236:
153:
399:
978:
534:, and in other inks and paints. The high tinting strength and stability of carbon black has also provided use in coloring of resins and films. Carbon black has been used in various applications for electronics. A good conductor of electricity, carbon black is used as a filler mixed in plastics, elastomer, films, adhesives, and paints. It is used as an antistatic additive agent in automobile fuel caps and pipes.
49:
545:(Carbon blacks or Vegetable carbon) in Australia and New Zealand but has been banned in the US. The color pigment carbon black has been widely used for many years in food and beverage packaging. It is used in multi-layer UHT milk bottles in the US, parts of Europe and Asia, and South Africa, and in items like microwavable meal trays and meat trays in New Zealand.
515:
is considered a safe replacement to lithium metal in lithium-ion batteries. About 20% of world production goes into belts, hoses, and other non-tire rubber goods. The remaining 10% use of carbon black comes from pigment in inks, coatings, and plastics, as well as being used as a conductive additive in lithium-ion batteries.
1000:
Carbon black has a low density that allows for a large volume of it to be dispersed so that its conductive effects are applied evenly throughout the battery. Furthermore, its arrangement of randomly distributed graphite-like crystals improves battery stability because of the decrease in the potential
514:
The most common use (70%) of carbon black is as a pigment and reinforcing phase in automobile tires. Carbon black also helps conduct heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermal damage and increasing tire life. Its low cost makes it a common addition to cathodes and anodes and
560:
While distinct from soot and similar particulates, carbon black can be used as a model compound for diesel soot to better understand how diesel soot behaves under various reaction conditions. Carbon black and diesel soot have some similar properties such as particle sizes, densities, and copolymer
548:
The
Canadian Government's extensive review of carbon black in 2011 concluded that carbon black could continue to be used in products – including food packaging for consumers – in Canada. This was because "in most consumer products carbon black is bound in a matrix and unavailable for exposure, for
1838:
Ward EM, Schulte PA, Straif K, Hopf NB, Caldwell JC, Carreón T, DeMarini DM, Fowler BA, Goldstein BD, Hemminki K, Hines CJ, Pursiainen KH, Kuempel E, Lewtas J, Lunn RM, Lynge E, McElvenny DM, Muhle H, Nakajima T, Robertson LW, Rothman N, Ruder AM, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Siemiatycki J, Silverman D,
1012:
Half cells created with heavy graphitization, light graphitization, and no graphitization showed that the cell created with heavy graphitization had a stable cycle life of 320 cycles, the cell with light graphitization showed a stable cycle life of 200 cycles, and the cell with no graphitization
1004:
While carbon black is lightweight and well dispersed throughout the battery and increases the conductive performance of batteries, it also contains oxygen containing hydrophilic functional groups that can cause side reactions to occur in the battery and lead to the decomposition of electrolyte.
1043:
of carbon black production workers. Two studies, from the United
Kingdom and Germany, with over 1,000 workers in each study group showed elevated mortality from lung cancer. A third study of over 5,000 carbon black workers in the United States did not show elevated mortality. Newer findings of
968:
The coatings and inks industries prefer grades of carbon black that are acid-oxidized. Acid is sprayed in high-temperature dryers during the manufacturing process to change the inherent surface chemistry of the black. The amount of chemically-bonded oxygen on the surface area of the black is
1009:(heating) of carbon black can thermally decompose the hydrophilic functional groups and thus increase the cycle life of the battery which maintains the conductive abilities of carbon black while mitigating the damage that can be caused to batteries by hydrophilic functional groups.
588:
and negligible abrasion resistance, compounding it with 50% carbon black by weight improves its tensile strength and wear resistance as shown in the table below. It is used often in the aerospace industry in elastomers for aircraft vibration control components such as engine mounts.
556:
Total production was around 8,100,000 metric tons (8,900,000 short tons) in 2006. Global consumption of carbon black, estimated at 13.2 million metric tons, valued at US$ 13.7 billion, in 2015, is expected to reach 13.9 million metric tons, valued at US$ 14.4 billion in 2016.
