2092:) into the ground. Narrating one such incident, he states that one day, when Lalitaditya was engaged in the world conquest, a wounded man came to him. The man, whose limbs and nose had been chopped off, introduced himself as a minister of the rival king of Sikata-sindhu ("Ocean of the Sand"). He said that he had been punished for advising his king to accept Lalitaditya's suzerainty. Lalitaditya promised to punish the rival king, and had the wounded minister restored to health under his care. The minister then encouraged Lalitaditya to march to the Sikata-sindhu country through a shortcut, and led his army to a wasteland without water. When Lalitaditya's army was on the verge of dying of thirst, the minister revealed that this was all a set-up: he was actually loyal to the rival king and intended to misguide Lalitaditya and his army to their death. Lalitaditya announced that he was impressed with the minister's loyalty to his own master, but declared that his plan would not be successful. The Kashmiri king then put his sword into the ground, making a stream come out of the water. He then reached Sikata-sindhu, where he reduced the rival king to the same pitiful condition as his limbless minister.
1936:
615:"After having established this kingdom, I have submitted to the Heavenly Qaghan along with other vassals and received orders to position and dispatch my forces. My kingdom has three kinds of troops, elephant(mounted), cavalry, and foot soldiers. The Tibetans on the five great routes distressed this vassal and the king of Middle India. The Tibetans blocked us from entering and exiting through these routes. Therefore, we fought and at once emerged victorious. Now, if the Heavenly Qaghan's army arrives at Palur, even if it numbers two hundred thousand, can assist with the supply of provisions. In my kingdom, there is a dragon pond called Mahāpadma (present-day Vular Lake). I am willing to let the troops of the Heavenly Qaghan encamp there."
1960:
1972:
1948:
887:
military exploits is not only probable, but also supported by other evidence. According to Goetz, Lalitaditya's extensive conquests were possible because the other contemporary kingdoms in the region had been weakened by foreign invasions and wars. In addition, Goetz speculated that
Lalitaditya managed to create a powerful army as a result of superior China-influenced military organization, administrative set-up and weaponry. Goetz identified several persons mentioned in Kalhana's account as historical figures, and argued that a distant writer like Kalhana could not have invented such historical persons.
837:
1495:
1858:
655:". Lalitaditya's minister Mitrasharman objected to this title, and insisted that Lalitaditya's name appear before Yashovarman's name in the title. Lalitaditya's generals, who were uneasy about the long duration of the war, blamed Mitrasharman for delaying the treaty. But Lalitaditya himself was pleased with Mitrasharman: he broke off the peace negotiations, and "uprooted" Yashovarman. As a result of this defeat, Yashovarman, who had been served by the court poets such as Vakpati and
166:
879:, mentions "the King of Kashmir on whose royal threshold the other rulers of Hind had placed their heads, who sways the whole of Hind, even the countries of Makran and Turan, whose chains a great many noblemen and grandees have willingly placed on their knees and against whom no human being can stand." This letter is stated to have been written in 712 CE, so Vaidya theorizes that Lalitaditya's conquests must have occurred during 700-712 CE.
1256:). Although Kalhana doesn't mention Kayya in connection with Lalitaditya's campaign, Goetz argues that a ruler of Lata would not have gone all the way to Kashmir to build a temple. Goetz assumes that he was taken there as a vassal. However, Karka's presence in Gujarat is attested by a 757 CE grant inscription. Goetz theorizes that Lalitaditya must have died before this year, and Karka must have returned to Gujarat after his death.
787:(literally "women's kingdom") melted the hearts of Lalitaditya's warriors by showing their "high breasts". When the trembling queen of Strirajya met Lalitaditya, no one could determine whether the emotion displayed by her was the terror or the desire of love. On Lalitaditya's approach, the Uttarakurus took shelter in the trees just like snakes hide in holes on seeing a
1245:. Although no contemporary Shilahara king by this name is known, there was an 11th-century Shilahara king with the same name. Goetz speculates Lalitaditya's Shilahara contemporary was also called Mummuni: his name must have been removed from the Shilahara family records because of his humiliating defeat against Lalitaditya.
1576:
According to
Kalhana, Lalitaditya once ordered the Pravarapura town to be burnt down, while in a drunken stupor. The town had been built by an earlier king named Pravarasena, and Lalitaditya did not want another town as beautiful as Parihasapura to exist. However, when Lalitaditya came to his senses,
1572:
Kalhana also mentions that while
Lalitaditya was away from his kingdom, his architect built a town called Lalitapura after him, but this angered Lalitaditya. One theory identifies this place with the modern Lethipora (or Latpor). Lalitaditya's wife Chakramardika is also said to have built the city of
890:
André Wink (2002) described Goetz' theory as convincing, but Ronald M. Davidson (2012) dismisses Wink's affirmation of Goetz's analysis as uncritical. Davidson rejects the argument that the conquests described by
Kalhana must have been real, because Kalhana could not have invented historical persons.
823:
When
Lalitaditya's ministers did not receive any news about him for several days, they sent a messenger to find him. The messenger came back with the news that the king did not wish to return, having decided to remain engaged in military conquests until his death. In his message, Lalitaditya provided
1077:
Shyam
Manohar Mishra rejects Jacobi's conclusion, pointing out that the 733 CE solar eclipse could be seen from several other regions (including Kashmir), and there is no evidence linking it to Yashovarman's defeat. In fact, the surrounding verses in the poem make it clear that the verse about solar
1018:, whose rulers received regular embassies from the Turkic Shahis, testify to their independent status. According to Sen, the Karkota kingdom had peaceful relations with these Turkic neighbours: this very fact may have enabled Lalitaditya to leave Kashmir and lead troops to central and eastern India.
2021:
month to celebrate their past king Muttai's alleged victory over the Turks. This Muttai can be identified with "Muktapida", that is, Lalitaditya. According to Al-Biruni, Kashmiris claimed that Muttai as well as most of the other
Kashmiri kings "ruled over the whole world". Al-Biruni dismissed these
857:
into
English, accepted Lalitaditya's subjugation of Yashovarman as a historical fact. However, he rejected the subsequent victories described by Kalhana as "manifestly legendary", given the absence of historical details. According to him, the kingdom of Kashmir did not have manpower or resources to
1382:
region, or that he marched across the
Taklamakan desert. Historical evidence indicates that the Tang dynasty retained control of the oasis states in the desert region until the early 780s CE, when the Tibetans established their dominance. There is no evidence of Lalitaditya's march to Pamir region
1698:
Kalhana also mentions a legend describing the discovery of two ancient idols: Lalitaditya, who was a skilled horse-rider, once took an untrained horse to a wasteland alone. There he saw some lovely dancing girls, who said that they belonged to a temple in the
Suravardhamana village located in the
1058:
dated Lalitaditya's conquest to sometime before 736 CE. However, Mishra interprets the Tang records differently to theorize that Lalitaditya and Yashovarman were allies at least until 736 CE. According to Mishra, the conflict between Lalitaditya and Yashovarman took place after 736 CE, and before
886:
Hermann Goetz (1969) devised a historical reconstruction supporting Kalhana's account, although he admitted that "this reconstruction cannot claim to be more than a working theory trying plausibly to interconnect the sparse and uncertain data". Goetz argued that Kalhana's account of Lalitaditya's
2042:
during a famine. As a result of this good deed, Lalitaditya became entitled to a hundred wishes in the heaven. For example, the king could make streams of sweet water appear in deserts at his mere wish. The messenger cautioned Lalitaditya that he had few wishes left, and therefore, he should not
1365:
Goetz' interpretation was widely accepted and cited by the subsequent scholars. However, Tansen Sen (2004) rejects Goetz' assessment of Lalitaditya's exploits as exaggerated, based on his study of the contemporary Chinese and Tibetan records, as well as numismatic evidence. Sen also analyzed the
1049:
However, Kalhana's account of this victory over Yashovarman cannot be taken at the face value. According to historian Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977), the earlier historians have overrated Lalitaditya's success against Yashovarman: the defeated king acknowledged Lalitaditya's suzerainty for a short
1877:
from Bhutesha (shrine of Shiva) while embarking on world conquest, and gave 11 crores as expiatory offering upon his return to Kashmir. He constructed the Jyeshtharudra stone temple dedicated to Shiva, and granted land and villages to the shrine. The Bhutesha shrine is identified with modern
1771:, where the remains of a stupa and a Shiva shrine have been discovered). The Chinese pilgrim Ou-Kong mentions the "Moung-ti" vihara among his list of Kashmiri monasteries; Stein identifies this vihara with the Ushkur site, and theorizes that "Moung-ti" is the Chinese transcription of "Mukta".
