717:
syllables also correlated the hearing of each syllable with its own activation pattern in the pSTG. The involvement of the ADS in both speech perception and production has been further illuminated in several pioneering functional imaging studies that contrasted speech perception with overt or covert speech production. These studies demonstrated that the pSTS is active only during the perception of speech, whereas area Spt is active during both the perception and production of speech. The authors concluded that the pSTS projects to area Spt, which converts the auditory input into articulatory movements. Similar results have been obtained in a study in which participants' temporal and parietal lobes were electrically stimulated. This study reported that electrically stimulating the pSTG region interferes with sentence comprehension and that stimulation of the IPL interferes with the ability to vocalize the names of objects. The authors also reported that stimulation in area Spt and the inferior IPL induced interference during both object-naming and speech-comprehension tasks. The role of the ADS in speech repetition is also congruent with the results of the other functional imaging studies that have localized activation during speech repetition tasks to ADS regions. An intra-cortical recording study that recorded activity throughout most of the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes also reported activation in the pSTG, Spt, IPL and IFG when speech repetition is contrasted with speech perception. Neuropsychological studies have also found that individuals with speech repetition deficits but preserved auditory comprehension (i.e.,
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intermediate phase in the evolution of language. The roles of sound localization and integration of sound location with voices and auditory objects is interpreted as evidence that the origin of speech is the exchange of contact calls (calls used to report location in cases of separation) between mothers and offspring. The role of the ADS in the perception and production of intonations is interpreted as evidence that speech began by modifying the contact calls with intonations, possibly for distinguishing alarm contact calls from safe contact calls. The role of the ADS in encoding the names of objects (phonological long-term memory) is interpreted as evidence of gradual transition from modifying calls with intonations to complete vocal control. The role of the ADS in the integration of lip movements with phonemes and in speech repetition is interpreted as evidence that spoken words were learned by infants mimicking their parents' vocalizations, initially by imitating their lip movements. The role of the ADS in phonological working memory is interpreted as evidence that the words learned through mimicry remained active in the ADS even when not spoken. This resulted with individuals capable of rehearsing a list of vocalizations, which enabled the production of words with several syllables. Further developments in the ADS enabled the rehearsal of lists of words, which provided the infra-structure for communicating with sentences.
735:
discharges) in the vocal apparatus (mouth, tongue, vocal folds). This feedback marks the sound perceived during speech production as self-produced and can be used to adjust the vocal apparatus to increase the similarity between the perceived and emitted calls. Evidence for descending connections from the IFG to the pSTG has been offered by a study that electrically stimulated the IFG during surgical operations and reported the spread of activation to the pSTG-pSTS-Spt region A study that compared the ability of aphasic patients with frontal, parietal or temporal lobe damage to quickly and repeatedly articulate a string of syllables reported that damage to the frontal lobe interfered with the articulation of both identical syllabic strings ("Bababa") and non-identical syllabic strings ("Badaga"), whereas patients with temporal or parietal lobe damage only exhibited impairment when articulating non-identical syllabic strings. Because the patients with temporal and parietal lobe damage were capable of repeating the syllabic string in the first task, their speech perception and production appears to be relatively preserved, and their deficit in the second task is therefore due to impaired monitoring. Demonstrating the role of the descending ADS connections in monitoring emitted calls, an
508:. Cortical recording and functional imaging studies in macaque monkeys further elaborated on this processing stream by showing that acoustic information flows from the anterior auditory cortex to the temporal pole (TP) and then to the IFG. This pathway is commonly referred to as the auditory ventral stream (AVS; Figure 1, bottom left-red arrows). In contrast to the anterior auditory fields, tracing studies reported that the posterior auditory fields (areas CL-CM) project primarily to dorsolateral prefrontal and premotor cortices (although some projections do terminate in the IFG. Cortical recordings and anatomical tracing studies in monkeys further provided evidence that this processing stream flows from the posterior auditory fields to the frontal lobe via a relay station in the intra-parietal sulcus (IPS). This pathway is commonly referred to as the auditory dorsal stream (ADS; Figure 1, bottom left-blue arrows). Comparing the white matter pathways involved in communication in humans and monkeys with
796:, different phonological representations of the same word share the same semantic representation, this increase in density in the IPL verifies the existence of the phonological lexicon: the semantic lexicon of bilinguals is expected to be similar in size to the semantic lexicon of monolinguals, whereas their phonological lexicon should be twice the size. Consistent with this finding, cortical density in the IPL of monolinguals also correlates with vocabulary size. Notably, the functional dissociation of the AVS and ADS in object-naming tasks is supported by cumulative evidence from reading research showing that semantic errors are correlated with MTG impairment and phonemic errors with IPL impairment. Based on these associations, the semantic analysis of text has been linked to the inferior-temporal gyrus and MTG, and the phonological analysis of text has been linked to the pSTG-Spt- IPL
816:). Studies have also found that speech errors committed during reading are remarkably similar to speech errors made during the recall of recently learned, phonologically similar words from working memory. Patients with IPL damage have also been observed to exhibit both speech production errors and impaired working memory Finally, the view that verbal working memory is the result of temporarily activating phonological representations in the ADS is compatible with recent models describing working memory as the combination of maintaining representations in the mechanism of attention in parallel to temporarily activating representations in long-term memory. It has been argued that the role of the ADS in the rehearsal of lists of words is the reason this pathway is active during sentence comprehension For a review of the role of the ADS in working memory, see.
788:). Semantic paraphasia errors have also been reported in patients receiving intra-cortical electrical stimulation of the AVS (MTG), and phonemic paraphasia errors have been reported in patients whose ADS (pSTG, Spt, and IPL) received intra-cortical electrical stimulation. Further supporting the role of the ADS in object naming is an MEG study that localized activity in the IPL during the learning and during the recall of object names. A study that induced magnetic interference in participants' IPL while they answered questions about an object reported that the participants were capable of answering questions regarding the object's characteristics or perceptual attributes but were impaired when asked whether the word contained two or three syllables. An MEG study has also correlated recovery from
761:(in which hearing the syllable "ba" while seeing the viseme "ga" results in the perception of the syllable "da"). Another study has found that using magnetic stimulation to interfere with processing in this area further disrupts the McGurk illusion. The association of the pSTS with the audio-visual integration of speech has also been demonstrated in a study that presented participants with pictures of faces and spoken words of varying quality. The study reported that the pSTS selects for the combined increase of the clarity of faces and spoken words. Corroborating evidence has been provided by an
560:
demonstrated more selectivity for heard syllables in the anterior Heschl's gyrus (area hR) than posterior Heschl's gyrus (area hA1). In downstream associative auditory fields, studies from both monkeys and humans reported that the border between the anterior and posterior auditory fields (Figure 1-area PC in the monkey and mSTG in the human) processes pitch attributes that are necessary for the recognition of auditory objects. The anterior auditory fields of monkeys were also demonstrated with selectivity for con-specific vocalizations with intra-cortical recordings. and functional imaging One
186:
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refer to the extent that a system's orthography represents morphemes as opposed to phonological segments. Systems that record larger morphosyntactic or phonological segments, such as logographic systems and syllabaries put greater demand on the memory of users. It would thus be expected that an opaque or deep writing system would put greater demand on areas of the brain used for lexical memory than would a system with transparent or shallow orthography.
398:
466:
anterior primary auditory fields (areas R-RT) projecting to the anterior associative auditory fields (areas AL-RTL), and the posterior primary auditory field (area A1) projecting to the posterior associative auditory fields (areas CL-CM). Recently, evidence accumulated that indicates homology between the human and monkey auditory fields. In humans, histological staining studies revealed two separate auditory fields in the primary auditory region of
820:
634:
healthy participants and patients with MTG-TP damage, concluded that the MTG-TP in both hemispheres participate in the automatic (rule based) stage of syntactic analysis (ELAN component), and that the left MTG-TP is also involved in a later controlled stage of syntax analysis (P600 component). Patients with damage to the MTG-TP region have also been reported with impaired sentence comprehension. See review for more information on this topic.
235:
84:
43:
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aphasias, RHD signers were found to have a problem maintaining the spatial portion of their signs, confusing similar signs at different locations necessary to communicate with another properly. LHD signers, on the other hand, had similar results to those of hearing patients. Furthermore, other studies have emphasized that sign language is present bilaterally but will need to continue researching to reach a conclusion.
442:. Because almost all language input was thought to funnel via Wernicke's area and all language output to funnel via Broca's area, it became extremely difficult to identify the basic properties of each region. This lack of clear definition for the contribution of Wernicke's and Broca's regions to human language rendered it extremely difficult to identify their homologues in other primates. With the advent of the
1464:
1403:
245:
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children and adults suggest that spellers employ phonological rules in spelling regular words and nonwords, while lexical memory is accessed to spell irregular words and high-frequency words of all types. Similarly, lesion studies indicate that lexical memory is used to store irregular words and certain regular words, while phonological rules are used to spell nonwords.
496:), who was shown with reduced bilateral activation in areas hR and aSTG but with spared activation in the mSTG-pSTG. This connectivity pattern is also corroborated by a study that recorded activation from the lateral surface of the auditory cortex and reported of simultaneous non-overlapping activation clusters in the pSTG and mSTG-aSTG while listening to sounds.
753:
study in which participants were instructed to identify syllables also correlated the hearing of each syllable with its own activation pattern in the pSTG. Consistent with the role of the ADS in discriminating phonemes, studies have ascribed the integration of phonemes and their corresponding lip movements (i.e., visemes) to the pSTS of the ADS. For example, an
677:. In both humans and non-human primates, the auditory dorsal stream is responsible for sound localization, and is accordingly known as the auditory 'where' pathway. In humans, this pathway (especially in the left hemisphere) is also responsible for speech production, speech repetition, lip-reading, and phonological working memory and long-term memory.
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sentences has been demonstrated in functional imaging studies reporting stronger activation in the anterior MTG when proper sentences are contrasted with lists of words, sentences in a foreign or nonsense language, scrambled sentences, sentences with semantic or syntactic violations and sentence-like sequences of environmental sounds. One
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Single-route models posit that lexical memory is used to store all spellings of words for retrieval in a single process. Dual-route models posit that lexical memory is employed to process irregular and high-frequency regular words, while low-frequency regular words and nonwords are processed using a sub-lexical set of phonological rules.
792:(a disorder characterized by an impaired ability to name objects) with changes in IPL activation. Further supporting the role of the IPL in encoding the sounds of words are studies reporting that, compared to monolinguals, bilinguals have greater cortical density in the IPL but not the MTG. Because evidence shows that, in
950:
By resorting to lesion analyses and neuroimaging, neuroscientists have discovered that whether it be spoken or sign language, human brains process language in general, in a similar manner regarding which area of the brain is being used.Lesion analyses are used to examine the consequences of damage to
590:
damage was also shown with reduced activation in areas hR and aSTG of both hemispheres when hearing spoken words and environmental sounds. Recordings from the anterior auditory cortex of monkeys while maintaining learned sounds in working memory, and the debilitating effect of induced lesions to this
573:
studies further demonstrated functional dissociation between the left mSTG and aSTG, with the former processing short speech units (phonemes) and the latter processing longer units (e.g., words, environmental sounds). A study that recorded neural activity directly from the left pSTG and aSTG reported
564:
monkey study further demonstrated a role of the aSTG in the recognition of individual voices. The role of the human mSTG-aSTG in sound recognition was demonstrated via functional imaging studies that correlated activity in this region with isolation of auditory objects from background noise, and with
474:
and comparing it to the tonotopic organization of the monkey primary auditory fields, homology was established between the human anterior primary auditory field and monkey area R (denoted in humans as area hR) and the human posterior primary auditory field and the monkey area A1 (denoted in humans as
716:
was contrasted with closely matching sounds, and the studies were rated for the required level of attention, the authors concluded that attention to phonemes correlates with strong activation in the pSTG-pSTS region. An intra-cortical recording study in which participants were instructed to identify
690:
resulted in errors during object-naming tasks, and interference in the left IFG resulted in speech arrest. Magnetic interference in the pSTG and IFG of healthy participants also produced speech errors and speech arrest, respectively One study has also reported that electrical stimulation of the left
954:
Previous hypotheses have been made that damage to Broca's area or
Wernicke’s area does not affect sign language being perceived; however, it is not the case. Studies have shown that damage to these areas are similar in results in spoken language where sign errors are present and/or repeated.In both
603:, which is a long-term memory repository of audio-visual representations that are interconnected on the basis of semantic relationships. (See also the reviews by discussing this topic). The primary evidence for this role of the MTG-TP is that patients with damage to this region (e.g., patients with
595:
The latter study further demonstrated that working memory in the AVS is for the acoustic properties of spoken words and that it is independent to working memory in the ADS, which mediates inner speech. Working memory studies in monkeys also suggest that in monkeys, in contrast to humans, the AVS is
465:
scanning studies, 3 auditory fields were identified in the primary auditory cortex, and 9 associative auditory fields were shown to surround them (Figure 1 top left). Anatomical tracing and lesion studies further indicated of a separation between the anterior and posterior auditory fields, with the
779:
A growing body of evidence indicates that humans, in addition to having a long-term store for word meanings located in the MTG-TP of the AVS (i.e., the semantic lexicon), also have a long-term store for the names of objects located in the Spt-IPL region of the ADS (i.e., the phonological lexicon).
734:
In addition to repeating and producing speech, the ADS appears to have a role in monitoring the quality of the speech output. Neuroanatomical evidence suggests that the ADS is equipped with descending connections from the IFG to the pSTG that relay information about motor activity (i.e., corollary
695:
caused patients to believe that they had spoken when they had not and that IFG stimulation caused patients to unconsciously move their lips. The contribution of the ADS to the process of articulating the names of objects could be dependent on the reception of afferents from the semantic lexicon of
628:
In addition to extracting meaning from sounds, the MTG-TP region of the AVS appears to have a role in sentence comprehension, possibly by merging concepts together (e.g., merging the concept 'blue' and 'shirt' to create the concept of a 'blue shirt'). The role of the MTG in extracting meaning from
241:
Top: The auditory cortex of the monkey (left) and human (right) is schematically depicted on the supratemporal plane and observed from above (with the parieto- frontal operculi removed). Bottom: The brain of the monkey (left) and human (right) is schematically depicted and displayed from the side.
