421:. The memoirs of the Sanson family record many details of the execution. According to the Sansons, after Lally said "And now, you can strike!" Charles Henri raised his weapon but failed to sever the old man's head in one blow. Lally reportedly rose to his feet, and Charles Henri's father intervened to complete the execution hastily as he promised Lally 35 years prior to this day. It is reported that Charles Jean-Baptiste Sanson finished Lally with a single strike after immediately recovering from the stroke-like condition that plagued him for years. It is highly unlikely that Charles Jean-Baptiste Sanson regained his strength to save the day. A piece written by Dr. Louis, as cited in Daniel Arasse's "The Guillotine and the Terror," recounts that during the execution, Lally knelt blindfolded and
386:
173:
465:. There is an account that the shame of military failure was originally so great that this son was brought up in total ignorance of who his father had been, and only inadvertently discovered the truth of his background at the age of fifteen. However this account cannot be true, as the son was fifteen when his father was executed, so his origins must have been concealed for other reasons. Voltaire offered what assistance he could, but the campaign to release the court documents was painfully slow.
454:
man, violent, ambitious, capable of pillage and abuse of power; but I should be astonished if he was a traitor", and to another he wrote, "I have just been reading up on the tragedy of poor Lally. I can easily see that Lally got himself detested by all the officers and all the inhabitants of
Pondicherry, but in all the submissions to the trial there is no appearance of embezzlement, nor of treason." Voltaire had taken up a number of campaigns against miscarriages of justice, most famously that of
472:, and he was probably well content not to exercise his authority to save an almost friendless foreigner. The family records of his executioner stated that, while the charge of treason was clearly baseless, those of abuse of power, violence against the administrators of the colony and his soldiers, and cruelty to the natives, had ample witnesses. Lally had so impeached his officers and administrators of the colony that they could only feel safe by his condemnation and death.
576:
458:. His work to expose injustice and abuse of process was often hindered by the unwillingness of the courts and other authorities to release evidence, statements, and court records. In this case too, although Voltaire wanted to investigate further, he was unable to penetrate the institutional secrecy of the court for the time being.
51:
453:
knew Lally personally, and had no liking for him. As he had investments in the East India
Company, he was concerned 'this Irish hothead' might not be good for the shareholders when he was sent out to India. When he heard of his execution, he wrote to one friend, "I knew Lally-Tollendal for an absurd
218:
After time spent as a prisoner of war in
Britain, Lally voluntarily returned to France to face charges where he was beheaded for his alleged failures in India. Ultimately the jealousies and disloyalties of other officers, together with insufficient resources and limited naval support prevented Lally
484:
of Rouen for formal overturning. On 24 May 1778, less than a week before he died, Voltaire learned that GĂ©rard de Lally-Tollendal had been given leave to appeal. Deeply moved, Voltaire wrote to him: "The dying man has been revived by learning this great news; he embraces M. de Lally very tenderly;
409:, began the prosecution, Lally had not received any documentation of the charges, and was not allowed a defence lawyer. Throughout the trial, which lasted for two years, Lally fought against Joly de Fleury's charges but on 6 May 1766 he was convicted and sentenced to be beheaded by
254:, who married a French lady of noble family. His title is derived from the Lally ancestral home, Castel Tullendally in County Galway, where the Lallys (originally O'Mullally) were prominent members of the Gaelic aristocracy who could trace their ancestry back to the
479:
came to the throne in 1774 there was more inclination towards clemency. Still, it took discussion in thirty-two sessions before, in 1778, the Royal
Council agreed to annul the proceedings against Lally, though the case still had to be referred to the
401:, he heard that he was accused in France of treason, and insisted, against advice, on returning on parole to stand trial. He was kept prisoner for nearly two years before the trial began in 1764 and when the Advocate General of the
416:
Lally made an unsuccessful attempt at suicide after his sentencing, and three days after his conviction he was gagged to prevent him from protesting his innocence further. He was transported in a garbage cart to be beheaded at the
425:
struck him on the back of the neck. The blow failed to separate the head from the body, causing Lally to fall forwards. Finally, the head was detached from the body with four or five saber blows, which was witnessed with horror.