847:
Practically all rubber products where tensile and abrasion wear properties are important use carbon black, so they are black in color. Where physical properties are important but colors other than black are desired, such as white tennis shoes, precipitated or
964:
groups and others) on their surfaces to varying degrees depending on the conditions of manufacture. These surface oxygen groups are collectively referred to as volatile content. It is also known to be a non-conductive material due to its volatile content.
549:
example as a pigment in plastics and rubbers" and "it is proposed that carbon black is not entering the environment in a quantity or concentrations or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health."
1038:
studies in rats, which showed significantly elevated rates of lung cancer in exposed animals. An inhalation study on mice did not show significantly elevated rates of lung cancer in exposed animals. Epidemiologic data comes from three
869:, PBK-7) is the name of a common black pigment, traditionally produced from charring organic materials such as wood or bone. It appears black because it reflects very little light in the visible part of the spectrum, with an
856:
and wet handling due to a lower rolling loss. Traditionally silica fillers had worse abrasion wear properties, but the technology has gradually improved to a point where they can match carbon black abrasion performance.
1178:
552:
Within
Australasia, the color pigment carbon black in packaging must comply with the requirements of either the EU or US packaging regulations. If any colorant is used, it must meet European partial agreement AP(89)1.
873:
near zero. The actual albedo varies depending on the source material and method of production. It is known by a variety of names, each of which reflects a traditional method for producing carbon black:
2039:
1231:
Views and Expert
Opinions of an IARC/NORA Expert Group Meeting, Lyon, France, 30 June – 2 July 2009. IARC Technical Publication No. 42. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer
1924:"Occupational Safety and Health Guidelines for carbon black: Potential Human Carcinogen, Centres of Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"
1056:
There are strict guidelines available and in place to ensure employees who manufacture carbon black are not at risk of inhaling unsafe doses of carbon black in its raw form. Respiratory
1060:
is recommended to properly protect workers from inhalation of carbon black. The recommended type of respiratory protection varies depending on the concentration of carbon black used.
564:
Global consumption is forecast to maintain a CAGR (compound annual growth rate) of 5.6% between 2016 and 2022, reaching 19.2 million metric tons, valued at US$ 20.4 billion, by 2022.
1581:
Winter, J. and West FitzHugh, E., Pigments based on Carbon, in Berrie, B.H. Editor, Artists’ Pigments, A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics, Volume 4, pp. 1–37.
1485:
Growney, David J.; Mykhaylyk, Oleksandr O.; Middlemiss, Laurence; Fielding, Lee A.; Derry, Matthew J.; Aragrag, Najib; Lamb, Gordon D.; Armes, Steven P. (2015-09-29).
1302:"Influence of Thermal Treated Carbon Black Conductive Additive on the Performance of High Voltage Spinel Cr-Doped LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 Composite Cathode Electrode"
1072:
993:, which is one of the other common materials used in chargeable batteries, carbon black consists of crystal lattices that are further apart and promotes Li
1711:
Younesi, Reza; Christiansen, Ane Sælland; Scipioni, Roberto; Ngo, Duc-The; Simonsen, Søren
Bredmose; Edström, Kristina; Hjelm, Johan; Norby, Poul (2015).
1549:
852:
has been substituted for carbon black. Silica-based fillers are also gaining market share in automotive tires because they provide better trade-off for
1435:
1300:
Qi, Xin; Blizanac, Berislav; DuPasquier, Aurelien; Lal, Archit; Niehoff, Philip; Placke, Tobias; Oljaca, Miodrag; Li, Jie; Winter, Martin (2015).
2116:
989:(SSA) which allow for the additive to be well distributed throughout the cathode or anode in addition to being cheap and long-lasting. Unlike
1064:
250:
491:
2066:
1030:
and classified as a Group 2B carcinogen because there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals with inadequate evidence in human
1602:
Bomford D, Kirby J, Leighton, J., Roy A. Art in the Making: Impressionism. National
Gallery Publications, London, 1990, pp. 112–119.