1080:
In terms of complexity, writing systems can be characterized as "transparent" or "opaque" and as "shallow" or "deep". A "transparent" system exhibits an obvious correspondence between grapheme and sound, while in an "opaque" system this relationship is less obvious. The terms "shallow" and "deep"
752:
studies in which the auditory perception of phonemes was contrasted with closely matching sounds, and the studies were rated for the required level of attention, the authors concluded that attention to phonemes correlates with strong activation in the pSTG-pSTS region. An intra-cortical recording
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study instructed participants to speak under normal conditions or when hearing a modified version of their own voice (delayed first formant) and reported that hearing a distorted version of one's own voice results in increased activation in the pSTG. Further demonstrating that the ADS facilitates
642:
In contradiction to the
Wernicke–Lichtheim–Geschwind model that implicates sound recognition to occur solely in the left hemisphere, studies that examined the properties of the right or left hemisphere in isolation via unilateral hemispheric anesthesia (i.e., the WADA procedure) or intra-cortical
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There have been other hypotheses about the lateralization of the two hemispheres. Specifically, the right hemisphere was thought to contribute to the overall communication of a language globally whereas the left hemisphere would be dominant in generating the language locally. Through research in
925:
The auditory dorsal stream also has non-language related functions, such as sound localization and guidance of eye movements. Recent studies also indicate a role of the ADS in localization of family/tribe members, as a study that recorded from the cortex of an epileptic patient reported that the
425:
Throughout the 20th century, our knowledge of language processing in the brain was dominated by the
Wernicke–Lichtheim–Geschwind model. The Wernicke–Lichtheim–Geschwind model is primarily based on research conducted on brain-damaged individuals who were reported to possess a variety of language
1006:
The single-route model for reading has found support in computer modelling studies, which suggest that readers identify words by their orthographic similarities to phonologically alike words. However, cognitive and lesion studies lean towards the dual-route model. Cognitive spelling studies on
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study in which participants were instructed to read a story further correlated activity in the anterior MTG with the amount of semantic and syntactic content each sentence contained. An EEG study that contrasted cortical activity while reading sentences with and without syntactic violations in
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It is presently unknown why so many functions are ascribed to the human ADS. An attempt to unify these functions under a single framework was conducted in the 'From where to what' model of language evolution In accordance with this model, each function of the ADS indicates of a different
807:
is often treated as the temporary activation of the representations stored in long-term memory that are used for speech (phonological representations). This sharing of resources between working memory and speech is evident by the finding that speaking during rehearsal results in a significant
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patients) to match spoken words to written words presented to the right or left hemifields, reported vocabulary in the right hemisphere that almost matches in size with the left hemisphere (The right hemisphere vocabulary was equivalent to the vocabulary of a healthy 11-years old child). This
1002:
An issue in the cognitive and neurological study of reading and spelling in
English is whether a single-route or dual-route model best describes how literate speakers are able to read and write all three categories of English words according to accepted standards of orthographic correctness.
559:
Accumulative converging evidence indicates that the AVS is involved in recognizing auditory objects. At the level of the primary auditory cortex, recordings from monkeys showed higher percentage of neurons selective for learned melodic sequences in area R than area A1, and a study in humans
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motor feedback during mimicry is an intra-cortical recording study that contrasted speech perception and repetition. The authors reported that, in addition to activation in the IPL and IFG, speech repetition is characterized by stronger activation in the pSTG than during speech perception.
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deficit in patients after direct intra-cortical electrical stimulation to this same region. Insight into the purpose of speech repetition in the ADS is provided by longitudinal studies of children that correlated the learning of foreign vocabulary with the ability to repeat nonsense words.
527:), and from there to dorsolateral prefrontal and premotor cortices (Figure 1, bottom right-blue arrows), and the aSTG was shown to project to the anterior temporal lobe (middle temporal gyrus-temporal pole; MTG-TP) and from there to the IFG (Figure 1 bottom right-red arrows).
242:
Orange frames mark the region of the auditory cortex, which is displayed in the top sub-figures. Top and Bottom: Blue colors mark regions affiliated with the ADS, and red colors mark regions affiliated with the AVS (dark red and blue regions mark the primary auditory fields).
685:
Studies of present-day humans have demonstrated a role for the ADS in speech production, particularly in the vocal expression of the names of objects. For instance, in a series of studies in which sub-cortical fibers were directly stimulated interference in the left pSTG and
812:). The involvement of the phonological lexicon in working memory is also evidenced by the tendency of individuals to make more errors when recalling words from a recently learned list of phonologically similar words than from a list of phonologically dissimilar words (the
1630:
Anderson JM, Gilmore R, Roper S, Crosson B, Bauer RM, Nadeau S, Beversdorf DQ, Cibula J, Rogish M, Kortencamp S, Hughes JD, Gonzalez Rothi LJ, Heilman KM (October 1999). "Conduction aphasia and the arcuate fasciculus: A reexamination of the
Wernicke–Geschwind model".
446:
and its application for lesion mappings, however, it was shown that this model is based on incorrect correlations between symptoms and lesions. The refutation of such an influential and dominant model opened the door to new models of language processing in the brain.
479:
further demonstrated similar patterns of connectivity to the auditory cortex of the monkey. Recording from the surface of the auditory cortex (supra-temporal plane) reported that the anterior Heschl's gyrus (area hR) projects primarily to the middle-anterior
770:
study that contrasted congruent audio-visual speech with incongruent speech (pictures of still faces) reported pSTS activation. For a review presenting additional converging evidence regarding the role of the pSTS and ADS in phoneme-viseme integration see.
460:
In the last two decades, significant advances occurred in our understanding of the neural processing of sounds in primates. Initially by recording of neural activity in the auditory cortices of monkeys and later elaborated via histological staining and
619:
literature also reported that the anterior MTG and TP were consistently active during semantic analysis of speech and text; and an intra-cortical recording study correlated neural discharge in the MTG with the comprehension of intelligible sentences.
5081:
Matsumoto R, Imamura H, Inouchi M, Nakagawa T, Yokoyama Y, Matsuhashi M, Mikuni N, Miyamoto S, Fukuyama H, Takahashi R, Ikeda A (April 2011). "Left anterior temporal cortex actively engages in speech perception: A direct cortical stimulation study".
4213:
Scheich H, Baumgart F, Gaschler-Markefski B, Tegeler C, Tempelmann C, Heinze HJ, Schindler F, Stiller D (February 1998). "Functional magnetic resonance imaging of a human auditory cortex area involved in foreground-background decomposition".
615:). Semantic paraphasias were also expressed by aphasic patients with left MTG-TP damage and were shown to occur in non-aphasic patients after electro-stimulation to this region. or the underlying white matter pathway Two meta-analyses of the
3595:
Roberts AC, Tomic DL, Parkinson CH, Roeling TA, Cutter DJ, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ (May 2007). "Forebrain connectivity of the prefrontal cortex in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus): an anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing study".
970:
There is a comparatively small body of research on the neurology of reading and writing. Most of the studies performed deal with reading rather than writing or spelling, and the majority of both kinds focus solely on the
English language.
780:
For example, a study examining patients with damage to the AVS (MTG damage) or damage to the ADS (IPL damage) reported that MTG damage results in individuals incorrectly identifying objects (e.g., calling a "goat" a "sheep," an example of
3406:
Cusick CG, Seltzer B, Cola M, Griggs E (September 1995). "Chemoarchitectonics and corticocortical terminations within the superior temporal sulcus of the rhesus monkey: evidence for subdivisions of superior temporal polysensory cortex".
930:
study of fetuses at their third trimester also demonstrated that area Spt is more selective to female speech than pure tones, and a sub-section of Spt is selective to the speech of their mother in contrast to unfamiliar female voices.
660:
scan of an auditory agnosia patient demonstrated bilateral reduced activation in the anterior auditory cortices, and bilateral electro-stimulation to these regions in both hemispheres resulted with impaired speech recognition.
591:
region on working memory recall, further implicate the AVS in maintaining the perceived auditory objects in working memory. In humans, area mSTG-aSTG was also reported active during rehearsal of heard syllables with MEG. and
1022:, but subsequently branches off into different routes depending upon whether or not access to lexical memory or semantic information is needed (which would be expected with irregular words under a dual-route model). A 2007
574:
that the aSTG, but not pSTG, was more active when the patient listened to speech in her native language than unfamiliar foreign language. Consistently, electro stimulation to the aSTG of this patient resulted in impaired
8857:
Willness C (2016-01-08). "The Oxford handbook of organizational climate and culture By
Benjamin Schneider & Karen M. Barbera (Eds.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-19-986071-5". Book Reviews.
765:
study that contrasted the perception of audio-visual speech with audio-visual non-speech (pictures and sounds of tools). This study reported the detection of speech-selective compartments in the pSTS. In addition, an
982:
In terms of spelling, English words can be divided into three categories – regular, irregular, and “novel words” or “nonwords.” Regular words are those in which there is a regular, one-to-one correspondence between
7730:
Zhang Y, Wang C, Zhao X, Chen H, Han Z, Wang Y (September 2010). "Diffusion tensor imaging depicting damage to the arcuate fasciculus in patients with conduction aphasia: a study of the
Wernicke–Geschwind model".
367:. In accordance with the 'from where to what' model of language evolution, the reason the ADS is characterized with such a broad range of functions is that each indicates a different stage in language evolution.
499:
Downstream to the auditory cortex, anatomical tracing studies in monkeys delineated projections from the anterior associative auditory fields (areas AL-RTL) to ventral prefrontal and premotor cortices in the
5709:
Vigneau M, Beaucousin V, Hervé PY, Duffau H, Crivello F, Houdé O, Mazoyer B, Tzourio-Mazoyer N (May 2006). "Meta-analyzing left hemisphere language areas: phonology, semantics, and sentence processing".
6241:
Kotz SA, von Cramon DY, Friederici AD (October 2003). "Differentiation of syntactic processes in the left and right anterior temporal lobe: Event-related brain potential evidence from lesion patients".
958:
There are obvious patterns for utilizing and processing language. In sign language, Broca’s area is activated while processing sign language employs
Wernicke’s area similar to that of spoken language.
700:
region when patients named objects in pictures Intra-cortical electrical stimulation studies also reported that electrical interference to the posterior MTG was correlated with impaired object naming
7134:
Karbe H, Herholz K, Weber-Luxenburger G, Ghaemi M, Heiss WD (June 1998). "Cerebral networks and functional brain asymmetry: evidence from regional metabolic changes during word repetition".
843:, argue that language as a social phenomenon is external to the brain. The individual receives the linguistic system from the outside, and the given language shapes the individual's brain.
991:
in spelling. Irregular words are those in which no such correspondence exists. Nonwords are those that exhibit the expected orthography of regular words but do not carry meaning, such as
9454:
Unsworth N, Engle RW (January 2007). "The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory".
378:
in the brainstem which gives rise to the auditory ventral stream. The posterior branch enters the dorsal and posteroventral cochlear nucleus to give rise to the auditory dorsal stream.
1030:, an area used for phonological processing, while the spelling of irregular words produced greater activation of areas used for lexical memory and semantic processing, such as the left
10417:
Jardri R, Houfflin-Debarge V, Delion P, Pruvo JP, Thomas P, Pins D (April 2012). "Assessing fetal response to maternal speech using a noninvasive functional brain imaging technique".
8316:
Stevenson RA, James TW (February 2009). "Audiovisual integration in human superior temporal sulcus: Inverse effectiveness and the neural processing of speech and object recognition".
4675:
Benson RR, Whalen DH, Richardson M, Swainson B, Clark VP, Lai S, Liberman AM (September 2001). "Parametrically dissociating speech and nonspeech perception in the brain using fMRI".
917:
of the brain. Processing research has failed to find support for the inverse idea that syntactic structures reflect the brain's natural processing preferences cross-linguistically.
721:) suffer from circumscribed damage to the Spt-IPL area or damage to the projections that emanate from this area and target the frontal lobe Studies have also reported a transient
10323:
Mazzoni P, Bracewell RM, Barash S, Andersen RA (March 1996). "Spatially tuned auditory responses in area LIP of macaques performing delayed memory saccades to acoustic targets".
8598:
Cornelissen K, Laine M, Renvall K, Saarinen T, Martin N, Salmelin R (June 2004). "Learning new names for new objects: cortical effects as measured by magnetoencephalography".
652:
bilateral recognition of sounds is also consistent with the finding that unilateral lesion to the auditory cortex rarely results in deficit to auditory comprehension (i.e.,
784:). Conversely, IPL damage results in individuals correctly identifying the object but incorrectly pronouncing its name (e.g., saying "gof" instead of "goat," an example of
9624:
6277:
Martin RC, Shelton JR, Yaffee LS (February 1994). "Language processing and working memory: Neuropsychological evidence for separate phonological and semantic capacities".
3552:
Lewis JW, Van Essen DC (December 2000). "Corticocortical connections of visual, sensorimotor, and multimodal processing areas in the parietal lobe of the macaque monkey".
3219:
Poremba A, Malloy M, Saunders RC, Carson RE, Herscovitch P, Mishkin M (January 2004). "Species-specific calls evoke asymmetric activity in the monkey's temporal poles".
8747:
Mechelli A, Crinion JT, Noppeney U, O'Doherty J, Ashburner J, Frackowiak RS, Price CJ (October 2004). "Neurolinguistics: structural plasticity in the bilingual brain".
5328:
Kaiser J, Ripper B, Birbaumer N, Lutzenberger W (October 2003). "Dynamics of gamma-band activity in human magnetoencephalogram during auditory pattern working memory".
748:
Although sound perception is primarily ascribed with the AVS, the ADS appears associated with several aspects of speech perception. For instance, in a meta-analysis of
708:
Although sound perception is primarily ascribed with the AVS, the ADS appears associated with several aspects of speech perception. For instance, in a meta-analysis of
4075:"Intracortical responses in human and monkey primary auditory cortex support a temporal processing mechanism for encoding of the voice onset time phonetic parameter"
5142:
Roux FE, Miskin K, Durand JB, Sacko O, RĂ©hault E, Tanova R, DĂ©monet JF (October 2015). "Electrostimulation mapping of comprehension of auditory and visual words".
