Seven Years' War - Knowledge

6253:(1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France completely absent. Though the war had ended in a draw, the performance of the Imperial Russian Army against Prussia had improved Russia's reputation as a factor in European politics, as many had not expected the Russians to hold their own against the Prussians in campaigns fought on Prussian soil. The American historian David Stone observed that Russian soldiers proved capable of going head-on against the Prussians, inflicting and taking one bloody volley after another "without flinching", and though the quality of Russian generalship was quite variable, the Russians were never decisively defeated once in the war. The Russians defeated the Prussians several times in the war, but the Russians lacked the necessary logistical capability to follow up their victories with lasting gains, and in this sense, the salvation of the House of Hohenzollern was due more to Russian weakness with respect to logistics than to Prussian strength on the battlefield. Still, the fact that the Russians proved capable of defeating in battle the army of a "first-rate" European power on its own soil despite the often indifferent quality of their generals improved Russia's standing in Europe. A lasting legacy of the war was that it awakened the Russians to their logistic weaknesses, and led to major reforms of the Imperial Russian Army's quartermaster department. The supply system that allowed the Russians to advance into the Balkans during the war with the Ottomans in 1787–1792, Marshal Alexander Suvorov to campaign effectively in Italy and Switzerland in 1798–1799, and for the Russians to fight across Germany and France in 1813–1814 to take Paris was created directly in response to the logistic problems experienced by the Russians in the Seven Years' War. 5985: 5369:'s regiments to the west, which could be mobilised within 3 hours. Instead of waiting for a coordinated attack with Bougainville, Montcalm attacked immediately. When his 3,500 troops advanced, their lines became scattered in a disorderly formation. Many French soldiers fired before they were within range of striking the British. Wolfe organised his troops in two lines stretching 1 mile across the Plains of Abraham. They were ordered to load their Brown Bess muskets with two bullets to obtain maximum power and hold their fire until the French soldiers came within 40 paces of the British ranks. Once the British had Montcalm's army in firing range, their volley was powerful and nearly all bullets hit their targets, devastating the French ranks. The French fled the Plains of Abraham in a state of utter confusion while they were pursued by members of the Scottish Fraser regiment and other British forces. Despite being cut down by musket fire from the Canadians and their indigenous allies, the British vastly outnumbered these opponents and won the 4422:(equivalent). He had melted and coined most of the church silver, had ransacked the palaces of his kingdom and coined that silver, and reduced his purchasing power by mixing it with copper. His banks' capital was exhausted, and he had pawned nearly everything of value from his own estate. While Frederick still had a significant amount of money left from the prior British subsidies, he hoped to use it to restore his kingdom's prosperity in peacetime; in any case, Prussia's population was so depleted that he could not sustain another long campaign. Similarly, Maria Theresa had reached the limit of her resources. She had pawned her jewels in 1758; in 1760, she approved a public subscription for support and urged her public to bring their silver to the mint. French subsidies were no longer provided. Although she had many young men still to draft, she could not conscript them and did not dare to resort to impressment, as Frederick had done. She had even dismissed some men because it was too expensive to feed them. 6214:. Negotiations had started there on 31 December 1762. Frederick, who had considered ceding East Prussia to Russia if Peter III helped him secure Saxony, finally insisted on excluding Russia (in fact, no longer a belligerent) from the negotiations. At the same time, he refused to evacuate Saxony until its elector had renounced any claim to reparation. The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz, which they had in fact reconquered, but Frederick would not allow it. The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748, with Silesia and Glatz reverting to Frederick and Saxony to its own elector. The only concession that Prussia made to Austria was to consent to the election of Archduke Joseph as Holy Roman emperor. Saxony emerged from the war weakened and bankrupt; despite losing no territory, Saxony had essentially been a battleground between Prussia and Austria throughout the conflict, with many of its towns and cities (including the capital of Dresden) damaged by bombardment and looting. 6278:

rebelled against British rule. The Indians had long established congenial and friendly relations with the French fur traders, and the Anglo-American fur traders who had replaced the French had engaged in business practices that enraged the Indians, who complained about being cheated when they sold their furs. Moreover, the Indians feared that with the coming of British rule might lead to white settlers displacing them off their land, whereas it was known that the French had only come as fur traders. Pontiac's War was a major conflict in which the British temporarily lost control of the Great Lakes-Northwest regions to the Indians. By the middle of 1763, the only forts the British held in the region were Fort Detroit (modern Detroit, Michigan), Fort Niagara (modern Youngstown, New York) and Fort Pitt (modern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) with the rest all being lost to the Indians. It was only with the British victory at the

6057:, the Dutch Republic managed to preserve its neutrality during the Seven Years' War. It owed this to the memory of what it had been and what it could possibly become again, namely a land and naval power of the first rank. For the Prussian king, the Republic was an important ally with view of securing his scattered possessions along the Dutch eastern border, and for George II, the Dutch seaports provided the most secure link with Hanover. For their part, the British were concerned that their supremacy at sea would be jeopardised if the Republic were to lend its cooperation to a French plan for joint maritime action by the French, Spanish, Danish and Dutch fleets. In addition, the government in London had not yet given up hope to restore the disrupted relationship with the Dutch by including them in a military and political bloc formed by Britain, Hanover, Prussia and the Dutch Republic. When the 3529:, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister, Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade New France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt was head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful. Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized the vulnerability of the French Empire. 951: 378: 3799: 3926: 4414:, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, and the county of Glatz in southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support, and Maria Theresa had largely given up her hopes of re-conquering Silesia; her Chancellor, husband and eldest son were all urging her to make peace, while Daun was hesitant to attack Frederick. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the 4100: 1190: 927: 915: 903: 891: 879: 351: 4046: 2324:

strategy was to a degree forced upon France: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to overseas colonies. Similarly, several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler. Given these military necessities, the French government, unsurprisingly, based its strategy overwhelmingly on the army in Europe: it would keep most of its army on the continent, hoping for victories closer to home. The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then, in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions (as had happened in,

1113: 430: 4288:. A major problem for the Russians throughout the war had always been their weak logistics, which prevented their generals from following up their victories, and now with the fall of Kolberg, the Russians could at long last supply their armies in Central Europe via the sea. The fact that the Russians could now supply their armies over the sea, which was considerably faster and safer (Prussian cavalry could not intercept Russian ships in the Baltic) than over the land threatened to swing the balance of power decisively against Prussia, as Frederick could not spare any troops to protect his capital. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent. 5716: 2312: 4468: 6246:, the Prussians fought poorly despite being led by Frederick in person. During the war with France in 1792–95, the Prussian Army did not fare well against revolutionary France, and in 1806, the Prussians suffered a complete defeat by the French at the Battle of Jena. It was only after 1806 when Prussian government brought in reforms to recover from the disaster of Jena that Prussia's rise to greatness later in the 19th century was realized. However, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War, various nations all sent officers to Prussia to learn the secrets of Prussia's military power. Prussia become one of the most imitated powers in Europe. 1144: 701: 682: 670: 658: 646: 275: 2150:, as the Holy Roman Emperor, much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia. Not only that, Britain would soon join the Austro-Russian alliance, but complications arose. Britain's basic framework for the alliance itself was to protect Hanover's interests against France. At the same time, Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing just such an alliance with Austria. Not only that, France had no intention to ally with Russia, who, years earlier, had meddled in France's affairs during Austria's succession war. France also saw the dismemberment of Prussia as threatening to the stability of Central Europe. 1154: 634: 614: 602: 584: 564: 552: 540: 528: 516: 504: 485: 460: 248: 2161:'s insistence on neutrality, Britain soon turned to Russia. On 30 September 1755, Britain pledged financial aid to Russia in order to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithuanian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover immediately. Bestuzhev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia, was more than happy to obey the request of the British. Unbeknownst to the other powers, King George II also made overtures to the Prussian king, Frederick, who, fearing the Austro-Russian intentions, was also desirous of a rapprochement with Britain. On 16 January 1756, the 5345: 3641:, the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army. The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition. The Austrians had succeeded in partially occupying Silesia and, more importantly, denying Frederick winter quarters in Bohemia. Frederick had proven to be overly confident to the point of arrogance and his errors were very costly for Prussia's smaller army. This led him to remark that he did not fight the same Austrians as he had during the previous war. 1220: 1077: 1065: 1053: 1041: 406: 1180: 867: 855: 843: 823: 811: 799: 787: 337: 3994: 3574:. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia. He had three goals in his new war on Austria. First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then use the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. His second goal was to advance into Bohemia, where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense. Thirdly, he wanted to invade 6242:

his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive. Though depicted as a key moment in Prussia's rise to greatness, the war weakened Prussia. Prussia's lands and population were devastated though Frederick's extensive agrarian reforms and encouragement of immigration soon solved both these problems. Unfortunately for Prussia, its army had taken heavy losses (particularly the officer corps) and in the war's aftermath, Frederick could not afford to rebuild the Prussian Army to what it was before the war. In the

4034: 1164: 733: 721: 289: 745: 492: 467: 262: 5179: 4114: 939: 364: 63: 2038:, the leading anti-Austrian state in Germany, had been supported by France. Neither group, however, found much reason to be satisfied with its partnership: British subsidies to Austria produced nothing of much help to the British, while the British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria. Prussia, having secured Silesia, came to terms with Austria in disregard of French interests. Even so, France concluded a defensive alliance with Prussia in 1747, and the maintenance of the 3744: 3761:

forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was also now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunistic nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts.

1794: 1101: 1089: 418: 1123: 594: 4292: 2340: 4396: 3922:, where the province, almost denuded of troops, put up little opposition. East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although it was far less strategically valuable to Prussia than Brandenburg or Silesia. In any case, Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war. 3840:

general and his men as Europe's most accomplished soldiers. However, Frederick missed an opportunity to completely destroy the Austrian army at Leuthen; although depleted, it escaped back into Bohemia. He hoped the two smashing victories would bring Maria Theresa to the peace table, but she was determined not to negotiate until she had re-taken Silesia. Maria Theresa also improved the Austrians' command after Leuthen by replacing her incompetent brother-in-law,

5373:. General Wolfe was mortally wounded in the chest early in the battle so the command fell to James Murray, who would become the lieutenant governor of Quebec after the war. The Marquis de Montcalm was also severely wounded later in the battle and died the following day. The French abandoned the city and French Canadians led by the Chevalier de Levis staged a counteroffensive on the Plains of Abraham in the spring of 1760, with initial success at the 2090: 313: 6257: 3582: 1931: 6310:(Lord Sandwich), the British attempted to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, the Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark–Norway, the Ottoman Empire and Russia, now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join with it, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the 5488: 3780: 3676: 769: 757: 301: 3637:

Prussian cavalry. Frederick actually fled the field of battle, leaving Field Marshall Keith in command. Browne, however, also left the field, in a vain attempt to meet up with an isolated Saxon army holed up in the fortress at Pirna. As the Prussians technically remained in control of the field of battle, Frederick, in a masterful coverup, claimed Lobositz as a Prussian victory. The Prussians then occupied Saxony; after the

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Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes of central New York. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan and to the shore of the St. Lawrence. The Algonquin tribes were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York and the north-west, Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents.

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the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Frederick's army, though depleted, was left unmolested at its headquarters in Brunzelwitz, as both the Austrians and the Russians were hesitant to attack it. Nonetheless, at the end of 1761, Prussia suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under

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held most of Saxony but not its capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated, and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that an offensive against Dresden seemed impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new prime minister,

9433: 4500:, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbour, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on 3982:. Both sides suffered heavy casualties—the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000—but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. The American historian Daniel Marston described Zorndorf as a "draw" as both sides were too exhausted and had taken such losses that neither wished to fight another battle with the other. In the undecided 4211:

Russian Army was badly strained by the demands of Russian armies operating so far from home. As it was, the requirement that the Austrian quartermaster's department supply both the Austrian and Russian armies proved beyond its capacity, and in practice, the Russians received little in the way of supplies from the Austrians. At Liegnitz (now

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fighting a major battle, even when they were not defeated, was less about their casualties and more about their supply lines; after expending much of their munitions in a battle, Russian generals did not wish to risk another battle knowing resupply would be a long time coming. This long-standing weakness was evident in the

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Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great's personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia's betrayal after Elizabeth's death) and to British financial support were soon forgotten, while the memory of

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and seemed to vindicate Maria Theresa's administrative and military reforms. Hence, Austria's prestige was restored in great part and the empire secured its position as a major player in the European system. Also, by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections, Frederick II accepted the

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announced in the States General on 12 January 1759 that they had decided to equip 25 warships, at their own expense if need be, and Princess Anna also died that same evening, the British government realised that it should not let things get out of hand by inflicting too much damage on Dutch trade. It

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By 1763, the war in central Europe was essentially a stalemate between Prussia and Austria. Prussia had retaken nearly all of Silesia from the Austrians after Frederick's narrow victory over Daun at the Battle of Burkersdorf. After his brother Henry's 1762 victory at the Battle of Freiberg, Frederick

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of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, supplemented by some Prussian troops, had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and

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For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This

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was passionately devoted to his family's continental holdings, but his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas. If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed, then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack. France was

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The British settlers along the coast were upset that French troops would now be close to the western borders of their colonies. They felt the French would encourage their tribal allies among the North American natives to attack them. Also, the British settlers wanted access to the fertile land of the

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Seeing French and Indian defeat, in 1760, the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy resigned from the war and negotiated the Treaty of Kahnawake with the British. Among its conditions was their unrestricted travel between Canada and New York, as the nations had extensive trade between Montreal and

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from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect

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in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops

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Logistics was a recurring problem for the Russians throughout the war. The Russians lacked a quartermaster's department capable of keeping armies operating in Central Europe properly supplied over the primitive mud roads of eastern Europe. The tendency of Russian armies to break off operations after

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on 1 October 1756, Frederick stumbled into one of the embarrassments of his career. Severely underestimating a reformed Austrian army under General Maximilian Ulysses Browne, he found himself outmanoeuvred and outgunned, and at one point in the confusion even ordered his troops to fire on retreating

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It would require a greater philosopher and historian than I am to explain the causes of the famous Seven Years' War in which Europe was engaged; and, indeed, its origin has always appeared to me to be so complicated, and the books written about it so amazingly hard to understand, that I have seldom

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permanent peace, and, when France went to war with Great Britain during the American Revolution, the British found no support among the European powers. France's defeat caused the French to embark upon major military reforms, with particular attention being paid to the artillery. The origins of the

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action in history. When the Prussian king, Frederick, was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom

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was signed, in which both nations pledged 24,000 troops to defend each other in the case of an attack. This diplomatic revolution proved to be an important cause of the war; although both treaties were ostensibly defensive in nature, the actions of both coalitions made the war virtually inevitable.

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broke out as a group of Indian tribes in the Great Lakes region and the Northwest (the modern American Midwest) said to have been led by the Ottawa chief Pontiac (whose role as the leader of the confederation seems to have been exaggerated by the British), unhappy with the eclipse of French power,

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Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Frederick did not consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself about to come under siege, the survival of both Prussia and its king was severely threatened. Then on 5

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On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian Army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian Army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and

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Meanwhile, after the battle of Kunersdorf, the Russian army was mostly inactive due mostly to their tenuous supply lines. Russian logistics were so poor that in October 1759, an agreement was signed under which the Austrians undertook to supply the Russians as the quartermaster's department of the

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of 1735–1739, where Russian battle victories led to only modest war gains due to problems supplying their armies. The Russian quartermasters department had not improved, so the same problems reoccurred in Prussia. Still, the Imperial Russian Army was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick

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The British—by inclination as well as for practical reasons—had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their

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The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that, but France was enraged and terrified by the sudden betrayal of its only

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reached Paris. After Russia's about-face, Sweden's withdrawal and Prussia's two victories against Austria, Louis XV became convinced that Austria would be unable to re-conquer Silesia (the condition for which France would receive the Austrian Netherlands) without financial and material subsidies,

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and others—were allied with the French. Although the Algonquin tribes living north of the Great Lakes and along the St. Lawrence River were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley tribes, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation which included the Seneca, Mohawk,

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collected a force of 30,000 men to come to the relief of Prague. Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolín in Bohemia. Daun arrived too late to participate in the

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Bute's settlement with France was mild compared with what Pitt's would have been. He had hoped for a lasting peace with France, and he was afraid that if he took too much, the whole of Europe would unite in envious hostility against Great Britain. Choiseul, however, had no intention of making a

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briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October but could not hold it for long. Still, the loss of Berlin to the Russians and Austrians was a great blow to Frederick's prestige as many pointed out that the Prussians had no hope of occupying temporarily or otherwise St. Petersburg or Vienna. In

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from 1749 to 1772, wanted the Republic to align its foreign policy with the state of its finances. Specifically, this meant that Holland should do everything possible to ensure that the Republic did not become involved in the Franco-British dispute, despite animosity towards France and being a

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force under Soubise lost about 10,000 killed. Frederick always called Leuthen his greatest victory, an assessment shared by many at the time as the Austrian Army was considered to be a highly professional force. With these victories, Frederick once again established himself as Europe's premier

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Therefore, the Ottoman Empire avoided the major wars that would follow, including the Seven Years' War. The Ottoman Empire, or more accurately its leaders, recognised its internal problems. The previous wars had cost the empire greatly, both in terms of resources and finance, they were facing

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of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of marshal in the Austrian Army.

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The stalemate had really been reached by 1759–1760, and Prussia and Austria were nearly out of money. The materials of both sides had been largely consumed. Frederick was no longer receiving subsidies from Britain; the Golden Cavalry of St. George had produced nearly 13 million dollars

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forced the British forces to withdraw to the Île d'Orleans. While Wolfe and Murray planned a second offensive, British rangers raided French settlements along the St. Lawrence, destroying food supplies, ammunition and other goods in an attempt to vanquish the French through starvation.

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Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt, where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of

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were equipped and supplied by the state to conduct warfare on behalf of the sovereign's interests. Occupied enemy territories were regularly taxed and extorted for funds, but large-scale atrocities against civilian populations were rare compared with conflicts in the previous century.

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battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting

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set up camp on the Île d'Orléans across the St. Lawrence River from Quebec, enabling them to commence the 3-month siege that ensued. The French under the Marquis de Montcalm anticipated a British assault to the east of Quebec so he ordered his soldiers to fortify the region of

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In 1763, Americans joyously celebrated the British victory in the Seven Years' War, revelling in their identity as Britons and jealously guarding their much-celebrated rights which they believed they possessed by virtue of membership in what they saw as the world's greatest

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as potential fields for expansion, but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony,

3776:. The convention removed Hanover from the war, leaving the western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany. 4215:, Poland), the Russians arrived too late to participate in the battle. They made two attempts to storm the fortress of Kolberg, but neither succeeded. The tenacious resistance of Kolberg allowed Frederick to focus on the Austrians instead of having to split his forces. 5297:

which could be taken easily given the British force's significant numerical advantage. The British offensive which was supposed to advance in tight columns and overwhelm the French defenders fell into confusion and scattered, leaving large spaces in their ranks. When

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to join the alliance, but the request was rejected, as the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral. Despite the huge disparity in numbers, the year had been successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to the British campaigns in North America.