1080:
1803:
Sorahan T, Harrington JM (2007). "A "lugged" analysis of lung cancer risks in UK carbon black production workers, 1951–2004".
561:
adsorption abilities that contribute to them having similar behaviours under various reactions such as oxidation experiments.
2053:
2035:
1388:
2523:
2109:
1460:
2030:
2007:
985:
Carbon black is a common conductive additive for lithium-ion batteries as the particles have small sizes and a large
572:
The highest volume use of carbon black is as a reinforcing filler in rubber products, especially tires. While a pure
499:
386:
1888:
Morfeld P, McCunney RJ (2007). "Carbon black and lung cancer: Testing a new exposure metric in a German cohort".
469:
2439:
2434:
1760:
Dominko, Robert; Gaberscek, Miran; Drofenik, Jernej; Bele, Marjan; Pejovnik, Stane; Jamnik, Janko (2003-06-01).
2508:
2102:
1542:
1057:
1063:
People can be exposed to carbon black in the workplace by inhalation and contact with the skin or eyes. The
526:
radiation, which otherwise causes the material to degrade. Carbon black particles are also employed in some
1393:
457:
193:
148:
1258:"Electrochemical properties of Super P carbon black as an anode active material for lithium-ion batteries"
468:
in its much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio and significantly lower (negligible and non-bioavailable)
2528:
2513:
214:
2538:
2482:
1439:
1132:
1076:
1068:
1035:
2000:
The
Materials of the Artist and Their Use in Painting: With Notes on the Techniques of the Old Masters
1768:. Selected papers presented at the 11th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries. 119–121: 770–773.
1761:
1665:
1543:"Experimental and kinetic study of the interaction of a commercial soot toward NO at high temperature"
1257:
1034:. The evidence of carcinogenicity in animal studies comes from two chronic inhalation studies and two
1001:
barrier of lithium intercalation into graphite, which ultimately affects the performance of cathodes.
1223:
1174:
994:
866:
160:
17:
1190:
1044:
increased lung cancer mortality in an update from the UK study suggest that carbon black could be a
905:
All of these types of carbon black were used extensively as paint pigments since prehistoric times.
2543:
2248:
1414:
1224:"Identification of Research Needs to Resolve the Carcinogenicity of High-priority IARC Carcinogens"
527:
442:
231:
1952:. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
502:)". Short-term exposure to high concentrations of carbon black dust may produce discomfort to the
503:
2308:
936:
Newer methods of producing carbon black have largely superseded these traditional sources. For
930:
35:
1839:
Smith MT, Sorahan T, Steenland K, Stevens RG, Vineis P, Zahm SH, Zeise L, Cogliano VJ (2010).
2135:
1611:
986:
892:
483:
and other rubber products; pigment and wear protection additive in plastics, paints, and ink
1572:
Carbon Black - A Global Market
Overview Jan 2016 • Industry Experts Report CP024 • 328 pages
1079:(REL) of 3.5 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 1750 mg/m, carbon black is
2186:
2125:
1769:
1677:
1114:
537:
Carbon black from vegetable origin is used as a food coloring, known in Europe as additive
202:
1301:
1071:) for carbon black exposure in the workplace at 3.5 mg/m over an 8-hour workday. The
106:
8:
2518:
96:
2072:
1773:
1681:
1048:. However, a more recent and larger study from Germany did not confirm this hypothesis.
235:
152:
2223:
2205:
1947:"Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Carbon Black: Potential Human Carcinogen"
1865:
1840:
1742:
1524:
1143:
476:
1946:
1923:
1781:
1637:
1273:
1170:
1126:
487:. It is used in the EU as a food colorant when produced from vegetable matter (E153).