1182:
Seidenberg MS, Petitto LA (1987). "Communication, symbolic communication, and language: Comment on Savage-Rumbaugh, McDonald, Sevcik, Hopkins, and Rupert (1986)".
512:
techniques indicates of similar connections of the AVS and ADS in the two species (Monkey, Human). In humans, the pSTG was shown to project to the parietal lobe (
3965:
Saur D, Kreher BW, Schnell S, KĂĽmmerer D, Kellmeyer P, Vry MS, Umarova R, Musso M, Glauche V, Abel S, Huber W, Rijntjes M, Hennig J, Weiller C (November 2008).
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Koizumi, Masatoshi; Yasugi, Yoshiho; Tamaoka, Katsuo; Kiyama, Sachiko; Kim, Jungho; Ajsivinac Sian, Juan
Esteban; GarcĂa Mátzar, Pedro Oscar (September 2014).
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de la Mothe LA, Blumell S, Kajikawa Y, Hackett TA (May 2006). "Cortical connections of the auditory cortex in marmoset monkeys: core and medial belt regions".
905:
studies suggest that language processing is based on the interaction of syntax and semantics, and the research does not support innate grammatical structures.
551:. This pathway is responsible for sound recognition, and is accordingly known as the auditory 'what' pathway. The functions of the AVS include the following.
2980:"Resection of the medial temporal lobe disconnects the rostral superior temporal gyrus from some of its projection targets in the frontal lobe and thalamus"
578:(see also for similar results). Intra-cortical recordings from the right and left aSTG further demonstrated that speech is processed laterally to music. An
7013:
Hickok G, Buchsbaum B, Humphries C, Muftuler T (July 2003). "Auditory-motor interaction revealed by fMRI: speech, music, and working memory in area Spt".
7909:
Service E, Kohonen V (April 1995). "Is the relation between phonological memory and foreign language learning accounted for by vocabulary acquisition?".
5614:"Distribution of auditory and visual naming sites in nonlesional temporal lobe epilepsy patients and patients with space-occupying temporal lobe lesions"
2430:
Sweet RA, Dorph-Petersen KA, Lewis DA (October 2005). "Mapping auditory core, lateral belt, and parabelt cortices in the human superior temporal gyrus".
2293:
Morel A, Garraghty PE, Kaas JH (September 1993). "Tonotopic organization, architectonic fields, and connections of auditory cortex in macaque monkeys".
10642:"Are There Separate Neural Systems for Spelling? New Insights into the Role of Rules and Memory in Spelling from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging"
8885:
Lee H, Devlin JT, Shakeshaft C, Stewart LH, Brennan A, Glensman J, Pitcher K, Crinion J, Mechelli A, Frackowiak RS, Green DW, Price CJ (January 2007).
105:
98:
9255:
Waters GS, Rochon E, Caplan D (February 1992). "The role of high-level speech planning in rehearsal: Evidence from patients with apraxia of speech".
7499:
Baldo JV, Klostermann EC, Dronkers NF (May 2008). "It's either a cook or a baker: patients with conduction aphasia get the gist but lose the trace".
56:
8983:
Jobard G, Crivello F, Tzourio-Mazoyer N (October 2003). "Evaluation of the dual route theory of reading: a metanalysis of 35 neuroimaging studies".
6683:
Desmurget M, Reilly KT, Richard N, Szathmari A, Mottolese C, Sirigu A (May 2009). "Movement intention after parietal cortex stimulation in humans".
611:) are reported with an impaired ability to describe visual and auditory objects and a tendency to commit semantic errors when naming objects (i.e.,
10280:
Linden JF, Grunewald A, Andersen RA (July 1999). "Responses to auditory stimuli in macaque lateral intraparietal area. II. Behavioral modulation".
9976:"On the (non)universality of the preference for subject-object word order in sentence comprehension: A sentence-processing study in Kaqchikel Maya"
7874:
Quigg M, Geldmacher DS, Elias WJ (May 2006). "Conduction aphasia as a function of the dominant posterior perisylvian cortex. Report of two cases".
5520:
Patterson K, Nestor PJ, Rogers TT (December 2007). "Where do you know what you know? The representation of semantic knowledge in the human brain".
4910:
Shultz S, Vouloumanos A, Pelphrey K (May 2012). "The superior temporal sulcus differentiates communicative and noncommunicative auditory signals".
5666:
Duffau H (March 2008). "The anatomo-functional connectivity of language revisited. New insights provided by electrostimulation and tractography".
1771:
Dronkers NF, Wilkins DP, Van Valin RD, Redfern BB, Jaeger JJ (May 2004). "Lesion analysis of the brain areas involved in language comprehension".
7452:"Brain Regions Underlying Repetition and Auditory-Verbal Short-term Memory Deficits in Aphasia: Evidence from Voxel-based Lesion Symptom Mapping"
5908:
Humphries C, Willard K, Buchsbaum B, Hickok G (June 2001). "Role of anterior temporal cortex in auditory sentence comprehension: an fMRI study".
3030:
Romanski LM, Bates JF, Goldman-Rakic PS (January 1999). "Auditory belt and parabelt projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey".
836:. The primary theoretical question is whether linguistic structures follow from the brain structures or vice versa. Externalist models, such as
6541:
Ulrich G (May 1978). "Interhemispheric functional relationships in auditory agnosia. An analysis of the preconditions and a conceptual model".
2881:"Functional Mapping of the Human Auditory Cortex: fMRI Investigation of a Patient with Auditory Agnosia from Trauma to the Inferior Colliculus"
2776:
148:
9282:
Cohen L, Bachoud-Levi AC (September 1995). "The role of the output phonological buffer in the control of speech timing: a single case study".
5285:
Strominger NL, Oesterreich RE, Neff WD (June 1980). "Sequential auditory and visual discriminations after temporal lobe ablation in monkeys".
6045:
Xu J, Kemeny S, Park G, Frattali C, Braun A (2005). "Language in context: emergent features of word, sentence, and narrative comprehension".
2473:
Wallace MN, Johnston PW, Palmer AR (April 2002). "Histochemical identification of cortical areas in the auditory region of the human brain".
120:
3270:
Romanski LM, Averbeck BB, Diltz M (February 2005). "Neural representation of vocalizations in the primate ventrolateral prefrontal cortex".
857:
979:. Another difficulty is that some studies focus on spelling words of English and omit the few logographic characters found in the script.
955:
types of languages, they are affected by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain rather than the right -usually dealing with the arts.
1584:
Aboitiz F, GarcĂa VR (December 1997). "The evolutionary origin of the language areas in the human brain. A neuroanatomical perspective".
3043:
127:
5996:"The role of left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortex in sentence comprehension: localizing syntactic and semantic processes"
4026:"Early stages of melody processing: stimulus-sequence and task-dependent neuronal activity in monkey auditory cortical fields A1 and R"
2408:
947:. There are over 135 discrete sign languages around the world- making use of different accents formed by separate areas of a country.
7177:
Giraud AL, Price CJ (August 2001). "The constraints functional neuroimaging places on classical models of auditory word processing".
5756:
Creutzfeldt O, Ojemann G, Lettich E (October 1989). "Neuronal activity in the human lateral temporal lobe. I. Responses to speech".
7593:"Conduction aphasia, sensory-motor integration, and phonological short-term memory - an aggregate analysis of lesion and fMRI data"
484:(mSTG-aSTG) and the posterior Heschl's gyrus (area hA1) projects primarily to the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) and the
8220:"fMRI-Guided transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals that the superior temporal sulcus is a cortical locus of the McGurk effect"
7048:
Warren JE, Wise RJ, Warren JD (December 2005). "Sounds do-able: auditory-motor transformations and the posterior temporal plane".
134:
10086:
Tian B, Reser D, Durham A, Kustov A, Rauschecker JP (April 2001). "Functional specialization in rhesus monkey auditory cortex".
9933:
Wei, Xuehu; Adamson, Helyne; Schwendemann, Matthias; Goucha, TĂłmas; Friederici, Angela D.; Anwander, Alfred (19 February 2023).
9643:
9212:
Caplan D, Rochon E, Waters GS (August 1992). "Articulatory and phonological determinants of word length effects in span tasks".
1026:
study found that subjects asked to produce regular words in a spelling task exhibited greater activation in the left posterior
951:
specific brain regions involved in language while neuroimaging explore regions that are engaged in the processing of language.
656:), whereas a second lesion to the remaining hemisphere (which could occur years later) does. Finally, as mentioned earlier, an
3565:
10715:
6306:"Damage to left anterior temporal cortex predicts impairment of complex syntactic processing: a lesion-symptom mapping study"
3173:
Petkov CI, Kayser C, Steudel T, Whittingstall K, Augath M, Logothetis NK (March 2008). "A voice region in the monkey brain".
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62:
6090:"Selective attention to semantic and syntactic features modulates sentence processing networks in anterior temporal cortex"
1053:
Far less information exists on the cognition and neurology of non-alphabetic and non-English scripts. Every language has a
3916:"The neural architecture of the language comprehension network: converging evidence from lesion and connectivity analyses"
6304:
Magnusdottir S, Fillmore P, den Ouden DB, Hjaltason H, Rorden C, Kjartansson O, Bonilha L, Fridriksson J (October 2013).
3073:
Tanaka D (June 1976). "Thalamic projections of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)".
2395:
Rauschecker JP, Tian B, Pons T, Mishkin M (May 1997). "Serial and parallel processing in rhesus monkey auditory cortex".
2037:
Rauschecker JP, Tian B, Hauser M (April 1995). "Processing of complex sounds in the macaque nonprimary auditory cortex".
1050:
and left SMG that are also important in reading, suggesting that a similar pathway is used for both reading and writing.
696:
the AVS, as an intra-cortical recording study reported of activation in the posterior MTG prior to activation in the Spt-
5809:
Mazoyer BM, Tzourio N, Frak V, Syrota A, Murayama N, Levrier O, Salamon G, Dehaene S, Cohen L, Mehler J (October 1993).
5481:"Temporal lobe lesions and semantic impairment: a comparison of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and semantic dementia"
10237:
Barrett DJ, Hall DA (August 2006). "Response preferences for "what" and "where" in human non-primary auditory cortex".
7321:
Selnes OA, Knopman DS, Niccum N, Rubens AB (June 1985). "The critical role of Wernicke's area in sentence repetition".
4767:
Lewis JW, Phinney RE, Brefczynski-Lewis JA, DeYoe EA (August 2006). "Lefties get it "right" when hearing tool sounds".
2827:"Evidence of functional connectivity between auditory cortical areas revealed by amplitude modulation sound processing"
17:
5373:"Human dorsal and ventral auditory streams subserve rehearsal-based and echoic processes during verbal working memory"
2880:
9736:
9676:
9637:
2777:"Temporal envelope processing in the human auditory cortex: response and interconnections of auditory cortical areas"
1481:
Pickles JO (2015). "Chapter 1: Auditory pathways: anatomy and physiology". In Aminoff MJ, Boller F, Swaab DF (eds.).
221:
167:
70:
8508:"Anterior temporal involvement in semantic word retrieval: voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping evidence from aphasia"
7364:
Axer H, von Keyserlingk AG, Berks G, von Keyserlingk DG (March 2001). "Supra- and infrasylvian conduction aphasia".
5565:"Anterior temporal involvement in semantic word retrieval: voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping evidence from aphasia"
3644:"Association fibre pathways of the brain: parallel observations from diffusion spectrum imaging and autoradiography"
276:
and understood. Language processing is considered to be a uniquely human ability that is not produced with the same
2929:
Chang EF, Edwards E, Nagarajan SS, Fogelson N, Dalal SS, Canolty RT, Kirsch HE, Barbaro NM, Knight RT (June 2011).
10572:
8555:
Ojemann GA (June 1983). "Brain organization for language from the perspective of electrical stimulation mapping".
4493:
Obleser J, Boecker H, Drzezga A, Haslinger B, Hennenlotter A, Roettinger M, Eulitz C, Rauschecker JP (July 2006).
3875:
Menjot de Champfleur N, Lima Maldonado I, Moritz-Gasser S, Machi P, Le Bars E, Bonafé A, Duffau H (January 2013).
3452:"Selectivity for the spatial and nonspatial attributes of auditory stimuli in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex"
9325:
Shallice T, Rumiati RI, Zadini A (September 2000). "The selective impairment of the phonological output buffer".
8361:"Visual phonetic processing localized using speech and nonspeech face gestures in video and point-light displays"
4164:
6933:"Role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in phonological processing for speech perception and production"
3877:"Middle longitudinal fasciculus delineation within language pathways: a diffusion tensor imaging study in human"
565:
the recognition of spoken words, voices, melodies, environmental sounds, and non-speech communicative sounds. A
5810:
3683:
Seltzer B, Pandya DN (July 1984). "Further observations on parieto-temporal connections in the rhesus monkey".
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813:
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related disorders. In accordance with this model, words are perceived via a specialized word reception center (
10198:"Automatic and intrinsic auditory "what" and "where" processing in humans revealed by electrical neuroimaging"
7683:"Language dysfunction after stroke and damage to white matter tracts evaluated using diffusion tensor imaging"
4720:"Cortical representation of natural complex sounds: effects of acoustic features and auditory object category"
3501:
Deacon TW (February 1992). "Cortical connections of the inferior arcuate sulcus cortex in the macaque brain".
488:(area PT; Figure 1 top right). Consistent with connections from area hR to the aSTG and hA1 to the pSTG is an
141:
10757:
4861:
1042:. Spelling nonwords was found to access members of both pathways, such as the left STG and bilateral MTG and
10513:"From Mimicry to Language: A Neuroanatomically Based Evolutionary Model of the Emergence of Vocal Language"
4862:"Human auditory belt areas specialized in sound recognition: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study"
1422:"From Mimicry to Language: A Neuroanatomically Based Evolutionary Model of the Emergence of Vocal Language"
1101:
1011:
339:
pathway is responsible for sound recognition, and is accordingly known as the auditory 'what' pathway. The
308:
288:
9577:
Buchsbaum BR, D'Esposito M (May 2008). "The search for the phonological store: from loop to convolution".