2143:, whereas Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania, was prey to pro-French and pro-Russian factions. A Prussian scheme for compensating Frederick Augustus with Bohemia in exchange for Saxony obviously presupposed further spoliation of Austria. 9453: 6238:. The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still insufficient to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians were almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration. 5930:

for years, up to the outbreak of war, to bring the empire into the war on the side of Prussia, Great Britain, and their other allies but he was unsuccessful. However, the Sultan was persuaded by his court not to join the war, primarily by his Grand Vizier,

4314:) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army, of 120,000 men, and concentrate it against Austria. He drove them from much of Silesia after 4092:, Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at 6045:

did not want to go to war for Britain's interests. Together with French assurances that King Louis XV did not want to multiply his enemies and that it was the Prussians who broke the peace, this made it possible for Steyn to declare the Republic neutral.

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that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the continent, particularly in defence of its German possessions, and Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize

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was another neutral nation during the Seven Years War, although it could be argued that, due to close calls, it was a belligerent nation. It was very nearly dragged into the war on the side of France due to the actions of the Russian Empire. Tsar

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Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of

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of 1756, in which Britain ended its long-standing alliance with Austria in favour of Prussia, leaving Austria to side with France. In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively overseas, taking full advantage of its

5996:

had played a central role in the wars against Louis XIV's France in the late 1600s and early 1700s, and doing this had proved to be very expensive. This motivated the Dutch to try to stay out of major 18th-century European conflicts like the

4241:

Prussia began the 1761 campaign with just 100,000 available troops, many of them new recruits, and its situation seemed desperate. However, the Austrian and Russian forces were also heavily depleted and could not launch a major offensive.

3917:

that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory. In January 1758, the Russians invaded

1904:

The British also harassed French shipping beginning in August 1755, seizing hundreds of ships and capturing thousands of merchant seamen while the two nations were nominally at peace. Incensed, France prepared to attack Hanover, whose

2057:

In 1756 Austria was making military preparations for war with Prussia and pursuing an alliance with Russia for this purpose. On 2 June 1756, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and

1863:

Britain and France failed to negotiate a solution after receiving news about this in Europe. The two countries eventually sent regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on

6223:

Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire. The survival of Prussia as a first-rate power and the enhanced prestige of its king and army, however, was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany.

6163:. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own West Indian islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi. 5416:. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the 4526:

in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of

6217:

Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain. However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. More significantly, its military performance proved far better than during the

5939:"Our state looks like a majestic and mighty lion from afar. However, a closer look at this lion reveals that it has aged—its teeth have fallen out—its claws have fallen. So, let's leave this old lion to rest for a while." 5975:

king, in 1757. However, by 1760, he had managed to eliminate all other potential claimants to the throne as well as Ismail III and had established himself as the head of his own dynasty, the aforementioned Zand dynasty.

3600:

in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of

2139:, was also elective King of Poland as Augustus III, but the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia. Neither state could pose as a great power. Saxony was merely a buffer between Prussia and 6294:

of 1774, similarly intended to win over the loyalty of French Canadians, also spurred resentment among American colonists. The Act protected Catholic religion and French language, which enraged the Americans, but the

5723:

In India, the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe renewed the long running conflict between the French and the British trading companies for influence on the subcontinent. The French allied themselves with the

9394:

D. Peter MacLeod, "'Free and Open Roads': The Treaty of Kahnawake and the Control of Movement over the New York-Canadian Border during the Military Regime, 1760–1761," read at the Ottawa Legal History Group, (1992,

5892:. The battles in West Africa were ultimately a series of British expeditions against wealthy French colonies. The British and French had been competing for influence in the Gambia region following the acquisition of 6182:

and eventual control of the subcontinent. France's navy was crippled by the war. Only after an ambitious rebuilding program in combination with Spain was France again able to challenge Britain's command of the sea.

7654:) describe a homosexual officer's experiences in Germany and France during the Seven Years' War. In particular, the short story "Lord John and the Succubus" occurs just before the Battle of Rossbach, and the novel 3727:

with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment, the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade

6272:

The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. In 1763,

5541:

Under the Treaty of Paris, Spain had to return to Portugal the settlement of Colonia do Sacramento, while the vast and rich territory of the so-called "Continent of S. Peter" (the present-day Brazilian state of

2169:

ally, Prussia. Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. Now-isolated France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance or face ruin. Thereafter, on 1 May 1756, the

2106:

very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain, but it had no desire to divert forces to Central Europe for Prussia's interest.

3463: 12267: 9093:

Reflexiones Histórico-Militares que manifiestan los Motivos Porque se Mantiene Portugal Reino Independiente de España y Generalmente Desgraciadas Nuestras Empresas y que Lo Serán Mientras No se Tomen Otras

5922:, the Ottoman Empire enjoyed a generation of peace due to Austria and Russia contending with the rise of Prussia in Eastern Europe. During the war, King Frederick II of Prussia, better known to history as 5913:

was notably neutral during the Seven Years' War. Following their military stalemate with the Russian Empire and their subsequent victory over the Holy Roman Empire (and Austria to an extent), during the

11137:

De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid: Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog

4508:; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast. 3860:, on the advice of his British ministers after the battle of Rossbach, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war. Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, 2336:). This approach did not serve France well in the war, as the colonies were indeed lost, and although much of the European war went well, by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes. 2153:

Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could to avoid Austrian entanglement in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade

1697:

ended the war between Saxony, Austria, and Prussia in 1763. France's supremacy in Europe was halted, while Prussia confirmed its status as a great power, challenging Austria for dominance within the

6151:, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar, writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory. France also returned Menorca to the British. Spain lost control of 4511:

Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly

2066:, Poland) to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia. Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick's power altogether, reducing his sway to his electorate of Brandenburg and giving 2687: 2677: 5076: 9416: 5948:, and Persia had been reunited under Karim Khan Zand. That said, the Ottoman Empire would launch an abortive invasion of Hungary with 100,000 troops in 1763, contributing to the end of the war. 5577:

were also made ready for an eventual English attack. The war contributed also to a decision to improve communications between Buenos Aires and Lima resulting in the establishment of a series of

4128:

during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under

5860: 5624: 4928: 4572: 3340: 2291:

was the decisive factor in many wars, as armies had grown too large to support themselves on prolonged campaigns by foraging and plunder alone. Military supplies were stored in centralised

4337:

on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing its own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French,

3163: 2682: 2423: 2575: 4377:

which Louis was no longer willing to provide. He therefore made peace with Frederick and evacuated Prussia's Rhineland territories, ending France's involvement in the war in Germany.

3456: 2377:

of enemy ports, and rapid movement of troops by sea. They harassed enemy shipping and attacked enemy colonies, frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort.

9051:, Vol II, Lisbon, Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, with the collaboration of the British Academy and the P.R.O., 1979, p. 415. Also according to the historian Fernando Dores Costa, 5823: 4695:, both major Spanish colonial cities. British attempts at expansion into the hinterlands of Cuba and the Philippines met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were 4464:

was taken, but military staff dithered and lost so much time that Rochefort became unassailable. The expedition abandoned the Isle d'Aix, returning to Great Britain on 1 October.

3835:

on 5 December 1757. Rossbach was the only battle between the French and the Prussians during the entire war. At Rossbach, the Prussians lost about 548 men killed while the Franco-

2692: 5984: 2898: 2737: 6033:

to make troops available for the defence of Great Britain as soon as hostilities with France were to occur, and as the daughter of George II, it would be almost impossible for

4519:. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks and shipping. 4010:

were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take

3449: 3009: 2853: 2848: 2828: 2667: 10233: 5069: 2742: 1764:" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of worldwide conflict between France and Great Britain during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the 2560: 4737: 4672:, the Spanish Empire's most important overseas holding, was now lost. Spain had entered the war after the Third Family Compact (15 August 1761) with France. The British 1913:. Britain concluded a treaty whereby Prussia agreed to protect Hanover. In response France concluded an alliance with its long-time enemy Austria, an event known as the 5302:

sent 1,000 soldiers to reinforce Montcalm's struggling troops, the British were pinned down in the brush by intense French musket fire and they were forced to retreat.

12262: 5617: 4921: 4565: 3827:

of Austria against Frederick. However, in November and December 1757, the whole situation in Germany was reversed. First, Frederick devastated Soubise's forces at the

1713:

In the historiography of some countries, the war is named after combatants in its respective theatres. In the present-day United States, the conflict is known as the

5469:), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759. 3333: 2883: 2697: 2540: 1254: 2275:

positioned so as to command the surrounding regions and roads, with lengthy sieges a common feature of armed conflict. Decisive field battles were relatively rare.

6234:, It amassed a considerable power, and even brought Britain in on future conflicts. This power dynamic was important to the future and the latter conflicts of the 3644:

Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and £670,000 (equivalent to £125.9 million in 2023) to its new ally. A

2954: 2949: 2863: 4649:, and coastal Africa. Over the course of the war, Great Britain gained enormous areas of land and influence at the expense of the French and the Spanish Empires. 2640: 11624: 11348: 11316: 5062: 3703:

on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then

3156: 2930: 2893: 2757: 2463: 2416: 1357: 3632:

The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the

11397: 9873: 9081: 2062:

against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire. They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now

12316: 5816: 5610: 4914: 4558: 3868:. Ferdinand's forces kept Prussia's western flank secure for the rest of the war. The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at 3544: 2903: 2762: 1304: 5884:

with ease in May 1758 and brought home large amounts of captured goods. This success convinced Pitt to launch two further expeditions to take the island of

4368:

Meanwhile, the long British naval blockade of French ports had sapped the morale of the French populace. Morale declined further when news of defeat in the

3014: 2752: 3326: 2712: 3864:(until immediately before a commander in the Prussian Army), regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the 12365: 6314:

turned into a global war between 1778 and 1783, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.

5282: 4715: 3247: 3019: 2702: 2508: 7471:

been much wiser at the end of a chapter than at the beginning, and so shall not trouble my reader with any personal disquisitions concerning the matter.

5963:

during the period of the Seven Years' War. Like the Ottoman Empire, they were also neutral during the war. They had more pressing matters to attend to.

3970:

By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-

12739: 11477: 9413: 3149: 2809: 2488: 2409: 1279: 7133: 5197:

This Map also shows both the Iroquois and Wabanaki Confederacies, who were both influential in the war on the British and French sides respectively.

11267:

Cuyt, F., Jacobs, T., Van Gelder, K., & Vermeir, R. (2017). De Staatse Barrière in de tweede helft van de 18de eeuw: een rustig en vredig bezit?.

9814:

Cuyt, F., Jacobs, T., Van Gelder, K., & Vermeir, R. (2017). De Staatse Barrière in de tweede helft van de 18de eeuw: een rustig en vredig bezit?.

4361:

strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in

2570: 1069: 9720:

Rousseau and Revolution : a history of civilization in France, England, and Germany from 1756, and in the Remainder of Europe from 1715 to 1789

9632: 12331: 11661: 6097:, and was prepared to attack Denmark–Norway in order to do this. However, luckily for Denmark-Norway, the Russian emperor was deposed by his wife, 5809: 3024: 2858: 2545: 2483: 2380:

The Russians and the Austrians were determined to reduce the power of Prussia, the new threat on their doorstep, and Austria was anxious to regain

1309: 9439: 6286:, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended to appease the Indians but led to considerable outrage in the 1832:, Pennsylvania. Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort they named 12450: 9060: 9019: 4730: 3764:

This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland, which include Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick troops, was defeated at the

3547:, was optimistic that the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe. However, a large French force was assembled at 12528: 12195: 11887: 11353: 10229:

Vardagsslit och sjuårskrig / upplevt och beskrivet av den nyländske dragonen Carl Johan Aminoff ; utgiven med kommentarer av Patrick Bruun.

5316: 2388:. Along with France, Russia and Austria agreed in 1756 to mutual defence and an attack by Austria and Russia on Prussia, subsidized by France. 3959:

in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the

2360:

of Prussia, then the rising power in central Europe, and paid Frederick substantial subsidies for his campaigns. This was accomplished in the

1643:

ended in 1748, but failed to resolve ongoing tensions between the European powers. Continuing colonial disputes between Britain and France in

12304: 5054: 3978:(now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on 25 August 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count 2299:

that were highly vulnerable to enemy raids. Armies were generally unable to sustain combat operations during winter and normally established

1247: 10658:

When Britain ruled the Philippines, 1762–1764: the story of the 18th-century British invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years' War

3563:

was court-martialed and executed). Britain formally declared war on France on 17 May, nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the

1805:

The boundary between British and French possessions in North America was largely undefined in the 1750s. France had long claimed the entire

12545: 5967:, was busy playing politics and was in the process of legitimising his claim to the Persian throne by placing a puppet king on the throne, 9719: 4906: 4543:

held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured.

4160: 2050:. The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the " 12257: 12252: 11512: 6179: 6034: 2165:

was signed, whereby Britain and Prussia promised to aid one another; the parties hoped to achieve lasting peace and stability in Europe.

2043: 1860:

on 3 July 1754 and forced Washington to surrender. These were the first engagements of what would become the worldwide Seven Years' War.

1416: 1350: 520: 11366: 9116: 6203:

that played a prominent role in the wars of the French Revolution and beyond can to be traced to military reforms that started in 1763.

4246: 3602: 1647:

resulted in the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1754. Following the realignment of traditional alliances in the so-called 1756

749: 12173: 11573: 11481: 11390: 9029: 7688: 6110: 4723: 3606: 2352:

enemies, particularly France. By subsidising the armies of continental allies, Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to

7570:(1789), a treatise on light infantry tactics written by Colonel Andreas Emmerich, is based on his experiences in the Seven Years' War. 2146:

In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time, Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa's son,

4125: 3809:

Things were looking grim for Prussia now, with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a combined French and

3180: 3110: 508: 6226:

Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Besides the rise of Prussia,

4257:

in March. He was forced to lift the siege and retreat after French forces regrouped and captured several thousand of his men at the

1081: 317: 11799: 10237: 5413: 4481: 3716:

was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether.

2397: 1499: 1240: 955: 803: 11490: 9397: 4418:, in which Glatz was returned to Prussia in exchange for the Prussian evacuation of Saxony. This ended the war in central Europe. 2123:, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire as French allies in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests. 12734: 12694: 12689: 12639: 12634: 11654: 11639: 3240: 773: 761: 662: 3823:

was a collection of armies from the smaller German states that had banded together to heed the appeal of the Holy Roman Emperor

3798: 3408: 12719: 12714: 12664: 12659: 12405: 12336: 11629: 11563: 5896:

in 1664 by the English from the Dutch. The loss of these valuable colonies to the British further weakened the French economy.

5421: 4829: 4485: 4277: 4022: 2999: 2989: 2974: 2329: 1343: 11933: 11383: 11294: 11173: 11125: 11106: 11076: 11055: 11026: 10990: 10961: 10926: 10872: 10848: 10827: 10792: 10773: 10666: 10645: 10624: 10554: 10518: 10489: 10465: 10442: 10355: 10319: 10297: 10272: 10105: 10002: 9924: 9682: 9174: 8443: 8320: 8293: 8254: 8219: 8190: 8131: 8104: 8077: 8031: 6206:

The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, was signed on 15 February 1763, at a hunting lodge between

5402: 4988: 4681: 3480: 2026:

The War of the Austrian Succession had seen the belligerents aligned on a time-honoured basis. France's traditional enemies,

1689:

In Europe, the large-scale conflict that drew in most of the European powers was centred on the desire of Austria to recover

9697:

James L.A. Webb Jr, "The mid-eighteenth century gum Arabic trade and the British conquest of Saint-Louis du Senegal, 1758."

3925: 12684: 12629: 12284: 12274: 11568: 9758: 5023: 4453: 3841: 1948: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1411: 907: 11185:"El periplo ibérico del general Dumouriez: Una aproximación a las relaciones diplomáticas hispano-portuguesas (1765–1767)" 6249:

Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The

5786:, fell to the British in 1761 (it was returned after the war); together with the fall of the lesser French settlements of 4745: 12709: 12654: 12309: 11231: 6303: 6114: 4357:) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practising a 4338: 4224: 3816: 3374: 3277: 1667: 1663: 1294: 293: 11324: 9311: 6012:, in 1782, blamed the earlier generations for placing too heavy a burden on their descendants by waging wars on credit. 4005:

The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the

1406: 1401: 871: 12523: 12355: 12242: 11721: 11257: 10581: 7898: 6323: 6307: 5523: 4531:, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from 3653: 3233: 2059: 1381: 737: 544: 9880:, mentioning the mother country's image of New France as an "Arctic wasteland with wild animals and savage Indians". 9498: 9047: 4346: 4129: 3379: 3288: 3048: 2120: 12465: 12084: 12030: 12025: 11973: 11968: 11958: 11923: 11918: 11908: 11898: 11876: 11871: 11848: 11843: 11818: 11794: 11789: 11774: 11634: 11444: 11145: 10891: 10810: 10730: 10682: 10134:

Gipson, Lawrence Henry (1950). "The American Revolution as an Aftermath of the Great War for the Empire, 1754–1763".

9825: 9492: 8140: 7779: 7668: 6030: 5915: 5420:. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel 5261:. The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against 4472: 4311: 4228: 3757: 3350: 1970: 1633: 1436: 9870: 5365:, 1 mile west of Quebec City. He had positioned his army between Montcalm's forces an hour's march to the east and 4349:

British-Portuguese forces overran a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of

12067: 12003: 11828: 11741: 8156: 6156: 6049:

Despite British threats, the detention of many Dutch merchant ships by the British, and various incidents, as when

5728:

to resist British expansion, but derived little benefit from this. The war began in Southern India but spread into

3593: 3130: 2333: 2094: 2020: 1549: 1504: 1421: 705: 410: 10199: 9106: 8924: 8614: 4179:, their continued success preventing France from sending troops to aid the Austrians against Prussia in the east. 3986:

on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the

3441: 1897:, capturing it and two troop ships. In September 1755, British colonial and French troops met in the inconclusive 12724: 12679: 12624: 12460: 12220: 12205: 12146: 11505: 11247: 7177: 5370: 4983: 4958: 4856: 4045: 1719:(1754–1763). In English-speaking Canada—the balance of Britain's former North American colonies—it is called the 1319: 382: 31: 12360: 6178:

to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for

3596:

in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia and Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal

11928: 11892: 11454: 11427: 9488:

Mission Culture on the Upper Amazon: native Tradition, Jesuit enterprise and Secular Policy in Moxos, 1660–1880

8821: 8488: 7858: 7627:

are set during the North American campaigns of the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1755. The second half of

6265: 6243: 6219: 6002: 5401:

in North America. As the Seven Years War was not yet over in Europe, the British put all of New France under a

5286: 4893: 4802: 4614: 3571: 3552: 3209: 3070: 2385: 2356:. In the Seven Years' War, the British chose as their principal partner the most brilliant general of the day, 2004: 1952: 1640: 1534: 5084: 1809:

basin. This was disputed by Britain. In the early 1750s the French began constructing a chain of forts in the

12343: 12094: 11823: 11649: 11644: 11599: 11375: 9526:(electronic version), Academia de História Militar Terrestre do Brasil, chapter 5: As guerras no Sul 1763–77. 7745: 7595: 7089: 7067: 5771: 5535: 5366: 5299: 4998: 4876: 4677: 4624: 4609: 4604: 4457: 4407: 3824: 2147: 1529: 883: 847: 556: 532: 12609: 8406: 8040: 6444: 6029:

long-time ally of Britain. This was not going to be easy, because London was exerting great pressure on the

4099: 4093: 3733: 2935: 12420: 12390: 12385: 12326: 12215: 12210: 12178: 12119: 12040: 11998: 11881: 6123:, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of 5998: 5381:, however, Lévis was unable to retake the city, largely because of British naval superiority following the 5329: 5231: 4993: 4936: 4846: 4696: 4441: 4250: 2908: 2600: 1761: 1519: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 305: 5715: 4968: 4025:, was appointed. Choiseul planned to end the war in 1759 by making strong attacks on Britain and Hanover. 1869: 12704: 12649: 12555: 12538: 12410: 12279: 12247: 12183: 12072: 11963: 11948: 11784: 11437: 11432: 11280: 10416:

Disease, War, and the Imperial State: The Welfare of the British Armed Forces During the Seven Years' War

10379: 9641: 7460: 7001: 6862: 6231: 5703: 5436: 5226: 4797: 4792: 4619: 4489: 4315: 3987: 3951: 3939: 3861: 3720: 2969: 2918: 2630: 2550: 2353: 1853: 1652: 1431: 1009: 17: 11116:

Wilson, Peter H. (2008). "Prussia as a Fiscal-Military State, 1640–1806". In Storrs, Christopher (ed.).