2533:
2077:
2026:
2003:
1905:
1870:
1820:
1785:
1734:
1693:
1641:
1624:
Hennion, Marie-Claire (July 2000). "Graphitized carbons for solid-phase extraction".
1528:
1516:
1508:
1321:
1277:
577:
1746:
130:
2462:
2392:
2298:
2089:
2011:
1897:
1860:
1852:
1812:
1777:
1724:
1689:
1685:
1633:
1498:
1313:
1269:
1120:
1103:
1093:
581:
461:
453:
326:
273:
430:
2503:
2347:
2303:
2269:
2211:
2015:
1503:
1486:
1137:
929:
employed carbon black pigments in their paintings. A typical example is Manet's "
853:
450:
398:
2444:
2253:
2217:
1366:
1045:
1040:
1006:
953:
380:
2058:
1971:
446:
356:
2497:
2477:
2331:
2230:
2196:
1789:
1738:
1713:"Analysis of the Interphase on Carbon Black Formed in High Voltage Batteries"
1697:
1512:
1344:
1325:
1281:
990:
949:
573:
519:
186:
141:
1909:
1874:
1824:
1645:
1590:
1520:
1464:
1109:
1031:
849:
31:
933:", where the black dresses and the men's hats are painted in ivory black.
2429:
2408:
2151:
1729:
1712:
1666:"Using carbon black to facilitate fast charging in lithium-ion batteries"
1317:
977:
523:
1856:
1762:"The role of carbon black distribution in cathodes for Li ion batteries"
2094:
1901:
1816:
1487:"Is Carbon Black a Suitable Model Colloidal Substrate for Diesel Soot?"
495:
286:
161:
918:
2363:
2181:
906:
882:
438:
379:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2472:
2313:
2176:
2170:
914:
434:
178:
1484:
129:
2424:
2145:
1098:
961:
957:
937:
922:
910:
593:
Certain types of carbon black used in tires, plastics and paints
484:
307:
870:
48:
1841:"Research recommendations for selected IARC-classified agents"
1710:
1221:
1972:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Carbon black"
940:
purposes, carbon black produced by any means remains common.
926:
901:
was traditionally produced by collecting soot from oil lamps.
531:
119:
1759:
219:
881:
was traditionally produced by charring ivory or bones (see
480:
465:
2084:
1664:
Hu, Jingwei; Zhong, Shengwen; Yan, Tingting (2021-10-01).
585:
1463:. International carbon black Association. Archived from
1299:
449:
in a limited supply of air. Carbon black is a form of
1837:
1073:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
997:
because it allows more pathways for lithium storage.
494:(IARC) evaluation is that, "Carbon black is possibly
179:
2025:. Fifth Edition, Revised and Updated. Viking (1991)
475:Carbon black is used as a colorant and reinforcing
969:increased to enhance performance characteristics.
2023:The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques
1802:
2495:
943:
1887:
1612:Édouard Manet, 'Music in the Tuileries Gardens'
972:
105:
1415:"Draft Screening Assessment for the Challenge"
1256:Gnanamuthu, RM.; Lee, Chang Woo (2011-11-01).
2110:
1255:
1065:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
34:. For the Carbon Black security company, see
1179:Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
567:
1436:"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code"
1367:"Standard 1.2.4 – Labelling of ingredients"
492:International Agency for Research on Cancer
2117:
2103:
2014:edition of a work originally published in
1663:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1013:showed a stable cycle life of 160 cycles.
234:
151:
1939:
1864:
1728:
1502:
1364:Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code
1222:Kuempel, Eileen D.; Sorahan, Tom (2010).
201:
2124:
2090:Special Carbon Blacks - PentaCarbon GmbH
1358:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1081:immediately dangerous to life and health
976:
397:
2054:International Chemical Safety Card 0471
1881:
1796:
1623:
1332:
891:was traditionally produced by charring
230:
14:
2496:
2085:International Carbon Black Association
2063:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
2040:International Carbon Black Association
1717:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
1345:"Application Examples of carbon black"
1306:Journal of the Electrochemical Society
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1051:
981:The generic structure of carbon black.
