
4357:Law
3173:doi
2325:30%
2310:99%
2098:).
1740:of
1581:gob
1259:dun
1195:bàn
1191:mac
1166:")
1154:, -
1134:or
1119:).
1101:Aba
1091:),
1079:),
1051:, (
598:Mod
549:Art
5043::
4390:,
4386:,
3189:-
3179:.
3169:17
3167:.
3161:.
3071:.
3049:.
2950:.
2901:.
2871:^
2793:^
2743:.
2727:^
2655:^
2621:^
2364:.
2340:1%
2085:.
2056:)
1981:.
1869:.
1775:.
1768:.
1756:.
1706:.
1682:;
1674:,
1670:,
1662:;
1646:.
1587:.
1567:,
1537:,
1343:.
1335:,
1312:,
1269:.
1253:,
1245:,
1241:,
1229:,
1221:,
1115:,
1099:,
1087:,
1067:,
1055:,
998:.
924:.
894:.
64:,
60:,
4856:)
4852:(
4529:)
4525:(
4394:)
4382:(
4376:)
4372:(
3902:e
3895:t
3888:v
3470:e
3463:t
3456:v
3251:(
3222:e
3215:t
3208:v
3187:.
3175::
3142:.
3128:.
3075:.
3025:.
2992:.
2954:.
2936:.
2915:.
2772:.
2680:.
2649:.
2615:.
2517:(
2094:(
1111:(
1095:(
1083:(
856:e
849:t
842:v
519:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