4313:"Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies"
647:
is processed bilaterally. Moreover, a study that instructed patients with disconnected hemispheres (i.e.,
10029:"Populations of auditory cortical neurons can accurately encode acoustic space across stimulus intensity"
7542:
Fridriksson J, Kjartansson O, Morgan PS, Hjaltason H, Magnusdottir S, Bonilha L, Rorden C (August 2010).
6404:"Bilateral capacity for speech sound processing in auditory comprehension: evidence from Wada procedures"
5861:"Response of anterior temporal cortex to syntactic and prosodic manipulations during sentence processing"
2618:"Mapping the tonotopic organization in human auditory cortex with minimally salient acoustic stimulation"
31:
1077:, are phonographic. Most systems combine the two and have both logographic and phonographic characters.
10767:
10462:"From where to what: a neuroanatomically based evolutionary model of the emergence of speech in humans"
1361:"From where to what: a neuroanatomically based evolutionary model of the emergence of speech in humans"
944:
906:
861:
347:, and is accordingly known as the auditory 'where' pathway. In humans, this pathway (especially in the
8936:"Contrasting effects of vocabulary knowledge on temporal and parietal brain structure across lifespan"
5479:
Noppeney U, Patterson K, Tyler LK, Moss H, Stamatakis EA, Bright P, Mummery C, Price CJ (April 2007).
4632:
Belin P, Zatorre RJ (November 2003). "Adaptation to speaker's voice in right anterior temporal lobe".
470:, and by mapping the tonotopic organization of the human primary auditory fields with high resolution
10762:
8171:"A neural basis for interindividual differences in the McGurk effect, a multisensory speech illusion"
7222:"The left posterior superior temporal gyrus participates specifically in accessing lexical phonology"
5246:"The effect of temporal lobe and hippocampal lesions on auditory and visual recent memory in monkeys"
4810:
Maeder PP, Meuli RA, Adriani M, Bellmann A, Fornari E, Thiran JP, Pittet A, Clarke S (October 2001).
10737:
5951:
Vandenberghe R, Nobre AC, Price CJ (May 2002). "The response of left temporal cortex to sentences".
3777:"Dissociating the human language pathways with high angular resolution diffusion fiber tractography"
2667:"Extensive cochleotopic mapping of human auditory cortical fields obtained with phase-encoding fMRI"
1312:"The cortical organization of lexical knowledge: a dual lexicon model of spoken language processing"
7274:"ECoG gamma activity during a language task: differentiating expressive and receptive speech areas"
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9028:"Cross-cultural effect on the brain revisited: universal structures plus writing system variation"
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Towle VL, Yoon HA, Castelle M, Edgar JC, Biassou NM, Frim DM, Spire JP, Kohrman MH (August 2008).
3828:"Delineation of the middle longitudinal fascicle in humans: a quantitative, in vivo, DT-MRI study"
894:, advocate a two-way model arguing that the brain shapes language, and language shapes the brain.
8810:"Exploring cross-linguistic vocabulary effects on brain structures using voxel-based morphometry"
8506:
Schwartz MF, Kimberg DY, Walker GM, Faseyitan O, Brecher A, Dell GS, Coslett HB (December 2009).
7989:"Functional connectivity in the human language system: a cortico-cortical evoked potential study"
7642:"MR tractography depicting damage to the arcuate fasciculus in a patient with conduction aphasia"
5563:
Schwartz MF, Kimberg DY, Walker GM, Faseyitan O, Brecher A, Dell GS, Coslett HB (December 2009).
1826:"The Wernicke conundrum and the anatomy of language comprehension in primary progressive aphasia"
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2136:"Cortical connections of auditory cortex in marmoset monkeys: lateral belt and parabelt regions"
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9692:
Lakoff, George (1990). "Invariance hypothesis: is abstract reasoning based on image-schemas?".
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Buchsbaum BR, Baldo J, Okada K, Berman KF, Dronkers N, D'Esposito M, Hickok G (December 2011).
1031:
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The 'from where to what' model of language evolution hypotheses 7 stages of language evolution.
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Edwards E, Nagarajan SS, Dalal SS, Canolty RT, Kirsch HE, Barbaro NM, Knight RT (March 2010).
9878:
9620:
9370:"The selective impairment of the phonological output buffer: evidence from a Chinese patient"
8028:
Kimura D, Watson N (November 1989). "The relation between oral movement control and speech".
7987:
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6453:"Auditory Vocabulary of the Right Hemisphere Following Brain Bisection or Hemidecortication"
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Throughout the 20th century the dominant model for language processing in the brain was the
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Dual stream connectivity between the auditory cortex and frontal lobe of monkeys and humans.
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7776:"Sensory-to-motor integration during auditory repetition: a combined fMRI and lesion study"
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Jones OP, Prejawa S, Hope TM, Oberhuber M, Seghier ML, Leff AP, Green DW, Price CJ (2014).
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6402:
Hickok G, Okada K, Barr W, Pa J, Rogalsky C, Donnelly K, Barde L, Grant A (December 2008).
6194:"Syntactic structure building in the anterior temporal lobe during natural story listening"
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has been developed. In accordance with this model, there are two pathways that connect the
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7827:"Conduction aphasia elicited by stimulation of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus"
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Guéguin M, Le Bouquin-Jeannès R, Faucon G, Chauvel P, Liégeois-Chauvel C (February 2007).
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Da Costa S, van der Zwaag W, Marques JP, Frackowiak RS, Clarke S, Saenz M (October 2011).
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Hickok G, Poeppel D (May 2007). "The cortical organization of speech processing". review.
8:
9173:"The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity"
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6736:"Spatiotemporal imaging of cortical activation during verb generation and picture naming"
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Viceic D, Fornari E, Thiran JP, Maeder PP, Meuli R, Adriani M, Clarke S (November 2006).
1046:. Significantly, it was found that spelling induces activation in areas such as the left
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9530:"Neurobiological roots of language in primate audition: common computational properties"
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
8269:"Speech comprehension aided by multiple modalities: behavioural and neural interactions"
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6355:"Neurobiological roots of language in primate audition: common computational properties"
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2931:"Cortical spatio-temporal dynamics underlying phonological target detection in humans"
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In humans, downstream to the aSTG, the MTG and TP are thought to constitute the
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789:
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360:
249:
10707:
10336:
9857:
9817:
9772:
9338:
9225:
9189:
9172:
9145:
9128:
8825:
8568:
7957:
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5612:
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10529:
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8576:
7792:
6990:
6973:
6958:
6636:"A common neural substrate for language production and verbal working memory"
6478:
5271:
5262:
5245:
4165:"Processing of vocalizations in humans and monkeys: a comparative fMRI study"
3932:
3522:
2742:
2362:
2209:
1877:
1873:
1438:
1238:
1221:
1106:
1091:
854:
758:
670:
566:
544:
509:
402:
382:
292:
10214:
10197:
10107:
10053:
9590:
8951:
8667:
7237:
6704:
6651:
6155:
6105:
5446:
5211:
4979:
4560:
4543:
4470:
4453:
4429:
4412:
4328:
4091:
4074:
3991:
3843:
2995:
2946:
2842:
2633:
2058:
1535:
876:
prevalent patterns are based on the brain's natural processing preferences.
712:
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10675:
10548:
10497:
10438:
10403:
10301:
10258:
10223:
10182:
10163:
10115:
10072:
9960:
9905:
9780:
9598:
9563:
9475:
9440:
9405:
9346:
9198:
9110:
9061:
9004:
8969:
8920:
8843:
8786:
8725:
8686:
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8619:
8541:
8523:
8492:
8474:
8459:"The dorsal stream contribution to phonological retrieval in object naming"
8443:
8425:
8394:
8337:
8302:
8253:
8204:
8155:
8106:
8014:
8005:
7988:
7895:
7860:
7811:
7752:
7716:
7667:
7626:
7577:
7520:
7485:
7428:
7385:
7377:
7307:
7289:
7255:
7198:
7147:
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7069:
7034:
6999:
6917:
6868:
6814:
6769:
6712:
6669:
6612:
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6388:
6339:
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5972:
5929:
5894:
5837:
5731:
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5639:
5598:
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5541:
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5497:
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5230:
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10344:
9991:
9386:
9303:
9233:
8049:
7965:
7842:
7342:
7334:
7155:
6486:
5787:
5306:
4235:
4131:
4041:
3704:
3530:
3428:
3420:
3374:
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2416:
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independently of meaning. Lakoff argues that language emerges from the
785:
781:
9043:
8376:
6321:
6303:
5876:
4510:
3744:
3727:
3609:
2824:
2515:
2443:
2104:
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pSTG, but not aSTG, is selective for the presence of new speakers. An
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8122:"Categorical speech representation in human superior temporal gyrus"
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The auditory dorsal stream connects the auditory cortex with the
386:
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Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
7012:
3172:
1823:
8597:
6682:
5907:
5080:
1770:
10322:
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5562:
5422:"Monkeys have a limited form of short-term memory in audition"
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434:. This region then projects to a word production center (
343:
in both humans and non-human primates is responsible for
316:
295:
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8119:
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5243:
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3641:
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1069:, while those recording phonological segments, such as
1065:. Scripts recording words and morphemes are considered
643:
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Tourville JA, Reilly KJ, Guenther FH (February 2008).
7271:
6931:
Buchsbaum BR, Hickok G, Humphries C (September 2001).
6789:"Transcortical sensory aphasia: revisited and revised"
6187:
6137:
Pallier C, Devauchelle AD, Dehaene S (February 2011).
5950:
4583:
Scott SK, Blank CC, Rosen S, Wise RJ (December 2000).
4113:
4024:
Yin P, Mishkin M, Sutter M, Fritz JB (December 2008).
3304:
1932:
1469:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1408:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
250:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
10639:
10195:
10085:
9324:
8702:"Adult brain plasticity elicited by anomia treatment"
6974:"Separate neural subsystems within 'Wernicke's area'"
6971:
5519:
5141:
4023:
3269:
2664:
2472:
2036:
846:
This idea is opposed by internalist models including
757:
study has correlated activation in the pSTS with the
9876:
8217:
7873:
7449:
6044:
5184:
4451:
4256:
2977:
582:
study of a patient with impaired sound recognition (
492:
study of a patient with impaired sound recognition (
475:
area hA1). Intra-cortical recordings from the human
370:
The division of the two streams first occurs in the
272:
ideas and feelings, and how such communications are
10419:
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
9126:
7680:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6276:
5751:
5749:
5076:
5074:
4582:
2723:
2567:Humphries C, Liebenthal E, Binder JR (April 2010).
2032:
2030:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1625:
1623:
9751:
9254:
9211:
8218:Beauchamp MS, Nath AR, Pasalar S (February 2010).
7831:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
3728:"Perisylvian language networks of the human brain"
3725:
3637:
3635:
2978:Muñoz M, Mishkin M, Saunders RC (September 2009).
2292:
450:
381:Language processing can also occur in relation to
10196:De Santis L, Clarke S, Murray MM (January 2007).
10139:""What" and "where" in the human auditory system"
9281:
9122:
9120:
8807:
7729:
6832:
6401:
6188:Brennan J, Nir Y, Hasson U, Malach R, Heeger DJ,
4952:
4717:
4306:
4304:
2569:"Tonotopic organization of human auditory cortex"
1673:
1181:
901:studies points towards the externalist position.
10749:
10693:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10640:Norton ES, Kovelman I, Petitto LA (March 2007).
10635:
10633:
9488:
9026:Bolger DJ, Perfetti CA, Schneider W (May 2005).
7047:
6821:
5746:
5071:
3114:
3112:
3025:
3023:
2027:
1980:
1978:
1933:Vignolo LA, Boccardi E, Caverni L (March 1986).
1759:
1620:
1215:
1213:
1061:component, either of which can be recorded by a
774:
392:
10631:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10623:
10621:
10619:
10617:
10615:
10613:
10573:"What sign language teaches us about the brain"
10316:
10273:
10026:
9793:
7450:Baldo JV, Katseff S, Dronkers NF (March 2012).
5419:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5008:
3726:Catani M, Jones DK, ffytche DH (January 2005).
3632:
3356:
2615:
2335:
1935:"Unexpected CT-scan findings in global aphasia"
535:The auditory ventral stream (AVS) connects the
280:understanding or systematicity in even human's
10702:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 120–134.
10697:
10410:
9752:Christiansen, Morten H.; Chater, Nick (2008).
9613:
9166:
9164:
9117:
8315:
7908:
7267:
7265:
6087:
5661:
5659:
5657:
4803:
4359:
4301:
4257:Zatorre RJ, Bouffard M, Belin P (April 2004).
3913:
3551:
3168:
3166:
3164:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2665:Striem-Amit E, Hertz U, Amedi A (March 2011).
1222:"Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. I"
799:
374:where the anterior branch enters the anterior
291:, which is based primarily on the analysis of
10682:
9877:Barkley, C.; Kluender, R.; Kutas, M. (2015).
9836:
9830:
9685:
9453:
9367:
8168:
7824:
7090:
5185:Fritz J, Mishkin M, Saunders RC (June 2005).
3682:
3352:
3350:
3214:
3212:
3109:
3020:
2086:
2084:
1975:
1583:
1563:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1–70.
1263:
1259:
1257:
1210:
938:
10610:
10606:http://lcn.salk.edu/Brochure/SciAM%20ASL.pdf
9870:
9671:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
9660:
8027:
5244:Stepien LS, Cordeau JP, Rasmussen T (1960).
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5005:
4631:
920:
10236:
10189:
10130:
10020:
9720:
9619:
9495:Current Directions in Psychological Science
9368:Shu H, Xiong H, Han Z, Bi Y, Bai X (2005).
9161:
8808:Green DW, Crinion J, Price CJ (July 2007).
7406:
7262:
7176:
5654:
3161:
2867:
2182:
1474:
1184:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
10079:
9127:Baddeley A, Lewis V, Vallar G (May 1984).