142:
2098:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1157:
1106:- early use of carbon black in rubber
541:. It is approved for use as additive
2002:, Revised Edition. Harcourt (1984).
1831:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1204:
530:, in photocopier and laser printer
30:For the climate forcing agent, see
24:
1991:
1652:
1021:
402:Worker at carbon black plant, 1942
25:
2555:
2047:
1845:Environmental Health Perspectives
1288:
1274:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.08.060
1067:(OSHA) has set the legal limit (
429:) is a material produced by the
47:
2152:Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)
1964:
1916:
1753:
1704:
1617:
1605:
1596:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1555:from the original on 2013-02-15
1535:
1478:
1453:
1428:
1262:Materials Chemistry and Physics
1028:possibly carcinogenic to humans
506:through mechanical irritation.
470:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
383:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1690:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230342
1407:
1380:
1249:
1183:
1129:- production from hydrocarbons
509:
441:products, including fuel oil,
279:
13:
1:
1782:10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00250-7
1638:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00085-6
1151:
1058:personal protective equipment
944:Surface and surface chemistry
1504:10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02017
1394:Food and Drug Administration
1389:"Color Additive Status List"
1191:"Market Study: Carbon Black"
973:Use in lithium-ion batteries
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
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788:
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679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
460:, albeit lower than that of
458:surface-area-to-volume ratio
7:
2036:Carbon Black: A users guide
1626:Journal of Chromatography A
1086:
1026:Carbon black is considered
345:or concentration (LD, LC):
10:
2560:
2483:Aggregated diamond nanorod
1133:List of inorganic pigments
1077:Recommended exposure limit
1069:Permissible exposure limit
1036:intratracheal instillation
860:
29:
2524:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
2453:
2383:
2322:
2289:
2281:(cyclo[18]carbon)
2239:
2160:
2132:
2010:. This is a contemporary
1175:GESTIS Substance Database
1016:
867:Color Index International
568:Reinforcing carbon blacks
528:radar absorbent materials
518:Carbon black is added to
377:
341:
336:
266:
246:
89:
60:
55:
46:
2265:(cyclo[6]carbon)
2249:Linear acetylenic carbon
1766:Journal of Power Sources
1670:Journal of Power Sources
952:oxygen complexes (i.e.,
777:Semi-Reinforcing Furnace
443:fluid catalytic cracking
2073:"Carbon Black Industry"
1032:epidemiological studies
948:All carbon blacks have
708:Easy Processing Channel
504:upper respiratory tract
437:, vegetable matter, or
373:mg/kg (dermal, rabbit)
2309:Carbide-derived carbon
2191:(buckminsterfullerene)
1461:"What is carbon black"
1146:- carbon black pioneer
1140:- carbon black pioneer
1123:- carbon black pioneer
1117:- carbon black pioneer
987:specific surface areas
982:
931:Music in the Tuileries
895:grape vines and stems.
731:Fast Extruding Furnace
639:Super Abrasion Furnace
464:. It is dissimilar to
403:
332:Practically insoluble
36:Carbon Black (company)
1347:. Mitsubishi Chemical
1046:late-stage carcinogen
980:
917:, and more recently,
685:High Abrasion Furnace
431:incomplete combustion
401:
2509:Carbon nanoparticles
2126:Allotropes of carbon
1730:10.1149/2.0761507jes
1318:10.1149/2.0401503jes
1115:Jean-Baptiste Donnet
754:High Modulus Furnace
81:C.I. Pigment Black 6
2038:. Published by the
1857:10.1289/ehp.0901828
1774:2003JPS...119..770D
1682:2021JPS...50830342H
1497:(38): 10358–10369.
1052:Occupational safety
594:
522:because it absorbs
327:Solubility in water
294: g·mol
43:
2529:Inorganic pigments
2514:E-number additives
2404:(cyclopropatriene)
2385:hypothetical forms
2206:Fullerene whiskers
1902:10.1002/ajim.20491
1817:10.1002/ajim.20481
1723:(7): A1289–A1296.