1409:("military general"). Goetz speculated that Chankuna was a Tokharian general in the Chinese army, and introduced the Chinese warfare techniques in Kashmir, which enhanced Lalitaditya's military campaigns. Sen criticizes this theory, pointing out that Kalhana's writings acclaim Chankuna for
1416:
According to Sen's theory, the Karkotas achieved successes against Tibetans as part of an alliance with the Tang dynasty. These successes led to development of legends about Kashmir's dominance in the southern Hindu Kush-Pamir region. Based on these legends, four centuries later, Kalhana
1078:
eclipse does not signify any debacle for Yashovarman. Moreover, Jacobi has mistranslated the subsequent verse, which actually states that if Yashovarman's order was defied, he twisted his eyebrow (became angry), resulting in great calamities in the realms of those who defied the order.
1585:
Kalhana states that Lalitaditya constructed a shrine in every town, village, river, sea and island. His wives, ministers and attendants consecrated hundreds of images in these temples. Lalitaditya placed idols of the deities' attendants, made of gold and silver, in these shrines.
1053:
The date of the conflict between the two kings is not certain. The Annals of the Tang dynasty suggest that Lalitaditya and a Central Indian king had fought against Tibet as allies. Assuming that this central Indian king was Yashovarman (after his subjugation by Lalitaditya),
1430:". Lalitaditya further explains that the Tibetans had distressed him and another king of Central India by blocking the five great routes. But the two Indian kings had managed to defeat the Tibetans. Finally, Lalitaditya requests the Tang army to arrive at Palur (present-day
598:
During his reign, according to a letter sent by Lalitaditya to the Tang court by a Kashmiri envoy, the Karkota dynasty expressed their willingness to support the Tang dynasty against the Tibetans. Leveraging his position as a Chinese vassal, he used to enlist soldiers from
1142:) suggest that Yashovarman participated in Lalitaditya's subsequent campaigns as a vassal. Mishra believes that the conflict between the two kings happened after Yashovarman's successful campaign, which must have "evoked the jealousy and concern of Lalitaditya".
1070:, a text composed by Yashovarman's court poet Vakpati. This text describes a solar eclipse (an inauspicious omen), which Jacobi considers to be an allusion to Yashovarman's defeat. Jacobi also bases his conclusion on a subsequent verse, which he translates as "
930:
Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977) points out that Lalitaditya's achievements "must have been coloured and exaggerated by the popular imagination" by the time of Kalhana, who lived four centuries after Lalitaditya. This is evident from the fact that Kalhana ascribes
499:", crediting him with extensive conquests and miraculous powers across India and Central Asia. While Kalhana's account is not supported by contemporary records and largely rejected as exaggerations, he is accepted as the most powerful king of his dynasty. The
1577:
he regretted his decision. He was relieved when his ministers informed him that they had not actually carried out his order. He was pleased with his ministers' wise decision, and instructed them to similarly ignore his commands whenever he was drunk.
915:
as poetic boast, describing Kalhana's account as "Kashmiri boosterism". He, however, believes that Kalhana's claims might be closer to the truth than Vakpati's claims. According to Davidson, Lalitaditya launched his attack in 733 CE, advanced up to
901:, and which ascribes fictional events to historical persons. He argues that Kalhana's dubious sources could have fabricated a conquest of known parties. Davidson points out that Yashovarman's court poet Vakpati credits him with similar conquests in
573:
Kalhana states that Lalitaditya's reign lasted for 36 years, 7 months and 11 days. He suggests that Lalitaditya ruled during 724-761 CE. However, this is not correct, as Lalitaditya's predecessor is known to have sent an embassy to the Tang capital
1118:
makes similar claims for Lalitaditya. According to Goetz, the invasion routes described in both these texts are "practically identical". He, therefore, concludes that Yashovarman participated in Lalitaditya's wars as a vassal. Goetz argues that
2046:
Kalhana also claims that Lalitaditya's minister Chankuna was a brother of the magician Kanakavarsha (literally "the one who rains gold"). He produced gold in the king's treasury using his magic powers. Once the king's army was stranded in the
1730:
had been made a surety for his safety. Despite this, Lalitaditya had him assassinated in Trigrami (modern Trigam). To avenge their king's treacherous murder, his servants came from Gauda to Kashmir, determined to destroy Lalitaditya's beloved
815:
section below). After some time, he marched towards the "boundless regions of the north", because he was curious to visit the lands where no one had reached before. During this campaign, he had several adventures with demons sent by the deity
827:
Later, some people reported that Lalitaditya died in the Aryanaka country, as a result of excessive out-of-season snowfall. Others reported he immolated himself in a dire situation, because he wanted to die while he remained a great king.
1389:
establish that a number of northern Pamir rulers sent envoys to pay homage to the Tibetan court in 756-757 CE. This suggests that this area was under control of the Tibetans, whose records do not mention any conflict with Kashmir.
1441:
According to the Tang records, the Tang emperor was pleased by Lalitaditya's offer, and bestowed the title of "King" upon Lalitaditya. In the subsequent years, Tang forces fought with the Tibetans over Little Palur (present-day
766:
fled to mountain ranges on Lalitaditya's approach, leaving behind their horses. He also defeated Mummuni three times in a battle, and made the Bhauttas very anxious. Lalitaditya was too dignified to tolerate the wine-drinking
1177:. As a result, she appealed Lalitaditya for help, who arrived in Deccan and fought on her side. Goetz further theorized that Yashovarman and Jivitagupta participated in this campaign as his vassals. His arguments include:
578:
in 720 CE. This predecessor, mentioned as "Tianmu" in the Tang records, was probably Tarapida, although some scholars have identified him as Chandrapida. Modern historians date Lalitaditya's reign to c. 724/5 - c. 760 CE.
1184:
claims that Yashovarman also invaded Deccan. According to Goetz, had Yashovarman had invaded Deccan alone, this invasion would have taken place before his debacle against Lalitaditya, that is, sometime before 730 CE. But
1699:
wasteland. Next, day the king had the wasteland dug up. This excavation resulted in discovery of two decayed temples, each with an idol of Keshava. The inscriptions on these idols indicated that they had been made by
927:. According to him, Lalitaditya provided military and logistical support to the Tang campaigns against Tibetans, and the success of these campaigns later led to Kashmiri legends describing him as a great conqueror.
1211:
would not have allied with the Hindu rulers of Malwa or Kosala. Therefore, this invasion can only refer to Dantidurga's successes against the forces of Lalitaditya and his vassals (Yashovarman and Jivitagupta).
807:. The Turushkas had to carry their arms at their backs and shave half of their heads, to mark their bondage. The Dakshinatyas had to wear a tail that swept the ground, to signify their similarity to beasts.