4953:DeWitt I, Rauschecker JP (February 2012).
4853:
4413:"Neural substrates of phonemic perception"
3967:"Ventral and dorsal pathways for language"
3399:
3347:
3209:
3121:"Voice cells in the primate temporal lobe"
2081:
1984:
1674:DeWitt I, Rauschecker JP (November 2013).
1413:
1352:
1305:
1303:
1254:
1010:More recently, neuroimaging studies using
744:Integration of phonemes with lip-movements
530:
303:, as well non-invasive techniques such as
10665:
10538:
10528:
10487:
10477:
10393:
10383:
10213:
10172:
10162:
10062:
10052:
9950:
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9188:
9144:
9100:
9051:
8959:
8910:
8833:
8776:
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8666:
8531:
8482:
8433:
8384:
8292:
8243:
8194:
8145:
8096:
8004:
7850:
7801:
7791:
7706:
7657:
7616:
7567:
7475:
7297:
7245:
6989:
6948:
6907:
6858:
6804:
6759:
6659:
6525:
6468:
6427:
6378:
6329:
6217:
6164:
6154:
6113:
6021:
6011:
5884:
5777:
5629:
5588:
5496:
5455:
5445:
5388:
5261:
5220:
5210:
5128:
5103:
5054:
5044:
4988:
4978:
4743:
4625:
4608:
4559:
4518:
4469:
4428:
4387:
4377:
4336:
4284:
4274:
4139:
4090:
4049:
4000:
3990:
3941:
3931:
3851:
3802:
3792:
3743:
3659:
3477:
3467:
3382:
3357:Tsunada J, Lee JH, Cohen YE (June 2011).
3330:
3144:
3003:
2954:
2850:
2751:
2741:
2700:
2690:
2641:
2616:Langers DR, van Dijk P (September 2012).
2592:
2543:
2533:
2371:
2361:
2269:
2259:
2218:
2208:
2159:
2010:
1950:
1909:
1849:
1792:
1699:
1543:
1447:
1437:
1386:
1376:
1335:
1237:
1219:
664:
623:
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
10700:Writing Systems and Spelling Development
9489:Barrouillet P, Camos V (December 2012).
9418:
8856:
8407:
7687:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
5420:Scott BH, Mishkin M, Yin P (July 2012).
1886:"Towards a new neurobiology of language"
1722:
1558:
1521:
1485:. review. Vol. 129. pp. 3–25.
818:
396:
233:
9839:"Subjacency as a processing phenomenon"
8554:
7943:
6833:Turkeltaub PE, Coslett HB (July 2010).
6783:Boatman D, Gordon B, Hart J, Selnes O,
6507:
5811:"The cortical representation of speech"
4718:Leaver AM, Rauschecker JP (June 2010).
2336:Rauschecker JP, Tian B (October 2000).
1522:Lichteim L (1885-01-01). "On Aphasia".
1480:
1300:
965:
945:sign language is processed in the brain
401:Language Areas of the human brain. The
14:
10750:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10566:
10564:
10562:
10560:
10558:
10510:
10459:
10027:Miller LM, Recanzone GH (April 2009).
9691:
9093:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.033
8285:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.01.010
8169:Nath AR, Beauchamp MS (January 2012).
6540:
6450:
5680:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.10.025
5665:
5096:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.01.023
3500:
3072:
1586:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
1419:
1358:
827:
104:Please improve this article by adding
9666:
9170:
4360:Davis MH, Johnsrude IS (April 2003).
832:Language-processing research informs
10570:
9726:
4216:The European Journal of Neuroscience
3598:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
3554:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
3409:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
3032:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
2432:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
2397:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
2295:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
2183:Kaas JH, Hackett TA (October 2000).
2093:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
729:
680:
554:
179:
77:
36:
10589:
10555:
7825:Quigg M, Fountain NB (March 1999).
6088:Rogalsky C, Hickok G (April 2009).
1309:
851:transformational generative grammar
596:the dominant working memory store.
27:How humans use words to communicate
24:
7659:10.1212/01.wnl.0000256348.65744.b2
4881:10.1097/01.wnr.0000239962.75943.dd
4379:10.1523/jneurosci.23-08-03423.2003
2888:Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology
1491:10.1016/B978-0-444-62630-1.00001-9
547:, which in turn connects with the
117:"Language processing in the brain"
25:
10784:
9754:"Language as shaped by the brain"
9579:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
9177:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
9129:"Exploring the Articulatory Loop"
8940:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
8706:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
7226:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
7179:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
7015:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
6640:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
5953:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
5818:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
5187:"In search of an auditory engram"
4912:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
4769:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
3920:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
2935:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
2730:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
879:Additionally, models inspired by
609:herpes simplex virus encephalitis
289:Geschwind–Lichteim–Wernicke model
52:This article has multiple issues.
10658:10.1111/j.1751-228X.2007.00005.x
10504:
10453:
10351:
10251:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.050
10230:
9967:
9952:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119955
9926:
9846:Language and Cognitive Processes
9837:Kluender, R.; Kutas, M. (1993).
9802:"Memes shape brains shape memes"
9632:. New York: Philosophy Library.
9570:
9521:
9482:
9447:
9412:
9361:
9318:
9275:
9248:
9205:
9183:(1): 87–114, discussion 114–85.
9068:
9019:
8976:
8927:
8878:
8850:
8801:
8740:
8693:
8634:
8591:
8548:
8499:
8450:
8401:
8352:
8330:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.034
8309:
8260:
8211:
8187:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.024
8162:
8113:
8089:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.054
8064:
8021:
7980:
7937:
7902:
7867:
7818:
7767:
7745:10.1179/016164109x12478302362653
7723:
7674:
7633:
7584:
7535:
7492:
7443:
7400:
7357:
7314:
7213:
7170:
7127:
7084:
7041:
7006:
6965:
6924:
6875:
6776:
6752:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.035
6727:
6676:
6627:
6577:
6534:
6501:
6444:
6395:
6346:
6297:
6270:
6234:
6181:
6130:
6081:
6059:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.013
6038:
5987:
5944:
5922:10.1097/00001756-200106130-00046
5724:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.002
5631:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00955.x
4646:10.1097/00001756-200311140-00019
4228:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00086.x
4184:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.070
2585:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.046
1985:Bendor D, Wang X (August 2006).
1462:
1401:
703:
417:is represented in green and the
243:
184:
82:
41:
7780:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
5901:
5852:
5802:
5702:
5605:
5556:
5513:
5472:
5413:
5364:
5321:
5278:
5237:
5178:
4946:
4903:
4760:
4711:
4668:
4576:
4535:
4486:
4445:
4404:
4353:
4250:
4206:
4156:
4107:
4066:
4017:
3958:
3914:Turken AU, Dronkers NF (2011).
3907:
3868:
3819:
3768:
3719:
3676:
3588:
3545:
3494:
3443:
3298:
3263:
3066:
2971:
2922:
2818:
2768:
2717:
2658:
2609:
2560:
2509:
2466:
2423:
2388:
2329:
2286:
2235:
2176:
2127:
1991:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
1926:
1866:
1817:
1785:10.1016/j.cognition.2003.11.002
1716:
1667:
1577:
1561:Der aphasische Symptomenkomplex
637:
451:Current neurolinguistics models
60:or discuss these issues on the
10431:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.11.002
9898:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.017
9731:. Cambridge University Press.
9257:Journal of Memory and Language
8903:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4442-06.2007
8778:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-D79B-1
8236:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4865-09.2010
7560:10.1523/jneurosci.1120-10.2010
6279:Journal of Memory and Language
6023:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-E3AB-B
5779:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-89EA-3
4736:10.1523/jneurosci.0296-10.2010
4276:10.1523/jneurosci.5458-03.2004
3794:10.1523/jneurosci.2388-08.2008
3469:10.1523/jneurosci.3935-04.2004
2535:10.1523/jneurosci.2000-11.2011
1902:10.1523/jneurosci.3244-12.2012
1794:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-6912-A
1552:
1545:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-5780-B
1515:
1483:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
1175:
1122:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
814:phonological similarity effect
673:, which in turn connects with
438:) that is located in the left
430:) that is located in the left
13:
1:
10698:Treiman R, Kessler B (2007).
10600:Scientific American. (2002).
10479:10.12688/f1000research.6175.3
9806:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
9761:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
9626:Course in general linguistics
9296:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80060-3
8997:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00343-4
8860:British Journal of Psychology
8557:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
7421:10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00502-3
6527:10.1016/s0364-0213(01)00050-7
6470:10.1016/s0010-9452(76)80001-9
6256:10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00236-0
5342:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00350-1
3881:European Journal of Radiology
1952:10.1016/s0010-9452(86)80032-6
1598:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00053-2
1378:10.12688/f1000research.6175.3
1168:
775:Phonological long-term memory
393:Early neurolinguistics models
264:refers to the way humans use
106:secondary or tertiary sources
10385:10.1371/journal.pone.0001094
9534:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
9269:10.1016/0749-596x(92)90005-i
8042:10.1016/0093-934x(89)90112-0
7468:10.1080/02687038.2011.602391
7093:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
6555:10.1016/0093-934x(78)90027-5
6359:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
5522:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
5390:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.09.029
5299:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90062-1
5156:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.07.001
5046:10.1371/journal.pone.0001094
3515:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90109-m
3087:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90206-7
2900:10.1097/wnn.0000000000000072
2796:10.1016/j.heares.2007.12.003
2692:10.1371/journal.pone.0017832
2261:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040215
1266:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1102:Auditory processing disorder
1038:and both hemispheres of the
1012:positron emission tomography
872:. Hawkins hypothesizes that
7:
10602:Sign language in the brain.
10571:Suri, Sana (25 July 2014).
9468:10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.104
8891:The Journal of Neuroscience
8612:10.1016/j.bandl.2003.12.007
8224:The Journal of Neuroscience
7609:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.12.001
7548:The Journal of Neuroscience
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6851:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.03.008
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6210:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.04.002
5758:Experimental Brain Research
4781:10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1314
4724:The Journal of Neuroscience
4366:The Journal of Neuroscience
4263:The Journal of Neuroscience
3893:10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.05.034
3781:The Journal of Neuroscience
3685:Experimental Brain Research
3456:The Journal of Neuroscience
2522:The Journal of Neuroscience
2475:Experimental Brain Research
1890:The Journal of Neuroscience
1692:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.09.014
1328:10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.005
1196:10.1037/0096-3445.116.3.279
1084:
800:Phonological working memory
32:Natural language processing
10:
10789:
10325:Journal of Neurophysiology
10282:Journal of Neurophysiology
9546:10.1016/j.tics.2014.12.008
9433:10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411
8718:10.1162/089892903321593153
7888:10.3171/jns.2006.104.5.845
7062:10.1016/j.tins.2005.09.010
7027:10.1162/089892903322307393
6950:10.1207/s15516709cog2505_2
6508:Poeppel D (October 2001).
6371:10.1016/j.tics.2014.12.008
4120:Journal of Neurophysiology
4030:Journal of Neurophysiology
3363:Journal of Neurophysiology
3311:Journal of Neurophysiology
3272:Journal of Neurophysiology
2003:10.1016/j.conb.2006.07.001
939:Sign language in the brain
517:parietal-temporal junction
455:
409:is represented in yellow,
405:is represented in orange,
351:) is also responsible for
299:recordings of monkey and
29:
10708:10.1002/9780470757642.ch7
10646:Mind, Brain and Education
10517:Frontiers in Neuroscience
10337:10.1152/jn.1996.75.3.1233
9858:10.1080/01690969308407588
9818:10.1017/S0140525X08005037
9800:Blackmore, Susan (2008).
9773:10.1017/S0140525X08004998
9669:Chomsky: Ideas and Ideals
9339:10.1080/02643290050110638
9327:Cognitive Neuropsychology
9226:10.1080/14640749208401323
9190:10.1017/S0140525X01003922
9171:Cowan N (February 2001).
9146:10.1080/14640748408402157
8826:10.1017/S1366728907002933
8569:10.1017/S0140525X00015491
8408:Campbell R (March 2008).
7958:10.1080/14640749208401314
7923:10.1017/S0142716400007062
7911:Applied Psycholinguistics
7191:10.1162/08989290152541421
5965:10.1162/08989290260045800
5830:10.1162/jocn.1993.5.4.467
5287:Physiology & Behavior
4601:10.1093/brain/123.12.2400
3137:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.028
2487:10.1007/s00221-002-1014-z
1426:Frontiers in Neuroscience
1220:Geschwind N (June 1965).
921:The evolution of language
282:closest primate relatives
193:This article needs to be
10530:10.3389/fnins.2016.00307
10294:10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.343
9706:10.1515/cogl.1990.1.1.39
9507:10.1177/0963721412459513
7793:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00024
6806:10.1093/brain/123.8.1634
6787:, Lenz F (August 2000).
3933:10.3389/fnsys.2011.00001
2743:10.3389/fnsys.2010.00155
2363:10.1073/pnas.97.22.11800
2210:10.1073/pnas.97.22.11793
1439:10.3389/fnins.2016.00307
810:articulatory suppression
521:inferior parietal lobule
510:diffusion tensor imaging
432:temporoparietal junction
413:is represented in blue,
323:has been revealed and a
10511:Poliva O (2016-06-30).
10460:Poliva O (2017-09-20).
10108:10.1126/science.1058911
10054:10.1073/pnas.0901023106
9727:Song, Jae Jung (2012).
9591:10.1162/jocn.2008.20501
8952:10.1162/jocn.2009.21238
8668:10.1073/pnas.1008121107
7876:Journal of Neurosurgery
7238:10.1162/jocn.2008.20113
7050:Trends in Neurosciences
6705:10.1126/science.1169896
6652:10.1162/jocn.2010.21519
6156:10.1073/pnas.1018711108
6013:10.1093/cercor/13.2.170
5447:10.1073/pnas.1209685109
5212:10.1073/pnas.0503998102
4980:10.1073/pnas.1113427109
3992:10.1073/pnas.0805234105
2947:10.1162/jocn.2010.21466
2059:10.1126/science.7701330
1359:Poliva O (2017-09-20).
