714:, children under the age of 2 should watch no television at all, and after age 2 watch no more than one to two hours of quality programming a day. Therefore, exposing such young children to television programs should be discouraged, especially television shows with no educational value. Parents should engage children in more conversational activities to avoid television-related delays to their children language development, which could impair their intellectual performance. However, in a study conducted by Dr. Birken of the Hospital for Sick Children, it was found that watching television while interacting with a parent of caregiver is actually beneficial for children who are bilingual. The study spanned four years, from 2011 to 2015, and was based on parent report and clinician observation. Over the four years it was found that if a bilingual child had interaction with an adult while watching television they did not experience language delay and it in fact helped them develop English, their second language.
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typical language development both receive similar quantitative parental input in terms of the number of utterances and words, parents of late talkers are found to respond less often to their children than parents of children with typical language development. Parents of late talkers tend to change or introduce topics more often than other parents in order to engage their children in more talk rather than responding to their child's speech. They also seem to not provide an environment that is suitable for child engagement, nor do they establish routines that serve as a platform for communicative acts with their children. This, together with the fact that they respond less often to their children, shows that parents of late talkers do not follow their child's lead. Instead, these parents are more likely to adapt to the child's communication, which results in an "idiosyncratic feedback cycle" that worsens the child's language difficulties rather than help with their language acquisition.
440:. While language development is not directly affected by the socioeconomic level of a family, the conditions that are associated with the socioeconomic level affects the process of language development to a certain extent. A child's early vocabulary development can be influenced by socioeconomic status via maternal speech, which varies according to the socioeconomic status of the family. Mothers with higher education levels are more likely to use rich vocabulary and speak in longer utterances when interacting with their children, which helps them develop their productive vocabulary more than children from a lower socioeconomic status.
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310:, formal screening for language delay is recommended at three ages: 9, 18, and 24–30 months. Screening is a two-part process: first, a general developmental screening using tools such as the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status or Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3); and second, specific screening for autism spectrum disorder using tools like the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. Not all patients with language delay have autism spectrum disorder, so the AAP recommends both screens to assess for delays in developmental milestones.
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language development. Language delays are often identified when a child strays from the expected developments in the timeline of typical speech and language developmental milestones that researchers agree on. Children can stray slightly from the confines of the expected timeline; however, if a child is observed to be largely straying from the expected timeline, the child's caretaker should consult with a medical specialist.
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environment or one where their communication may not be challenged. Intervention programs and strategies are found to be beneficial to children with a specific language impairments. Research has found that the management strategies put to use are influenced by the child and the important participation of the parents. Parents are likely to follow the lead of the child's language development.
480:, which is classified under the broad umbrella term of autistic spectrum disorder, however, is not associated with language delay. Children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome have decent language skills but use language in different ways from others. They may not be able to understand the use of language devices, such as irony and humor, or conversation reciprocity between involved parties.
114:. These two areas include all aspects of the development of language. The Broca's area is the motor portion of language at the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus and involves speech production. The Wernicke's area is the sensory portion of language at the posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus and involves auditory verbal comprehension.
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language delay a child would need Speech and
Language Therapy to correct any deficits. These therapists can be found in schools, clinics, through home care agencies, and also colleges where Communication Sciences and Disorders are studied. Most young children with language delay recover to a normal range by five years of age.
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language usage is heavily influenced by their intellectual and social developments. The range of their skills can be very different and on opposite ends of a spectrum. Many children with autism develop some speech and language skills, but not like typically developing children, and with uneven progress.