438:, later Marquis de Lally-Tollendal, a distinguished French statesman who (as further described below) subsequently devoted much time and energy to the rehabilitation of his father's memory. Lally also had a
591:
397:
to
England. Public opinion in France was very hostile, blaming him for the defeat by the British, and there were widespread calls for Lally to be put on trial. While in
1129:
943:
History of the Irish
Brigades in the Service of France: From the Revolution in Great Britain and Ireland Under James II to the Revolution in France Under Louis XVI
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361:
He was a man of courage and a capable general, but his pride and ferocity made him unpopular with his officers and men. He was unsuccessful in an attack on
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1114:
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191:
ancestry. Lally commanded French forces, including two battalions of his own red-coated
Regiment of Lally of the Irish Brigade, in India during the
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468:
Louis XV tried to throw the responsibility for what was undoubtedly a judicial murder on his ministers and the public, but his policy needed a
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346:, made up of four battalions, two of which were from his own Regiment of Lally of the Irish Brigade. He reached
122:
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Voltaire was able to take no further action until in 1770 he was approached for help by Lally's natural son
269:
462:
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31:
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he sees that the king is the defender of justice. He will die content." It was the last letter he wrote.
262:
219:
from securing India for France. In 1778, he was publicly exonerated by Louis XVI from his alleged crime.
208:
161:
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in April 1758, and within six weeks had pushed the
British back from the coast to Madras (in modern-day
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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The sentence was not overturned until 1781, and the conviction itself was never cleared.
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When war broke out with
Britain again in 1756, Lally was appointed governor-general of
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acted as spokesman of
Parlement and refused to consider any rehabilitation for Lally.
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101:
91:
71:
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daughter, Henrietta (or Harriet), who lived in Madras and died on 9 September 1836.
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1042:
303:(then known in Jacobite circles as the Prince Regent, or Bonnie Prince Charlie) to
63:
394:
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151:
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587:
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322:
251:
187:(13 January 1702 – 9 May 1766) was a French general of Irish
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339:
309:
236:
50:
549:
The Topographical Poems of John O'Dubhagain and Giolla na Noamh O'Huidhrin
377:, and besieged in Pondicherry, where he was forced to capitulate in 1761.
30:"Lally-Tollendal" redirects here. For his son, the French politician, see
255:
144:
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232:
67:
600:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95.
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243:
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965:"Memoirs of the Sansons, from Private Notes and Documents (1688-1847)"
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476:
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The Tribes and Customs of Hy-Many, commonly called O'Kelly's Country
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827:
Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688-1847
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365:, and as he lacked French naval support he had to retire from the
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Irish Brigades Abroad: From the Wild Geese to the Napoleonic Wars
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531:
529:
434:
By one Felicity Crofton, Lally had a legitimised son and heir,
398:
604:
526:
492:
343:
87:
808:
Frederick Dixon (1893). "Lally's Visit to England in 1745".
950:
O’hAnnrachain, E. (2004). "Lally, the Regime's Scapegoat".
247:
369:
upon the arrival of the British fleet. He was defeated by
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685:
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The Guillotine and the Terror, Trans. Christopher Miller
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1010:"Z's" article "The Marquis de Lally-Tollendal" in the
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268:Entering the French army in 1721, he served in the
697:
299:He was a staunch Jacobite and in 1745 accompanied
1058:(January 16, 1761 – June 25, 1765)
881:
551:, Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society, p. 38.
491:When the case was considered by the Parlement de
185:Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally, baron de Tollendal
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745:Diary of Colonel Bayly: 12th Regiment, 1796-1830
940:
807:
610:
535:
1130:People executed by the Ancien RĂ©gime in France
666:. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. p. 159.
949:
1095:French colonial governors and administrators
868:Historical Pictures of the French Revolution
664:Battles of the Honourable East India Company
626:, D. & J. Sadlier & Company, p. 249.