1112:Computational audiology
892:Usage-Based Linguistics
838:Ferdinand de Saussure's
531:Auditory ventral stream
482:superior temporal gyrus
421:is represented in pink.
419:primary auditory cortex
337:auditory ventral stream
10164:10.1073/pnas.211209098
9621:de Saussure, Ferdinand
8426:10.1098/rstb.2007.2155
7378:10.1006/brln.2000.2425
7148:10.1006/brln.1997.1937
6991:10.1093/brain/124.1.83
6605:10.1006/nimg.2000.0701
6291:10.1006/jmla.1994.1005
5263:10.1093/brain/83.3.470
4831:10.1006/nimg.2001.0888
4689:10.1006/brln.2001.2484
1737:10.1006/brln.1999.2212
1645:10.1006/brln.1999.2135
1239:10.1093/brain/88.2.237
913:shapes the processing
866:innate brain structure
824:
675:inferior frontal gyrus
665:Auditory dorsal stream
624:Sentence comprehension
549:inferior frontal gyrus
502:inferior frontal gyrus
440:inferior frontal gyrus
422:
341:auditory dorsal stream
253:
93:relies excessively on
10215:10.1093/cercor/bhj119
9992:10.1353/lan.2014.0068
9694:Cognitive Linguistics
9374:Behavioural Neurology
7843:10.1136/jnnp.66.3.393
7733:Neurological Research
7335:10.1002/ana.410170604
6106:10.1093/cercor/bhn126
4561:10.1093/cercor/bhl133
4471:10.1093/cercor/bhg083
4430:10.1093/cercor/bhi040
4329:10.1093/cercor/bhp055
4132:10.1152/jn.01069.2007
4092:10.1093/cercor/bhh120
4042:10.1152/jn.00828.2007
3844:10.1093/cercor/bhn124
3421:10.1002/cne.903600312
3375:10.1152/jn.00037.2011
3323:10.1152/jn.01069.2007
3284:10.1152/jn.00675.2004
2996:10.1093/cercor/bhn236
2843:10.1093/cercor/bhj148
2634:10.1093/cercor/bhr282
2307:10.1002/cne.903350312
1536:10.1093/brain/7.4.433
1162:Visual word form area
1020:visual word form area
858:Cognitive Linguistics
822:
541:middle temporal gyrus
400:
355:, speech repetition,
237:
10758:Language acquisition
9667:Smith, Neil (2002).
9456:Psychological Review
8524:10.1093/brain/awp284
8475:10.1093/brain/aws300
8006:10.1093/brain/awh246
7290:10.1093/brain/awn147
5581:10.1093/brain/awp284
5498:10.1093/brain/awl344
4924:10.1162/jocn_a_00208
3661:10.1093/brain/awl359
1842:10.1093/brain/awv154
1310:Gow DW (June 2012).
966:Writing in the brain
888:Construction Grammar
874:cross-linguistically
834:theories of language
297:electrophysiological
10376:2007PLoSO...2.1094L
10155:2001PNAS...9812301A
10100:2001Sci...292..290T
10045:2009PNAS..106.5931M
9387:10.1155/2005/647871
9032:Human Brain Mapping
8761:2004Natur.431..757M
8659:2010PNAS..10716494H
8469:(Pt 12): 3799–814.
8365:Human Brain Mapping
8126:Nature Neuroscience
7323:Annals of Neurology
6888:Nature Neuroscience
6697:2009Sci...324..811D
6310:Human Brain Mapping
5865:Human Brain Mapping
5438:2012PNAS..10912237S
5203:2005PNAS..102.9359F
5037:2007PLoSO...2.1094L
4971:2012PNAS..109E.505D
4499:Human Brain Mapping
3983:2008PNAS..10518035S
3732:Annals of Neurology
3241:10.1038/nature02268
3233:2004Natur.427..448P
3175:Nature Neuroscience
2683:2011PLoSO...617832S
2354:2000PNAS...9711800R
2201:2000PNAS...9711793K
2051:1995Sci...268..111R
1559:Wernicke C (1974).
973:English orthography
828:Linguistic theories
786:phonemic paraphasia
782:semantic paraphasia
613:semantic paraphasia
407:supramarginal gyrus
359:, and phonological
262:language processing
8872:10.1111/bjop.12170
8600:Brain and Language
8518:(Pt 12): 3411–27.
8030:Brain and Language
7999:(Pt 10): 2316–30.
7699:10.3174/ajnr.A0846
7597:Brain and Language
7501:Brain and Language
7409:Brain and Language
7366:Brain and Language
7136:Brain and Language
6839:Brain and Language
6543:Brain and Language
6408:Brain and Language
6244:Brain and Language
6198:Brain and Language
5770:10.1007/bf00249600
5575:(Pt 12): 3411–27.
4677:Brain and Language
3697:10.1007/bf00237280
1725:Brain and Language
1680:Brain and Language
1633:Brain and Language
1316:Brain and Language
1157:Origin of language
825:
719:conduction aphasia
423:
345:sound localization
254:
18:Receptive language
10768:Psycholinguistics
10717:978-0-470-75764-2
10604:. Retrieved from
9491:"As Time Goes By"
9087:(8–9): 1893–900.
9044:10.1002/hbm.20124
8420:(1493): 1001–10.
8377:10.1002/hbm.21139
7284:(Pt 8): 2013–27.
6937:Cognitive Science
6514:Cognitive Science
6322:10.1002/hbm.22096
6192:(February 2012).
5877:10.1002/hbm.20148
5491:(Pt 4): 1138–47.
4640:(16): 2105–2109.
4511:10.1002/hbm.20201
3745:10.1002/ana.20319
3610:10.1002/cne.21300
2444:10.1002/cne.20702
2140:Anatomical Record
2105:10.1002/cne.20923
1836:(Pt 8): 2423–37.
1570:978-3-540-06905-8
1500:978-0-444-62630-1
1420:Poliva O (2016).
1132:Language disorder
1117:Cognitive science
881:Richard Dawkins's
862:John A. Hawkins's
730:Speech monitoring
723:speech repetition
681:Speech production
645:sound recognition
605:semantic dementia
576:speech perception
555:Sound recognition
353:speech production
325:two-streams model
258:psycholinguistics
232:
231:
224:
214:
213:
178:
177:
170:
152:
75:
16:(Redirected from
10780:
10763:Neurolinguistics
10742:
10741:
10735:
10731:
10729:
10721:
10695:
10680:
10679:
10669:
10637:
10608:
10598:
10587:
10586:
10584:
10583:
10577:The Conversation
10568:
10553:
10552:
10542:
10532:
10508:
10502:
10501:
10491:
10481:
10457:
10451:
10450:
10414:
10408:
10407:
10397:
10387:
10355:
10349:
10348:
10320:
10314:
10313:
10277:
10271:
10270:
10234:
10228:
10227:
10217:
10193:
10187:
10186:
10176:
10166:
10134:
10128:
10127:
10083:
10077:
10076:
10066:
10056:
10024:
10018:
10017:
10015:
10014:
9971:
9965:
9964:
9954:
9930:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9920:
9883:
9874:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9843:
9834:
9828:
9827:
9825:
9824:
9797:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9787:
9758:
9749:
9743:
9742:
9724:
9718:
9717:
9689:
9683:
9682:
9664:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9654:
9648:
9642:. Archived from
9631:
9617:
9611:
9610:
9574:
9568:
9567:
9557:
9525:
9519:
9518:
9486:
9480:
9479:
9451:
9445:
9444:
9416:
9410:
9409:
9399:
9389:
9365:
9359:
9358:
9322:
9316:
9315:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9252:
9246:
9245:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9192:
9168:
9159:
9158:
9148:
9124:
9115:
9114:
9104:
9081:Neuropsychologia
9072:
9066:
9065:
9055:
9023:
9017:
9016:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8963:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8914:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8837:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8780:
8744:
8738:
8737:
8697:
8691:
8690:
8680:
8670:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8595:
8589:
8588:
8552:
8546:
8545:
8535:
8503:
8497:
8496:
8486:
8454:
8448:
8447:
8437:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8388:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8296:
8273:Neuropsychologia
8264:
8258:
8257:
8247:
8215:
8209:
8208:
8198:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8149:
8117:
8111:
8110:
8100:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8025:
8019:
8018:
8008:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7941:
7935:
7934:
7906:
7900:
7899:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7854:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7805:
7795:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7727:
7721:
7720:
7710:
7678:
7672:
7671:
7661:
7637:
7631:
7630:
7620:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7571:
7554:(33): 11057–61.
7539:
7533:
7532:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7479:
7462:(3–4): 338–354.
7447:
7441:
7440:
7404:
7398:
7397:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7301:
7269:
7260:
7259:
7249:
7217:
7211:
7210:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7010:
7004:
7003:
6993:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6952:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6911:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6862:
6830:
6819:
6818:
6808:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6763:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6663:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6590:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6472:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6431:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6382:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6333:
6301:
6295:
6294:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6238:
6232:
6231:
6221:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6168:
6158:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6117:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6025:
6015:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5888:
5856:
5850:
5849:
5815:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5781:
5753:
5744:
5743:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5668:Neuropsychologia
5663:
5652:
5651:
5633:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5592:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5500:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5432:(30): 12237–41.
5417:
5411:
5410:
5392:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5224:
5214:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5139:
5126:
5125:
5107:
5090:(5): 1350–1354.
5084:Neuropsychologia
5078:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5048:
5016:
5003:
5002:
4992:
4982:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4866:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4816:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4563:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4522:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4473:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4391:
4381:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4278:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4169:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4111:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4004:
3994:
3977:(46): 18035–40.
3962:
3956:
3955:
3945:
3935:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3796:
3787:(45): 11435–44.
3772:
3766:
3765:
3747:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3654:(Pt 3): 630–53.
3639:
3630:
3629:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3471:
3462:(50): 11307–16.
3447:
3441:
3440:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3227:(6973): 448–51.
3216:
3207:
3206:
3170:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3007:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2885:
2876:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2784:Hearing Research
2781:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2745:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2537:
2528:(40): 14067–75.
2513:
2507:
2506:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2152:10.1002/ar.22451
2131:
2125:
2124:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2014:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1954:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1896:(41): 14125–31.
1884:(October 2012).
1870:
1864:
1863:
1853:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1796:
1768:
1757:
1756:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1241:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1179:
1142:Neurolinguistics
654:auditory agnosia
601:semantic lexicon
584:auditory agnosia
494:auditory agnosia
486:planum temporale
383:signed languages
376:cochlear nucleus
365:long-term memory
321:auditory pathway
247:
227:
220:
209:
206:
200:
188:
187:
180:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
151:
110:
86:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
10788:
10787:
10783:
10782:
10781:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10748:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10733:
10732:
10723:
10722:
10718:
10696:
10683:
10638:
10611:
10599:
10590:
10581:
10579:
10569:
10556:
10509:
10505:
10458:
10454:
10415:
10411:
10356:
10352:
10321:
10317:
10278:
10274:
10235:
10231:
10202:Cerebral Cortex
10194:
10190:
10149:(21): 12301–6.
10135:
10131:
10094:(5515): 290–3.
10084:
10080:
10025:
10021:
10012:
10010:
9972:
9968:
9945:(270): 119955.
9931:
9927:
9918:
9916:
9881:
9875:
9871:
9862:
9860:
9841:
9835:
9831:
9822:
9820:
9798:
9794:
9785:
9783:
9756:
9750:
9746:
9739:
9725:
9721:
9690:
9686:
9679:
9665:
9661:
9652:
9650:
9646:
9640:
9629:
9618:
9614:
9575:
9571:
9526:
9522:
9487:
9483:
9452:
9448:
9417:
9413:
9380:(2–3): 179–89.
9366:
9362:
9323:
9319:
9280:
9276:
9253:
9249:
9210:
9206:
9169:
9162:
9125:
9118:
9073:
9069:
9024:
9020:
8981:
8977:
8932:
8928:
8883:
8879:
8855:
8851:
8806:
8802:
8769:10.1038/431757a
8745:
8741:
8698:
8694:
8653:(38): 16494–9.
8639:
8635:
8596:
8592:
8553:
8549:
8504:
8500:
8455:
8451:
8406:
8402:
8371:(10): 1660–76.
8357:
8353:
8314:
8310:
8265:
8261:
8216:
8212:
8167:
8163:
8138:10.1038/nn.2641
8132:(11): 1428–32.
8118:
8114:
8069:
8065:
8026:
8022:
7985:
7981:
7942:
7938:
7907:
7903:
7872:
7868:
7823:
7819:
7772:
7768:
7728:
7724:
7679:
7675:
7638:
7634:
7589:
7585:
7540:
7536:
7497:
7493:
7448:
7444:
7405:
7401:
7362:
7358:
7319:
7315:
7270:
7263:
7232:(9): 1698–710.
7218:
7214:
7175:
7171:
7132:
7128:
7105:10.1038/nrn2113
7089:
7085:
7046:
7042:
7011:
7007:
6984:(Pt 1): 83–95.
6970:
6966:
6929:
6925:
6900:10.1038/nn.2641
6894:(11): 1428–32.
6880:
6876:
6831:
6822:
6781:
6777:
6732:
6728:
6691:(5928): 811–3.
6681:
6677:
6632:
6628:
6588:
6582:
6578:
6539:
6535:
6506:
6502:
6449:
6445:
6400:
6396:
6351:
6347:
6316:(10): 2715–23.
6302:
6298:
6275:
6271:
6239:
6235:
6186:
6182:
6135:
6131:
6094:Cerebral Cortex
6086:
6082:
6043:
6039:
6000:Cerebral Cortex
5992:
5988:
5949:
5945:
5906:
5902:
5857:
5853:
5813:
5807:
5803:
5754:
5747:
5707:
5703:
5664:
5655:
5610:
5606:
5561:
5557:
5534:10.1038/nrn2277
5518:
5514:
5477:
5473:
5418:
5414:
5369:
5365:
5326:
5322:
5283:
5279:
5242:
5238:
5197:(26): 9359–64.