1453:
visited the Tang court in 749 CE, and requested it to renew its alliance with Kashmir by sending the Kashmir king precious gifts. The envoy's objective was to enlist the Tang help against the Tibet's ally
722:) appeared like curved swords falling from the arms because of the fear of an attack by Lalitaditya. The Kashmiri king crossed the oceans via the islands, as one crosses a rivulet by stepping over stones.
1374:(who stayed in Kashmir for four years during c. 753-763 CE, after Lalitaditya's death). None of these sources support Goetz' assertion that Lalitaditya managed to establish a vast Kashmiri empire in the
810:
Lalitaditya established several cities and shrines during his stay in Kashmir. Once, he invaded and conquered the kingdom of Sikata-sindhu ("Ocean of the Sand"), after crossing a massive wasteland (see
1739:. Lalitaditya was away from Parihasapura at that time, and the attendants of the Parihasa-Keshava temple closed its gates to prevent the Gauda men from entering the shrine. The Gauda men mistook the
799:
Lalitaditya returned to Kashmir with the immense wealth obtained from his conquests. He appointed his attendants as the kings of Jalaṃdhara, Lohara and other countries. By Lalitaditya's order, the
1196:
princess before marriage, and therefore, her Chalukya relatives could have allowed Lalitaditya to pass through northern Deccan, enabling him to easily invade the territory controlled by Krishna.
1458:. The envoy pointed out that the ruler of Kashmir respected the Chinese, and had a large cavalry and infantry. The Chinese accepted the envoy's recommendation, and in 750 CE, the Tang general
762:
stables of horses (a reference to the Kamboja country's reputation for good-quality horses). The resulting darkness made them appear as if they were filled with black buffaloes instead. The
666:
Lalitaditya instituted five new offices, which were occupied by Shahi and other princes. After consolidating power in Kanyakubja, Lalitaditya proceeded to the eastern ocean, just like the
1935:
1565:. This city became Lalitaditya's residence for a brief period, while Srinagara continued to serve as the other capital. Parihasapura had been deserted and ruined by the time of Kalhana.
2030:
Kalhana declares that Lalitaditya's commands were not disobeyed even by the gods. Once, while encamped on the shores of the eastern ocean in the cold weather, Lalitaditya ordered
1426:, Lalitaditya's envoy came to the Tang court with a letter in March–April 933 CE. In this letter, Lalitaditya presents himself as a Tang vassal who had "submitted to the Heavenly
1030:
appears to be historically true. Historical evidence suggests that the two kings were immediate neighbours before their conflict: Lalitaditya's empire extended up to present-day
1046:'s ancestor Atrigupta, a scholar who originally lived in Yashovarman's territory, was brought to Kashmir by Lalitaditya. This may have happened during Lalitaditya's invasion.
2038:'s divine messenger brought these fruits to him from the heaven. The messenger explained to him that in his previous birth, he offered his own food and water to a starving
3146:
923:
Tansen Sen (2004) similarly rejects the claims about Lalitaditya's conquest of Hindu Kush-Pamir region, based on numismatic evidence and contemporary records other than
1189:, the contemporary ruler of Deccan, was a very powerful king. Therefore, Yashovarman could have invaded Deccan only as part of a more powerful force led by Lalitaditya.
960:
before embarking upon his campaign in central India. He dates Lalitaditya's conquest of Afghanistan before 730 CE, and presents the following arguments in his support:
1314:. Goetz speculated that Lalitaditya wanted to leave behind some governors before marching against Tibetans; therefore, he conducted a ceremony to induct the "various
1169:
Goetz identified Kalhana's Queen Ratta with Bhavagana, who was a wife of the Rashtrakuta king Indra I. Goetz speculates that she acted as a queen regent for her son
935:
to Lalitaditya. According to Susan L. Huntington (1997), Lalitaditya's campaigns were probably "massive raiding and looting expeditions rather than true conquests".
1413:, not military expertise. Moreover, the Tokharian origin of Chankuna cannot be considered as concrete evidence of Kashmiri control over southern Hindu Kush region.
1397:: Caṇkuṇa) as an evidence of the Kashmiri hegemony over the Turkic kingdoms. According to Kalhana, Lalitaditya brought Chankuna to Kashmir from the Tuhkhara land (
635:
Kalhana describes Lalitaditya as a universal monarch, who spent most of his life in military expeditions. He gives the following account of Lalitaditya's career:
1252:, built a temple in Kashmir during Lalitaditya's reign. Goetz identifies Kayya with Karka II, the Rashtrakuta governor of the Lata region (present-day southern
1203:
inscription. According to Goetz, this record claims that Dantidurga repulsed "an invasion by the combined rulers of Sindh, Malwa and Kosala". The contemporary
1042:
in present-day Uttar Pradesh is also considered as an evidence of Lalitaditya's success in this region (as Pratapaditya was the name of Lalitaditya's father).
2180:
1998:
According to Kalhana, Lalitaditya collected wise men from different countries, just "as the wind collects masses of full-blown flowers". For example, from
1446:). The Tangs finally captured it in 747 CE, after three failed attempts. Lalitaditya's Kashmir seems to have played a significant role in these conflicts.
2085:. This image still existed in the time of Kalhana, and according to him, the metal bands fastened around it proved that it was once fixed on an elephant.
1199:
Goetz also assumes that Dantidurga threw off Lalitaditya's vassalage after the Kashmiri king returned to the north. In his support, he cites Dantidurga's
983:"princelings", who were under nominal Chinese control after the fall of the Sasanian Empire. After Lalitaditya, Afghanistan came under the control of the
1462:
conquered Kashgar. These records suggest that Lalitaditya provided military assistance and logistical support to Gao Xianzhi's forces in this campaign.
566:
and queen Narendraprabha. His mother Narendraprabha was previously married to a foreign merchant settled in Kashmir. He had two elder brothers named
1131:. According to Goetz, this is the poet's way of hiding Yashovarman's visit to Lalitaditya's court, which was located in the mountainous region.
1987:
Kalhana states that Lalitaditya made an arrangement at Chakradhara to distribute the Vitasta river water to several villages using a series of
1066:
dated Lalitaditya's invasion of Kannauj to 14 August 733 CE, a date that was accepted by several later historians. This theory is based on the
907:, according to which Yashovarman conquered not only eastern and southern India, but also defeated the king of Persia. Davidson dismisses both
710:(Durga). Even a powerful figure like her bowed down to Lalitaditya. In the south, Lalitaditya's soldiers forgot their fatigue, as they sipped
1947:
1224:
region which was located at the south-western frontier of Gauda. According to Goetz, the term "Sindh" has been used to describe Kashmir in
455:
1204:
783:("sea of sand"), where the mirage resulted in an illusion of water, Lalitaditya's elephants appeared like large crocodiles. The women of
651:
submitted to him after a long war and offered a peace treaty. Yashovarman drew up a document outlining the terms of this treaty, titled "
779:
When Lalitaditya approached the deserted town of Pragjyotisha, he saw the smoke arising from the black aloes burning in the forests. In
742:
made the Vindhya appear red with anger. In Avanti, the tusks of his elephants were split only by the moonlight falling on the diadem of
1110:
through present-day Odisha. Goetz further theorized that Yashovarman supported Lalitaditya in these campaigns as a vassal. In the poem
2095:
Kalhana mentions that several other wonderful legends about Lalitaditya existed during his time, but he could not include them all in
2081:), which had been brought to Kashmir from Magadha on an elephant. The king fulfilled this demand, and Chankuna placed the idol in his
1707:. The king brought these idols to Parihasapura, where he erected a stone shrine beside the Parihasa-Keshava temple. He installed the
1006:
Tansen Sen (2004) criticizes Goetz' theory, based on numismatic evidence and other contemporary records. These sources suggest that
2034:
fruits to be brought to him. His attendants were perplexed, as this fruit was not common in the given season and place. But then,
1002:
was a factor in this, it also appears that there was an Indian empire powerful enough to offer resistance to the Caliphite armies.