9048:

Descriptive List of the State Papers Portugal, 1661–1780, in the Public Record Office, London: 1724–1765

4641:

The colonial conflict mainly between France and Britain took place in India, North America, Europe, the

3967:, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine. 2311: 12729: 12455: 11993: 11983: 11953: 11943: 11558: 11498: 11040:

Armies of the Seven Years' War: Commanders, Equipment, Uniforms and Strategies of the 'First World War'

10858: 10510: 7508:(California, 1993). p. 85), all the atrocities described in Chapter 3 are true to life. When 7045: 6730: 6311: 5881: 5668: 5663: 5455: 5349: 5274: 5250: 5246: 5013: 5008: 4836: 4787: 4657: 4164: 3857: 3773: 3769: 3737: 3610: 3085: 2873: 2170: 2102: 1817:

Ohio River Valley for the new settlers that were flooding into the British colonies seeking farm land.

815: 471: 6282:

that prevented a complete collapse of British power in the Great Lakes region. King George III's

5281:(Ticonderoga), in which 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British. When the British led by generals 4475:'s leadership, Britain's position as the leading colonial power was confirmed by the Seven Years' War. 2086:

to commit to offensive designs against Prussia so long as Prussia was able to rely on French support.

12744: 12294: 12188: 11988: 10260: 7629: 6957: 6774: 6250: 6128: 5519: 5482: 5428: 5121: 5106: 5003: 4812: 4515:

was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the

4467: 4191: 4117: 3947: 3430: 3413: 3306: 3141: 2888: 2868: 2344: 2162: 1890: 1873: 1849: 1702: 1554: 1324: 1093: 1057: 10120:

A structure of alliances with European powers, in which Britain had formed grand coalitions against

9842: 6016:"Every new war is a step closer to taking away from the descendants the means of defence they need." 5570: 5546:) would be retaken from the Spanish army during the undeclared Hispano-Portuguese war of 1763–1777. 5245:

British Prime Minister William Pitt's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the

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is about this military conflict, with the player fighting alongside the French against the British.

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The Seven Years' War, like most European wars of the eighteenth century, was fought as a so-called

2083: 2027: 2016: 1857: 1820:

The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks", where the

1813:

to assert their claim and shield the Native American population from increasing British influence.

1601: 827: 253: 215: 178: 11360: 9075: 8983: 8979: 12699: 12644: 12348: 12077: 11696: 9203: 7648: 7615: 6840: 6378: 5801: 5307: 5305:

All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an

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led about 2,000 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition to retake Fort Duquesne, but

1751:

involved Prussia and Austria (1756–1763). On the Indian subcontinent, the conflict is called the

1679: 1391: 971: 931: 919: 686: 475: 54: 10454:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

10285:

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766

9628: 6576: 5389:, which allowed the British to be resupplied but not the French. The French forces retreated to 5332:

fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 31 July, the

3876:

and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a

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The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755

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Dutch merchants complain to Princess Anne about the detention of merchant ships by the British.

5653: 5531: 5432: 5398: 5378: 5325: 5235: 4871: 4841: 4699: 4415: 4399: 4390: 4386: 4327: 4254: 4194:, Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under 4141: 4103: 3526: 3204: 3125: 3115: 2645: 2625: 2605: 2136: 1694: 1683: 1509: 1396: 943: 201: 11938: 9508: 9473: 9321: 9097: 8934: 8624: 8310: 8180: 8166: 7908: 3885:

around the globe. This "dual strategy" would dominate British policy for the next five years.

3872:. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by 3578:

from Silesia, seize the fortress at Olmütz, and advance on Vienna to force an end to the war.

1105: 12480: 12440: 12200: 12129: 11578: 11421: 10978: 10918: 10399: 10209: 9980: 9672: 9563: 9546: 9542: 9536: 9126: 9013: 9005: 8831: 8608: 8498: 8416: 8283: 8150: 8050: 7868: 7559: 7555: 6979: 6296: 6148: 6144: 5688: 5550: 5492: 5460: 5417: 5386: 5321: 5222: 5146: 5091: 5043: 5038: 4978: 4973: 4963: 4943: 4782: 4772: 4752: 4711: 4369: 4199: 3369: 2959: 2913: 2707: 2503: 2458: 2401: 2361: 2316: 2051: 1914: 1898: 1894: 1798: 1788: 1777: 1765: 1715: 1648: 1629: 1456: 1299: 859: 266: 9198: 5562: 4258: 2610: 1232: 12013: 11686: 11583: 11553: 7402: 7199: 6686: 6598: 6422: 6283: 5877: 5683: 5374: 5266: 5131: 4866: 4536: 4528: 4085: 4050: 3877: 3873: 3765: 3613:

commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of

3509: 3384: 3293: 3105: 3053: 2799: 2525: 2240: 2183: 2154: 2127: 1617: 1426: 1045: 725: 439: 369: 322: 93: 11118:

The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth-Century Europe: Essays in honour of P.G.M. Dickson

10840:

Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present

5566: 5202: 4021:

In France, 1758 had been disappointing and in the wake of this, a new chief minister, the

3570:

Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had

3225: 1386: 8: 12588: 12518: 12375: 11838: 11609: 11035: 10595: 10334: 9603: 9435:

La Década Fundamental en la Controversia de Límites entre Venezuela y Colombia, 1881–1891

7620: 7591: 7587: 7566: 7424: 6620: 6279: 6127:, and to Great Britain the rest of New France. Britain returned to France the islands of 6086: 6066: 6038: 5923: 5893: 5775: 5698: 5693: 5344: 5116: 5028: 4807: 4777: 4767: 4505: 4411: 4373: 4307: 4303: 4153: 4006: 3998: 3914: 3802: 3645: 3004: 2779: 2672: 2530: 2493: 2357: 2189: 2079: 2008: 1881: 1451: 967: 650: 174: 9578: 5932: 5855: 5397:

by overwhelming British forces, they surrendered on 8 September, essentially ending the

4156:

and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.

3389: 3298: 3058: 2979: 2784: 12578: 12560: 12513: 12495: 12475: 12114: 11866: 11764: 11736: 11619: 11604: 11018: 11014: 10902:

Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry & the Conduct of the Seven Years' War

10709: 10600: 10529:

Nobility Lost: French and Canadian Martial Cultures, Indians, and the End of New France

10500: 10384: 10159: 9393: 7741: 7606: 7602: 7579: 7155: 7023: 6906: 6554: 6466: 6356: 6081: 6070: 5919: 5850: 5634: 5594: 5504: 5382: 5333: 5278: 5239: 4851: 4817: 4668:

in 1759, with the fall of Quebec. The buffer that French North America had provided to

4523: 4437: 4319: 3993: 3975: 3869: 3828: 3748: 3696: 3633: 3585: 3538: 3029: 2994: 2816: 2789: 2767: 2662: 2453: 2288: 2082:, was hostile to both France and Prussia, but he could not persuade Austrian statesman 2035: 1753: 1747: 1605: 1524: 1314: 1284: 280: 86: 79: 11238:. Textes inédits introduits, établis et annotés par Jeroom Vercruysse et Bruno Colson 6400: 6299:

remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution and did not rebel.

5277:. The celebration of these successes was dampened by their embarrassing defeat in the 4345:. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and in the 3680: 2478: 2023:

in 1748 in order to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances.

12485: 12425: 12232: 12158: 12136: 12035: 11913: 11726: 11706: 11701: 11691: 11526: 11290: 11253: 11209: 11169: 11141: 11121: 11102: 11072: 11051: 11022: 11010:

England, Prussia, and the Seven Years War: Studies in Alliance Policies and Diplomacy

10986: 10957: 10922: 10887: 10868: 10844: 10823: 10806: 10788: 10769: 10726: 10713: 10678: 10662: 10641: 10620: 10577: 10560: 10550: 10514: 10485: 10461: 10438: 10427: 10422: 10351: 10315: 10293: 10268: 10241: 10151: 10101: 9998: 9920: 9678: 9170: 8439: 8316: 8289: 8250: 8225: 8215: 8186: 8127: 8100: 8073: 8027: 7725: 7336: 7294: 6752: 6532: 6510: 6287: 6200: 6191: 6160: 6132: 6058: 6025: 5945: 5748: 5673: 5658: 5648: 5543: 5394: 5362: 5354: 5337: 5254: 5156: 4888: 4516: 4431: 4270: 4176: 3960: 3930: 3849: 3832: 3784: 3597: 3504: 3494: 3100: 3080: 2838: 2732: 2722: 2635: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2535: 2071: 2031: 1845: 1825: 1806: 1742: 1698: 1656: 1613: 1609: 1367: 1021: 674: 638: 355: 342: 72: 50: 30:

This article is about the mid-18th-century war. For other wars of the same name, see

11333: 11311: 5336:

with 4,000 soldiers but the French positioned high up on the cliffs overlooking the

4207:, but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order. 12470: 12415: 12321: 12062: 11833: 11803: 11769: 11614: 11222: 11199: 10701: 10307: 10249: 10143: 10121: 8361:"His Majesty's Declaration of War Against the French King. [17 May, 1756.]" 7737: 7641: 7633:(2014) is also set within the timescale of the Seven Years' War, from 1756 to 1760. 7501: 6818: 6664: 6274: 6171: 6167: 6006: 5779: 5582: 5578: 5530:, now Uruguay and south Brazil. The Spanish conquered the Portuguese settlement of 5206: 4861: 4449: 4322:(29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of 4274: 4204: 4149: 4073: 3983: 3699:, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody 3471: 3194: 2964: 2747: 2727: 2565: 2520: 2498: 2252: 2140: 1514: 1033: 831: 709: 622: 572: 194: 11354:

Clash of Empires and The Battle of the Plains of Abraham – The Canadian War Museum

11087:

Shipping and Military Power in the Seven Year War, 1756–1763: The Sails of Victory

10692:

Higgonet, Patrice Louis-René (March 1968). "The Origins of the Seven Years' War".

7463:

is set against the Seven Years' War. This is a quote about the war from the novel:

5512: 4203:

November 1760, Frederick was once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the

4033: 3792: 12490: 12237: 12089: 12057: 11731: 11711: 11328: 11284: 11066: 11008: 10951: 10912: 10862: 10838: 10817: 10657: 10635: 10535: 10504: 10479: 10345: 10283: 9877: 9467: 9454:

Report on Orinoco-Casiquiare-Negro Waterway. Venezuela-Colombia-Brazil, July 1943

9420: 9401: 9164: 9110: 8360: 8244: 8121: 8094: 8067: 8021: 7541: 7478: 7380: 7243: 6708: 6175: 6152: 5964: 5763: 5744: 5678: 5361:

On 13 September 1759, General James Wolfe led 5,000 troops up a goat path to the

4685: 4629: 4137: 4133: 4081: 4038: 3882: 3713: 3704: 3499: 3403: 3199: 3095: 2717: 2473: 1885: 1877: 1821: 1675: 1585: 1559: 1117: 690: 618: 211: 142: 9766: 9634:

Las Casuchas del Rey: un patrimonio temprano de la integración chileno-argentina

3889: 3318: 2157:

for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the

12573: 12400: 12163: 12153: 11530: 10475: 10374: 7678: 7637: 7624: 6062:

resigned itself to the fact that the Republic persisted in its neutral stance.

6050: 5993: 5910: 5873: 5767: 5558: 5557:, was updated and reinforced from 1764 onwards. Other vulnerable localities of 5527: 5214: 4664:, in 1758. More importantly, the British defeated the French in its defence of 4540: 4358: 4334: 4310:, at once ended the Russian occupation of East Prussia and Pomerania (see: the 4195: 4065: 3979: 3688: 3670: 3657: 3638: 2942: 2878: 2823: 2804: 2657: 2236: 2197: 2158: 1906: 1797:

Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750, before the

1737: 1662:

Spain entered the war on the French side in 1762, unsuccessfully attempting to

1625: 1621: 1289: 997: 985: 422: 396: 11405: 7516:; the book's themes of disillusionment and suffering underscore this position. 5791: 4113: 3695:

On 18 April 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the

2070:

to Poland, an exchange that would be accompanied by the cession of the Polish

12603: 12533: 12370: 12008: 11321: 11213: 10908: 10434: 10364: 10245: 10155: 8229: 7853:

That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present

6642: 5725: 5478: 5450: 5178: 4532: 4461: 4445: 4061: 3264: 3036: 2794: 2296: 2272: 2248: 2232: 2131: 2111: 1833: 1671: 1644: 1539: 1441: 1122: 895: 593: 62: 10564: 10253: 10227: 5574: 5242:

called Ile du Roi by the French, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

5205:

were allied with the British. Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the

3964: 3743: 12289: 11813: 11779: 11534: 11359: 11204: 11068:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

10289: 9912: 9714: 9568:, nr. 95, Academia de Historia Militar Terrestre do Brasil, 2013, pp. 3–18. 8212:

Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire

7683: 7673: 7483: 6136: 6098: 6021: 5972: 5960: 5889: 5752: 5733: 4512: 4145: 3919: 3831:

on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the

3729: 3564: 2292: 2283: 2264: 2256: 2067: 2047: 1837: 1564: 606: 434: 173:

France cedes its North American possessions east of the Mississippi River,

12050: 9521: 4323: 4291: 4015: 12395: 12124: 12045: 11978: 11808: 10637:

The Age of the Ship of the Line: the British and French navies, 1650–1851

9710: 9042: 6093:, whose lands were being overseen by the current king of Denmark-Norway, 5927: 5783: 5508: 5312: 5249:

after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the

4646: 4642: 4493: 4488:. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by 4395: 3865: 3811: 2374: 2279: 1793: 1589: 568: 146: 5439:

generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see

4333:

Two new countries entered the war in 1762. Britain declared war against

4281: 3724: 2339: 2303:

in the cold season, resuming their campaigns with the return of spring.

12430: 12380: 12299: 12168: 10753: 10675:

Empires at War: The Seven Years' War and the Struggle for North America

10388: 10265:

The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War

10163: 9640:. XII Congreso Geológico Chileno (in Spanish). Santiago. Archived from 9103: 9096:(in Spanish), Borzas, 28 November 1772; cited by Jorge Cejudo López in 9080:, Vol. 2, Publicações de Comissão de História Militar, Minerva, 1936, 7513: 6291: 6140: 5968: 5598: 5445: 5440: 5427:

The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the

4692: 4673: 4665: 4535:

to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. At the

4285: 2300: 2205: 2200:. Eighteenth-century European armies were built around units of massed 1955: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1829: 1810: 1741:), as the Sweden–Prussia conflict between 1757 and 1762 was limited to 1446: 496: 204:

and its North American territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain

8123:

Development of British Naval Thinking: Essays in Memory of Bryan Ranft

7586:

Numerous towns and other places now in United States were named after

6256: 5719:

Plan of Pondicherry, the French capital in India, taken by the British

5424:. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America. 5405:

while awaiting the results. This regime would last from 1760 to 1763.

4684:

in 1762 as well as the Spanish Empire's main port in the West Indies,

4410:(Lord Bute), and the Russian emperor had been overthrown by his wife, 4187: 3171: 2089: 2063: 12018: 11098: 10377:. "The Duke of Newcastle and the Financing of the Seven Years' War". 6260:

Map showing British territorial gains in North America following the

6042: 5909:

Despite being one of the major European powers during this time, the

5759: 5602: 4669: 4172: 3892:, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous 3853: 3581: 3560: 2260: 2208: 588: 10147: 8464: 4237:

Operations of Russian army on Polish–Lithuanian territory, 1756–1763

4068:

with 40,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General

3555:

in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the

1930: 1335: 12583: 12445: 11344:

1759: From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham Virtual Exhibition.

10758:

The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company

10705: 9881: 7780:"British History in depth: Was the American Revolution Inevitable?" 7491: 5737: 5554: 5487: 5390: 4501: 4497: 4350: 4107: 4089: 3779: 3675: 3614: 2370: 2201: 1597: 791: 186: 138: 10609:

By Force of Arms: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War, Vol II

6041:, to refuse the requested help. However, the wealthy merchants of 5885: 5831: 5289:

attacked, they believed that the French led by Lieutenant General

4580: 4080:

forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the

3605:. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the 2011:, known as Frederick the Great, seized the prosperous province of 1682:

in the Philippines to Britain, but they were returned in the 1763

11242:(Paris, Editions Honoré Champion, 2008) (L'Âge des Lumières, 44). 9886: 9798: 9796: 9055:

Franco-Spaniards were lost mostly from hunger and desertion. See

7496: 6211: 6207: 6053:

fired celebratory gunshots in support of the Prussians after the

5876:, Pitt dispatched an expedition to take the French settlement at 5787: 5210: 4661: 4653: 4212: 4168: 4054: 4011: 3971: 3934: 3910: 3906: 3788: 3684: 3649: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3575: 3551:, and the French opened the campaign against the British with an 2381: 2271:. Strategic warfare in this period centred around control of key 2228: 2216: 2212: 2193: 2109:

French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the

2012: 1910: 1690: 190: 11338: 9065:(Portuguese), vol. II, Círculo de Leitores, Lisboa, 2004, p. 341 3732:

and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested

1983: 11522: 10225: 10177: 10175: 10173: 7590:

to commemorate the victorious conclusion of the war, including

5729: 5496: 5294: 4159:

The year 1760 brought yet more Prussian disasters. The general

3893: 3548: 2224: 1865: 1593: 223: 219: 182: 134: 10187: 9793: 9248:, vol. 5, pp. 103–104, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 6931:

Major land battles during the Seven Years' War (North America)

6186: 5899: 4152:

caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under

4072:. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at 2431: 1836:. British colonial militia from Virginia accompanied by Chief 11343: 10481:

England in the Seven Years' War: A Study in Combined Strategy

9733: 8069:

The French and Indian War: Deciding the Fate of North America

7265: 6928: 6327: 5741: 5518:

Between September 1762 and April 1763, Spanish forces led by

3956: 3609:. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal 2343:

British raid on French settlement of Miramichi (later called

2268: 2220: 1841: 1262: 207: 150: 11046:

Speelman, P.J. (2012). Danley, M.H.; Speelman, P.J. (eds.).