1369:. 8 September 2011
1144:William B. Wiegand
1075:(NIOSH) has set a
983:
592:
584:of no more than 2
404:
387:Infobox references
41:
2539:Rubber properties
2491:
2490:
2359:(diatomic carbon)
2291:mixed sp/sp forms
2078:Handbook of Texas
1417:. 29 January 2010
845:
844:
578:styrene-butadiene
574:gum vulcanization
447:ethylene cracking
395:Chemical compound
393:
392:
215:CompTox Dashboard
131:Interactive image
27:Chemical compound
16:(Redirected from
2551:
2463:Activated carbon
2419:
2418:
2417:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2299:Amorphous carbon
2280:
2279:
2278:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2012:English language
1986:
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1982:
1968:
1962:
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1532:
1506:
1482:
1476:
1475:
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1472:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1438:. Archived from
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1312:(3): A339–A343.
1297:
1286:
1285:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1228:
1219:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1181:
1168:
1121:Joseph C. Krejci
1104:George Oenslager
1094:Activated carbon
662:Intermediate SAF
595:
591:
582:tensile strength
472:(PAH) content.
462:activated carbon
456:that has a high
372:
367:mg/kg (oral rat)
366:
319:
315:
293:
281:
274:Chemical formula
239:
238:
223:
221:
205:
181:
163:
155:
144:
133:
109:
51:
44:
40:
21:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2544:Shades of black
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2449:
2440:Metallic carbon
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2379:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2343:(atomic carbon)
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2318:
2304:Carbon nanofoam
2285:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2235:
2200:
2190:
2156:
2146:Diamond (cubic)
2128:
2123:
2050:
2045:
1994:
1992:Further reading
1989:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1886:
1882:
1851:(10): 1355–62.
1836:
1832:
1801:
1797:
1758:
1754:
1709:
1705:
1662:
1653:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1399:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1298:
1289:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1226:
1220:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1138:Siegfried Wolff
1127:Kværner process
1089:
1054:
1024:
1022:Carcinogenicity
1019:
975:
946:
863:
854:fuel efficiency
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
605:
570:
512:
451:paracrystalline
411:acetylene black
409:(with subtypes
396:
389:
384:
370:
368:
364:
360:
354:
329:
317:
313:
291:
276:
262:
259:
254:
253:
242:
224:
217:
208:
173:
136:
123:
112:
99:
85:
84:
66:Acetylene black
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2557:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2445:Penta-graphene
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2345:
2337:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2198:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2070:
2059:"Carbon black"
2056:
2049:
2048:External links
2046:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2021:Meyer, Ralph.
2019:
1998:Doerner, Max.
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1963:
1938:
1915:
1896:(8): 565–567.
1880:
1830:
1811:(8): 555–564.
1795:
1752:
1703:
1651:
1632:(1–2): 73–95.
1616:
1604:
1595:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1534:
1477:
1452:
1427:
1406:
1379:
1357:
1331:
1287:
1268:(3): 831–834.