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First-born children grow up in an environment that provides more possibilities of communicative interaction with adults, which differs from what is experienced by their younger siblings. Younger siblings are likely to have less one-on-one time with their parents or guardians. Older siblings also tend
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There are recognizable speech and language developmental milestones in children. For children with language delays, milestones in their language development may be different or slowed. Recent studies have shown the different milestones for children with language delay compared to children with normal
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Early developmental language delay is characterized by slow language development in preschoolers. Language development for children with language delay takes longer than the general timeline provided above. It is not only slower, but also presents itself in different forms. For example, a child with
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Excessive television viewing is associated with delayed language development. Children who watched television alone were 8.47 times more likely to have language delay when compared to children who interacted with their caregivers during television viewing. Some educational television shows, such as
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A study examining the role of interactive communication between parents and children has shown that parents' language towards toddlers with language delay differ from parents' language towards typically developing toddlers in terms of the quality of interaction. While late talkers and children with
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The process of children acquiring language skills involves hearing sounds and words from their caregivers and surroundings. Hearing loss causes that lack of these sound inputs, causing these children to have difficulties learning to use and understand language, which will eventually lead to delayed
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for other types of developmental delay, including social, emotional, and cognitive delay. Language delay can impact behavior, reading and spelling ability, and overall IQ scores. Some children may outgrow deficits in reading and writing while others do not. Other conditions associated with language
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A child diagnosed with expressive language delay (ELD) has trouble with language usage in some way. As this diagnosis is very broad, each child diagnosed with ELD can be very different in terms of the language skills they have problems with. Some may have difficulty with using the correct words and
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Unfortunately, there is still not a lot of methods and cures that help children with language delay. However, there have been some recent therapy methods that have caused improvement in children with language delay. Certain types of therapy have been seen to show more or better improvement for the
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Aside from these, it is still encouraged for the child's parent to get involved. A few ways that a parent could get involved with helping to improve a child's language and speech skills includes speaking to their child with enthusiasm, engaging in conversations revolving what the child is focusing
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have a very big influence in the presence of language impairments. Neurobiological and genetic mechanisms have a strong influence on late language emergence. A child with a family history of language impairments is more likely to have delayed language emergence and persistent language impairments.
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is commonly associated with language delay. Children with autism may have difficulties in developing language skills and understanding what is being said to them. They may also have troubles communicating non-verbally by using hand gestures, eye contact and facial expressions. The extent of their
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Based on the milestones set for typical toddlers, if the child tends to have a lot of or very long delays, they may be deemed as having language delay. However, proper testing by a professional like a speech therapist or a doctor's confirmation will be required to determine if a child has language
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The parent and child relationship is bi-directional, which means that parents have an influence over their child's language development, while the child has an influence over the parent's communication styles. Parents have the ability to maintain language delay by offering the child a non-verbal
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Children that are diagnosed with receptive language delay have difficulties understanding language. They may have trouble with receptive language skills such as identifying vocabulary and basic concepts, understanding gestures, following directions and answering questions. The number of language
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refers to the use of sentences (made of words or signs) to communicate messages to others. It enables children to express their needs and wants to the people around them, interact with others and develop their language skills in speech and writing. Some expressive language skills include putting
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can cause language delays in children. An example of this is when a child does not spend enough time communicating with adults through ways such as babbling and joint attention. Research on early brain development shows that babies and toddlers have a critical need for direct interactions with
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There are several red flags in early infancy and childhood that may indicate a need for evaluation by a pediatrician. For example, language delay can present as a lack of communicative gestures or sounds. Language delay in children is associated with increased difficulty with reading, writing,
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This timeline only provides a very general and brief outline of expected developments from birth to age five, individual children can still exhibit varying development patterns as this timeline only serves as a general guideline. This timeline is only one model, other models regarding language
84:
is the verbal motor production of language, while language is a means of communication. Because language and speech are independent, they may be individually delayed. For example, a child may be delayed in speech (i.e., unable to produce intelligible speech sounds), but not delayed in language
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Studies have failed to find clear evidence that a language delay can be prevented by training or educating health care professionals in the subject. Overall, some of the reviews show positive results regarding interventions in language delay, but are not curative. To treat an already existing
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Research has shown that boys are at greater risk for delayed language development than girls. Almost all developmental disorders that affect communication, speech and language skills are more common in males than in females. British scientists have found that the male sex hormone
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is also a high risk factor for language delay as it results in a lack of access to appropriate therapies and services. The likelihood of those requiring early intervention for language delays actually receiving help is extremely low compared to those that don't actually need it.
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utilize methods such as prompting to improve a child's social skills through play intervention. While recent studies have consistently found play intervention to be helpful, further research is required in order to determine the effectiveness of this form of therapy.
57:) and sentence structures that convey the required meaning, i.e. into language. In the second stage, language is translated into motor commands that control the articulators (hands, face, body, lungs, vocal cords, mouth, tongue, teeth, etc.), thereby creating speech.
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and have been proven correlate to comprehension and production aspects in language development. An interruption in the hand/arm usage caused by this condition during stages of language development could possibly cause these children to experience language delays.