1959:
1971:
734:, located on the western sea shore, inspired Lalitaditya's soldiers with desire . Lalitaditya's elephant army then marched into
1216:
here can be interpreted as Yashovarman's frontier territory or Jivitagputa's paternal territory. Kosala here may refer to the
3660:
3599:
3571:
2350:
2320:
2163:
2131:
1267:
had already been subjugated by the Chalukyas, which would have allowed Lalitaditya to establish his hegemony in the region.
544:
of China. This text mentions him as "Mu-to-pi" or "Muduobi" (a variation of Muktapida). The 11th-century Persian chronicler
3753:
824:
political wisdom on how to govern the kingdom, and asked for his elder son Kuvalayapida to be appointed as his successor.
1074:" Assuming 733 CE as the date of Lalitaditya's victory, Goetz dated the beginning of the conflict to 730 CE or earlier.
2055:), because the local streams had "united" and could not be crossed. Chankuna magically parted the waters by throwing a
341:
1920:) in Lalitapura, and granted the land of Kanyakubja and its villages to this shrine. In addition, he commissioned the
1844:
Chankuna's son-in-law and physician Ishanachandra also built a vihara after obtaining wealth through the blessings of
3689:
3639:
3521:
3486:
3156:
1310:
legend, according to which some later regional dynasties originated from a fire pit during a sacrificial ceremony at
1726:
to avenge their king's assassination by Lalitaditya. The Gauda king had come to Kashmir on a visit, and the idol of
3778:
1481:, while Vajraditya was a son of Chakramardika. Vajraditya was succeeded by his sons Prthivyapida and Samgramapida.
846:, only Lalitaditya's conquests in the Kashmir's neighbourhood and the Gangetic plains are considered as historical.
842:
448:
3478:
Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries
1303:
of Chittorgarh served Lalitaditya as a vassal, and died fighting in the Kashmiri king's Central Asian campaigns.
1014:
regions in present-day Afghanistan were under control of the independent Turkic Shahi rulers. The records of the
1605:
Installed an image of Nṛhari in Strirajya. This image was suspended in air by fixing magnets above and below it.
1330:
According to Goetz, after returning to Kashmir, Lalitaditya not only repulsed the Tibetans but also invaded the
1477:
Lalitaditya was succeeded by his sons: first Kuvalayapida and then Vajraditya. Kuvalayapida was a son of queen
3531:
567:
1279:
invaded Kashmir around 747 CE. Goetz theorizes that during this return journey, Lalitaditya passed through
976:. At the same time, there is no influence from the Gupta art, which was popular in Yashovarman's territory.
563:
548:
mentions a Kashmiri king called Muttai, who was most probably Lalitaditya ("Muttai" being derived from the
1995:. Ishanadevi, a wife of his minister Chankuna, constructed a water-well whose pure water cured the sick.
1594:
According to Kalhana, Lalitaditya commissioned shrines dedicated to various aspects of Vishnu, including
1568:
Several towns in salty wastelands, to ensure that anyone suffering from thirst could find water to drink.
679:
441:
419:
145:
17:
1683:
Lalitaditya's queen Kamalavati established Kamalahatta (a market), where she installed a silver idol of
1123:
fails to mention this, because Yashovarman's court poet wanted to whitewash his master's vassal status.
991:
429:
678:. During this expedition, the elephants in this army saw the land of their birth. Lalitaditya reached
3758:
1225:
743:
3783:
3496:
1553:
Lokapunya town, which is identified with the area near the Lokabhavana spring near modern Larikpur.
603:. They supported the Chinese against the Tibetans. Additionally, the Karkotas participated in the
3773:
746:. (This is a reference to the traditional myth that the moonlight can split the elephant tusks).
414:
1469:" mentioned by Kalhana may have been Lalitaditya's rivals in these 747 CE and 750 CE campaigns.
1438:). He promises to supply provisions for the Tang army, even if it numbered as large as 200,000.
3720:"Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitāditya's Ascendancy over the Southern Hindukush Region"
1879:
1862:
1114:, Yashovarman's courtier Vakpati credits him with victories in eastern and southern India. The
1050:
period, but became practically independent when Lalitaditya became engaged in other conflicts.
702:
at this time was a Karnata queen named Ratta. She had constructed obstacle-free roads over the
308:
302:
3476:
1370:(who visited Kashmir in 725 CE, at the beginning of Lalitaditya's reign) and the Chinese monk
3700:
3629:
3511:
2152:
N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; Leidy, Denise Patry; Strahan, Donna K. (2010).
2061:(gem) into the streams, enabling the king's army to cross the waters. He then retrieved his
1034:
in the south-east, while Yashovarman's north-eastern frontier included parts of present-day
3768:
3763:
2120:
Ahmed, Asad Q.; Sadeghi, Behnam; Hoyland, Robert G.; Silverstein, Adam (27 November 2014).
320:
238:
224:
205:
187:
2009:
festival at Parihasapura. During this festival, he distributed 100,001 food dishes beside
1134:
Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977) rejects Goetz theory, pointing out that no sources (including
659:, himself became a panegyrist of Lalitaditya. The land of Kanyakubja, located between the
8:
3591:
3563:
1359:
1296:
1103:
488:
95:
71:
2155:
Wisdom Embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
2017:
states that the people of Kashmir organized an annual festival on the second day of the
3731:
2088:
Kalhana also claims that Lalitaditya made several streams appear by pushing his spear (
1928:
1921:
1385:
1099:
1098:
by 735-736 CE. Based on Kalhana's account, Goetz theorized that Lalitaditya marched to
973:
876:
758:(the northern region), where he fought with several mighty kings. His army emptied the
507:
314:
192:
175:
154:
111:
1072:
The corner of his eye-brow became twisted on account of the shaking of his position.
479:: Lalitāditya Muktāpīḍa; r. c. 724 CE–760 CE) was a Kashmiri monarch belonging to the
3706:
3685:
3666:
3656:
3635:
3616:
3595:
3567:
3541:
3517:
3482:
3152:
2346:
2316:
2159:
2127:
1343:
999:
608:
424:
90:
694:
From the eastern sea-shore, Lalitaditya proceeded to the southern region, where the
663:
and the Kalika river (possibly modern Kali Nadi), came under Lalitaditya's control.
1735:
idol. They entered Kashmir under the pretext of visiting the shrine of the goddess
1431:
1422:
719:
643:
Lalitaditya invaded the Antarvedi country, whose capital was located at Gadhipura (
533:
496:
386:
362:
355:
290:
2342:
Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of India–China Relations, 600–1400
1494:
836:
506:
Lalitaditya commissioned a number of shrines in Kashmir, including the now-ruined
3719:
3679:
3650:
3610:
3535:
3500:
2340:
2310:
2153:
2121:
2073:
s from Chankuna, offering anything else in return. Chankuna asked for an idol of
1857:
1379:
1221:
893:
695:
604:
480:
396:
218:
212:
182:
3585:
3557:
1263:(in present-day Gujarat) between 740 and 746 CE. By this time, the local rulers
2123:
Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts: Essays in Honor of Professor Patricia Crone
2078:
1793:
Erected a very high statue of the Brhadbuddha ("Great Buddha"), made of 84,000
1755:
Kalhana also credits Lalitaditya with building the following Buddhist shrines:
1723:
1162:: it is probably used for poetic effect, to compare Queen Ratta to the goddess
1063:
1007:
804:
800:
735:
683:
283:
269:
263:
257:
754:
Having defeated most of the other kings, Lalitaditya proceeded from Avanti to
3747:
3670:
3620:
3545:
2052:
1691:
1547:
1443:
1371:
1249:
1163:
1128:
1107:
1043:
1031:
949:
883:
707:
699:
675:
524:
381:
99:
3472:
1711:(Rama's idol) in this stone building. His queen Chakramardika installed the
1505:
Kalhana states that Lalitaditya established the following cities and towns:
570:
and Tarapida (alias Udayaditya), who preceded him as the rulers of Kashmir.