1248:
1203:
1182:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1053:
1050:
1041:cohort studies
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1007:Graphitization
974:
971:
945:
942:
903:
902:
896:
886:
865:Carbon black (
862:
859:
843:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
823:Medium Thermal
820:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
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682:
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669:
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659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
602:
599:
569:
566:
511:
508:
394:
391:
390:
385:
381:standard state
378:
375:
374:
361:
352:
350:
347:
346:
339:
338:
334:
333:
330:
325:
322:
321:
310:
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117:
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110:
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82:
79:
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67:
63:
62:
58:
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53:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2556:
2545:
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2540:
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2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
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2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:(prismane C8)
2407:
2405:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2362:
2360:
2346:
2344:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2268:
2266:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2231:Glassy carbon
2229:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2069:website entry
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:0-670-83701-6
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:0-15-657716-X
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1948:
1942:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
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1787:
1783:
1779:
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1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1699:
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1679:
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1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1467:on 2009-04-01
1466:
1462:
1456:
1442:on 2012-12-20
1441:
1437:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1368:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1002:
998:
996:
995:intercalation
992:
988:
979:
970:
966:
963:
959:
955:
951:
941:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
900:
897:
894:
890:
887:
884:
880:
877:
876:
875:
872:
868:
858:
855:
851:
822:
821:
799:
798:
776:
775:
753:
752:
730:
729:
707:
706:
684:
683:
661:
660:
638:
637:
629:
622:
615:
608:
603:
600:
597:
596:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:polypropylene
516:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:thermal black
424:
420:
419:furnace black
416:
415:channel black
412:
408:
400:
388:
382:
376:
362:
358:
349:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
328:
324:
323:
311:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
297:
290:
288:
285:
284:
278:
275:
271:
270:
265:
256:
255:
252:
245:
237:
233:
232:DTXSID7051216
229:
228:
226:
216:
212:
211:
204:
200:
199:
197:
195:
192:
191:
188:
184:
182:
177:
176:
169:
168:
166:
164:
159:
158:
154:
150:
147:
145:
143:ECHA InfoCard
140:
139:
132:
128:
127:
125:
121:
116:
115:
108:
104:
103:
101:
98:
94:
93:
88:
80:
78:Thermal black
77:
74:
72:Furnace black
71:
69:Channel black
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
42:Carbon black
37:
33:
19:
2478:Carbon fiber
2468:Carbon black
2467:
2454:
2435:Cubic carbon
2384:
2323:
2290:
2240:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2185:
2184:, including
2169:
2161:
2144:
2133:
2076:
2062:
2022:
1999:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1941:
1930:. Retrieved
1918:
1893:
1890:Am J Ind Med
1889:
1883:
1848:
1844:
1833:
1808:
1805:Am J Ind Med
1804:
1798:
1765:
1755:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1673:
1669:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1607:
1598:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1537:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1469:. Retrieved
1465:the original
1455:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1430:
1419:. Retrieved
1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1392:
1382:
1371:. Retrieved
1360:
1349:. Retrieved
1309:
1305:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1234:
1230:
1195:. Retrieved
1185:
1110:Heavy metals
1062:
1055:
1027:
1025:
1011:
1003:
999:
984:
967:
960:, lactonic,
947:
935:
904:
898:
888:
878:
864:
850:fumed silica
846:
800:Fine Thermal
571:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
538:
536:
517:
513:
496:carcinogenic
490:The current
489:
474:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:Carbon black
406:
405:
342:
302:Black solid
90:Identifiers
61:Other names
32:Black carbon
2430:Haeckelites
2375:(tricarbon)
2324:other forms
2224:Nanoscrolls
1976:www.cdc.gov
1614:, ColourLex
1593:, ColourLex
950:chemisorbed
879:Ivory black
524:ultraviolet
510:Common uses
498:to humans (
357:median dose
343:Lethal dose
299:Appearance
267:Properties
149:100.014.191
2519:Elastomers
2498:Categories
2182:Fullerenes
1981:2015-11-27
1956:11 January
1932:2013-01-14
1676:: 230342.