637:(fraternal twins) pairs, revealing monozygotic twins experiencing early vocabulary delay is attributed to genetic etiology. The environmental factors that influences both twins also play a big role in causing early language delay, but only when it is transient.
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children compared to regular speech therapy. One such example is in the form of therapeutic horseback riding. It is also mentioned in a study that animals are a good source of therapy for children with special needs in areas including communication skills.
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Being a twin increases the chance of speech and language delays. Reasons for this are thought to include less one-on-one time with parents, the premature birth of twins, and the companionship of their twin sibling reducing their motivation to talk to
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refers to the process of understanding language, both verbal (spoken) and nonverbal (written, gestural). This may involve gaining information from sounds and words, visual information from surrounding environment, written information and grammar.
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and treatment requires analysis of the unique individual causes. The condition is frequently observed early on, among two- and three-year-olds. Early language delays are only considered risk-factors in leading to more severe language disorders.
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Stress during pregnancy is associated with language delay. High levels of prenatal stress can result in poorer general intellectual and language outcomes. Chemical exposure during pregnancy may also be a factor that causes language delays.
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speech and language skills. For example, they may struggle with putting sentences together, understanding speech from other people or using the correct grammar, which are some language skills that typically developing children possess.
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Language delays are recognized by comparing language development of children to recognized developmental milestones. They are presented in a variety of ways, as every individual child has a unique set of language skills and
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Language delays act and develop differently individually. Language delay is different than individual variation in language development, and is defined by children falling behind on the timeline for recognized milestones.
1940:
Hagberg BS, Miniscalco C, Gillberg C (2010). "Clinic attenders with autism or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: cognitive profile at school age and its relationship to preschool indicators of language delay".
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a language delay could have weaker language skills such as the ability to produce phrases at 24 months-old. They may find themselves producing language that is different from language norms in developing children.
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may also be a cause of language delays. In 2005, researchers found a connection between expressive language delay and a genetic abnormality: a duplicate set of the same genes that are missing in individuals with
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vocabulary, some have trouble forming sentences and others are unable to sequence information together coherently. Expressive language symptoms come in many forms and each one is treated with different methods.
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317:(last updated in 2015) has determined that there is insufficient evidence to recommend screening for language delay in children under the age of 5. Other national panels, including the
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In regards to demographic factors causing language delay, specifically poverty, system-level changes improve access to treatment and therapy for children with language delay.
43:. It is most commonly seen in children ages two to seven years-old and can continue into adulthood. The reported prevalence of language delay ranges from 2.3 to 19 percent.
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One approach for intervening is naturalistic intervention. The child is in a natural environment where the communication is more responsive, rather than being more direct.
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Dollaghan CA, Campbell TF, Paradise JL, Feldman HM, Janosky JE, Pitcairn DN, Kurs-Lasky M (December 1999). "Maternal education and measures of early speech and language".
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Lyytinen P, Poikkeus AM, Laakso ML, Eklund K, Lyytinen H (August 2001). "Language development and symbolic play in children with and without familial risk for dyslexia".
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because they use a Sign
Language. Additionally, language delay encompasses the entirety of language developmental progress being slowed and not just the speech aspects.
650:) levels were related to the development of both autism and language disorders, which explains why boys are at a greater risk of developmental disorders biologically.
2504:"Long term transcriptional and behavioral effects in mice developmentally exposed to a mixture of endocrine disruptors associated with delayed human neurodevelopment"
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and
Canadian Task Force for Preventive Health Care, have also concluded that there is limited evidence on the benefits of screening all infants for language delay.
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2305:"Sex differences in early communication development: behavioral and neurobiological indicators of more vulnerable communication system development in boys"
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skills that children have difficulties with can differ greatly, with some having trouble with only a single skill and others having trouble with multiple.
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that are identifiable through many different screenings and tools. There are different causes leading to language delay; it is often a result of another
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Bishop DV, Price TS, Dale PS, Plomin R (June 2003). "Outcomes of early language delay: II. Etiology of transient and persistent language difficulties".
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Horwitz SM, Irwin JR, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Bosson Heenan JM, Mendoza J, Carter AS (August 2003). "Language delay in a community cohort of young children".
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Hoff E (September 2003). "The specificity of environmental influence: socioeconomic status affects early vocabulary development via maternal speech".