10534: 10170: 10043: 10041: 10028: 10026: 9375: 9363: 9351: 9339: 9327: 9122: 9001: 6290:, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands. The 6065:

Unofficially, the Dutch East India Company would attempt to

5412:

In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked

4265:, forces under Ferdinand defeated a 92,000-man French army. 4233: 2046:, British secretary of state in the ministry of his brother 10605:

Instrument of War: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War

9299: 9275: 9263: 9102:, Fundación Universitaria Española, 1975, legajo (file) n. 8722: 8642: 8363:. T. Baskett and the Assigns of R. Baskett. 1 January 1756. 7938: 7724:

25,000 dead excluding parts of the HRE that were under the

5956: 3888:

Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count

3255: 2366: 10983:

Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815

10547:

Relief Is Greatly Wanted: The Battle of Fort William Henry

10234:

Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland

9942:

Eric Robson, "The Seven Years' War", in J O Lindsay, ed.,

9827:

The Decisive Battles of India: From 1746 to 1849 Inclusive

9677:(3rd ed.). Delhi: New Age International. p. 34. 9144: 8630: 8023:

In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670–1730

5944:

rebellions from nationalistic uprisings, notably from the

5409:

Albany as well as populations living throughout the area.

4425: 3736:

on 30 August 1757. In the words of the American historian

1856:. The French retaliated by attacking Washington's army at 124:(6 years, 8 months, 4 weeks and 1 day) 11166:

Der Siebenjährige Krieg. Ein Weltkrieg im 18. Jahrhundert

10429:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

10053: 10038: 10023: 9781: 8849: 8797: 8683: 8671: 8341: 7886: 5926:, had made diplomatic overtures with the Ottoman Sultan, 4318:, while his brother Henry won a victory in Saxony in the 4175:. The Hanoverians were victorious over the French at the 2034:, had coalesced just as they had done against Louis XIV. 11334:

Memorial University of Newfoundland's page about the war

10937:

The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France

10098:

Northern Armageddon: The Battle of the Plains of Abraham

8861: 8809: 8785: 8773: 8751: 8749: 8700: 8698: 8558: 8548: 8546: 8476: 8372: 8370: 4656:

in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured

4284:. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the 3913:, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the 1998: France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies 11370:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 715–723. 10953:

Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763

10574:

The Seven Years' War: Global Views (History of Warfare)

10011: 9132: 8897: 8329: 7914: 7874: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7801: 6330:

Major land battles during the Seven Years' War (Europe)

6119:

The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the

5747:, a French ally, and ousted him from his throne at the 5503:

In South America, the Portuguese conquered most of the

1884:

ended in disastrous defeat. In further action, Admiral

1723:(1756–1763). In French-speaking Canada, it is known as 111:

17 May 1756 – 15 February 1763

10077: 10065: 9438:(in Spanish), Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1988, 9287: 9251: 9216: 9214: 8945: 8943: 8509: 8507: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8394: 8263: 8026:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 356. 7926: 7821: 7268:

Major land battles during the Seven Years' War (India)

6155:

to Great Britain, but it received from the French the

5230:

their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also

1801:(1754 to 1763), which was part of the Seven Years' War 1651:, Prussia allied with Britain, while the long running 12317:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

10944:

Battle for Empire: the very first World War 1756–1763

9893: 9871:

Canada to Confederation p. 8: Barriers to Immigration

8914: 8912: 8837: 8761: 8746: 8734: 8710: 8695: 8543: 8531: 8519: 8452: 8382: 8367: 7545:

covers the European campaigns of the Seven Years' War

6306:. In the years after the war, under the direction of 5751:

in 1757. In the same year, the British also captured

5526:) undertook a campaign against the Portuguese in the 5182:

French and British positions at the start of the War

10408:

The Dutch Republic in Europe in the Seven Years' War

9938: 9936: 9919:(new introduction ed.). London: Penguin Books. 7798: 6131:, which had been ceded to Britain in 1714 under the 6051:

Dutch soldiers stationed in the Austrian Netherlands

5538:

and forced the Portuguese to surrender and retreat.

4365:

full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.

3719:

Later that summer, the Russians under Field Marshal

3559:, and the island was captured on 28 June (for which 11317:

Events and the participants in the Seven Years' War

10506:

Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton

9972: 9627: 9211: 8940: 8885: 8504: 8422: 5794:this effectively eliminated French power in India. 4700:

until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end

1992: Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, with allies 10426: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9246:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 9244:Burkholder, Suzanne Hiles, " Seven Years' War" in 9226: 8909: 8061: 8059: 7950: 7833: 7760: 6159:and all of the former French holdings west of the 4452:. The expedition set out on 8 September 1757, Sir 4182:Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of 3950:with Frederick in which they committed to pay him 1828:rivers meet to form the Ohio River in present-day 10803:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World 9933: 9190: 9188: 9186: 8873: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8575: 8573: 7558:, and its subsequent adaptations, are set in the 6264:in pink, and Spanish territorial gains after the 4060:Prussia suffered several defeats in 1759. At the 3905:In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of 3348: 12601: 12332:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 11662:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 10972:A History of the Royal Navy: The Seven Years War 8438:(in German). Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler. 7533:are based on the events of the Seven Years' War. 7500:are based on the Seven Years' War; according to 5872:In 1758, at the urging of an American merchant, 5778:in 1760 and overran the French territory of the 3625:. Meanwhile, Frederick and Keith would make for 2192:was characterised by the widespread adoption of 2007:, which lasted from 1740 to 1748, Prussian King 1852:on 28 May 1754 killing ten, including commander 12451:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 12366:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 10748:Russia and the Outbreak of the Seven Years' War 10218: 9949: 9884:dismissed New France as "a few acres of snow", 9552: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8056: 7967: 7965: 3652:from French invasion, under the command of the 3617:. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse 244: 11339:Kronoskaf.com: Seven Years' War Knowledge Base 11224:Les dernières années de la Louisiane française 9183: 8974:Dumouriez, Charles François Du Périer (1797). 8654: 8570: 4132:was scattered by a larger British fleet under 4084:. Frederick himself lost half his army in the 12305:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 11506: 11391: 11182: 10531:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014. 8989: 7601:The fourth scenario of the second act in the 7580:Minna von Barnhelm or the Soldiers' Happiness 7573:The Seven Years' War is the central theme of 5817: 5618: 5070: 4922: 4731: 4566: 4448:to overrun the town and burn shipping in the 3457: 3334: 3241: 3157: 2417: 1987:All the participants of the Seven Years' War 1844:warriors were sent to drive them out. Led by 1628:. Related conflicts include the 1754 to 1763 1351: 1248: 11245: 11134: 11001:The Seven Years War: A Transatlantic History 10720: 9802: 9787: 9699:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 9099:Catálogo del archivo del conde de Campomanes 8591: 8246:Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas 7962: 6139:. Faced with the choice of regaining either 6067:undermine or even prevent British domination 5522:, Governor of Buenos Aires (and later first 4676:took the French Caribbean sugar colonies of 4522:The troops were reembarked and moved to the 2369:. The British pursued a dual strategy—naval 27:Global war among European powers (1756–1763) 12258:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 12253:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 10312:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma 9659:Plassey, 1757: Clive of India's Finest Hour 6190:August 2009 historical re-enactment of the 5900:Neutral nations during the Seven Years' War 5758:In the south, although the French captured 5311:. Starting in June 1759, the British under 4504:was called off, and the fleet sailed on to 2177: 2078:, grand chancellor of Russia under Empress 1600:. One of the opposing alliances was led by 11574:Military history of the Russian Federation 11513: 11499: 11398: 11384: 10700:. Journal of Modern History, 40.1: 57–90. 10451: 10226:Carl Johan Aminoff; Patrick Bruun (1994), 10193: 10181: 9917:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery 8955: 7689:List of wars and battles involving Prussia 7656:Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade 7512:was written, Voltaire had been opposed to 5824: 5810: 5625: 5611: 5077: 5063: 4929: 4915: 4738: 4724: 4573: 4559: 3844:, with Daun, who was now a field marshal. 3464: 3450: 3341: 3327: 3248: 3234: 3164: 3150: 2424: 2410: 2121:Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti 2119:included the Polish crown for his kinsman 1872:, which was immediately followed by their 1358: 1344: 1255: 1241: 12740:Colonization history of the United States 11824:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 11279: 11203: 11006: 10677:. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. 10205: 9206: 8214:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 64–66. 8162: 8146: 8019: 7504:("Voltaire's Double-Barreled Musket", in 5507:valley, and repelled a Spanish attack on 3946:In April 1758, the British concluded the 3592:Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count 1971:Learn how and when to remove this message 271: 11095:The Seven Years' War in Europe 1756–1763 11045: 10691: 10617:The French Navy and the Seven Years' War 10281: 10259: 10238:Society of Swedish Literature in Finland 9823: 9381: 9369: 9357: 9345: 9333: 9317: 9305: 9281: 9269: 9257: 9138: 8930: 8903: 8728: 8648: 8636: 8620: 8335: 8315:. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 115ff. 8249:. London: Frank Cass. pp. 156–157. 8065: 7944: 7932: 7920: 7904: 7892: 7880: 7864: 7827: 6255: 6185: 5983: 5714: 5486: 5343: 5177: 4466: 4394: 4290: 4232: 4112: 4098: 4044: 4032: 3992: 3924: 3797: 3778: 3768:and forced to surrender entirely at the 3742: 3674: 3656:. The British attempted to persuade the 3648:was organised by the British to protect 3580: 2338: 2310: 2088: 1982: 1848:, they ambushed a small French force at 1792: 1731:). Swedish historiography uses the name 387: 360: 333: 11785:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 11655:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 11220: 10999:Schumann, Matt, and Karl W. Schweizer. 10907: 10881: 10857: 10750:(University of California Press, 1968). 10499: 10474: 10095: 10083: 10071: 10059: 10047: 10032: 9976: 9911: 9596: 9579:"Ingeniería Militar durante la Colonia" 9529: 9491:, University of Nebraska Press, 1994, 9451:United States Army Corps of Engineers- 9220: 9150: 9025: 8827: 8704: 8665: 8585: 8564: 8525: 8494: 8285:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 8072:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 80. 8007: 7487:(1975) is based on the Thackeray novel. 6111:Financial costs of the Seven Years' War 6089:had desired on reclaiming his title of 5203:Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy 4660:, the centre of the French colonies in 3955:Westphalia and re-captured the port of 2042:after 1748 was deemed essential by the 1909:was also the King of Great Britain and 691: 14: 12602: 12406:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 12337:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 12196:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 12174:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 11888:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 11564:Military history of the Russian Empire 11163: 11115: 10977: 10949: 10836: 10782: 10723:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797 10672: 10571: 10540:. Vol. V. London: J. Davis. 1812. 10405: 10306: 10133: 9840: 9571: 9541:, Editorial Biblos, 2003, see chapter 9514: 9504: 9232: 8918: 8855: 8843: 8803: 8767: 8755: 8740: 8716: 8689: 8677: 8552: 8537: 8513: 8482: 8470: 8458: 8388: 8376: 8347: 8308: 8182:Britain As A Military Power, 1688–1815 8096:Aspects of European History, 1494–1789 7839: 7815: 7711: 7709: 7447: 6949:French, Spanish and native casualties 6020:It was precisely for this reason that 5632: 5221:In 1756 and 1757, the French captured 4436:Great Britain planned a "descent" (an 3646:combined force of allied German states 3307:Banda Oriental & Rio Grande do Sul 1325:Banda Oriental & Rio Grande do Sul 12556:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 11934:Russian colonization of North America 11494: 11379: 11249:De Nederlandse Burgeroorlog 1748–1815 11221:Terrage, Marc de Villiers du (1904). 11092: 11064: 10939:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2014). 10815: 10785:Frederick the Great on the Art of War 10766:Seven Years War in Dictionary of Wars 10741:Armies of the American Wars 1753-1815 10544: 10421: 10340: 10331:The Global Seven Years War, 1754–1763 10100:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 10017: 9899: 9293: 9194: 9162: 8949: 8891: 8879: 8867: 8815: 8791: 8779: 8604: 8400: 8281: 8269: 8209: 8185:. London: UCL Press. pp. 45–78. 8178: 8172: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7956: 7658:centres around the Battle of Krefeld. 6348:Franco-Austrian coalition casualties 5805: 5606: 5058: 4910: 4719: 4554: 4163:was defeated by the Austrians in the 3572:formed an alliance with Great Britain 3482:British Amphibious Descents (1757-61) 3445: 3322: 3229: 3145: 2405: 2398:Great Britain in the Seven Years' War 2196:in combination with more traditional 1365: 1339: 1236: 11569:Military history of the Soviet Union 11236:Mon Journal de la guerre de Sept Ans 11198:. Universidad de Alicante: 403–430. 11120:. Surrey: Ashgate. pp. 95–125. 10763: 10654: 10633: 10614: 10418:(University of Chicago Press, 2014). 10369:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia 9992: 9523:Brasil, conflitos externos 1500–1945 9009: 8961: 8433: 8412: 8242: 8119: 8046: 7766: 7699: 7490:The events in the early chapters of 6345:Anglo-Prussian coalition casualties 6143:or its Caribbean Island colonies of 5918:(1735–1739), and the signing of the 5766:failed, while the British commander 4492:. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at 4144:on 20 November, the British admiral 1953:adding citations to reliable sources 1924: 12310:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 11252:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Prometheus. 10114: 9670: 9166:The emergence of the Eastern powers 9123:The Royal Military Chronicle (1812) 9002:The Royal Military Chronicle (1812) 8126:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 77. 8092: 7706: 6943:French, Spanish and native numbers 6304:"Old System" of alliances in Europe 6302:The war also brought to an end the 6166:In India, the British retained the 6115:Miracle of the House of Brandenburg 6037:, regent in the Dutch Republic for 5755:, the French settlement in Bengal. 5393:in the summer of 1760, and after a 4546: 4225:Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) 4126:planned to invade the British Isles 1782: 24: 12356:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 11722:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 11156: 11048:The Seven Years' War: Global Views 9734:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica" 8099:. London: Routledge. p. 285. 7855:. London: William Heinemann, 2006. 6342:Franco-Austrian coalition numbers 6317: 5088:Seven Years' War in North America: 5086: 4940:Seven Years' War in North America: 4938: 4749:Seven Years' War in North America: 4747: 3707:. In response, Austrian commander 2515:Westphalia, Hesse and Lower Saxony 2054:" or the "reversal of alliances". 25: 12756: 12221:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 11305: 11140:(in Dutch). De Bataafsche Leeuw. 10592:Competition for Empire, 1740–1763 10314:. New York: Ticknor & Field. 9062:Nova História Militar de Portugal 9057:Milícia e sociedade. Recrutamento 7619:(2012), primarily set during the 6339:Anglo-Prussian coalition numbers 6076: 5979: 5904: 5553:, a Spanish defensive complex in 4757:, St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater 4306:died. Her Prussophile successor, 4302:January 1762 the Russian Empress 1876:. In July, British Major General 1745:in northern central Germany. The 12275:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 12068:Russian conquest of Central Asia 12004:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 11800:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 11742:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 11232:de Ligne, Charles-Joseph, Prince 10640:. University of Nebraska Press. 10619:. University of Nebraska Press. 10496:(Its focus is on naval history.) 10127: 10089: 9986: 9944:The New Cambridge Modern History 9905: 9860: 9834: 9817: 9808: 9751: 9726: 9704: 9691: 9664: 9651: 9621: 9479: 9460: 9445: 9426: 9407: 9387: 7730: 5472: 4705: 4460:the fleet. On 23 September, the 4171:in Hesse and the Swedes part of 4064:, or Paltzig, the Russian Count 3543:The British prime minister, the 1929: 1768:of the 14th and 15th centuries. 1608:. The other alliance was led by 1218: 1208: 1198: 1188: 1178: 1162: 1152: 1142: 1121: 1111: 1099: 1087: 1075: 1063: 1051: 1039: 1027: 1015: 1003: 991: 979: 961: 949: 937: 925: 913: 901: 889: 877: 865: 853: 841: 821: 809: 797: 785: 767: 755: 743: 731: 719: 699: 680: 668: 656: 644: 632: 612: 600: 592: 582: 562: 550: 538: 526: 514: 502: 490: 483: 465: 458: 428: 416: 404: 389: 376: 362: 349: 335: 311: 299: 287: 273: 260: 246: 161:Anglo-Prussian coalition victory 61: 12561:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 12206:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 12147:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 10886:. Essential Histories. Osprey. 10867:. Essential Histories. Osprey. 10456:(4th ed.). Jefferson, NC: 9824:Malleson, George Bruce (1883). 9238: 9156: 9086: 9068: 9035: 8995: 8967: 8353: 8302: 8275: 8236: 8199: 8113: 8086: 8013: 8001: 7989: 7977: 7623:, the early missions following 6324:Battles of the Seven Years' War 5959:ended up under the rule of the 5888:and the French trading post on 5782:. The French capital in India, 5371:Battle of the Plains of Abraham 4347:Battle of Valencia de Alcántara 4280:, while the Austrians captured 4130:Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran 3858:George II of Great Britain 3819:approaching from the west. The 2330:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 2267:and played the leading role in 1940:needs additional citations for 1708: 1588:involving most of the European 12735:Battles involving the Iroquois 12695:1760s in the Thirteen Colonies 12690:1760s in the Habsburg monarchy 12640:1750s in the Thirteen Colonies 12635:1750s in the Habsburg monarchy 12243:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 11893:War of the Austrian Succession 11349:The Seven Years' War in Canada 10721:Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). 10484:. (2 vols.). Pickle Partners. 10333:(Pearson Press, 2011) 660 pp; 9765:. 3 March 2016. Archived from 9169:. Cambridge University Press. 7845: 7772: 7718: 7669:France in the Seven Years' War 6244:War of the Bavarian Succession 6220:War of the Austrian Succession 6101:, before war could break out. 6003:War of the Austrian Succession 5797: 5549:As consequence of the war the 5524:Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata 5435:, the death of Wolfe, and the 5293:were defended only by a small 4456:commanding the troops and Sir 4018:, Poland) from the Prussians. 3909:and laid siege to Olmütz (now 2386:War of the Austrian Succession 2093:Europe in the years after the 2005:War of the Austrian Succession 1641:War of the Austrian Succession 13: 1: 12720:1763 in the Thirteen Colonies 12715:1763 in the Habsburg monarchy 12665:1754 in the Thirteen Colonies 12660:1754 in the Habsburg monarchy 12466:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 12344:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 12095:Russian invasion of Manchuria 12085:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 12031:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 12026:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 11969:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 11959:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 11924:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 11919:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 11909:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 11899:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 11877:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 11872:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 11849:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 11844:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 11819:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 11795:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 11790:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 11775:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 11650:List of wars involving Russia 11645:Sino-Russian border conflicts 11372:Includes several battle maps. 10694:The Journal of Modern History 10549:. Bowie, MD: Heritage Books. 9841:Eccles, William John (2006). 9631:; Aguirre-Urreta, B. (2009). 9423:, Library and Archives Canada 7746:War of the Spanish Succession 5732:, where British forces under 5520:don Pedro Antonio de Cevallos 5367:Louis Antoine de Bougainville 4688:, and its main Asian port of 4426:British amphibious "descents" 4341:of Portugal and succeeded in 4229:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) 4190:, Poland) in Silesia. In the 3603:Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick 3588:. Austria: blue; Prussia: red 3352:Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763) 2306: 1771: 1659:signed a treaty with France. 12421:Eritrean War of Independence 12391:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 12386:East German uprising of 1953 12327:Eastern Front (World War II) 12216:Red Army invasion of Georgia 12211:Red Army invasion of Armenia 12179:Estonian War of Independence 12120:Russian occupation of Tabriz 12041:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 11999:War of the Seventh Coalition 11882:War of the Polish Succession 11829:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 11168:(in German). München: Beck. 10816:Mahan, Alexander J. (2011). 10537:The Royal Military Chronicle 10406:Carter, Alice Clare (1971). 10371:(2016). scholarly biography. 10219:General and cited references 9538:Las Orígenes de la Argentina 9472:, part third, London, 1819, 9404:. Retrieved 31 January 2011. 9077:O Conde de Lippe em Portugal 8288:. Macmillan. pp. 71ff. 8243:Vego, Milan N. (2003). 8066:Borneman, Walter R. (2007). 7851:Tombs, Robert and Isabelle. 7754: 5999:War of the Polish Succession 5935:, who was quoted as saying. 4539:a rear-guard of 1,400 under 4278:stormed Kolberg in Pomerania 4218: 4028: 3963:and the brief occupation of 3852:, and blockaded its capital 1920: 1670:in what became known as the 7: 12685:1760s in the British Empire 12630:1750s in the British Empire 12461:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 12411:Sino-Soviet border conflict 12280:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12248:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 12184:Latvian War of Independence 12073:Russian conquest of Bukhara 11964:War of the Fourth Coalition 11949:War of the Second Coalition 11246:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2017). 11192:Revista de Historia Moderna 11183:García Arenas, Mar (2004). 11135:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2002). 11007:Schweizer, Karl W. (1989). 10950:Redman, Herbert J. (2014). 10673:Fowler, William H. (2005). 10661:. 1st Books Library, 2003. 10380:Journal of Economic History 10347:European Warfare, 1660–1815 10136:Political Science Quarterly 8992:, pp. 41, 73–74 (pdf file). 8309:Nester, William R. (2000). 7662: 7647:(itself an offshoot of the 7461:William Makepeace Thackeray 6232:George III of Great Britain 6104: 5971:, the grandson of the last 5437:siege of Fort William Henry 5195: New France and Allies 5187: British North America 4249:surprised French troops at 3862:Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick 1854:Joseph Coulon de Jumonville 1100: 1088: 417: 10: 12761: 12710:1763 in the British Empire 12655:1754 in the British Empire 12456:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 11994:War of the Sixth Coalition 11984:War of the Fifth Coalition 11954:War of the Third Coalition 11559:Military history of Russia 11521:Armed conflicts involving 11272: 11093:Szabo, Franz A.J. (2007). 10843:. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO. 10743:(Osprey Publishing, 1975). 10634:Dull, Jonathan R. (2009). 10615:Dull, Jonathan R. (2007). 10594:(1940) focus on diplomacy 10511:Cambridge University Press 10096:MacLeod, D. Peter (2008). 9414:Virtual Vault: "Canadiana" 6946:British-native casualties 6321: 6312:American Revolutionary War 6108: 5916:Austro-Russian-Turkish War 5592: 5476: 5456:The Death of General Wolfe 5350:The Death of General Wolfe 4709: 4429: 4384: 4312:Treaty of Saint Petersburg 4222: 3774:French Invasion of Hanover 3770:Convention of Klosterzeven 3734:Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf 3668: 3536: 2504:Prussian Bohemia Incursion 2395: 2235:were used principally for 2181: 2171:First Treaty of Versailles 2103:George II of Great Britain 1786: 1775: 218:in exchange for return of 29: 12569: 12504: 12295:Soviet invasion of Poland 12105: 11989:French invasion of Russia 11857: 11755: 11674: 11600:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 11592: 11549: 11542: 11474: 11415: 11322:Seven Years' War timeline 11312:The French Army 1600–1900 11227:(in French). E. Guilmoto. 10884:The French and Indian War 10837:Marley, David F. (2008). 10805:. (Jonathan Cape, 2004). 10545:Dodge, Edward J. (1998). 10335:online review in H-FRANCE 9847:The Canadian Encyclopedia 9520:Bento, Cláudio Moreira – 9400:13 September 2019 at the 9163:Scott, Hamish M. (2001). 9074:Sales, Ernesto Augusto – 8020:Pritchard, James (2004). 