5183:
5179:
5140:
5129:
5079:
5072:
5017:
5006:
4951:
4947:
4908:
4904:
4875:(16): 1659–62.
4864:
4858:
4854:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4765:
4761:
4730:(22): 7604–12.
4716:
4712:
4673:
4669:
4630:
4626:
4581:
4577:
4548:Cerebral Cortex
4540:
4536:
4491:
4487:
4458:Cerebral Cortex
4450:
4446:
4423:(10): 1621–31.
4417:Cerebral Cortex
4409:
4405:
4358:
4354:
4323:(12): 2767–96.
4317:Cerebral Cortex
4309:
4302:
4269:(14): 3637–42.
4255:
4251:
4211:
4207:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4112:
4108:
4079:Cerebral Cortex
4071:
4067:
4022:
4018:
3963:
3959:
3912:
3908:
3873:
3869:
3832:Cerebral Cortex
3824:
3820:
3773:
3769:
3724:
3720:
3681:
3677:
3640:
3633:
3593:
3589:
3550:
3546:
3499:
3495:
3448:
3444:
3404:
3400:
3355:
3348:
3303:
3299:
3268:
3264:
3217:
3210:
3171:
3162:
3131:(16): 1408–15.
3125:Current Biology
3117:
3110:
3071:
3067:
3028:
3021:
2984:Cerebral Cortex
2976:
2972:
2927:
2923:
2883:
2877:
2868:
2831:Cerebral Cortex
2823:
2819:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2722:
2718:
2663:
2659:
2622:Cerebral Cortex
2614:
2610:
2565:
2561:
2514:
2510:
2471:
2467:
2428:
2424:
2393:
2389:
2348:(22): 11800–6.
2334:
2330:
2291:
2287:
2240:
2236:
2195:(22): 11793–9.
2181:
2177:
2132:
2128:
2089:
2082:
2045:(5207): 111–4.
2035:
2028:
1983:
1976:
1931:
1927:
1871:
1867:
1822:
1818:
1779:(1–2): 145–77.
1769:
1760:
1721:
1717:
1672:
1668:
1628:
1621:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1557:
1553:
1520:
1516:
1501:
1479:
1475:
1418:
1414:
1357:
1353:
1308:
1301:
1278:10.1038/nrn2113
1262:
1255:
1218:
1211:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1147:Neuropsychology
1087:
968:
941:
923:
870:sensory systems
855:George Lakoff's
830:
802:
777:
759:McGurk illusion
746:
732:
706:
683:
667:
640:
626:
557:
537:auditory cortex
533:
477:auditory cortex
458:
453:
428:Wernicke's area
415:Wernicke's area
395:
387:written content
349:left hemisphere
329:auditory cortex
228:
217:
216:
215:
210:
204:
201:
198:
189:
185:
174:
163:
157:
154:
111:
109:
103:
99:primary sources
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10786:
10776:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10744:
10743:
10716:
10681:
10609:
10588:
10554:
10503:
10452:
10409:
10350:
10331:(3): 1233–41.
10315:
10272:
10229:
10188:
10129:
10078:
10039:(14): 5931–5.
10019:
9986:(3): 722–736.
9966:
9925:
9886:Brain Research
9869:
9852:(4): 573–633.
9829:
9792:
9767:(5): 489–558.
9744:
9737:
9719:
9684:
9677:
9659:
9638:
9612:
9569:
9520:
9501:(6): 413–419.
9481:
9446:
9427:(3): 411–421.
9411:
9360:
9317:
9274:
9247:
9204:
9160:
9139:(2): 233–252.
9116:
9067:
9018:
8991:(2): 693–712.
8975:
8926:
8877:
8866:(1): 201–202.
8849:
8820:(2): 189–199.
8800:
8739:
8692:
8633:
8590:
8563:(2): 189–206.
8547:
8498:
8449:
8400:
8351:
8324:(3): 1210–23.
8308:
8259:
8210:
8161:
8112:
8083:(3): 1429–43.
8063:
8020:
7979:
7936:
7917:(2): 155–172.
7901:
7866:
7817:
7766:
7722:
7673:
7632:
7583:
7534:
7491:
7442:
7399:
7356:
7313:
7261:
7212:
7169:
7126:
7099:(5): 393–402.
7083:
7056:(12): 636–43.
7040:
7005:
6964:
6943:(5): 663–678.
6923:
6874:
6820:
6799:(8): 1634–42.
6775:
6746:(1): 291–301.
6726:
6675:
6646:(6): 1358–67.
6626:
6576:
6549:(3): 286–300.
6533:
6520:(5): 679–693.
6500:
6463:(3): 191–211.
6443:
6394:
6345:
6296:
6269:
6250:(1): 135–136.
6233:
6180:
6129:
6080:
6053:(3): 1002–15.
6037:
5986:
5943:
5916:(8): 1749–52.
5900:
5851:
5801:
5745:
5718:(4): 1414–32.
5701:
5653:
5604:
5555:
5528:(12): 976–87.
5512:
5471:
5412:
5363:
5320:
5293:(6): 1149–56.
5277:
5256:(3): 470–489.
5236:
5177:
5127:
5070:
5004:
4965:(8): E505-14.
4945:
4918:(5): 1224–32.
4902:
4852:
4802:
4775:(8): 1314–30.
4759:
4710:
4667:
4624:
4595:(12): 2400–6.
4575:
4554:(10): 2251–7.
4534:
4485:
4464:(12): 1362–8.
4444:
4403:
4372:(8): 3423–31.
4352:
4300:
4249:
4205:
4178:(3): 1376–89.
4155:
4106:
4065:
4036:(6): 3009–29.
4016:
3957:
3906:
3867:
3818:
3767:
3718:
3675:
3631:
3587:
3544:
3503:Brain Research
3493:
3442:
3398:
3369:(6): 2634–46.
3346:
3297:
3262:
3208:
3187:10.1038/nn2043
3160:
3108:
3075:Brain Research
3065:
3019:
2990:(9): 2114–30.
2970:
2941:(6): 1437–46.
2921:
2866:
2817:
2767:
2716:
2657:
2628:(9): 2024–38.
2608:
2579:(3): 1202–11.
2559:
2508:
2481:(4): 499–508.
2465:
2422:
2387:
2328:
2285:
2234:
2175:
2126:
2080:
2026:
1974:
1925:
1865:
1816:
1758:
1715:
1666:
1619:
1576:
1569:
1551:
1530:(4): 433–484.
1514:
1499:
1473:
1412:
1351:
1299:
1272:(5): 393–402.
1253:
1209:
1190:(3): 279–287.
1173:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1063:writing system
1048:fusiform gyrus
967:
964:
940:
937:
922:
919:
911:first language
897:Evidence from
848:Noam Chomsky's
829:
826:
805:Working memory
801:
798:
776:
773:
745:
742:
731:
728:
705:
702:
682:
679:
666:
663:
639:
636:
625:
622:
556:
553:
532:
529:
468:Heschl's gyrus
457:
454:
452:
449:
394:
391:
372:auditory nerve
361:working memory
230:
229:
212:
211:
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10785:
10774:
10773:Speech codecs
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10739:
10727:
10719:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10694:
10692:
10690:
10688:
10686:
10677:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10647:
10643:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10607:
10603:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10578:
10574:
10567:
10565:
10563:
10561:
10559:
10550:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10522:
10518:
10514:
10507:
10499:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10466:F1000Research
10463:
10456:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10425:(2): 159–61.
10424:
10420:
10413:
10405:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10370:(10): e1094.
10369:
10365:
10361:
10354:
10346:
10342:
10338:
10334:
10330:
10326:
10319:
10311:
10307:
10303:
10299:
10295:
10291:
10288:(1): 343–58.
10287:
10283:
10276:
10268:
10264:
10260:
10256:
10252:
10248:
10245:(2): 968–77.
10244:
10240:
10233:
10225:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10192:
10184:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10156:
10152:
10148:
10144:
10140:
10133:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10082:
10074:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10030:
10023:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9970:
9962:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9936:
9929:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9880:
9873:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9796:
9782:
9778:
9774:
9770:
9766:
9762:
9755:
9748:
9740:
9738:9781139033930
9734:
9730:
9723:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9688:
9680:
9678:0-521-47517-1
9674:
9670:
9663:
9649:on 2020-04-14
9645:
9641:
9639:9780231157278
9635:
9628:
9627:
9622:
9616:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9585:(5): 762–78.
9584:
9580:
9573:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9540:(3): 142–50.
9539:
9535:
9531:
9524:
9516:
9512:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9485:
9477:
9473:
9469:
9465:
9462:(1): 104–32.
9461:
9457:
9450:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9415:
9407:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9379:
9375:
9371:
9364:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9333:(6): 517–46.
9332:
9328:
9321:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9290:(3): 469–86.
9289:
9285:
9278:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9251:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9220:(2): 177–92.
9219:
9215:
9208:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9167:
9165:
9156:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9123:
9121:
9112:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9071:
9063:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9038:(1): 92–104.
9037:
9034:(in French).
9033:
9029:
9022:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8979:
8971:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8953:
8949:
8946:(5): 943–54.
8945:
8941:
8937:
8930:
8922:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8897:(5): 1184–9.
8896:
8892:
8888:
8881:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8861:
8853:
8845:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8804:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8755:(7010): 757.
8754:
8750:
8743:
8735:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8712:(3): 444–61.
8711:
8707:
8703:
8696:
8688:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8637:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8606:(3): 617–22.
8605:
8601:
8594:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8551:
8543:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8502:
8494:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8460:
8453:
8445:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8404:
8396:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8355:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8312:
8304:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8279:(5): 762–76.
8278:
8274:
8270:
8263:
8255:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8230:(7): 2414–7.
8229:
8225:
8221:
8214:
8206:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8165:
8157:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8116:
8108:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8067:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8036:(4): 565–90.
8035:
8031:
8024:
8016:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7983:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7940:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7905:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7870:
7862:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7726:
7718:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7677:
7669:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7628:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7603:(3): 119–28.
7602:
7598:
7594:
7587:
7579:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7538:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7510:
7507:(2): 134–40.
7506:
7502:
7495:
7487:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7446:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7415:(1): 93–108.
7414:
7410:
7403:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7372:(3): 317–31.
7371:
7367:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7329:(6): 549–57.
7328:
7324:
7317:
7309:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7268:
7266:
7257:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7216:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7185:(6): 754–65.
7184:
7180:
7173:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7142:(1): 108–21.
7141:
7137:
7130:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7087:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7044:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7021:(5): 673–82.
7020:
7016:
7009:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6968:
6960:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6919:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6785:Miglioretti D
6779:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6730:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6679:
6671:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6537:
6528:
6523:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6439:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6414:(3): 179–84.
6413:
6409:
6405:
6398:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6365:(3): 142–50.
6364:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6285:(1): 83–111.
6284:
6280:
6273:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6237:
6229:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6204:(2): 163–73.
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6149:(6): 2522–7.
6148:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6100:(4): 786–96.
6099:
6095:
6091:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6041:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5959:(4): 550–60.
5958:
5954:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5871:(2): 128–38.
5870:
5866:
5862:
5855:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5824:(4): 467–79.
5823:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5764:(3): 451–75.
5763:
5759:
5752:
5750:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5674:(4): 927–34.
5673:
5669:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5559:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5475:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5383:(4): 687–97.
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5336:(2): 816–27.
5335:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5077:
5075:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5031:(10): e1094.
5030:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4825:(4): 802–16.
4824:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4683:(3): 364–96.
4682:
4678:
4671:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4505:(7): 562–71.
4504:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4085:(2): 170–86.
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3838:(4): 777–85.
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3691:(2): 301–12.
3690:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3604:(1): 86–112.
3603:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:(1): 112–37.
3559:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3415:(3): 513–35.
3414:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3278:(2): 734–47.
3277:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:(3): 367–74.
3180:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:(2): 141–57.
3037:
3033:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:(3): 160–80.
2893:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:(2): 304–13.
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:(1–2): 1–18.
2789:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:(3): e17832.
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2438:(3): 270–89.
2437:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:(1): 89–103.
2402:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:(3): 437–59.
2300:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:(5): 800–21.
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:(2): 181–91.
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:(3): 381–96.
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:F1000Research
1362:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:(3): 273–88.
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1232:(2): 237–94.
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Brodmann area
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Sign language
1090:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:morphological
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
978:
974:
963:
959:
956:
952:
948:
946:
936:
932:
929:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
856:
852:
849:
844:
842:
841:structuralism
839:
835:
821:
817:
815:
811:
806:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
772:
769:
764:
760:
756:
751:
741:
738:
727:
724:
720:
715:
711:
704:Vocal mimicry
701:
699:
694:
689:
678:
676:
672:
671:parietal lobe
662:
659:
655:
650:
646:
635:
632:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
568:
567:meta-analysis
563:
552:
550:
546:
545:temporal pole
542:
538:
528:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
473:
469:
464:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:angular gyrus
399:
390:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:brain-damaged
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
246:
240:
236:
226:
223:
208:
196:
191:
182:
181:
172:
169:
161:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
101:
100:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
10699:
10652:(1): 48–59.
10649:
10645:
10601:
10580:. Retrieved
10576:
10520:
10516:
10506:
10469:
10465:
10455:
10422:
10418:
10412:
10367:
10363:
10353:
10328:
10324:
10318:
10285:
10281:
10275:
10242:
10238:
10232:
10205:
10201:
10191:
10146:
10142:
10132:
10091:
10087:
10081:
10036:
10032:
10022:
10011:. Retrieved
9983:
9979:
9969:
9942:
9938:
9928:
9917:. Retrieved
9889:
9885:
9872:
9861:. Retrieved
9849:
9845:
9832:
9821:. Retrieved
9809:
9805:
9795:
9784:. Retrieved
9764:
9760:
9747:
9728:
9722:
9700:(1): 39–74.
9697:
9693:
9687:
9668:
9662:
9651:. Retrieved
9644:the original
9625:
9615:
9582:
9578:
9572:
9537:
9533:
9523:
9498:
9494:
9484:
9459:
9455:
9449:
9424:
9420:
9414:
9377:
9373:
9363:
9330:
9326:
9320:
9287:
9283:
9277:
9263:(1): 54–73.