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A language delay is most commonly identified around 18 months of age with an enhanced well-baby visit. It presents itself in many forms and can be
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is a uniquely human form of communication that entails the use of words in a standard and structured way. Language is distinct from communication.
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Démonet, Jean-François; Thierry, Guillaume; Cardebat, Dominique (2005). "Renewal of the
Neurophysiology of Language: Functional Neuroimaging".
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parents and other significant care givers for healthy brain growth and the development of appropriate social, emotional, and cognitive skills.
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Services Task Force (February 2006). "Screening for speech and language delay in preschool children: recommendation statement".
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1883:"Neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental outcome of children at age 6 and 7 years who screened positive for language problems at 30 months"
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delay. Although these milestones are the typical milestones for a child, they should not be followed strictly as they are mere guidelines.
213:, toddlers begin to produce 2-3 words and phrases that use "I", "Me", and "you", indicating possession. They are about 25% intelligible.
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Social and play skills appear to be more difficult for children with language delays due to their decreased experience in conversation.
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Broos WP, Duyck W, Hartsuiker RJ (July 2019). "Monitoring speech production and comprehension: Where is the second-language delay?".
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attention, and/or socialization. In addition, an inability to engage in social exchanges is a sign of language delay at all ages.
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Vigil DC, Hodges J, Klee T (June 2005). "Quantity and quality of parental language input to late-talking toddlers during play".
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is a two-stage process. The first stage is the process of encoding the message into a set of words (or signs in the case of
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Bishop DV, North T, Donlan C (January 1995). "Genetic basis of specific language impairment: evidence from a twin study".
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188:, toddlers begin to produce jargon, which is defined as "pre-linguistic vocalizations in which infants use adult-like
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words together into sentences, being able to label objects in an environment and describing events and actions.
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3029:"The benefits of Therapeutic Horserback riding on the expressive language on toddlers who Present with delays"
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The Broca-Wernicke
Doctrine : a Historical and Clinical Perspective on Localization of Language Functions
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Benefits of Therapeutic Horseback Riding on the Expressive Language of Toddlers who Present with Delays
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Laplante DP, Barr RG, Brunet A, Galbaud du Fort G, Meaney ML, Saucier JF, et al. (September 2004).
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They are also 2 times more likely to be late talkers as compared to those with no such family history.
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Repouskou A, Papadopoulou AK, Panagiotidou E, Trichas P, Lindh C, Bergman Å, et al. (June 2020).
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Blue's Clues, have been found to enhance a child's language development. But, as recommended by the
170:, babies begin to produce mama/dada - appropriate terms and are able to imitate one word at a time.
2357:"High prevalence of early language delay exists among toddlers with neonatal brachial plexus palsy"
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Children from families of low educational level are more likely to have delays and difficulties in
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137:: No language skills developed yet, but is communicating through actions and sounds such as crying.
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to talk for their younger siblings, giving them less opportunities to grow their language skills.
2455:"Stress during pregnancy affects general intellectual and language functioning in human toddlers"
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Communicative deficits at specific ages and milestones might indicate language delay, including:
40:
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Committee on Public
Education (August 1999). "Media education. American Academy of Pediatrics".
415:", or a more serious problem. Such delays can occur in conjunction with a lack of mirroring of
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Brown CM, Beck AF, Steuerwald W, Alexander E, Samaan ZM, Kahn RS, Mansour M (February 2016).
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2406:"Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: how and why?"
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2831:"Using a play intervention to improve the play skills of children with a language delay"
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Taylor CM (1999). "An examination of the development of language in the normal child".
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An inability to comprehend, process, or understand language presented to the child
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CHAPTER III - Assessment
Methods for Young Children With Communications Disorders
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categories. Both categories are essential in developing effective communication.
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can typically speak one or more words. They can produce two words with meaning.
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are delayed. Many tend to confuse language delay with speech delay or even just
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Understanding COVID-19: How the
Pandemic Impacts Speech Development in Children
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development exist. The development of language remains a theoretical mystery.