7286:Mughal-French casualties 7283:British-sepoy casualties 6251:First Partition of Poland 6129:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5951: 5846: 5644: 5581:in the high Andes called 5483:First Cevallos expedition 5429:Expulsion of the Acadians 5275:Petitcodiac River Valleys 5102: 5093:The French and Indian War 4954: 4945:The French and Indian War 4763: 4754:The French and Indian War 4595: 4118:Battle of Liegnitz (1760) 3948:Anglo-Prussian Convention 3490: 3360: 3272: 3190: 2446: 2391: 2384:, lost to Prussia in the 2334:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2163:Convention of Westminster 2095:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2021:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1888:fired on the French ship 1874:expulsion of the Acadians 1870:Battle of Fort Beauséjour 1762:Second Hundred Years' War 1703:European balance of power 1377: 1275: 1132: 448: 235: 197:in India to Great Britain 103: 60: 48: 43: 12436:South African Border War 12361:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 12263:Chechen uprising of 1932 11944:Russo-Persian War (1796) 11361:"Seven Years' War" 11327:21 December 2013 at the 11286:The Luck of Barry Lyndon 10882:Marston, Daniel (2002). 10819:Maria Theresa of Austria 10764:Kohn, George C. (2000). 10527:Crouch, Christian Ayne. 10236:(in Swedish), Helsinki: 9995:Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche 9993:Bled, Jean-Paul (2001). 9558:Bento, Cláudio Moreira- 8434:Bled, Jean-Paul (2006). 8282:James, Lawrence (1997). 8093:Lee, Stephen J. (1984). 7694: 7636:Several installments of 7562:of the Seven Years' War. 7551:The Last of the Mohicans 7456:The Luck of Barry Lyndon 6549:Prussian-allied victory 6135:, to assist with French 6091:Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 5770:decisively defeated the 5588: 5466:The Last of the Mohicans 5414:St. John's, Newfoundland 5377:. During the subsequent 5300:François Gaston de Lévis 5291:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm 5255:capture of Fort Duquesne 4438:amphibious demonstration 3940:The Gentleman's Magazine 3687:(the site is now in the 3607:Duke of Brunswick-Bevern 3182:Invasion Campaign (1759) 2319:battalion at Kolín, 1757 2188:European warfare in the 2178:Methods and technologies 2084:Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz 2040:Anglo-Austrian alignment 2017:Maria Theresa of Austria 1725:La guerre de la Conquête 67:Clockwise from top left: 12078:Khivan campaign of 1873 11929:Russo-Polish War (1792) 11367:Encyclopædia Britannica 11164:Füssel, Marian (2010). 10458:McFarland & Company 10452:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 10282:Anderson, Fred (2007). 8210:Simms, Brendan (2008). 8120:Till, Geoffrey (2006). 7607:Age of Empires III 7527:Prussia's Defiant Stand 7194:British-allied victory 7128:British-allied victory 6996:British-allied victory 6940:British-native numbers 6901:British-allied victory 6857:British-allied victory 6769:British-allied victory 6703:Russo-Austrian victory 6681:British-allied victory 6266:Treaty of Fontainebleau 5536:Rio Grande de São Pedro 4524:Bay of St. Lunaire 4380: 4326:and compounded this by 4316:recapturing Schweidnitz 4296:Siege of Kolberg (1761) 4263:Battle of Villinghausen 4245:In February 1761, Duke 4070:Carl Heinrich von Wedel 3937:– a map of the area in 3900: 3664: 3532: 2245:tactical communications 2076:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin 1868:on 16 June 1755 in the 1653:French–Habsburg rivalry 55:Austro-Prussian rivalry 12725:18th-century conflicts 12680:1760s in Great Britain 12625:1750s in Great Britain 12551:Western Libya campaign 12226:East Karelian uprising 11747:Wagner Group rebellion 11682:Uprising of Bolotnikov 11264:(Sample of book used.) 11205:10.14198/RHM2004.22.14 10760:. HarperCollins, 1993. 10383:31#2 (1971): 344–377. 9604:"Lugares estratégicos" 9457:, Vol. I, 1943, p. 15. 8976:An Account of Portugal 8179:Black, Jeremy (1999). 7630:Assassin's Creed Rogue 7560:North American theatre 7538:grand strategy wargame 7473: 7280:Mughal-French numbers 7277:British-sepoy numbers 7040:French-allied victory 7018:French-allied victory 6974:French-allied victory 6269: 6201:famed French artillery 6195: 6194:fought on 31 July 1760 6024:, Grand Pensionary of 6010:Laurens van de Spiegel 5989: 5720: 5571:Juan Fernández Islands 5500: 5358: 5253:and in the successful 5236:Fortress of Louisbourg 5198: 4830:Conquest of New France 4476: 4473:William Pitt the Elder 4416:Treaty of Hubertusburg 4402: 4400:Treaty of Hubertusburg 4391:Treaty of Paris (1763) 4387:Treaty of Hubertusburg 4298: 4247:Ferdinand of Brunswick 4238: 4186:, captured Glatz (now 4167:. The French captured 4142:Battle of Quiberon Bay 4121: 4110: 4104:Battle of Quiberon Bay 4057: 4042: 4002: 3943: 3806: 3795: 3752: 3705:laid siege to the city 3692: 3589: 3527:William Pitt the Elder 3414:Colonia del Sacramento 2348: 2347:, New Brunswick), 1758 2320: 2098: 2015:from Austria. Empress 2000: 1840:and a small number of 1802: 1695:Treaty of Hubertusburg 1592:, fought primarily in 449:Commanders and leaders 318:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 12546:Intervention in Syria 12481:Tajikistani Civil War 12189:Lithuanian–Soviet War 12130:Battle of Robat Karim 11579:Post-Soviet conflicts 11422:Diplomatic Revolution 11281:Thackeray, William M. 11071:. New York: Praeger. 11065:Stone, David (2006). 10919:New York Review Books 10572:Danley, Mark (2012). 10400:Yale University Press 10396:The Duke of Newcastle 10350:. London: UCL Press. 9997:(in French). Fayard. 9876:26 March 2009 at the 9560:Rafael Pinto Bandeira 9419:21 March 2016 at the 8473:, Footnote on p. 441. 7556:James Fenimore Cooper 7506:Blessings in Disguise 7468: 7432:4,550 (French-sepoy) 7410:2,600 (French-sepoy) 7388:7,300 (French-sepoy) 6259: 6189: 6174:and the defection of 6109:Further information: 5987: 5718: 5551:Valdivian Fort System 5532:Colonia do Sacramento 5490: 5461:James Fenimore Cooper 5418:Battle of Signal Hill 5387:Battle of Restigouche 5347: 5232:successfully defended 5181: 5096:, Ohio Valley Theater 4712:French and Indian War 4470: 4430:Further information: 4398: 4385:Further information: 4370:Battle of Signal Hill 4294: 4253:and then advanced to 4236: 4120:in what is now Poland 4116: 4102: 4048: 4036: 3996: 3928: 3801: 3782: 3746: 3678: 3584: 3380:Valencia de Alcántara 3289:Valencia de Alcántara 3049:Valencia de Alcántara 2396:Further information: 2362:Diplomatic Revolution 2342: 2314: 2282:in which disciplined 2182:Further information: 2137:Frederick Augustus II 2092: 2052:Diplomatic Revolution 1986: 1915:Diplomatic Revolution 1899:Battle of Lake George 1799:French and Indian War 1796: 1789:French and Indian War 1778:Diplomatic Revolution 1776:Further information: 1716:French and Indian War 1649:Diplomatic Revolution 1630:French and Indian War 1133:Casualties and losses 860:Louis de Bougainville 12529:Annexation of Crimea 12233:Central Asian Revolt 12142:Ukrainian–Soviet War 12014:Russo-Circassian War 11697:Pugachev's Rebellion 11640:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 11584:Russian Armed Forces 11554:Early modern warfare 11003:. (Routledge, 2012). 10900:Middleton, Richard. 10864:The Seven Years' War 10783:Luvaas, Jay (1999). 10725:. London: Longwood. 10124:ambitions in Europe. 9674:History Modern India 9109:14 July 2014 at the 8990:García Arenas (2004) 8436:Friedrich der Grosse 7616:Assassin's Creed III 7525:and, more recently, 6284:Proclamation of 1763 6069:in India during the 5878:Saint-Louis, Senegal 5840:West Africa Campaign 5375:Battle of Sainte-Foy 5267:Prince Edward Island 5247:taking of Louisbourg 5201:During the war, the 5024:Gulf of St. Lawrence 4589:West Indies Campaign 4537:Battle of Saint Cast 4339:launched an invasion 4198:and Austrians under 4086:Battle of Kunersdorf 4051:Battle of Kunersdorf 3988:Battle of Fehrbellin 3878:coalition government 3805:and staff at Leuthen 3766:Battle of Hastenbeck 2884:Breslau (1760 siege) 2844:Breslau (1759 siege) 2184:Early modern warfare 2155:Austrian Netherlands 2101:The Hanoverian King 1949:improve this article 1701:, thus altering the 440:Wabanaki Confederacy 323:Iroquois Confederacy 94:Battle of Kunersdorf 12589:Sphere of influence 12519:Russo-Ukrainian War 12376:First Indochina War 12349:Soviet–Japanese War 12285:Xinjiang War (1937) 12154:Kazakhstan Campaign 11939:Kościuszko Uprising 11839:Second Northern War 11717:Coup attempt (1991) 11610:Soviet-Finnish wars 11036:Smith, Digby George 10935:Nester, William R. 10914:Frederick the Great 10787:. Boston: Da Capo. 10501:Creveld, Martin van 10196:, pp. 121–122. 9701:25#1 (1997): 37–58. 9466:Southern, Robert – 9384:, pp. 392–393. 9372:, pp. 355–360. 9360:, pp. 240–249. 9348:, pp. 330–339. 9336:, pp. 258–266. 9308:, pp. 208–209. 9284:, pp. 185–201. 9272:, pp. 150–157. 9153:, pp. 242–243. 8870:, pp. 195–202. 8858:, pp. 501–506. 8818:, pp. 162–169. 8806:, pp. 494–499. 8794:, pp. 179–182. 8782:, pp. 148–155. 8731:, pp. 215–216. 8692:, pp. 476–481. 8680:, pp. 469–472. 8651:, pp. 176–177. 8350:, pp. 265–267. 7947:, pp. 119–120. 7621:American Revolution 7588:Frederick the Great 7567:The Partisan in War 7448:Cultural references 7366:900 (French-sepoy) 7270: 6933: 6332: 6280:Battle of Bushy Run 6039:William V of Orange 5924:Frederick the Great 5776:Battle of Wandiwash 5491:The bombardment of 5251:Battle of Cartagena 5117:Braddock Expedition 4984:2nd Northeast Coast 4959:1st Northeast Coast 4877:Pointe-aux-Trembles 4652:Great Britain lost 4165:Battle of Landeshut 4154:Marshal de Conflans 4076:, Austrian general 4007:Battle of Hochkirch 3999:Battle of Hochkirch 3915:Battle of Domstadtl 3842:Charles of Lorraine 3803:Frederick the Great 3758:Russian-Ottoman War 3420:Spanish East Indies 3294:Vila Velha de Ródão 3054:Vila Velha de Ródão 2693:Dresden (surrender) 2449:Bohemia and Moravia 2358:Frederick the Great 2295:and distributed by 2219:were equipped with 2190:early modern period 2132:Polish west Prussia 1729:War of the Conquest 1632:, and 1762 to 1763 1106:Augustin Ehrensvärd 1082:Nicolás de Carvajal 12705:1763 in New France 12650:1754 in New France 12579:Russian Revolution 12514:Russo-Georgian War 12496:Second Chechen War 12476:Georgian Civil War 12115:Russo-Japanese War 11867:Great Northern War 11765:Russo-Crimean Wars 11737:Second Chechen War 11635:Russo-Turkish wars 11630:Russo-Swedish wars 11620:Russo-Persian Wars 11605:Russo-Crimean Wars 11019:Edwin Mellen Press 11015:Lewiston, New York 10974:(IB Tauris, 2015). 10601:Duffy, Christopher 10476:Corbett, Julian S. 10423:Clark, Christopher 10326:Popular biography. 9843:"Seven Years' War" 9671:Sen, S.N. (2006). 9657:Peter Harrington, 9535:Lesser, Ricardo – 8978:. London: C. Law. 8639:, pp. 211–12. 8485:, pp. 84–102. 7613:In the video game 7575:G. E. Lessing 7266: 7024:Fort Ticonderoga I 7002:Fort William Henry 6929: 6328: 6270: 6196: 6071:Third Carnatic War 5990: 5920:Treaty of Belgrade 5721: 5636:Third Carnatic War 5595:Third Carnatic War 5563:Chiloé Archipelago 5501: 5395:two-month campaign 5383:Battle of Neuville 5359: 5279:Battle of Carillon 5240:Cape Breton Island 5227:Fort William Henry 5199: 4948:, Atlantic theater 4798:Fort William Henry 4697:confined to Manila 4693:in the Philippines 4484:; he was aided by 4477: 4403: 4355:the pass to Lisbon 4320:Battle of Freiberg 4299: 4259:Battle of Grünberg 4239: 4192:Battle of Liegnitz 4122: 4111: 4058: 4043: 4014:in Pomerania (now 4003: 3976:Battle of Zorndorf 3944: 3870:Fort William Henry 3829:Battle of Rossbach 3807: 3796: 3753: 3749:Battle of Rossbach 3697:Kingdom of Bohemia 3693: 3654:Duke of Cumberland 3634:Battle of Lobositz 3590: 3586:Battle of Lobositz 3539:Third Silesian War 3375:Portugal and Spain 2738:Torgau (3rd siege) 2688:Torgau (2nd siege) 2354:military advantage 2349: 2321: 2289:Military logistics 2099: 2001: 1803: 1766:Hundred Years' War 1754:Third Carnatic War 1748:Third Silesian War 1693:from Prussia. The 1584:(1756–1763) was a 87:Battle of Zorndorf 80:Battle of Carillon 12730:Anglo-French wars 12597: 12596: 12486:First Chechen War 12441:Soviet–Afghan War 12426:Angolan Civil War 12201:Polish–Soviet War 12159:Finnish Civil War 12137:Russian Civil War 12036:November Uprising 11974:Anglo-Russian War 11914:Bar Confederation 11727:First Chechen War 11707:Russian Civil War 11702:Decembrist revolt 11692:Bulavin Rebellion 11687:Razin's Rebellion 11670: 11669: 11625:Russo-Polish Wars 11593:Lists by opponent 11488: 11487: 11296:978-88-09-02093-1 11175:978-3-406-60695-3 11127:978-0-7546-5814-6 11108:978-0-582-29272-7 11078:978-0-275-98502-8 11057:978-90-04-23408-6 11028:978-0-88946-465-0 10992:978-0-393-32847-9 10963:978-0-7864-7669-5 10928:978-1-59017-642-9 10874:978-1-57958-343-9 10850:978-1-59884-101-5 10829:978-1-4465-4555-3 10794:978-0-306-80908-8 10775:978-0-8160-4157-2 10768:. Facts on File. 10746:Kaplan, Herbert. 10739:Katcher, Philip. 10667:978-1-4107-1069-7 10647:978-0-8032-1930-4 10626:978-0-8032-6024-5 10556:978-0-7884-0932-5 10520:978-0-521-21730-9 10491:978-1-908902-43-6 10467:978-0-7864-7470-7 10444:978-0-674-03196-8 10433:. Cambridge, MA: 10414:Charters, Erica. 10357:978-1-85728-172-9 10321:978-0-89919-352-6 10308:Asprey, Robert B. 10299:978-0-307-42539-3 10274:978-1-101-11775-0 10194:Clodfelter (2017) 10184:, pp. 85–87. 10182:Clodfelter (2017) 10107:978-1-55365-412-4 10062:, pp. 85–87. 10050:, pp. 84–85. 10035:, pp. 90–91. 10020:, pp. 70–71. 10004:978-2-213-60997-3 9946:(1957) 7:465–486. 9926:978-0-684-14609-6 9805:, pp. 31–34. 9803:Van Nimwegen 2017 9788:Van Nimwegen 2002 9738:iranicaonline.org 9684:978-81-224-1774-6 9647:on 18 April 2021. 9469:History of Brazil 9296:, pp. 91–92. 9176:978-0-521-79269-1 8567:, pp. 40–41. 8445:978-3-538-07218-3 8403:, pp. 56–58. 8322:978-0-275-96772-7 8295:978-0-312-16985-5 8272:, pp. 17–18. 8256:978-0-7146-5389-1 8221:978-0-14-028984-8 8192:978-1-85728-772-1 8133:978-0-7146-5320-4 8106:978-0-416-37490-2 8079:978-0-06-076184-4 8033:978-0-521-82742-3 7895:, pp. 51–65. 7726:Austrian Monarchy 7700:Explanatory notes 7531:Clash of Monarchs 7445: 7444: 7344:50,000 (Mughals) 7322:40,000 (Mughals) 7302:50,000 (Mughals) 7264: 7263: 7251:11,670 (Spanish) 7178:Plains of Abraham 6927: 6926: 6923:Prussian victory 6879:Prussian victory 6835:Prussian victory 6791:Prussian victory 6747:Austrian victory 6725:Austrian victory 6637:Austrian victory 6527:Prussian victory 6505:Austrian victory 6483:Prussian victory 6417:Austrian victory 6395:Prussian victory 6373:Austrian victory 6288:Thirteen Colonies 6192:Battle of Warburg 6161:Mississippi River 6133:Treaty of Utrecht 6059:States of Holland 6055:Battle of Breslau 5869: 5868: 5749:Battle of Plassey 5712: 5711: 5579:mountain shelters 5544:Rio Grande do Sul 5363:Plains of Abraham 5355:Plains of Abraham 5338:Montmorency Falls 5283:James Abercrombie 5175: 5174: 5157:Forbes Expedition 5052: 5051: 5014:Petitcodiac River 4904: 4903: 4793:Sabbath Day Point 4638: 4637: 4517:Raid on Cherbourg 4432:Raid on Rochefort 4343:capturing Almeida 4271:Zakhar Chernyshev 4177:Battle of Warburg 4150:ships of the line 3961:Battle of Krefeld 3952:an annual subsidy 3931:Battle of Krefeld 3850:Swedish Pomerania 3833:Battle of Leuthen 3785:Battle of Leuthen 3598:Hans von Lehwaldt 3594:Kurt von Schwerin 3557:Battle of Minorca 3553:attack on Minorca 3545:Duke of Newcastle 3523: 3522: 3439: 3438: 3316: 3315: 3223: 3222: 3139: 3138: 3037:Iberian Peninsula 2743:Wittenberg (1760) 2683:Wittenberg (1759) 2631:Lutterberg (1762) 2255:and deployed for 2253:tactical reserves 2209:flintlock muskets 2072:Duchy of Courland 2044:Duke of Newcastle 1981: 1980: 1973: 1846:George Washington 1811:Ohio River Valley 1807:Mississippi River 1699:Holy Roman Empire 1634:Anglo-Spanish War 1575: 1574: 1369:Anglo-French Wars 1333: 1332: 1231: 1230: 1058:Pedro de Cevallos 1022:Zakhar Chernyshev 872:Louis de Contades 816:Prince de Soubise 675:Hans von Lehwaldt 639:George Washington 509:William Cavendish 231: 230: 177:, the islands of 73:Battle of Plassey 51:Anglo-French Wars 16:(Redirected from 12752: 12745:Global conflicts 12610:Seven Years' War 12471:Transnistria War 12416:War of Attrition 12322:Continuation War 12271: 12063:January Uprising 11904:Seven Years' War 11804:Time of Troubles 11770:Russo-Kazan Wars 11615:Russo-Kazan Wars 11547: 11546: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11492: 11491: 11445:Saint Petersburg 11410:(1754/1756–1763) 11408:Seven Years' War 11406:Treaties of the 11400: 11393: 11386: 11377: 11376: 11371: 11363: 11300: 11263: 11241: 11228: 11217: 11207: 11189: 11179: 11151: 11131: 11112: 11082: 11061: 11032: 10996: 10979:Rodger, N. A. M. 10970:Robson, Martin. 10967: 10932: 10897: 10878: 10854: 10833: 10798: 10779: 10736: 10717: 10688: 10669: 10651: 10630: 10590:Dorn, Walter L. 10587: 10568: 10541: 10524: 10495: 10471: 10448: 10432: 10411: 10394:Browning, Reed. 10361: 10325: 10303: 10278: 10256: 10213: 10206:Thackeray (2001) 10203: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10179: 10168: 10167: 10131: 10125: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10093: 10087: 10081: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10036: 10030: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10008: 9990: 9984: 9974: 9947: 9940: 9931: 9930: 9909: 9903: 9897: 9891: 9864: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9821: 9815: 9812: 9806: 9800: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9759:"Afshar Dynasty" 9755: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9730: 9724: 9708: 9702: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9668: 9662: 9661:(Praeger, 1994). 9655: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9639: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9575: 9569: 9556: 9550: 9533: 9527: 9518: 9512: 9502: 9496: 9483: 9477: 9464: 9458: 9449: 9443: 9430: 9424: 9411: 9405: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9331: 9325: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9242: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9209: 9201: 9192: 9181: 9180: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9120: 9114: 9090: 9084: 9072: 9066: 9039: 9033: 9023: 9017: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8938: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8744: 8738: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8618: 8612: 8602: 8589: 8583: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8511: 8502: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8431: 8420: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8365: 8364: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8306: 8300: 8299: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8176: 8170: 8163:Schweizer (1989) 8160: 8154: 8147:Schweizer (1989) 8144: 8138: 8137: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8063: 8054: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8017: 8011: 8010:, pp. 26–28 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7986:, pp. 67–80 7981: 7975: 7974:, pp. 38–52 7969: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7862: 7856: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7796: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7748: 7738:Franco-Dutch War 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7594:, Maryland, and 7519:The board games 7502:Jean Starobinski 7441:British victory 7419:British victory 7397:British victory 7375:British victory 7353:British victory 7331:British victory 7271: 7260:British victory 7238:British victory 7150:British victory 7084:British victory 7062:British victory 6934: 6659:Russian victory 6593:British victory 6461:Russian victory 6445:Gross-Jägersdorf 6333: 6180:British hegemony 6168:Northern Circars 6007:Grand Pensionary 5933:Koca Ragıb Pasha 5882:captured Senegal 5841: 5836: 5835:Seven Years' War 5826: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5780:Northern Circars 5639: 5637: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5604: 5603: 5583:Casuchas del Rey 5334:British attacked 5324:. In July 1759, 5194: 5193: 5186: 5097: 5094: 5089: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5056: 5055: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4908: 4907: 4894:Thousand Islands 4847:Fort Ticonderoga 4837:La Belle-Famille 4758: 4755: 4750: 4740: 4733: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4658:Fort Saint Louis 4615:Windward Passage 4590: 4585: 4584:Seven Years' War 4575: 4568: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4547:Other continents 4275:Pyotr Rumyantsev 4205:Battle of Torgau 4196:General Saltykov 4094:Gross-Jägersdorf 3984:Battle of Tornow 3709:Leopold von Daun 3701:Battle of Prague 3485: 3483: 3476: 3475:Seven Years' War 3466: 3459: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3355: 3353: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3267: 3260: 3259:Seven Years' War 3250: 3243: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3185: 3183: 3176: 3175:Seven Years' War 3166: 3159: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3065:Naval Operations 2936:Gross-Jägersdorf 2652:Electoral Saxony 2441: 2440:European theatre 2436: 2435:Seven Years' War 2426: 2419: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2141:Austrian Bohemia 2117:le Secret du roi 1997: 1991: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1933: 1925: 1783:In North America 1733:Pommerska kriget 1721:Seven Years' War 1582:Seven Years' War 1372: 1370: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1337: 1336: 1270: 1268: 1267:Seven Years' War 1264:Theatres of the 1257: 1250: 1243: 1234: 1233: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1125: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1034:Pyotr Rumyantsev 1032: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1008: 1007: 1006: 996: 995: 994: 984: 983: 982: 966: 965: 964: 954: 953: 952: 942: 941: 940: 930: 929: 928: 920:Leopold von Daun 918: 917: 916: 906: 905: 904: 894: 893: 892: 882: 881: 880: 870: 869: 868: 858: 857: 856: 846: 845: 844: 836: 826: 825: 824: 814: 813: 812: 802: 801: 800: 790: 789: 788: 772: 771: 770: 760: 759: 758: 748: 747: 746: 736: 735: 734: 724: 723: 722: 714: 704: 703: 702: 693: 685: 684: 683: 673: 672: 671: 661: 660: 659: 649: 648: 647: 637: 636: 635: 627: 617: 616: 615: 605: 604: 603: 596: 587: 586: 585: 577: 567: 566: 565: 555: 554: 553: 543: 542: 541: 531: 530: 529: 519: 518: 517: 507: 506: 505: 495: 494: 493: 488: 487: 486: 470: 469: 468: 463: 462: 461: 433: 432: 431: 421: 420: 419: 409: 408: 407: 399: 395: 393: 392: 381: 380: 379: 372: 368: 366: 365: 354: 353: 352: 345: 341: 339: 338: 316: 315: 314: 304: 303: 302: 292: 291: 290: 283: 279: 277: 276: 265: 264: 263: 256: 252: 250: 249: 195:Northern Circars 125: 122: 120: 116: 105: 104: 96:(12 August 1759) 89:(25 August 1758) 65: 44:Seven Years' War 41: 40: 21: 12760: 12759: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12751: 12750: 12749: 12675:1760s in France 12670:1760s in Canada 12620:1750s in France 12615:1750s in Canada 12600: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12565: 12506: 12500: 12491:War of Dagestan 12265: 12238:August Uprising 12107: 12101: 12090:Boxer Rebellion 12058:Amur Annexation 11859: 11853: 11757: 11751: 11732:War of Dagestan 11712:August Uprising 11666: 11588: 11538: 11519: 11489: 11484: 11470: 11469: 11411: 11404: 11358: 11329:Wayback Machine 11308: 11303: 11297: 11275: 11270: 11260: 11239: 11187: 11176: 11159: 11157:Other languages 11154: 11148: 11128: 11109: 11085:Syrett, David. 