528:, a chronicle of the rulers of Kashmir, by the 12th-century Kashmiri writer
3710:
1499:
1275:
According to Goetz, Lalitaditya returned to Kashmir, when the Tibetan king
1015:
957:
862:
715:
667:
660:
541:
511:
500:
296:
1393:
Goetz considered the Tokharian origin of Lalitaditya's minister Chankuna (
3581:
3553:
1988:
1803:
1635:
1557:
1533:
1459:
1450:
1398:
1347:
1342:. Goetz speculated that in 755-756 CE, Lalitaditya invaded the towns in
1331:
1300:
1284:
1186:
1151:
1055:
1027:
984:
980:
969:
953:
850:
755:
648:
600:
575:
549:
334:
3735:
1434:), offering to set up a camp for them beside the Mahapadma lake (modern
1220:
region (in present-day Uttar Pradesh) controlled by Yashovarman, or the
865:(1861–1938), Kalhana's account is corroborated by the 13th century text
2950:
2057:
1841:
Chankuna also established another vihara (with a chaitya) in Srinagara.
1747:
idol, and destroyed it, before being killed by Lalitaditya's soldiers.
1667:
Raised a pillar which measured 54 hands in height, and had an image of
1478:
1435:
1375:
1173:
after Indra's death, but her rule was threatened by her brother-in-law
1170:
1150:
The term "Ratta" in Kalhana's account appears to be a reference to the
1011:
872:
867:
656:
644:
121:
2706:
1834:: Cankunavihara), which included a tall stupa and golden image of the
165:
3002:
2878:
2854:
2808:
2806:
2696:
2694:
2181:"J&K LG Manoj Sinha joins pooja at ruins of ASI-protected temple"
2014:
1992:
1736:
1704:
1335:
1319:
1311:
1276:
1260:
1238:
1174:
903:
711:
671:
587:
545:
1618:
Installed several images of Vishnu and his aspects in Parihasapura:
718:. The snakes dropping from the sandalwood trees on Chandanadri (the
2938:
2914:
2890:
2830:
2043:
waste these wishes on frivolous requests such as ordering a fruit.
2010:
1845:
1402:
1307:
1292:
1264:
1200:
1193:
1159:
964:
There is a gigantic gilt copper Buddha statue beside Lalitaditya's
763:
759:
739:
703:
251:
245:
131:
41:
3681:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement
2926:
2902:
2803:
2691:
2312:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement
2069:, and the streams were united again. The king requested these two
1991:. Chakradhara is identified with modern Tsakdar Udar plateau near
1865:, identified as the Bhutesha shrine mentioned in Kalhana's account
1811:
The king's subjects are also said to have built Buddhist shrines:
1334:. Goetz identified Kalhana's "sea of sand" as the desert areas of
730:
After crossing the ocean, Lalitaditya reached the seven Konkanas.
3537:
Studies in the History and Art of Kashmir and the Indian Himalaya
2818:
2655:
2039:
2018:
1999:
1820:
1783:
1595:
1466:
1455:
1253:
1158:
region. The term "Vindhyas" here cannot refer to the present-day
1155:
1035:
965:
917:
768:
560:
529:
492:
491:. He Was the Chamar ruler of India . The 12th-century chronicler
484:
391:
106:
45:
3376:
3374:
3224:
3222:
3128:
3126:
2667:
2002:, he brought Chankuna (IAST: Caṇkuṇa), who had great qualities.
1916:
Kalhana mentions that Lalitaditya built a shrine of Aditya (the
611:. The submission letter of Lalitaditya to the emperor of China:
607:, where they, along with the Tang dynasty, were defeated by the
583:
510:. He also established several towns, including a new capital at
2290:
1886:
1768:
1760:
1672:
1668:
1609:
1427:
1367:
1355:
1315:
1288:
1280:
1242:
1217:
1095:
1091:
995:
817:
788:
731:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3014:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2842:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2119:
3437:
3425:
3371:
3219:
3165:
3123:
3111:
3072:
3060:
2779:
2679:
2544:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2035:
1917:
1874:
1764:
1615:
Made an offering to Vishnu after building the Lokapunya town.
1562:
1351:
1339:
1213:
1208:
1087:
27:
Maharaja of Kashmir under the Karkota dynasty (r. 724–760 CE)
3391:
3389:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3319:
3317:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3197:
3195:
3182:
3180:
3089:
3087:
3050:
3048:
3046:
2723:
2721:
2573:
2571:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2517:
2515:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2452:
2450:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2266:
2099:
because he did not want to break the flow of the narrative.
1465:
Tansen Sen believes that the "Bhauttas" (Tibetans) and the "
3587:
Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī: A chronicle of the kings of Kaśmīr
3559:
Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī: A chronicle of the kings of Kaśmīr
3026:
2985:
2962:
2750:
2733:
2638:
2626:
2607:
2595:
2237:
2235:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
1831:
1700:
1394:
1237:
Goetz identified Kalhana's "Mummuni" with the contemporary
831:
476:
2583:
2247:
3449:
3413:
3401:
3386:
3354:
3329:
3314:
3297:
3278:
3251:
3234:
3207:
3192:
3177:
3099:
3084:
3043:
2767:
2718:
2568:
2556:
2527:
2512:
2481:
2462:
2447:
2424:
2407:
2395:
2278:
2022:
claims as lies because of chronological inconsistencies.
1679:
Others also constructed Vishnu shrines during his reign:
1306:
Goetz goes on to connect Lalitaditya to the mythological
938:
3509:
3502:
History of Mediaeval Hindu India: Rise of Hindu kingdoms
2866:
2791:
2712:
2232:
2208:
2187:
686:, and a number of elephants joined his army from Gauda.
2220:
582:
Lalitaditya claimed to be a descendant of the mythical
1086:
According to Goetz, Lalitaditya conquered present-day
503:
chronicles present him as a vassal-ally of the Tangs.
920:
in the east, and then returned to Kashmir in 747 CE.
891:
In his support, Davidson presents the example of the
3698:
3008:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2884:
2860:
2836:
2812:
2700:
1102:
after defeating Yashovarman. There, he defeated the
998:
in Punjab during this period. While the fall of the
522:
The main source of information about Lalitaditya is
1715:(Lakshmana's idol) beside her Chakreshvara shrine.
1608:Built the Muktasvamin shrine at Hushkapura (modern
1358:, after the Tang power declined as a result of the
3677:
3608:
2824:
2673:
2661:
1038:. The discovery of some coins bearing the legend
979:Before Lalitaditya, Afghanistan was controlled by
3627:
2296:
2151:
1903:Other people also built several lingas, known as
1449:The Tang records also mention that an envoy from
803:and Dakshinatyas in his kingdom had to display a
3745:
3648:
2848:
1896:A teacher named Bhappata built the linga called
1417:characterized Lalitaditya as a world-conqueror.
1166:(who is said to reside in the Vindhyan region).