1140:French prisoners of war in the 18th century
1115:People executed for treason against France
932:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
49:
1120:People executed by France by decapitation
1016:The legal documents are preserved in the
829:, edited by Henry Sanson. Available from
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317:. Escaping to France, he served with
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342:and commanded a French expedition to
941:O'Callaghan, John Cornelius (1870).
446:Voltaire's efforts at rehabilitation
24:
25:
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1145:18th-century executions by France
945:. Glasgow: Cameron and Ferguson.
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860:
820:
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652:, New Age International, p. 35.
284:in the famous Irish brigade at
1110:French people of Irish descent
967:. London: Chatto & Windus.
882:References and further reading
642:
629:
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592:Lally, Thomas Arthur, Comte de
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123:War of the Austrian Succession
13:
1:
1125:Earls in the Jacobite peerage
810:The English Historical Review
762:(Calcutta, 1851), at page 201
622:Thomas Osborne Davis (1866),
211:the remaining French post at
1085:People from Romans-sur-Isère
1051:1758–January 16, 1761
270:War of the Polish Succession
195:. After a failed attempt to
7:
963:Sanson, Henry, ed. (1876).
502:
354:), the headquarters of the
263:Conn of the Hundred Battles
27:18th-century French general
10:
1161:
748:(London, 1896), at page 46
509:Marquis de Lally-Tollendal
429:
356:English East India Company
327:Siege of Maastricht (1748)
288:(May 1745). He was made a
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1105:Counts of Lally-Tollendal
1100:Governors of French India
1056:First British occupation
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1040:
1032:
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911:The Career of Count Lally
624:The Poems of Thomas Davis
497:Jean-Jacques d'Eprémesnil
463:GĂ©rard de Lally-Tollendal
115:
107:
97:
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32:GĂ©rard de Lally-Tollendal
901:. London: Profile Books.
833:, accessed 20 April 2016
635:Stephen McGarry (2013),
519:
276:; he was present at the
203:to British forces under
162:3rd Siege of Pondicherry
1036:Georges Duval de Leyrit
888:Arasse, Daniel (1989).
662:Naravane, M.S. (2014).
650:History of Modern India
597:Encyclopædia Britannica
547:John O'Donovan (1862),
222:
180:, by Paul Philipotteaux
139:5th Siege of Maastricht
1135:Executed French people
1019:Bibliothèque Nationale
993:Schama, Simon (1989).
980:Cite journal requires
897:Davidson, Ian (2010).
390:
315:Battle of Falkirk Muir
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134:Battle of Falkirk Muir
920:Irish Brigades Abroad
874:, accessed 15/02/2017
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301:Charles Edward Stuart
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108:Years of service
918:McGarry, S. (2013).
639:, The History Press.
423:Charles-Henri Sanson
411:Charles-Henri Sanson
393:Lally was sent as a
280:, and commanded the
259:High King of Ireland
1028:Government offices
866:J. Charles (1803).
759:The Bengal Obituary
381:Trial and execution
375:Battle of Wandiwash
278:Battle of Dettingen
209:forced to surrender
201:Battle of Wandiwash
157:Battle of Wandiwash
129:Battle of Dettingen
1012:Biographie Michaud
731:(Dublin, 1843) at
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536:O'Callaghan (1870)
514:Third Carnatic War
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120:Maratha-Nizam War
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389:Execution in 1766
282:regiment de Lally
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348:Pondicherry
329:was made a
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145:7 Years War
1069:Categories
997:. Penguin.
892:. Penguin.
816:(30): 284.
456:Jean Calas
405:of Paris,
205:Eyre Coote
98:Allegiance
81:9 May 1766
928:cite book
922:. Dublin.
870:, Paris,
482:Parlement
477:Louis XVI
470:scapegoat
403:Parlement
290:brigadier
176:Lally at
111:1721-1761
1002:Voltaire
995:Citizens
909:(1865).
733:page 182
503:See also
451:Voltaire
305:Scotland
294:Louis XV
286:Fontenoy
272:against
244:Jacobite
233:Dauphiné
189:Jacobite
68:Dauphine
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430:Progeny
373:at the
363:Tanjore
352:Chennai
321:in the
313:at the
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344:India
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241:Irish
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