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An Overview of the Development of Infants with Down Syndrome (0-5 Years)
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There is a high prevalence of early language delay among toddlers with
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2279:"Gender, genes play an important role in delayed language development"
1375:"Screening for language and speech delay in children under five years"
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Timeline of typical speech and language developmental milestones
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2777:"Toddler's Screen Time Linked to Slower Speech Development"
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Language disorder marked by delayed language development
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The anatomical language centers of the brain are the
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Losing language and/or social skills after 36 months
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Different Issues in Speech and Language Development
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266:
2069:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
1887:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
1434:
869:
662:. Hand usage and gestures are part of the
450:
241:A language delay is commonly divided into
3089:Statistics on Voice, Speech, and Language
2972:
2962:
2877:
2859:
2751:
2691:
2537:
2527:
2470:
2429:
2380:
2328:
2170:
2005:American Psychiatric Association (2000).
1908:
1898:
1807:
1408:
1390:
1349:
1287:
1239:"Expressive Language Delay Resource Page"
609:Learn how and when to remove this message
426:
3078:Speech and Language Delays and Disorders
1832:"Effects of Hearing Loss on Development"
674:
385:attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
362:Later in life, important signs include:
129:
3110:Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood
2195:"47,XYY syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics"
1522:Crocetti M, Barone MA, Oski FA (2004).
1437:"Speech and language delay in children"
1430:
1428:
1372:
1315:
1268:The British Journal of General Practice
872:"Speech and language delay in children"
101:
3097:
3080:- University of Michigan Health System
3026:
2847:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2350:
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2273:
2271:
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1974:
1972:
1943:Research in Developmental Disabilities
1702:
1700:
1664:
1662:
1209:
1207:
1182:
1180:
1104:
1061:
960:
403:Language delays are the most frequent
228:Language development in language delay
2873:
2871:
2809:
2774:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1136:"A Guide to Receptive Language Delay"
1130:
1128:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
921:
919:
917:
915:
906:Language Development: An Introduction
903:
865:
863:
1706:
1425:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
908:. Boston: Pearson. pp. 125–136.
899:
897:
762:
547:adding citations to reliable sources
518:
325:Early signs and symptoms (red flags)
308:American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
2835:International Journal of Psychology
2603:Child Language Teaching and Therapy
2589:
2404:Talge NM, Neal C, Glover V (2007).
2373:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.04.021
2345:
2268:
2230:
1969:
1697:
1659:
1466:Palmer FB, Capute AJ (2011-08-02).
1231:
1204:
1177:
1153:
145:, babies can make "cooing" sounds.
13:
2937:
2868:
2472:10.1203/01.PDR.0000136281.34035.44
2081:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11932.x
1770:
1683:10.1097/01.CHI.0000046889.27264.5E
1621:. TLG. August 2013. Archived from
1470:. In Bremner JG, Wachs TD (eds.).
1304:
1125:
969:
954:
940:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01210.x
912:
860:
64:, in which the development of the
60:Language delays are distinct from
14:
3141:
3041:
2644:Tannock R, Girolametto L (1992).
2303:Adani S, Cepanec M (April 2019).
1004:
894:
315:US Preventive Services Task Force
2693:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.00831.x
2422:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01714.x
1316:Feldman, Heidi M. (2019-08-01).
523:
293:or develop as a result of other
152:, babies can respond to voices.
2916:
2884:Journal of Pediatric Psychology
2841:
2837:: 105–122 – via PsycINFO.
2822:
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1366:
1255:
745:
534:needs additional citations for
319:UK National Screening Committee
3074:-Language Delays and Disorders
3065:Early Identification of Speech
3033:Culminating Experience: Thesis
2659:Turnbull K, Justice L (2017).
1373:Jullien, Sophie (2021-09-08).
1098:
1055:
786:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
712:American Academy of Pediatrics
660:neonatal brachial plexus palsy
507:can often cause speech delay.
469:There is strong evidence that
374:Consequences of language delay
1:
3120:Speech and language pathology
854:
393:social communication disorder
80:compared to language delay.
3059:Delay in Speech and Language
2744:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.035
1645:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1064:Journal of Child Health Care
776:Auditory processing disorder
717:
301:
76:seems to be more similar to
7:
2924:"Naturalistic Intervention"
2254:10.1044/1092-4388(2003/045)
2163:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/106)
2124:10.1044/1092-4388(2001/070)
1528:Oski's Essential Pediatrics
1495:Buckley S, Sacks B (2001).
757:
10:
3146:
2663:(Third ed.). Pearson.