11079: 11058: 11029: 10993: 10985:. 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Norton. 10964: 10929: 10904:(1985), 251 pp. 10894: 10875: 10859:Marston, Daniel 10851: 10830: 10801:McLynn, Frank. 10795: 10776: 10733: 10685: 10648: 10627: 10584: 10557: 10521: 10492: 10468: 10445: 10358: 10329:Baugh, Daniel. 10322: 10300: 10275: 10221: 10216: 10204: 10200: 10192: 10188: 10180: 10171: 10148:10.2307/2144276 10132: 10128: 10119: 10115: 10108: 10094: 10090: 10082: 10078: 10070: 10066: 10058: 10054: 10046: 10039: 10031: 10024: 10016: 10012: 10005: 9991: 9987: 9975: 9950: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9910: 9906: 9898: 9894: 9878:Wayback Machine 9865: 9861: 9851: 9849: 9839: 9835: 9822: 9818: 9813: 9809: 9801: 9794: 9786: 9782: 9772: 9770: 9769:on 3 March 2016 9763:farhangsara.com 9757: 9756: 9752: 9742: 9740: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9709: 9705: 9696: 9692: 9685: 9669: 9665: 9656: 9652: 9644: 9637: 9626: 9622: 9613: 9611: 9608:Memoria chilena 9602: 9601: 9597: 9588: 9586: 9583:Memoria chilena 9577: 9576: 9572: 9557: 9553: 9534: 9530: 9519: 9515: 9503: 9499: 9485:Block, David – 9484: 9480: 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7751: 7742:Nine Years' War 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7665: 7598:, Pennsylvania. 7596:King of Prussia 7542:Rise of Prussia 7479:Stanley Kubrick 7450: 7311:Mughal victory 7216:French victory 7172:French victory 7106:French victory 6813:French victory 6615:French victory 6439:French victory 6326: 6320: 6318:List of battles 6262:Treaty of Paris 6121:Treaty of Paris 6117: 6107: 6079: 5982: 5965:Karim Khan Zand 5954: 5907: 5902: 5870: 5865: 5842: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5800: 5764:siege of Madras 5745:Siraj ud-Daulah 5713: 5708: 5704:2nd Pondicherry 5689:1st Pondicherry 5640: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5601: 5593:Main articles: 5591: 5485: 5475: 5433:siege of Quebec 5422:William Amherst 5403:military regime 5379:siege of Quebec 5353:(1771), on the 5308:Annus Mirabilis 5196: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5171: 5107:Jumonville Glen 5098: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5053: 5048: 4950: 4944: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4905: 4900: 4759: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4714: 4708: 4639: 4634: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4549: 4496:, proceeded to 4482:Charles Spencer 4446:joint operation 4434: 4428: 4393: 4383: 4231: 4221: 4138:Battle of Lagos 4134:Edward Boscawen 4082:Battle of Maxen 4039:Battle of Maxen 4031: 4023:Duc de Choiseul 3903: 3883:French colonies 3714:Battle of Kolín 3681:Battle of Kolín 3673: 3667: 3621:to close in on 3541: 3535: 3524: 3519: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3440: 3435: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3317: 3312: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3224: 3219: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3140: 3135: 3131:Cape Finisterre 2919:4th Schweidnitz 2899:3rd Schweidnitz 2854:2nd Schweidnitz 2829:1st Schweidnitz 2474:Siege of Prague 2442: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2400: 2394: 2309: 2301:winter quarters 2186: 2180: 2019:had signed the 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1977: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1946: 1934: 1923: 1886:Edward Boscawen 1878:Edward Braddock 1850:Jumonville Glen 1791: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1711: 1684:Treaty of Paris 1666:Britain's ally 1586:global conflict 1578: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1334: 1329: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1227: 1219: 1217: 1209: 1207: 1199: 1197: 1189: 1187: 1179: 1177: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1143: 1141: 1128: 1118:Siraj ud-Daulah 1112: 1110: 1098: 1094:Adolf Frederick 1086: 1076: 1074: 1064: 1062: 1052: 1050: 1040: 1038: 1028: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1010:Stepan Apraksin 1004: 1002: 992: 990: 980: 978: 962: 960: 950: 948: 938: 936: 926: 924: 914: 912: 902: 900: 890: 888: 878: 876: 866: 864: 854: 852: 842: 840: 832: 822: 820: 810: 808: 798: 796: 786: 784: 778: 768: 766: 756: 754: 744: 742: 732: 730: 720: 718: 710: 700: 698: 681: 679: 669: 667: 657: 655: 645: 643: 633: 631: 623: 619:Edward Braddock 613: 611: 601: 599: 583: 581: 573: 563: 561: 551: 549: 545:Jeffery Amherst 539: 537: 527: 525: 515: 513: 503: 501: 491: 489: 484: 482: 466: 464: 459: 457: 444: 429: 427: 415: 405: 403: 390: 388: 383:Hesse-Darmstadt 377: 375: 363: 361: 350: 348: 336: 334: 327: 312: 310: 300: 298: 288: 286: 274: 272: 261: 259: 247: 245: 167: 153: 143:the Philippines 123: 118: 114: 112: 99: 82:(6–8 July 1758) 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12758: 12748: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12700:1763 in France 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12645:1754 in France 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12574:Russian Winter 12570: 12567: 12566: 12564: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12542: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12516: 12510: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12401:Vlora incident 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12352: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12313: 12312: 12302: 12297: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12171: 12166: 12164:Sochi conflict 12161: 12156: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12122: 12117: 12111: 12109: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12098: 12097: 12087: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12075: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11890: 11885: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11863: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11761: 11759: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11678: 11676: 11672: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11658: 11657: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11596: 11594: 11590: 11589: 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Read Books. 10813: 10799: 10793: 10780: 10774: 10761: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10731: 10718: 10706:10.1086/240165 10689: 10683: 10670: 10655:Fish, Shirley 10652: 10646: 10631: 10625: 10612: 10598: 10596:free to borrow 10588: 10583:978-9004234086 10582: 10569: 10555: 10542: 10532: 10525: 10519: 10497: 10490: 10472: 10466: 10449: 10443: 10419: 10412: 10403: 10392: 10375:Browning, Reed 10372: 10362: 10356: 10338: 10327: 10320: 10304: 10298: 10279: 10273: 10261:Anderson, Fred 10257: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10198: 10186: 10169: 10126: 10113: 10106: 10088: 10084:Marston (2002) 10076: 10072:Marston (2002) 10064: 10060:Marston (2002) 10052: 10048:Marston (2002) 10037: 10033:Marston (2001) 10022: 10010: 10003: 9985: 9977:Marston (2001) 9948: 9932: 9925: 9904: 9902:, p. 432. 9892: 9859: 9833: 9816: 9807: 9792: 9780: 9750: 9725: 9703: 9690: 9683: 9663: 9650: 9620: 9595: 9570: 9551: 9528: 9513: 9497: 9478: 9459: 9444: 9432:Ojer, Pablo – 9425: 9406: 9386: 9374: 9362: 9350: 9338: 9326: 9310: 9298: 9286: 9274: 9262: 9250: 9237: 9225: 9221:Corbett (2011) 9210: 9202: 9182: 9175: 9155: 9151:Mitford (2013) 9143: 9141:, p. 498. 9131: 9115: 9085: 9067: 9034: 9026:Terrage (1904) 9018: 8994: 8966: 8954: 8939: 8923: 8908: 8906:, p. 491. 8896: 8884: 8872: 8860: 8848: 8846:, p. 500. 8836: 8828:Marston (2001) 8820: 8808: 8796: 8784: 8772: 8770:, p. 489. 8760: 8758:, p. 467. 8745: 8743:, p. 486. 8733: 8721: 8719:, p. 473. 8709: 8705:Marston (2001) 8694: 8682: 8670: 8666:Marston (2001) 8653: 8641: 8629: 8613: 8590: 8586:Marston (2001) 8569: 8565:Marston (2001) 8557: 8555:, p. 460. 8542: 8540:, p. 454. 8530: 8526:Marston (2001) 8518: 8503: 8495:Marston (2001) 8487: 8475: 8463: 8461:, p. 465. 8451: 8444: 8421: 8405: 8393: 8391:, p. 428. 8381: 8379:, p. 427. 8366: 8352: 8340: 8338:, p. 129. 8328: 8321: 8301: 8294: 8274: 8262: 8255: 8235: 8220: 8198: 8191: 8171: 8155: 8139: 8132: 8112: 8105: 8085: 8078: 8055: 8039: 8032: 8012: 8008:Creveld (1977) 8000: 7988: 7976: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7925: 7923:, p. 114. 7913: 7897: 7885: 7873: 7857: 7844: 7832: 7830:, p. 524. 7820: 7818:, p. 524. 7797: 7771: 7769:, p. 417. 7758: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7729: 7717: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7679:Outline of war 7676: 7671: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7638:Diana Gabaldon 7634: 7625:Haytham Kenway 7611: 7599: 7584: 7571: 7563: 7546: 7534: 7517: 7488: 7475: 7474: 7465: 7464: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7252: 7249: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7180: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6797:Kloster Kampen 6793: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6654: 6651: 6648: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6322:Main article: 6319: 6316: 6137:fishing rights 6106: 6103: 6082:Denmark–Norway 6078: 6077:Denmark–Norway 6075: 6031:States General 5994:Dutch Republic 5981: 5980:Dutch Republic 5978: 5953: 5950: 5911:Ottoman Empire 5906: 5905:Ottoman Empire 5903: 5901: 5898: 5880:. The British 5874:Thomas Cumming 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5799: 5796: 5772:Comte de Lally 5768:Sir Eyre Coote 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5630: 5629: 5622: 5615: 5607: 5590: 5587: 5559:Colonial Chile 5555:southern Chile 5528:Banda Oriental 5474: 5471: 5271:St. John River 5263:Île Saint-Jean 5259:Fort Frontenac 5189: 5183: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5152:Bloody Springs 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5112:Fort Necessity 5109: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5082: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5059: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5034:St. John River 5031: 5026: 5021: 5019:Ile Saint-Jean 5016: 5011: 5009:2nd Louisbourg 5006: 5001: 4996: 4994:1st Louisbourg 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4886: 4884:Sainte-Thérèse 4881: 4880: 4879: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823:Fort Frontenac 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4743: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4710:Main article: 4707: 4704: 4686:Havana in Cuba 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4625:2nd Martinique 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4605:1st Martinique 4602: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4545: 4502:Havre de Grace 4486:George Germain 4427: 4424: 4382: 4379: 4363:Castelo Branco 4359:scorched earth 4255:besiege Cassel 4220: 4217: 4184:General Laudon 4030: 4027: 3980:William Fermor 3902: 3899: 3817:Prince Soubise 3738:Daniel Marston 3689:Czech Republic 3671:Pomeranian War 3666: 3663: 3658:Dutch Republic 3639:siege of Pirna 3534: 3531: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3346: 3345: 3338: 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2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2414: 2406: 2393: 2390: 2308: 2305: 2297:baggage trains 2284:regular armies 2273:fortifications 2237:reconnaissance 2198:bladed weapons 2179: 2176: 2159:Dutch Republic 2126:Frederick saw 1994: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1937: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1907:prince-elector 1895:on 8 June 1755 1882:the expedition 1858:Fort Necessity 1787:Main article: 1784: 1781: 1773: 1770: 1738:Pomeranian War 1710: 1707: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1340: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1280:Western Europe 1276: 1273: 1272: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1245: 1237: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1215: 1205: 1195: 1185: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1169: 1159: 1149: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1126: 1108: 1096: 1084: 1072: 1060: 1048: 1036: 1024: 1012: 1000: 998:William Fermor 988: 986:Pyotr Saltykov 976: 958: 946: 934: 922: 910: 898: 886: 874: 862: 850: 848:Comte de Lally 838: 818: 806: 804:Louis, Dauphin 794: 781: 779: 777: 776: 764: 752: 750:Duke Ferdinand 740: 738:Count of Lippe 728: 716: 696: 677: 665: 653: 641: 629: 609: 597: 579: 559: 547: 535: 523: 511: 499: 480: 454: 451: 450: 446: 445: 443: 442: 437: 425: 413: 401: 385: 373: 358: 346: 330: 328: 326: 325: 320: 308: 296: 284: 269: 257: 241: 238: 237: 233: 232: 229: 228: 227: 226: 205: 198: 169: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 133: 131: 127: 126: 109: 101: 100: 98: 97: 90: 83: 76: 75:(23 June 1757) 68: 58: 57: 46: 45: 39: 38: 32:Seven Year War 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12757: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12571: 12568: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12540: 12539:2022 invasion 12537: 12535: 12534:War in Donbas 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12503: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12371:Ili Rebellion 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12292: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12269: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12138: 12135: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12104: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12009:Caucasian War 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11856: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11754: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11673: 11663: 11660: 11656: 11653: 11652: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11591: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11541: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11516: 11511: 11509: 11504: 11502: 11497: 11496: 11493: 11483: 11479: 11473: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11455:Fontainebleau 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11419: 11418: 11414: 11409: 11401: 11396: 11394: 11389: 11387: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11369: 11368: 11362: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11298: 11292: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11278: 11277: 11266: 11261: 11255: 11251: 11250: 11244: 11237: 11233: 11230: 11226: 11225: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11186: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11167: 11162: 11161: 11149: 11147:90-6707-540-X 11143: 11139: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11119: 11114: 11110: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11091: 11088: 11084: 11080: 11074: 11070: 11069: 11063: 11059: 11053: 11049: 11044: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11011: 11005: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10956:. McFarland. 10955: 10954: 10948: 10945: 10942:Pocock, Tom. 10941: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10924: 10920: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10893:1-84176-456-6 10889: 10885: 10880: 10876: 10870: 10866: 10865: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10846: 10842: 10841: 10835: 10831: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10814: 10812: 10811:0-224-06245-X 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10786: 10781: 10777: 10771: 10767: 10762: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10745: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10732:0-582-29084-8 10728: 10724: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10690: 10686: 10684:1-55365-096-4 10680: 10676: 10671: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10659: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10639: 10638: 10632: 10628: 10622: 10618: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10579: 10575: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10539: 10538: 10533: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10512: 10509:. Cambridge: 10508: 10507: 10502: 10498: 10493: 10487: 10483: 10482: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10450: 10446: 10440: 10436: 10435:Belknap Press 10431: 10430: 10424: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10365:Blanning, Tim 10363: 10359: 10353: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10342:Black, Jeremy 10339: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10286: 10280: 10276: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10211: 10207: 10202: 10195: 10190: 10183: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10142:(1): 86–104. 10141: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10117: 10109: 10103: 10099: 10092: 10086:, p. 87. 10085: 10080: 10074:, p. 86. 10073: 10068: 10061: 10056: 10049: 10044: 10042: 10034: 10029: 10027: 10019: 10014: 10006: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9978: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9945: 9939: 9937: 9928: 9922: 9918: 9914: 9913:Kennedy, Paul 9908: 9901: 9896: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9863: 9848: 9844: 9837: 9830:. W.H. Allen. 9829: 9828: 9820: 9811: 9804: 9799: 9797: 9789: 9784: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9754: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9722: 9721: 9716: 9715:Durant, Ariel 9712: 9707: 9700: 9694: 9686: 9680: 9676: 9675: 9667: 9660: 9654: 9643: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9624: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9555: 9548: 9544: 9543:"El desastre" 9540: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9506: 9505:Marley (2008) 9501: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9437: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9418: 9415: 9410: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9390: 9383: 9378: 9371: 9366: 9359: 9354: 9347: 9342: 9335: 9330: 9323: 9319: 9314: 9307: 9302: 9295: 9290: 9283: 9278: 9271: 9266: 9260:, p. 14. 9259: 9254: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9233:Rodger (2006) 9229: 9222: 9217: 9215: 9207: 9199: 9196: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9178: 9172: 9168: 9167: 9159: 9152: 9147: 9140: 9135: 9128: 9124: 9119: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9094:Disposiciones 9089: 9083: 9079: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9041:According to 9038: 9031: 9027: 9022: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8998: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8958: 8952:, p. 75. 8951: 8946: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8920: 8919:Redman (2014) 8915: 8913: 8905: 8900: 8894:, p. 74. 8893: 8888: 8881: 8876: 8869: 8864: 8857: 8856:Asprey (1986) 8852: 8845: 8844:Asprey (1986) 8840: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8817: 8812: 8805: 8804:Asprey (1986) 8800: 8793: 8788: 8781: 8776: 8769: 8768:Asprey (1986) 8764: 8757: 8756:Asprey (1986) 8752: 8750: 8742: 8741:Asprey (1986) 8737: 8730: 8725: 8718: 8717:Asprey (1986) 8713: 8707:, p. 42. 8706: 8701: 8699: 8691: 8690:Asprey (1986) 8686: 8679: 8678:Asprey (1986) 8674: 8668:, p. 41. 8667: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8610: 8606: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8588:, p. 22. 8587: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8566: 8561: 8554: 8553:Asprey (1986) 8549: 8547: 8539: 8538:Asprey (1986) 8534: 8528:, p. 39. 8527: 8522: 8515: 8514:Luvaas (1999) 8510: 8508: 8500: 8496: 8491: 8484: 8483:Carter (1971) 8479: 8472: 8471:Asprey (1986) 8467: 8460: 8459:Asprey (1986) 8455: 8447: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8402: 8397: 8390: 8389:Asprey (1986) 8385: 8378: 8377:Asprey (1986) 8373: 8371: 8362: 8356: 8349: 8348:Rodger (2006) 8344: 8337: 8332: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8305: 8297: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8278: 8271: 8266: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8202: 8194: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8175: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8152: 8148: 8143: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8116: 8108: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8089: 8081: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8062: 8060: 8052: 8048: 8043: 8035: 8029: 8025: 8024: 8016: 8009: 8004: 7998:, p. 209 7997: 7992: 7985: 7980: 7973: 7968: 7966: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7935:, p. 77. 