9260:
9256:
9250:
9217:
9213:
9207:
9180:
9176:
9136:
9132:
9084:
9080:
9070:
9035:
9031:
9021:
8988:
8984:
8978:
8943:
8939:
8929:
8894:
8890:
8880:
8863:
8859:
8852:
8817:
8814:Bilingualism
8813:
8803:
8752:
8748:
8742:
8709:
8705:
8695:
8650:
8646:
8636:
8603:
8599:
8593:
8560:
8556:
8550:
8515:
8511:
8501:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8417:
8413:
8403:
8368:
8364:
8354:
8321:
8317:
8311:
8276:
8272:
8262:
8227:
8223:
8213:
8181:(1): 781–7.
8178:
8174:
8164:
8129:
8125:
8115:
8080:
8076:
8066:
8033:
8029:
8023:
7996:
7992:
7982:
7952:(1): 21–50.
7949:
7945:
7939:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7882:(5): 845–8.
7879:
7875:
7869:
7837:(3): 393–6.
7834:
7830:
7820:
7783:
7779:
7769:
7739:(7): 775–8.
7736:
7732:
7725:
7693:(3): 483–7.
7690:
7686:
7676:
7649:
7645:
7635:
7600:
7596:
7586:
7551:
7547:
7537:
7504:
7500:
7494:
7459:
7455:
7445:
7412:
7408:
7402:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7281:
7277:
7229:
7225:
7215:
7182:
7178:
7172:
7139:
7135:
7129:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7053:
7049:
7043:
7018:
7014:
7008:
6981:
6977:
6967:
6940:
6936:
6926:
6891:
6887:
6877:
6842:
6838:
6796:
6792:
6778:
6743:
6739:
6729:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6643:
6639:
6629:
6599:(3): 472–8.
6596:
6592:
6579:
6546:
6542:
6536:
6517:
6513:
6503:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6411:
6407:
6397:
6362:
6358:
6348:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6201:
6197:
6183:
6146:
6142:
6132:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6006:(2): 170–7.
6003:
5999:
5989:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5868:
5864:
5854:
5821:
5817:
5804:
5761:
5757:
5715:
5711:
5704:
5671:
5667:
5624:(3): 531–8.
5621:
5617:
5607:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5525:
5521:
5515:
5488:
5484:
5474:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5253:
5249:
5239:
5194:
5190:
5180:
5147:
5143:
5087:
5083:
5028:
5024:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4872:
4868:
4855:
4822:
4818:
4805:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4420:
4416:
4406:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4320:
4316:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4222:(2): 803–9.
4219:
4215:
4208:
4175:
4171:
4158:
4126:(1): 87–95.
4123:
4119:
4109:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4033:
4029:
4019:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3887:(1): 151–7.
3884:
3880:
3870:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3651:
3647:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3366:
3362:
3317:(1): 87–95.
3314:
3310:
3300:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3224:
3220:
3178:
3174:
3128:
3124:
3081:(1): 21–38.
3078:
3074:
3068:
3035:
3031:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2891:
2887:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2787:
2783:
2770:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2251:
2248:PLOS Biology
2247:
2237:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2099:(1): 27–71.
2096:
2092:
2042:
2038:
1997:(4): 391–9.
1994:
1990:
1945:(1): 55–69.
1942:
1938:
1928:
1893:
1889:
1880:, Hickok G,
1868:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1776:
1772:
1731:(1): 59–61.
1728:
1724:
1718:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1636:
1632:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1482:
1476:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1319:
1315:
1269:
1265:
1229:
1225:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1152:Neuroscience
1137:Neurobiology
1079:
1059:phonological
1052:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:onomatopoeia
981:
977:Latin script
969:
960:
957:
953:
949:
942:
933:
924:
899:neuroimaging
896:
886:, including
878:
845:
831:
803:
778:
747:
733:
707:
684:
668:
641:
638:Bilaterality
627:
598:
558:
534:
498:
459:
436:Broca's area
424:
411:Broca's area
380:
369:
340:
336:
333:frontal lobe
301:human brains
286:
261:
255:
238:
218:
205:October 2018
202:
194:
164:
158:October 2018
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
10734:|work=
10208:(1): 9–17.
9892:: 143–159.
7652:(10): 789.
7456:Aphasiology
6845:(1): 1–15.
6190:Pylkkänen L
5910:NeuroReport
5150:: 398–408.
5105:2433/141342
4869:NeuroReport
4634:NeuroReport
3738:(1): 8–16.
3509:(1): 8–26.
2254:(7): e215.
1882:Pylkkänen L
1639:(1): 1–12.
1071:syllabaries
1067:logographic
993:nonce words
649:split-brain
357:lip-reading
278:grammatical
270:communicate
10752:Categories
10582:2019-10-07
10239:NeuroImage
10013:2023-05-15
9939:NeuroImage
9919:2020-02-28
9863:2020-02-28
9823:2020-12-22
9812:(5): 513.
9786:2020-12-22
9729:Word Order
9653:2020-06-16
8985:NeuroImage
8318:NeuroImage
8175:NeuroImage
8077:NeuroImage
6740:NeuroImage
6593:NeuroImage
6047:NeuroImage
5712:NeuroImage
5330:NeuroImage
4819:NeuroImage
4172:NeuroImage
2573:NeuroImage
1424:. review.
1363:. review.
1314:. review.
1224:. review.
1169:References
915:connectome
794:bilinguals
504:(IFG) and
128:newspapers
95:references
57:improve it
10736:ignored (
10726:cite book
10008:146776347
9714:144380802
9623:(1959) .
9515:145540189
9155:144313607
8585:143189089
8577:1469-1825
7931:143974128
7646:Neurology
6959:0364-0213
6479:0010-9452
5618:Epilepsia
5272:0006-8950
3523:0006-8993
1878:Emmorey K
1874:Poeppel D
1773:Cognition
1097:Phonology
1075:alphabets
1034:and left
588:brainstem
586:) due to
539:with the
319:, a dual
274:processed
63:talk page
10676:20011680
10549:27445676
10498:28928931
10439:22123457
10404:17971857
10364:PLOS ONE
10302:10400963
10267:19988467
10259:16733092
10224:16421326
10183:11572938
10124:32846215
10116:11303104
10073:19321750
10000:24672044
9980:Language
9961:36805092
9914:17053154
9906:26456801
9781:18826669
9607:17878480
9599:18201133
9564:25600585
9476:17227183
9441:12018494
9406:16410633
9355:14811413
9347:20945193
9242:32594562
9199:11515286
9111:19428421
9062:15846818
9005:14568445
8970:19366285
8921:17267574
8844:18418473
8787:15483594
8726:12729495
8687:20807747
8628:32224334
8620:15120553
8542:19942676
8493:23171662
8444:17827105
8395:20853377
8338:18973818
8303:22266262
8254:20164324
8205:21787869
8156:20890293
8107:18035557
8058:39913744
8015:15269116
7974:43268252
7896:16703895
7861:10084542
7812:24550807
7761:22960870
7753:19825277
7717:18039757
7668:17339591
7627:21256582
7578:20720112
7521:18243294
7486:24976669
7437:18466425
7429:12681350
7394:25406527
7386:11247647
7351:12914191
7308:18669510
7256:18345989
7207:13916709
7199:11564320
7164:31335617
7113:17431404
7078:36678139
7070:16216346
7035:12965041
7000:11133789
6918:20890293
6869:20413149
6815:10908193
6770:20026224
6713:19423830
6670:20617889
6621:10392466
6613:11170812
6571:33841186
6438:18976806
6389:25600585
6340:22522937
6264:54320415
6228:20472279
6175:21224415
6124:18669589
6075:25570583
6067:15809000
6032:12507948
5981:21607482
5973:12126497
5938:13039857
5930:11409752
5895:15895428
5846:22265355
5838:23964919
5796:19952034
5732:16413796
5696:40514753
5688:18093622
5648:12642281
5640:17326797
5599:19942676
5542:18026167
5507:17251241
5466:22778411
5407:13202604
5399:16301183
5358:19373941
5350:14568454
5231:15967995
5172:39964328
5164:26332785
5114:21251921
5065:17971857
5025:PLOS ONE
4999:22308358
4940:10784270
4932:22360624
4897:14482187
4889:17047449
4839:11554799
4797:14049095
4789:16859417
4754:20519535
4705:15328590
4697:11703063
4662:34183900
4654:14600506
4619:11099443
4570:17150986
4529:16281283
4480:14615301
4439:15703256
4398:12716950
4347:19329570
4295:15071112
4244:42898063
4192:22659478
4150:18003874
4101:15238437
4060:18842950
4011:19004769
3952:21347218
3901:23084876
3862:18669591
3813:18987180
3762:17743067
3754:15597383
3713:20167953
3670:17293361
3626:18262007
3618:17335041
3582:16153360
3574:11058227
3539:20670766
3488:15601937
3437:42281619
3393:21346209
3341:18003874
3292:15371495
3249:14749833
3195:18264095
3155:21835625
3103:21529048
3060:42482082
3014:19150921
2965:20465359
2908:26413744
2861:16514106
2812:15271578
2804:18255243
2762:21160558
2711:21448274
2671:PLOS ONE
2652:21980020
2603:20096790
2554:21976491
2503:24211906
2495:11914796
2460:40822276
2452:16134138
2382:11050212
2323:22872232
2280:16774452
2229:11050211
2170:22461313
2121:38393074
2113:16528722
2075:19590708
2021:16842992
1920:23055482
1860:26112340
1811:10919645
1803:15037129
1745:10716807
1710:24404576
1661:12171982
1653:10534369
1614:20704891
1509:25726260
1458:27445676
1397:28928931
1346:22498237
1286:17431404
1204:18329599
1085:See also
985:grapheme
884:memetics
714:phonemes
506:amygdala
10667:2790202
10540:4928493
10523:: 307.
10489:5600004
10447:2603226
10395:2040217
10372:Bibcode
10345:8867131
10310:5317446
10151:Bibcode
10096:Bibcode
10088:Science
10064:2667094
10041:Bibcode
9555:4348204
9397:5478832
9312:4480375
9304:8536476
9234:1410554
9102:2734967
9053:6871743
8961:2860571
8912:6673201
8835:2312335
8795:4338340
8757:Bibcode
8734:1597939
8678:2944751
8655:Bibcode
8533:2792374
8484:3525060
8435:2606792
8386:3120928
8346:8342349
8294:4050300
8245:2844713
8196:3196040
8147:2967728
8098:3658624
8050:2479446
7966:1636010
7852:1736266
7803:3908611
7708:3073452
7618:3090694
7569:2936270
7477:4070523
7343:4026225
7299:2724904
7247:2570618
7156:9642023
7121:6199399
6909:2967728
6860:2914564
6761:2957470
6721:6555881
6693:Bibcode
6685:Science
6661:3053417
6495:4479925
6487:1000988
6429:2644214
6380:4348204
6331:6869931
6219:2947556
6166:3038732
6115:2651476
5886:6871757
5788:2806441
5740:8870165
5590:2792374
5550:7310189
5457:3409773
5434:Bibcode
5315:7494152
5307:6774349
5222:1166637
5199:Bibcode
5122:1831334
5056:2040217
5033:Bibcode
4990:3286918
4967:Bibcode
4847:1388647
4745:2930617
4610:5630088
4520:6871493
4389:6742313
4338:2774390
4286:6729744
4236:9749748
4200:9441377
4141:4091985
4051:2604844
4002:2584675
3979:Bibcode
3943:3039157
3853:2651473
3804:6671318
3705:6745368
3531:1374284
3479:6730358
3429:8543656
3384:3118748
3332:4091985
3257:4402126
3229:Bibcode
3203:5505773
3146:3398143
3052:9886040
3005:2722427
2956:3895406
2852:2111045
2753:3001989
2736:: 155.
2702:3063163
2679:Bibcode
2643:3412441
2594:2830355
2545:6623669
2417:9136813
2350:Bibcode
2315:7693772
2271:1479693
2197:Bibcode
2161:3379817
2067:7701330
2047:Bibcode
2039:Science
2012:4325365
1969:4479679
1961:2423296
1911:3495005
1851:4805066
1753:7224731
1701:4098851
1606:9495565
1449:4928493
1432:: 307.
1388:5600004
1337:3348354
1294:6199399
1248:5318481
989:phoneme
514:sylvian
456:Anatomy
331:to the
195:updated
142:scholar
10714:
10674:
10664:
10547:
10537:
10496:
10486:
10472:: 67.
10445:
10437:
10402:
10392:
10343:
10308:
10300:
10265:
10257:
10222:
10181:
10171:
10122:
10114:
10071:
10061:
10006:
9998:
9959:
9912:
9904:
9779:
9735:
9712:
9675:
9636:
9605:
9597:
9562:
9552:
9513:
9474:
9439:
9404:
9394:
9353:
9345:
9310:
9302:
9240:
9232:
9197:
9153:
9109:
9099:
9060:
9050:
9013:739665
9011:
9003:
8968:
8958:
8919:
8909:
8842:
8832:
8793:
8785:
8749:Nature
8732:
8724:
8685:
8675:
8626:
8618:
8583:
8575:
8540:
8530:
8491:
8481:
8442:
8432:
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8301:
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8095:
8056:
8048:
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7964:
7929:
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7859:
7849:
7810:
7800:
7786:: 24.
7759:
7751:
7715:
7705:
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7625:
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7576:
7566:
7529:997735
7527:
7519:
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7119:
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6668:
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6619:
6611:
6569:
6563:656899
6561:
6493:
6485:
6477:
6457:Cortex
6436:
6426:
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6338:
6328:
6262:
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6163:
6122:
6112:
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6065:
6030:
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5730:
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5646:
5638:
5597:
5587:
5548:
5540:
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5464:
5454:
5405:
5397:
5377:Neuron
5356:
5348:
5313:
5305:
5270:
5229:
5219:
5170:
5162:
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5112:
5063:
5053:
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4987:
4938:
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4845:
4837:
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3427:
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3339:
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3221:Nature
3201:
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3101:
3095:819108
3093:
3058:
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