2529:10.1038/s41598-020-66379-x
1955:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.07.012
1619:"Language Learning Styles"
1435:McLaughlin MR (May 2011).
1392:10.1186/s12887-021-02817-7
1215:"Receptive Language Delay"
1076:10.1177/136749359900300105
990:10.1152/physrev.00049.2003
961:Rutten, Geert-Jan (2017).
870:McLaughlin MR (May 2011).
285:Presentation and diagnosis
2951:TheScientificWorldJournal
2615:10.1191/0265659005ct284oa
1900:10.1017/S0012162206000788
1595:"Late Language Emergence"
1441:American Family Physician
1243:speechandlanguagekids.com
1219:speechandlanguagekids.com
876:American Family Physician
398:
276:Expressive language delay
3004:10.1177/1747021818807447
2309:Croatian Medical Journal
1800:10.1177/0009922815587090
685:Psychosocial deprivation
501:Williams-Beuren syndrome
389:autism spectrum disorder
346:Not babbling at 9 months
267:Receptive language delay
236:
3115:Communication disorders
2321:10.3325/cmj.2019.60.141
1861:cincinnatichildrens.org
1756:10.1044/jslhr.4206.1432
1721:10.1111/1467-8624.00612
1192:childdevelopment.com.au
1165:childdevelopment.com.au
451:Natural/medical factors
337:Not smiling at 3 months
41:developmental timetable
35:abilities at the usual
2928:asdtoddler.fpg.unc.edu
2896:10.1093/jpepsy/5.2.141
2878:Lederberg, A. (1980).
2816:The Hamilton Spectator
2775:Akpan N (2017-05-04).
2575:10.1542/peds.104.2.341
1565:10.1542/peds.2005-2766
768:Syndromes or disorders
427:Socio-economic factors
163:and respond to names.
138:
95:developmental disorder
2043:"Asperger's Syndrome"
1334:10.1542/pir.2017-0325
1280:10.3399/bjgp17X694373
978:Physiological Reviews
675:Environmental factors
496:Genetic abnormalities
432:Socio-economic status
295:developmental delays.
133:
3125:Language acquisition
1322:Pediatrics in Review
654:Perinatal conditions
625:has also shown that
543:improve this article
405:developmental delays
378:Language delay is a
102:Language development
3105:Applied linguistics
2964:10.1155/2013/947018
2520:2020NatSR..10.9367R
2361:Pediatric Neurology
1788:Clinical Pediatrics
1501:. DSE Enterprises.
732:Speech pathologists
438:expressive language
260:Expressive language
3130:Language disorders
3070:2016-07-28 at the
2508:Scientific Reports
2459:Pediatric Research
2047:autism-society.org
1142:. 13 November 2014
1105:Sroufe LA (1996).
705:Television viewing
253:Receptive language
159:, babies begin to
139:
3027:Alyssa M (2015).
2848:Mourey A (2015).
2569:(2 Pt 1): 341–3.
1709:Child Development
1625:on 23 August 2013
904:Owens RE (2005).
851:
850:
840:Speech production
825:Psycholinguistics
619:
618:
611:
593:
503:. Also so called
478:Asperger syndrome
31:fails to develop
25:language disorder
3137:
3036:
3023:
2998:(7): 1601–1619.
2986:
2976:
2966:
2932:
2931:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2875:
2866:
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2863:
2845:
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2838:
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2820:
2819:
2810:Klass P (2010).
2807:
2801:
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2791:
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2680:Acta Paediatrica
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1492:
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1463:
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1432:
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1412:
1394:
1385:(Suppl 1): 362.
1370:
1364:
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1301:
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1259:
1253:
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952:
951:
923:
910:
909:
901:
892:
891:
867:
791:Nonverbal autism
763:
631:Monozygotic twin
614:
607:
603:
600:
594:
592:
558:"Language delay"
551:
527:
519:
417:facial responses
366:A lack of speech
39:period in their
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3095:
3094:
3072:Wayback Machine
3044:
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2940:
2938:Further reading
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2642:
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2599:
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2559:
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2500:
2496:
2451:
2447:
2416:(3–4): 245–61.
2402:
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2353:
2346:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2238:
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2199:medlineplus.gov
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1986:. 13 April 2020
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1111:. McGraw-Hill.
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112:Wernicke's area
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1379:BMC Pediatrics
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