532:. Lalitaditya also finds a brief mention in the
1815:Kayya, the king of Lata, also built the famous
1106:ruler Jivitagupta, and then advanced up to the
1410:
948:Goetz theorizes that Lalitaditya had captured
932:
812:
689:
3530:
3037:
3020:
2996:
2979:
2761:
2744:
2649:
2632:
2620:
2589:
2260:
2013:(donations). The 11th century Persian writer
559:names Lalitaditya as the youngest son of the
449:
3495:
2601:
2025:
2005:Kalhana states that Lalitaditya started the
1885:His minister Mitrasharman installed a Shiva
738:. The dust raised by his army's crossing of
593:
2178:
1318:tribes" into the Hindu political system as
774:
714:and enjoyed the breeze on the banks of the
3717:
3580:
3552:
3471:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3380:
3365:
3348:
3323:
3308:
3291:
3272:
3245:
3228:
3213:
3201:
3186:
3171:
3144:
3132:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3078:
3066:
3054:
2872:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2727:
2685:
2577:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2521:
2506:
2475:
2456:
2441:
2418:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2284:
2272:
2241:
2226:
2214:
2202:
1953:Restored impression by J. Duguid (1870–73)
1819:, which later became the residence of the
1546:). Stein identified this town with modern
1325:
456:
442:
3612:Historicity in Sanskrit Historical Kāvyas
3513:The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan
2315:. Columbia University Press. p. 46.
1694:, built the famous shrine of Kayyasvamin.
1561:, which was better than the residence of
1536:and the confluence of Vitasta and Sindhu.
1248:Kalhana mentions that Kayya, the king of
943:
653:The treaty of Yashovarman and Lalitaditya
2345:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 32.
2308:
1856:
1602:Built a shrine of Keshava in Darpitapura
1493:
1295:. He also speculated that the legendary
1259:According to Goetz, Lalitaditya invaded
897:, which is one of Kalhana's sources for
835:
832:General historicity of Kalhana's account
698:bowed down before him. The sovereign of
1722:idol was later destroyed by the men of
14:
3746:
1532:). M. A. Stein located Phalapura near
1127:mentions that Yashovarman visited the
939:Detailed analysis of Kalhana's account
871:. A letter in this text, addressed by
638:
3151:. University of Hawai'i. p. 32.
1420:Sen points out that according to the
706:, and was as powerful as the goddess
2334:
2332:
2179:Subramanian, Nirupama (9 May 2022).
2147:
2145:
2143:
2115:
2113:
2111:
1801:is an ancient unit equivalent to 64
1270:
858:carry out such extensive campaigns.
749:
630:
564:king Durlabhaka (alias Pratapaditya)
2338:
1982:
1750:
1489:
1405:transcription of the Chinese title
1059:Yashovarman's death in 749-753 CE.
972:. It appears to be inspired by the
24:
1401:). "Chankuna" is believed to be a
725:
625:
342:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
25:
3795:
3510:Cynthia Packert Atherton (1997).
2339:Sen, Tansen (11 September 2015).
2329:
2172:
2140:
2108:
1589:
1145:
3540:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1911:
1852:
1633:is ancient unit equivalent to 4
1472:
1232:
1081:
843:A Historical Atlas of South Asia
495:characterizes Lalitaditya as a "
164:
3464:
3138:
2302:
1484:
3652:Introduction to the Tantrāloka
2158:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1573:Chakrapura with 7,000 houses.
1021:
568:Chandrapida (alias Vajraditya)
13:
1:
3699:Shyam Manohar Mishra (1977).
3684:. Columbia University Press.
3148:Buddhism, Diplomacy and Trade
2713:Cynthia Packert Atherton 1997
2102:
853:(1900), who first translated
517:
2309:Davidson, Ronald M. (2002).
1366:writings of the Korean monk
840:In Joseph E. Schwartzberg's
122:Durlabhaka (Pratapaditya II)
7:
3754:8th-century Indian monarchs
3678:Ronald M. Davidson (2012).
3634:. Oxford University Press.
3615:. Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar.
3609:Manabendu Banerjee (2004).
1786:, and a large image of the
1026:Lalitaditya's victory over
690:March to the Southern India
420:History of Gilgit-Baltistan
10:
3800:
3628:Meena Arora Nayak (2018).
1924:and the surrounding town.
1718:According to Kalhana, the
1598:, Nṛhari and Muktasvamin:
1580:
1528:, when he received fruit (
956:, and western part of the
430:History of Poonch District
3649:Navjivan Rastogi (1987).
3009:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2957:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2945:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2933:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2921:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2909:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2897:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2885:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2861:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2837:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2813:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2701:Shyam Manohar Mishra 1977
2051:country (identified with
2026:Alleged miraculous powers
994:could not advance beyond
712:wine of the coconut trees
594:Relations with Tang China
127:
117:
105:
89:
85:Kamaladevi, Chakramardika
81:
77:
67:
59:
51:
39:
34:
3724:Journal of Asian History
1350:deserts, and marched to
775:Invasion of Pragjyotisha
239:Middle Republican period
3779:Indian military leaders
3655:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3631:Evil in the Mahabharata
2825:Manabendu Banerjee 2004
2674:Ronald M. Davidson 2012
2662:Ronald M. Davidson 2012
1977:Ruins in winter of 2012
1965:Ruins in summer of 2011
1542:, when he took a leaf (
1326:Hindu Kush-Pamir region
1322:(recognized warriors).
958:Central Asian highlands
861:According to historian
415:History of Azad Kashmir
2297:Meena Arora Nayak 2018
1869:According to Kalhana:
1866:
1863:Wangath Temple complex
1767:at Hushkapura (modern
1516:) to conquer the world
1502:
944:Afghanistan and Punjab
847:
647:). The defending king
623:
552:form of "Muktapida").
188:Mythological dynasties
2849:Navjivan Rastogi 1987
1882:(Bhutser or Buthser).
1860:
1826:Chankuna established
1497:
992:Muslims from the west
974:Bamiyan Buddha statue
839:
620:Lalitaditya Muktapida
613:
213:Pre-Mahabharat period
176:Mythological timeline
35:Lalitaditya Muktapida
3702:Yaśovarman of Kanauj
1522:, when he felt proud
252:Late Middle Republic
3718:Tansen Sen (2004).
3592:Archibald Constable
3564:Archibald Constable
3383:, pp. 142–143.
3145:Tansen Sen (2003).
3135:, pp. 145–146.
3081:, pp. 150–151.
3069:, pp. 148–149.
2553:, pp. 154–155.
1922:Martanda sun temple
1873:Lalitaditya took 1
1690:Kayya, the king of
1625:(made of 84,000 of
1512:, when he decided (
1360:An Lushan Rebellion
987:dynasty of Lalliya.
820:to test his power.
639:Conquest of Kannauj
540:), a record of the
489:Indian subcontinent
335:Early modern period
221:Pre (3200–2000 BCE)
55:r. c. 724 CE–760 CE
3446:, p. 144-146.
3434:, p. 140-141.
3231:, p. 141-142.
3174:, p. 146-147.
3120:, p. 141-142.
3038:Hermann Goetz 1969
3021:Hermann Goetz 1969
2997:Hermann Goetz 1969
2980:Hermann Goetz 1969
2959:, p. 101-102.
2788:, p. 153-154.
2762:Hermann Goetz 1969
2745:Hermann Goetz 1969
2688:, p. 141-152.
2650:Hermann Goetz 1969
2633:Hermann Goetz 1969
2621:Hermann Goetz 1969
2590:Hermann Goetz 1969
2392:, p. 133-134.
2380:, p. 132-134.
2368:, p. 130-131.
2275:, p. 144-145.
2261:Hermann Goetz 1969
1929:Martand Sun Temple
1867:
1782:(square), a large
1659:a silver image of
1621:a silver image of
1503:
1386:Old Tibetan Annals
1062:German Indologist
877:Muhammad bin Qasim
848:
508:Martand Sun Temple
356:Late modern period
227:Pre (2000–500 BCE)
3662:978-81-208-0180-6
3601:978-81-208-0370-1
3573:978-81-208-0370-1
3023:, pp. 14–15.