1591:Bone black
1559:2012-04-25
1471:2009-04-14
1446:2013-01-14
1421:2013-01-14
1400:2011-10-27
1373:2011-10-27
1351:2013-01-14
1241:August 30,
1197:2013-04-26
1193:. Ceresana
1152:References
954:carboxylic
899:Lamp black
893:desiccated
889:Vine black
625:laboratory
423:lamp black
363:> 15400
287:Molar mass
203:4XYU5U00C4
118:3D model (
97:CAS Number
75:Lamp black
2212:Nanotubes
2075:from the
1790:0378-7753
1739:0013-4651
1698:0378-7753
1529:206670654
1513:0743-7463
1326:0013-4651
1282:0254-0584
938:artisanal
907:Rembrandt
883:bone char
634:abrasion
630:Relative
627:abrasion
618:strength
445:tar, and
439:petroleum
187:(colours)
170:215-609-9
162:EC Number
107:1333-86-4
18:Lampblack
2534:Pigments
2473:Charcoal
2314:Q-carbon
2241:sp forms
2218:Nanobuds
2177:Graphene
2171:Graphite
2162:sp forms
1910:17620319
1875:20562050
1825:17516558
1747:53486824
1646:10941668
1550:Archived
1521:26344920
1491:Langmuir
1087:See also
991:graphite
962:phenolic
958:quinonic
915:Van Dyck
632:roadwear
623:Relative
616:Tensile
609:Particle
601:Abbrev.
500:Group 2B
435:coal tar
337:Hazards
316:g/cm (20
180:E number
2455:related
2425:Chaoite
1866:2957912
1770:Bibcode
1678:Bibcode
1386:US FDA:
1237:: 61–72
1177:of the
1173:in the
1171:Record
1099:Biochar
923:Picasso
919:Cézanne
911:Vermeer
861:Pigment
832:250–350
809:180–200
606:desig.
485:pigment
312:1.8–2.1
308:Density
2504:Carbon
2080:Online
2029:
2016:German
2006:
1908:
1873:
1863:
1823:
1788:
1745:
1737:
1696:
1644:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1324:
1280:
1017:Safety
871:albedo
580:has a
477:filler
454:carbon
371:
365:
318:
314:
292:12.011
251:SMILES
56:Names
2136:forms
1950:(PDF)
1927:(PDF)
1743:S2CID
1553:(PDF)
1546:(PDF)
1525:S2CID
1227:(PDF)
927:Manet
795:0.60
786:70–96
772:0.66
763:49–73
749:0.72
740:39–55
726:0.90
717:30–35
703:1.00
694:28–36
680:1.15
671:24–33
657:1.25
648:20–25
611:Size
604:ASTM
598:Name
532:toner
481:tires
185:E152
120:JSmol
2027:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1958:2013
1906:PMID
1871:PMID
1821:PMID
1786:ISSN
1735:ISSN
1694:ISSN
1642:PMID
1517:PMID
1509:ISSN
1322:ISSN
1278:ISSN
1243:2012
925:and
838:0.18
829:N990
815:0.22
812:12.6
806:N880
792:0.48
789:14.7
783:N770
769:0.56
766:16.1
760:N660
746:0.64
743:18.2
737:N550
723:0.80
720:21.7
714:N300
700:1.00
697:22.4
691:N330
677:1.25
674:23.1
668:N220
665:ISAF
654:1.35
651:25.2
645:N110
620:MPa
539:E153
466:soot
425:and
369:3000
320:°C)
194:UNII
2134:sp
2067:CDC
1898:doi
1861:PMC
1853:doi
1849:118
1813:doi
1778:doi
1725:doi
1721:162
1686:doi
1674:508
1634:doi
1630:885
1499:doi
1314:doi
1310:162
1270:doi
1266:130
835:9.8
780:SRF
757:HMF
734:FEF
711:EPC
688:HAF
642:SAF
613:nm
586:MPa
576:of
543:153
479:in
433:of
220:EPA
2500::
2276:18
2221:,
2215:,
2209:,
2203:,
2199:70
2194:,
2189:60
2065:,
2061:–
1974:.
1904:.
1894:50
1892:.
1869:.
1859:.
1847:.
1843:.
1819:.
1809:50
1807:.
1784:.
1776:.
1764:.
1741:.
1733:.
1719:.
1715:.
1692:.
1684:.
1672:.
1668:.
1654:^
1640:.
1628:.
1548:.
1523:.
1515:.
1507:.
1495:31
1493:.
1489:.
1391:.
1334:^
1320:.
1308:.
1304:.
1290:^
1276:.
1264:.
1260:.
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