7934: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7894: 7889: 7882: 7877: 7870: 7866: 7861: 7854: 7848: 7841: 7840:Füssel (2010) 7836: 7829: 7824: 7817: 7816:Danley (2012) 7812: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7794: 7782:. BBC History 7781: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7759: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7712: 7710: 7705: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7657: 7653: 7651: 7646: 7644: 7640:'s fictional 7639: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7577:'s 1767 play 7576: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7451: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7055: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6841:Villinghausen 6839: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6275:Pontiac's War 6267: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6224: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6202: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6157:Île d'Orléans 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6035:Princess Anne 6032: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5986: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5837: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5815: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5726:Mughal Empire 5717: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5638: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5616: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5513:Guaporé River 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5479:Fantastic War 5473:South America 5470: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5451:Benjamin West 5448: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399:French Empire 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357:, near Quebec 5356: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5330:Fort Carillon 5327: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5265:(present-day 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5180: 5168: 5167:Fort Ligonier 5165: 5163: 5162:Fort Duquesne 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142:Great Cacapon 5140: 5138: 5137:Sideling Hill 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5095: 5090: 5080: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004:2nd Lunenburg 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4989:1st Lunenburg 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4947: 4942: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4818:Fort Carillon 4816: 4814: 4813:Bernetz Brook 4811: 4809: 4808:2nd Snowshoes 4806: 4804: 4803:German Flatts 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4788:1st Snowshoes 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4751: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4706:North America 4703: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4586: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4529:St. Cast 4525: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4513:General Bligh 4509: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498:St. Malo 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4454:John Mordaunt 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4423: 4419: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4328:taking Cassel 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062:Battle of Kay 4056: 4052: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3793:Carl Röchling 3790: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3265:Fantastic War 3261: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3216: 3215:Bishops Court 3213: 3211: 3210:Carrickfergus 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3091:Bay of Biscay 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3010:Green Redoubt 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2985:Frisches Haff 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2805:Berlin (1760) 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2698:Torgau (1759) 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2646:Cassel (1762) 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2616:Villinghausen 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2541:Sandershausen 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2437: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2313: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2269:siege warfare 2266: 2262: 2259:. Smoothbore 2258: 2257:shock attacks 2254: 2251:were used as 2250: 2249:heavy cavalry 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233:light cavalry 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2112:Secret du Roi 2107: 2104: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028:Great Britain 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1985: 1975: 1972: 1964: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1938:This section 1936: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834:Fort Duquesne 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1757:(1757–1763). 1756: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674:. Spain lost 1673: 1672:Fantastic War 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645:North America 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:Great Britain 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1300:North America 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1216: 1206: 1196: 1186: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1160: 1150: 1140: 1139: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1119: 1109: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1061: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1037: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1001: 999: 989: 987: 977: 975: 974: 969: 959: 957: 947: 945: 935: 933: 923: 921: 911: 909: 908:Prince Joseph 899: 897: 896:Maria Theresa 887: 885: 875: 873: 863: 861: 851: 849: 839: 837: 835: 829: 819: 817: 807: 805: 795: 793: 783: 782: 780: 775: 765: 763: 753: 751: 741: 739: 729: 727: 717: 715: 713: 707: 697: 694: 688: 678: 676: 666: 664: 654: 652: 642: 640: 630: 628: 626: 620: 610: 608: 598: 595: 590: 580: 578: 576: 570: 560: 558: 548: 546: 536: 534: 524: 522: 521:Pelham-Holles 512: 510: 500: 498: 481: 479: 478: 473: 456: 455: 453: 452: 447: 441: 438: 436: 426: 424: 414: 412: 402: 398: 386: 384: 374: 371: 359: 357: 347: 344: 332: 331: 329: 324: 321: 319: 309: 307: 297: 295: 285: 282: 270: 268: 258: 255: 254:Great Britain 243: 242: 240: 239: 234: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 206: 203: 200:France cedes 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 171: 170: 165: 164: 160: 157: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 128: 110: 107: 106: 102: 95: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 69: 64: 59: 56: 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 12290:World War II 11903: 11814:Smolensk War 11780:Livonian War 11465:Hubertusburg 11420: 11407: 11365: 11285: 11248: 11235: 11223: 11195: 11191: 11165: 11136: 11117: 11094: 11086: 11067: 11047: 11039: 11009: 11000: 10982: 10971: 10952: 10943: 10936: 10917:. New York: 10913: 10901: 10883: 10863: 10839: 10818: 10802: 10784: 10765: 10757: 10747: 10740: 10722: 10697: 10693: 10674: 10656: 10636: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10591: 10573: 10546: 10536: 10528: 10505: 10480: 10453: 10428: 10415: 10410:. MacMillan. 10407: 10395: 10378: 10368: 10346: 10330: 10311: 10290:Random House 10288:. Vintage – 10284: 10264: 10228: 10201: 10189: 10139: 10135: 10129: 10116: 10097: 10091: 10079: 10067: 10055: 10018:Stone (2006) 10013: 9994: 9988: 9943: 9916: 9907: 9900:Szabo (2007) 9895: 9885: 9866: 9862: 9850:. Retrieved 9846: 9836: 9826: 9819: 9810: 9783: 9771:. Retrieved 9767:the original 9762: 9753: 9741:. Retrieved 9737: 9728: 9718: 9711:Durant, Will 9706: 9698: 9693: 9673: 9666: 9658: 9653: 9642:the original 9633: 9623: 9612:, retrieved 9610:(in Spanish) 9607: 9598: 9587:, retrieved 9585:(in Spanish) 9582: 9573: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9537: 9531: 9522: 9516: 9500: 9487: 9481: 9468: 9462: 9452: 9447: 9434: 9428: 9409: 9389: 9377: 9365: 9353: 9341: 9329: 9313: 9301: 9294:Dodge (1998) 9289: 9277: 9265: 9253: 9245: 9240: 9228: 9205: 9195:Mahan (2011) 9165: 9158: 9146: 9134: 9118: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9076: 9070: 9061: 9056: 9052: 9046: 9037: 9021: 8997: 8975: 8969: 8957: 8950:Stone (2006) 8926: 8899: 8892:Stone (2006) 8887: 8880:Szabo (2007) 8875: 8868:Szabo (2007) 8863: 8851: 8839: 8823: 8816:Szabo (2007) 8811: 8799: 8792:Szabo (2007) 8787: 8780:Szabo (2007) 8775: 8763: 8736: 8724: 8712: 8685: 8673: 8644: 8632: 8616: 8605:Stone (2006) 8560: 8533: 8521: 8516:, p. 6. 8490: 8478: 8466: 8454: 8435: 8408: 8401:Szabo (2007) 8396: 8384: 8355: 8343: 8331: 8311: 8304: 8284: 8277: 8270:Szabo (2007) 8265: 8245: 8238: 8211: 8205: 8201: 8181: 8174: 8158: 8142: 8122: 8115: 8095: 8088: 8068: 8042: 8022: 8015: 8003: 7996:Clark (2006) 7991: 7984:Black (1994) 7979: 7972:Black (1994) 7959:, p. 2. 7957:Szabo (2007) 7952: 7940: 7933:Anderson2006 7928: 7916: 7900: 7888: 7876: 7860: 7852: 7847: 7842:, p. 7. 7835: 7823: 7791: 7784:. Retrieved 7774: 7762: 7732: 7720: 7684:Rule of 1756 7674:French India 7655: 7649: 7642: 7628: 7614: 7605: 7578: 7565: 7549: 7540: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7509: 7505: 7495: 7484:Barry Lyndon 7482: 7469: 7454: 7359:Chandannagar 7316:Calcutta II 7267: 7112:Fort Niagara 6930: 6885:Wilhelmsthal 6329: 6308:John Montagu 6301: 6271: 6248: 6240: 6235: 6228:Augustus III 6225: 6216: 6205: 6197: 6165: 6118: 6099:Catherine II 6080: 6064: 6048: 6022:Pieter Steyn 6019: 6015: 6014: 5991: 5961:Zand dynasty 5955: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5908: 5894:James Island 5871: 5833: 5757: 5753:Chandernagar 5734:Robert Clive 5722: 5654:Chandannagar 5548: 5540: 5517: 5502: 5493:Morro Castle 5464: 5454: 5444: 5426: 5411: 5407: 5360: 5348: 5326:Fort Niagara 5317:James Murray 5306: 5304: 5244: 5220: 5200: 5127:Penn's Creek 4999:Bloody Creek 4974:Bay of Fundy 4842:Fort Niagara 4680:in 1759 and 4651: 4640: 4600:Cap-Français 4582: 4521: 4510: 4490:Richard Howe 4478: 4458:Edward Hawke 4440:or raid) on 4435: 4420: 4404: 4374:Newfoundland 4367: 4354: 4332: 4300: 4267: 4244: 4240: 4209: 4200:General Lacy 4181: 4158: 4146:Edward Hawke 4123: 4059: 4020: 4004: 3969: 3945: 3938: 3920:East Prussia 3904: 3890:András Hadik 3887: 3846: 3836: 3820: 3815:force under 3810: 3808: 3772:following a 3763: 3754: 3730:East Prussia 3718: 3694: 3643: 3631: 3591: 3569: 3565:Ohio Country 3561:Admiral Byng 3542: 3525: 3473: 3305: 3276: 3257: 3205:Quiberon Bay 3173: 3116:Quiberon Bay 3064: 3063: 3035: 3034: 2941: 2940: 2925:East Prussia 2924: 2923: 2894:Cosel (1760) 2859:Cosel (1758) 2815: 2814: 2773: 2772: 2651: 2650: 2626:Wilhelmsthal 2514: 2513: 2448: 2433: 2379: 2350: 2345:Burnt Church 2325: 2322: 2277: 2265:fire support 2187: 2167: 2152: 2145: 2125: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2100: 2068:East Prussia 2056: 2048:Henry Pelham 2025: 2009:Frederick II 2002: 1967: 1958: 1947:Please help 1942:verification 1939: 1903: 1889: 1862: 1838:Tanacharison 1819: 1815: 1804: 1759: 1752: 1746: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1712: 1709:Nomenclature 1688: 1678:in Cuba and 1661: 1638: 1612:, backed by 1590:great powers 1581: 1579: 1544: 1320:Spanish Main 1265: 1204:120,000 dead 1194:140,000 dead 1184:200,000 dead 1158:160,000 dead 1148:180,000 dead 972: 944:Augustus III 833: 774:Frederick II 762:William VIII 711: 663:Prince Henry 651:Frederick II 624: 607:Robert Clive 574: 557:Edward Hawke 476: 400:(until 1762) 306:Hesse-Kassel 236:Belligerents 49:Part of the 36: 12396:Vietnam War 12266: [ 12125:World War I 12046:Crimean War 11979:Finnish War 11895:(1740–1748) 11884:(1733–1738) 11809:Ingrian War 11525:(including 11476:Campaigns: 11428:Westminster 11240:(in French) 11138:(1740–1748) 10267:. Penguin. 9890:, chap. 23. 9629:Ramos, V.A. 9614:30 December 9589:30 December 9509:pp. 449–450 9322:pp. 280–283 9043:C. R. Boxer 9010:Dull (2009) 9008:. See also 8964:, p. 2 8413:Dull (2007) 8047:Dull (2007) 7909:pp. 112–115 7767:Kohn (2000) 7403:Masulipatam 7156:Montmorency 6980:Lake George 6958:Monongahela 6863:Schweidnitz 6571:Indecisive 6095:Frederick V 5928:Mustafa III 5798:West Africa 5784:Pondicherry 5736:recaptured 5684:Masulipatam 5509:Mato Grosso 5313:James Wolfe 5287:George Howe 5269:), and the 5223:Fort Oswego 5122:Monongahela 5039:Restigouche 4979:Petitcodiac 4862:St. Francis 4783:Fort Oswego 4773:Lake George 4647:Philippines 4643:West Indies 4494:Cancale Bay 4408:John Stuart 4282:Schweidnitz 4251:Langensalza 4124:The French 3866:River Rhine 3837:Reichsarmee 3821:Reichsarmee 3812:Reichsarmee 3683:in 1757 in 3611:James Keith 2914:Reichenbach 2909:Burkersdorf 2774:Brandenburg 2758:Hilbersdorf 2708:Hoyerswerda 2668:Sonnenstein 2601:Langensalza 2576:2nd Münster 2561:1st Münster 2464:Alt-Bunzlau 2459:Reichenberg 2375:bombardment 2367:naval power 2280:cabinet war 2204:armed with 2074:to Russia. 1826:Monongahela 1655:ended when 1310:West Africa 1305:West Indies 1214:28,000 dead 1046:Charles III 569:James Wolfe 533:John Stuart 166:Territorial 147:West Africa 18:7 Years War 12604:Categories 12431:Ogaden War 12381:Korean War 12300:Winter War 12169:Heimosodat 11756:Tsardom of 11289:. Giunti. 10754:Keay, John 10254:Q113529938 9773:17 October 9743:17 October 7554:(1826) by 7548:The novel 7514:militarism 7459:(1844) by 7453:The novel 7295:Calcutta I 7090:Martinique 7068:Guadeloupe 7046:Louisbourg 6687:Kunersdorf 6599:Saint Cast 6423:Hastenbeck 6292:Quebec Act 6149:Martinique 6145:Guadeloupe 6141:New France 5969:Ismail III 5890:the Gambia 5599:Bengal War 5575:Valparaíso 5567:Concepción 5477:See also: 5446:Evangeline 5441:Longfellow 5147:Kittanning 5132:The Trough 5044:St. John's 5029:Cape Sable 4872:2nd Quebec 4867:Sainte-Foy 4857:1st Quebec 4682:Martinique 4678:Guadeloupe 4674:Royal Navy 4666:New France 4610:Guadeloupe 4462:Isle d'Aix 4286:Baltic Sea 4223:See also: 3965:Düsseldorf 3669:See also: 3537:See also: 3510:Saint Cast 3385:Vila Velha 3106:Saint Cast 2970:Fehrbellin 2800:Kunersdorf 2606:1st Cassel 2551:Lutterberg 2526:Hastenbeck 2307:Strategies 2217:Cavalrymen 2206:smoothbore 1830:Pittsburgh 1772:Background 1760:The term " 956:Louis VIII 932:von Laudon 687:Manteuffel 497:George III 179:St Vincent 119:1763-02-15 115:1756-05-17 12051:Åland War 12019:Murid War 11858:18th–19th 11214:0212-5862 11099:Routledge 11050:. Brill. 10714:144559966 10576:. Brill. 10478:(2011) . 10246:0039-6842 10156:0032-3195 9547:pp. 63–72 9127:pp. 52–53 9006:pp. 50–51 8988:See also 8962:Fish 2003 8230:319213140 8151:pp. 15–16 7755:Citations 7715:From 1762 7650:Outlander 7643:Lord John 7592:Frederick 7522:Friedrich 7425:Wandiwash 7222:Quebec II 7200:Saint-Foy 6731:Landeshut 6621:Hochkirch 6577:Belle Île 6297:Québécois 6268:in yellow 6176:Hyderabad 6125:Louisiana 6087:Peter III 6043:Amsterdam 5760:Cuddalore 5740:from the 5699:Wandiwash 5694:Chinsurah 5669:Negapatam 5664:Cuddalore 5505:Rio Negro 5207:Algonquin 4969:Chignecto 4778:Fort Bull 4670:New Spain 4506:Cherbourg 4442:Rochefort 4412:Catherine 4324:Göttingen 4308:Peter III 4304:Elizabeth 4261:. At the 4219:1761–1762 4173:Pomerania 4140:. In the 4041:in Saxony 4029:1759–1760 4016:Kołobrzeg 4001:in Saxony 3974:, at the 3874:Newcastle 3854:Stralsund 3751:in Saxony 3723:besieged 3515:Belle Île 3505:Cherbourg 3495:Rochefort 3409:Nicaragua 3121:Belle Île 3101:Cherbourg 3086:Cartagena 3081:Rochefort 3005:Neuensund 2960:Stralsund 2943:Pomerania 2904:Adelsbach 2874:Landeshut 2763:Erbisdorf 2673:Hochkirch 2641:Amöneburg 2531:Rheinberg 2494:Domstadtl 2317:Leibgarde 2315:Prussian 2293:magazines 2263:provided 2261:artillery 2241:screening 2148:Joseph II 2080:Elizabeth 1921:In Europe 1822:Allegheny 1743:Pomerania 1560:1803–1814 1555:1793–1802 1550:1778–1783 1545:1754–1763 1540:1746–1763 1535:1744–1748 1530:1702–1713 1525:1689–1697 1520:1689–1815 1510:1666–1667 1505:1627–1629 1500:1562–1563 1495:1557–1559 1490:1542–1546 1485:1522–1526 1480:1512–1514 1475:1496–1498 1469:1415–1453 1465:1369–1389 1461:1337–1360 1457:1337–1453 1447:1294–1303 1442:1242–1243 1427:1215–1217 1422:1213–1214 1417:1202–1204 1412:1199–1200 1407:1197–1199 1402:1193–1196 1392:1173–1174 1387:1116–1120 1382:1109–1113 1290:Pomerania 968:Elizabeth 884:Francis I 589:John Byng 472:George II 202:Louisiana 12584:Cold War 12446:Gulf War 11802:and the 11675:Internal 11531:Imperial 11325:Archived 11283:(2001). 10981:(2006). 10911:(2013). 10861:(2001). 10607:(2000); 10565:39400729 10503:(1977). 10425:(2006). 10402:, 1975). 10344:(1994). 10310:(1986). 10263:(2006). 10250:Wikidata 9915:(1976). 9882:Voltaire 9874:Archived 9565:O Tuiuti 9417:Archived 9398:Archived 9107:Archived 7744:and the 7663:See also 7492:Voltaire 7481:'s film 7134:Quebec I 7015:Unknown 6907:Freiberg 6848:100,000 6775:Liegnitz 6555:Zorndorf 6467:Rossbach 6357:Lobositz 6105:Outcomes 5762:, their 5738:Calcutta 5649:Calcutta 5561:such as 5511:(in the 5391:Montreal 5385:and the 5322:Beauport 5273:and the 5234:the key 4964:Cape Ray 4889:Montreal 4852:Beauport 4620:Dominica 4450:Charente 4353:(called 4351:Abrantes 4148:with 23 4108:Brittany 4090:Kunowice 4066:Saltykov 3721:Apraksin 3615:Chemnitz 3398:Americas 3278:Portugal 3195:Le Havre 3030:Neukalen 2995:Pasewalk 2889:Liegnitz 2869:Neustadt 2849:Liegnitz 2790:Zorndorf 2768:Freiberg 2713:Sackwitz 2663:Rossbach 2611:Grünberg 2454:Lobositz 2371:blockade 2332:and the 2247:, while 2229:carbines 2213:bayonets 2202:infantry 2194:firearms 1961:May 2016 1668:Portugal 1598:Americas 1596:and the 1295:Portugal 828:Montcalm 792:Louis XV 726:Joseph I 706:Schwerin 294:Portugal 187:Dominica 139:Americas 130:Location 117: – 53:and the 12524:Outline 12507:century 12108:century 11860:century 11543:Related 11527:Tsarist 11482:America 11450:Hamburg 11273:Fiction 11042:(2012). 10946:(1998). 10389:2117049 10164:2144276 10122:Bourbon 9887:Candide 9852:17 June 9723:, p. 62 7793:empire. 7786:21 July 7510:Candide 7497:Candide 7337:Plassey 7289:Result 7274:Battle 7257:11,670 7248:31,000 7163:12,000 7141:15,000 7028:18,000 6952:Result 6937:Battle 6914:40,000 6911:22,000 6892:70,000 6889:40,000 6876:10,000 6870:10,000 6867:25,000 6845:60,000 6832:11,260 6829:17,120 6826:52,000 6823:48,500 6804:45,000 6801:26,000 6782:24,000 6779:14,000 6760:35,000 6757:30,000 6753:Warburg 6741:10,052 6738:35,000 6735:13,000 6719:15,000 6716:32,000 6713:15,000 6700:15,741 6697:18,503 6694:98,000 6691:49,000 6672:60,000 6669:43,000 6650:40,500 6647:28,000 6628:78,000 6625:39,000 6606:10,000 6568:21,529 6565:11,390 6562:44,000 6559:36,000 6540:50,000 6537:32,000 6533:Krefeld 6524:22,000 6518:65,000 6515:36,000 6511:Leuthen 6499:10,150 6496:60,000 6493:28,000 6489:Breslau 6474:40,900 6471:21,000 6452:55,000 6449:25,000 6430:63,000 6427:36,000 6411:13,733 6408:54,000 6405:34,000 6392:13,600 6389:14,300 6386:61,000 6383:64,000 6364:34,000 6361:28,500 6351:Result 6336:Battle 6212:Leipzig 6208:Dresden 6153:Florida 6026:Holland 5973:Safavid 5946:Beyliks 5851:Senegal 5788:Karikal 5774:at the 5674:Condore 5659:Plassey 5211:Abenaki 4662:Senegal 4654:Menorca 4213:Legnica 4188:Kłodzko 4169:Marburg 4136:at the 4055:Prussia 4012:Kolberg 3972:Neumark 3935:Prussia 3911:Olomouc 3907:Moravia 3825:Franz I 3789:Silesia 3685:Bohemia 3650:Hanover 3627:Dresden 3623:Bautzen 3619:Lusatia 3576:Moravia 3500:St Malo 3284:Almeida 3111:Britain 3096:St Malo 3076:Minorca 3044:Almeida 3020:Gollnow 2839:Leuthen 2834:Breslau 2817:Silesia 2785:Küstrin 2733:Strehla 2728:Dresden 2723:Meissen 2703:Korbitz 2636:Nauheim 2591:Warburg 2586:Emsdorf 2581:Corbach 2536:Krefeld 2521:Geldern 2509:Teplitz 2499:Olomouc 2382:Silesia 2225:pistols 2097:in 1748 2064:Kłodzko 2036:Prussia 2032:Austria 2013:Silesia 2003:In the 1911:Menorca 1691:Silesia 1657:Austria 1606:Prussia 1285:Silesia 1224:Unknown 1168:Unknown 834:† 712:† 689: ( 625:† 575:† 356:Austria 281:Prussia 267:Hanover 216:Britain 212:Florida 191:Grenada 168:changes 113: ( 11834:Deluge 11758:Russia 11537:times) 11535:Soviet 11523:Russia 11478:Europe 11293: 11256: 11212: 11172: 11144: 11124: 11105: 11089:(2005) 11075: 11054: 11025: 10989: 10960: 10925: 10890: 10871: 10847: 10826: 10809: 10791: 10772: 10729: 10712: 10681: 10665: 10644: 10623: 10611:(2008) 10580: 10563: 10553: 10517: 10488: 10464: 10441: 10387: 10354: 10318: 10296: 10271: 10252: 10244: 10162: 10154: 10104: 10001: 9923: 9681: 9545:, see 9474:p. 584 9440:p. 292 9173: 9053:30 000 9030:p. 151 8984:p. 254 8980:p. 247 8935:p. 492 8625:p. 176 8442: 8319: 8292: 8253: 8228: 8218: 8189: 8167:p. 106 8130: 8103: 8076: 8030: 7652:series 7645:series 7438:1,000 7429:5,330 7416:1,500 7407:7,246 7394:1,200 7391:1,341 7385:4,050 7381:Madras 7363:2,300 7341:2,884 7328:1,300 7319:1,870 7308:7,000 7254:5,366 7244:Havana 7229:7,000 7226:6,000 7210:1,088 7207:6,900 7204:3,866 7185:4,500 7182:4,828 7160:5,000 7138:9,400 7119:1,786 7116:3,200 7097:8,200 7094:8,000 7081:2,000 7075:2,000 7072:5,000 7059:5,600 7053:5,600 7050:9,500 7034:3,600 7031:3,600 7012:2,372 7009:8,344 7006:2,372 6987:1,500 6984:1,700 6962:1,300 6920:8,000 6917:2,500 6898:4,500 6873:3,033 6854:5,000 6851:1,600 6819:Torgau 6810:2,036 6807:3,228 6788:8,300 6785:3,100 6766:3,000 6763:1,200 6744:3,000 6678:7,086 6675:2,762 6665:Minden 6656:4,700 6653:8,000 6634:7,590 6631:9,097 6609:1,400 6603:1,400 6590:3,000 6584:3,000 6581:9,000 6546:8,200 6543:1,800 6521:6,259 6502:5,857 6480:8,000 6458:5,250 6455:4,520 6436:1,200 6433:1,200 6414:8,100 6379:Prague 6370:2,984 6367:3,300 6172:Bengal 5957:Persia 5952:Persia 5861:Gambia 5730:Bengal 5679:Madras 5573:, and 5499:, 1763 5497:Havana 5431:, the 5295:abatis 5213:, the 5209:, the 5185: 4690:Manila 4645:, the 4630:Havana 4471:Under 4161:Fouqué 4074:Minden 3894:hussar 3549:Toulon 3431:Cavite 3426:Manila 3404:Havana 3390:Marvão 3364:Europe 3299:Marvão 3059:Marvão 3015:Gülzow 2980:Güstow 2965:Tornow 2955:Anklam 2950:Demmin 2864:Neisse 2810:Gostyn 2780:Berlin 2753:Döbeln 2748:Torgau 2566:Minden 2556:Bergen 2489:Holitz 2469:Prague 2392:Europe 2328:, the 2221:sabres 2128:Saxony 2060:Poland 1996: 1990: 1891:Alcide 1866:Acadia 1680:Manila 1676:Havana 1664:invade 1626:Russia 1624:, and 1622:Sweden 1618:Saxony 1610:France 1594:Europe 1120: 1070:Aranda 970: 830: 708: 621: 591: 571: 474: 435:Bengal 423:Sweden 397:Russia 394: 370:Saxony 367: 343:France 340: 278: 251: 224:Manila 220:Havana 210:cedes 193:, and 189:, and 183:Tobago 175:Canada 158:Result 135:Europe 12270:] 11460:Paris 11188:(PDF) 10710:S2CID 10385:JSTOR 10210:p. 72 10160:JSTOR 9981:p. 90 9645:(PDF) 9638:(PDF) 9493:p. 51 9395:2001) 9082:p. 29 9014:p. 88 8832:p. 54 8609:p. 70 8499:p. 37 8417:p. 71 8051:p. 14 7869:p. 17 7695:Notes 6709:Maxen 6401:Kolín 6236:Reich 5886:Gorée 5856:Gorée 5742:Nawab 5589:India 5215:Huron 4768:Frogs 4533:Brest 4335:Spain 4088:(now 3957:Emden 3791:, by 3725:Memel 3370:Cádiz 3200:Lagos 3126:Cádiz 2931:Memel 2879:Glatz 2718:Maxen 2658:Pirna 2621:Ölper 2571:Fulda 2484:Gabel 2479:Kolín 1842:Mingo 1735:(the 1727:(the 1614:Spain 1315:India 411:Spain 208:Spain 151:India 12505:21st 12106:20th 11533:and 11291:ISBN 11254:ISBN 11210:ISSN 11170:ISBN 11142:ISBN 11122:ISBN 11103:ISBN 11073:ISBN 11052:ISBN 11023:ISBN 10987:ISBN 10958:ISBN 10923:ISBN 10888:ISBN 10869:ISBN 10845:ISBN 10824:ISBN 10807:ISBN 10789:ISBN 10770:ISBN 10727:ISBN 10679:ISBN 10663:ISBN 10642:ISBN 10621:ISBN 10578:ISBN 10561:OCLC 10551:ISBN 10515:ISBN 10486:ISBN 10462:ISBN 10439:ISBN 10352:ISBN 10316:ISBN 10294:ISBN 10269:ISBN 10242:ISSN 10152:ISSN 10102:ISBN 9999:ISBN 9921:ISBN 9867:E.g. 9854:2006 9775:2022 9745:2022 9679:ISBN 9616:2015 9591:2015 9171:ISBN 9113:/12. 8440:ISBN 8317:ISBN 8290:ISBN 8251:ISBN 8226:OCLC 8216:ISBN 8206:E.g. 8187:ISBN 8128:ISBN 8101:ISBN 8074:ISBN 8028:ISBN 7788:2018 7736:The 7536:The 7529:and 7435:387 7413:286 7372:200 7369:200 7350:500 7325:194 7305:218 7299:514 7235:700 7213:833 7191:644 7188:664 7166:440 7147:N/A 7144:900 7125:486 7122:100 7103:N/A 7100:500 7078:804 7056:524 7037:377 6993:339 6990:331 6968:906 6965:891 6895:700 6722:934 6612:495 6587:810 6477:541 6210:and 6147:and 6113:and 6001:and 5992:The 5792:Mahé 5790:and 5597:and 5534:and 5481:and 5328:and 5315:and 5285:and 5257:and 5225:and 4541:Dury 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