3011:, pp. 97–98.
2887:, pp. 92–93.
2863:, pp. 96–97.
2602:C. V. Vaidya 1979
2352:978-1-4422-5473-2
2322:978-0-231-12619-9
2165:978-1-58839-399-9
2133:978-90-04-28171-4
2065:by using another
1797:s of copper (the
1271:Return to Kashmir
1160:Vindhya mountains
1000:Umayyad Caliphate
933:miraculous powers
813:miraculous powers
795:Return to Kashmir
750:Northern campaign
704:Vindhya mountains
631:Kalhana's account
609:Abbasid Caliphate
466:
465:
425:History of Ladakh
387:Religious history
219:Mahabharat period
138:
137:
16:(Redirected from
3791:
3759:Kings of Kashmir
3739:
3714:
3695:
3674:
3645:
3624:
3605:
3577:
3549:
3527:
3506:
3492:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3369:
3363:
3352:
3346:
3327:
3321:
3312:
3306:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3249:
3243:
3232:
3226:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3041:
3035:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2983:
2977:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2748:
2742:
2731:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2479:
2473:
2460:
2454:
2445:
2439:
2422:
2416:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2149:
2138:
2137:
2117:
1983:Other activities
1974:
1962:
1950:
1941:Ruins in c. 1870
1938:
1751:Buddhist shrines
1745:Parihasa-Keshava
1733:Parihasa-Keshava
1728:Parihasa-Keshava
1713:Lakshmana-svamin
1661:Govardhana-Dhara
1653:a gold image of
1646:(made of 84,000
1642:a gold image of
1623:Parihasa-Keshava
1510:Sunishchita-pura
1490:Cities and towns
1432:Gilgit-Baltistan
1423:New Book of Tang
1192:Bhavagana was a
1154:, who ruled the
1129:Mandara mountain
740:Vindhya mountain
720:Malaya mountains
621:
534:New Book of Tang
458:
451:
444:
402:Military history
376:Related articles
363:Kashmir conflict
315:Maratha invasion
291:Shah Mir dynasty
193:Legend of Kashap
168:
158:
140:
139:
32:
31:
21:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3784:Karkota dynasty
3744:
3743:
3742:
3692:
3663:
3642:
3602:
3590:. Vol. 2.
3574:
3562:. Vol. 1.
3524:
3489:
3467:
3462:
3456:MA Stein 1 1900
3454:
3450:
3444:MA Stein 1 1900
3442:
3438:
3432:MA Stein 1 1900
3430:
3426:
3420:MA Stein 1 1900
3418:
3414:
3408:MA Stein 1 1900
3406:
3402:
3396:MA Stein 1 1900
3394:
3387:
3381:MA Stein 1 1900
3379:
3372:
3366:MA Stein 1 1900
3364:
3355:
3349:MA Stein 1 1900
3347:
3330:
3324:MA Stein 1 1900
3322:
3315:
3309:MA Stein 1 1900
3307:
3298:
3292:MA Stein 1 1900
3290:
3279:
3273:MA Stein 1 1900
3271:
3252:
3246:MA Stein 1 1900
3244:
3235:
3229:MA Stein 1 1900
3227:
3220:
3214:MA Stein 2 1900
3212:
3208:
3202:Tansen Sen 2004
3200:
3193:
3187:Tansen Sen 2004
3185:
3178:
3172:Tansen Sen 2004
3170:
3166:
3159:
3143:
3139:
3133:Tansen Sen 2004
3131:
3124:
3118:Tansen Sen 2004
3116:
3112:
3106:Tansen Sen 2004
3104:
3100:
3094:Tansen Sen 2004
3092:
3085:
3079:Tansen Sen 2004
3077:
3073:
3067:Tansen Sen 2004
3065:
3061:
3055:Tansen Sen 2004
3053:
3044:
3036:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2986:
2978:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2873:MA Stein 1 1900
2871:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2804:
2798:MA Stein 1 1900
2796:
2792:
2786:Tansen Sen 2004
2784:
2780:
2774:Tansen Sen 2004
2772:
2768:
2760:
2751:
2743:
2734:
2728:Tansen Sen 2004
2726:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2692:
2686:Tansen Sen 2004
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2578:André Wink 2002
2576:
2569:
2563:MA Stein 1 1900
2561:
2557:
2551:MA Stein 1 1900
2549:
2545:
2539:MA Stein 1 1900
2537:
2528:
2522:MA Stein 1 1900
2520:
2513:
2507:MA Stein 1 1900
2505:
2482:
2476:MA Stein 1 1900
2474:
2463:
2457:MA Stein 1 1900
2455:
2448:
2442:MA Stein 1 1900
2440:
2425:
2419:MA Stein 1 1900
2417:
2408:
2402:MA Stein 1 1900
2400:
2396:
2390:MA Stein 1 1900
2388:
2384:
2378:MA Stein 1 1900
2376:
2372:
2366:MA Stein 1 1900
2364:
2360:
2353:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2285:Tansen Sen 2004
2283:
2279:
2273:Tansen Sen 2004
2271:
2267:
2259:
2248:
2242:MA Stein 1 1900
2240:
2233:
2227:MA Stein 1 1900
2225:
2221:
2215:Tansen Sen 2004
2213:
2209:
2203:MA Stein 1 1900
2201:
2188:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2150:
2141:
2134:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2028:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1966:
1963:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1939:
1914:
1855:
1828:Chankuna-vihara
1753:
1592:
1583:
1492:
1487:
1475:
1328:
1273:
1235:
1222:Dakshina Kosala
1148:
1084:
1024:
946:
941:
894:Nilamata Purana
834:
777:
752:
728:
726:Konkan campaign
692:
670:flows from the
641:
633:
628:
626:Military career
622:
619:
605:Battle of Talas
596:
520:
497:world conqueror
481:Karkota dynasty
462:
407:
406:
397:Nilamata Purana
377:
369:
368:
358:
348:
347:
337:
327:
326:
286:
284:Medieval period
276:
275:
246:Middle Republic
241:
231:
230:
225:Early dynasties
208:
198:
197:
183:Nilamata Purana
178:
156:
149:
112:Karkoṭa dynasty
98:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3774:Hindu monarchs
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3741:
3740:
3730:(2): 141–162.
3715:
3696:
3690:
3675:
3661:
3646:
3640:
3625:
3606:
3600:
3578:
3572:
3550:
3528:
3522:
3507:
3493:
3487:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3458:, p. 149.
3448:
3436:
3424:
3422:, p. 141.
3412:
3410:, p. 148.
3400:
3398:, p. 147.
3385:
3370:
3368:, p. 140.
3353:
3351:, p. 143.
3328:
3326:, p. 152.
3313:
3311:, p. 151.
3296:
3294:, p. 146.
3277:
3275:, p. 144.
3250:
3248:, p. 142.
3233:
3218:
3216:, p. 269.
3206:
3204:, p. 148.
3191:
3189:, p. 147.
3176:
3164:
3157:
3137:
3122:
3110:
3108:, p. 152.
3098:
3096:, p. 151.
3083:
3071:
3059:
3057:, p. 154.
3042:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2984:
2961:
2949:
2947:, p. 100.
2937:
2925:
2923:, p. 101.
2913:
2901:
2899:, p. 102.
2889:
2877:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2839:, p. 109.
2829:
2827:, p. 195.
2817:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2776:, p. 153.
2766:
2749:
2732:
2730:, p. 150.
2717:
2705:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2664:, p. 355.
2654:
2637:
2625:
2606:
2604:, p. 208.
2594:
2582:
2580:, p. 244.
2567:
2565:, p. 156.
2555:
2543:
2541:, p. 153.
2526:
2524:, p. 150.
2511:
2509:, p. 139.
2480:
2478:, p. 138.
2461:
2459:, p. 137.
2446:
2444:, p. 136.
2423:
2421:, p. 135.
2406:
2404:, p. 134.
2394:
2382:
2370:
2358:
2351:
2328:
2321:
2301:
2289:
2287:, p. 141.
2277:
2265:
2246:
2244:, p. 155.
2231:
2219:
2217:, p. 144.
2207:
2205:, p. 131.
2186:
2171:
2164:
2139:
2132:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2027:
2024:
2007:Sahasra-bhakta
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1898:Bhappateshvara
1894:
1883:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1824:
1823:Sarvajnamitra.
1809:
1808:
1791:
1772:
1759:Built a large
1752:
1749:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1685:Kamala-Keshava
1677:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1640:
1616:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1591:
1590:Vishnu shrines
1588:
1582:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1554:
1551:
1537:
1523:
1517:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1474:
1471:
1411:magical powers
1327:
1324:
1272:
1269:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1197:
1190:
1147:
1146:Southern India
1144:
1083:
1080:
1064:Hermann Jacobi
1023:
1020:
1004:
1003:
988:
977:
945:
942:
940:
937:
833:
830:
805:badge of shame
776:
773:
751:
748:
727:
724:
691:
688:
640:
637:
632:
629:
627:
624:
617:
595:
592:
519:
516:
487:region in the
464:
463:
461:
460:
453:
446:
438:
435:
434:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
365:(1947–present)
359:
354:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
338:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
287:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
272:(1003-1320 CE)
270:Lohara dynasty
267:
264:Utpala dynasty
261:
258:Karkota Empire
255:
249:
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
222:
216:
215:Pre (3500 BCE)
209:
206:Ancient period
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
179:
174:
173:
170:
169:
161:
160:
151:
150:
143:
136:
135:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
93:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3796:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3693:
3691:9780231501026
3687:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3641:9780199091836
3637:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3532:Hermann Goetz
3529:
3525:
3523:90-04-10789-4
3519:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3488:0-391-04173-8
3484:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3421:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3158:9781442254732
3154:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3080:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3040:, p. 19.
3039:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3022:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2999:, p. 14.
2998:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2982:, p. 13.
2981:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2935:, p. 99.
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2911:, p. 98.
2910:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2875:, p. 89.
2874:
2869:
2862:
2857:
2851:, p. 29.
2850:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2815:, p. 93.
2814:
2809:
2807:
2800:, p. 90.
2799:
2794:
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2764:, p. 11.
2763:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2747:, p. 16.
2746:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2715:, p. 80.
2714:
2709:
2703:, p. 95.
2702:
2697:
2695:
2687:
2682:
2676:, p. 46.
2675:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2652:, p. 12.
2651:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2635:, p. 10.
2634:
2629:
2623:, p. 20.
2622:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2299:, p. 53.
2298:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2263:, p. 15.
2262:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2229:, p. 88.
2228:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2175:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2097:Rajatarangini
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1912:Surya shrines
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1853:Shiva shrines
1847:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1790:(the Buddha).
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:with a large
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1743:idol for the
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1675:) at the top.
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:Mukta-Keshava
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1473:Personal life
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1444:Gilgit Valley
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1233:Western India
1228:inscriptions.
1227:
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1164:Vindhyavasini
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1136:Rajatarangini
1132:
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1117:
1116:Rajatarangini
1113:
1109:
1108:Bay of Bengal
1105:
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1097:
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1089:
1082:Eastern India
1079:
1075:
1073:
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1044:Abhinavagupta
1041:
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921:
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913:Rajatarangini
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905:
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899:Rajatarangini
896:
895:
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884:art historian
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855:Rajatarangini
852:
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733:
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708:Vindhyavasini
705:
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700:Dakshinapatha
697:
687:
685:
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676:eastern ocean
673:
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558:
557:Rajatarangini
553:
551:
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531:
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525:Rajatarangini
515:
513:
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502:
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100:Vajraditya II
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3497:C. V. Vaidya
3477:
3465:Bibliography
3451:
3439:
3427:
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3209:
3167:
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3140:
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2597:
2592:, p. 9.
2585:
2558:
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2056:
2048:
2045:
2031:
2029:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1989:water wheels
1986:
1915:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1868:
1835:
1827:
1817:Kayya-vihara
1816:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1780:chatuh-shala
1779:
1775:
1754:
1744:
1740:
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1727:
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1717:
1712:
1708:
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1684:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1558:Parihasapura
1556:
1543:
1539:
1534:Parihasapura
1529:
1525:
1520:Darpita-pura
1519:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:Parihasapura
1485:Public works
1476:
1464:
1448:
1440:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1392:
1384:
1383:either: the
1364:
1329:
1305:
1274:
1258:
1247:
1236:
1181:
1168:
1152:Rashtrakutas
1149:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1085:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1048:
1040:Shri-Pratapa
1039:
1025:
1016:Tang dynasty
1005:
981:Turkic Shahi
970:Parihasapura
947:
929:
924:
922:
912:
908:
902:
898:
892:
889:
881:
866:
863:C. V. Vaidya
860:
854:
849:
841:
826:
822:
809:
798:
794:
793:
784:
781:Valukambudhi
780:
778:
753:
729:
716:Kaveri river
693:
668:Ganges river
665:
661:Yamuna river
652:
642:
634:
614:
601:Tokharisthan
597:
581:
572:
556:
554:
542:Tang dynasty
538:Xin Tang shu
537:
523:
521:
512:Parihasapura
505:
501:Tang dynasty
472:
468:
467:
401:
260:(625–855 CE)
134:Chamar Ruler
96:Kuvalayapida
72:Kuvalayapida
29:
3769:720s births
3764:760s deaths
3705:. Abhinav.
3582:M. A. Stein
3554:M. A. Stein
2090:kuntavahini
1905:Rakchatesha
1891:Mitreshvara
1720:Rama-svamin
1709:Rama-svamin
1655:Maha-Varaha
1514:sunishchita
1460:Gao Xianzhi
1451:Tokharistan
1399:Tokharistan
1332:Tarim Basin
1301:Bappa Rawal
1285:Chittorgarh
1187:Vijayaditya
1104:Later Gupta
1056:M. A. Stein
1028:Yashovarman
1022:Yashovarman
985:Hindu Shahi
954:Afghanistan
851:M. A. Stein
756:Uttarapatha
649:Yashovarman
550:Apabhramsha
469:Lalitaditya
344:(1846–1947)
323:(1819-1846)
317:(1758–1760)
311:(1738–1819)
309:Afghan rule
305:(1589–1738)
303:Mughal rule
299:(1535–1589)
293:(1339–1535)
254:(34–17 BCE)
155:History of
60:Predecessor
18:Lalitaditya
3748:Categories
3473:André Wink
2103:References
2049:Panchanada
1776:Rajavihara
1774:Built the
1741:Ramasvamin
1671:(Vishnu's
1650:s of gold)
1526:Phala-pura
1479:Kamaladevi
1436:Wular Lake
1376:Hindu Kush
1344:Taklamakan
1320:Kshatriyas
1171:Dantidurga
1012:Zabulistan
873:Raja Dahir
868:Chach Nama
785:Stri-rajya
657:Bhavabhuti
645:Kanyakubja
518:Background
3671:470679057
3621:607757485
3546:586049160
3516:. BRILL.
3481:. BRILL.
2126:. BRILL.
2015:Al-Biruni
2011:dakshinas
1993:Bijbehara
1705:Lakshmana
1498:Ruins at
1336:Turkestan
1312:Mount Abu
1277:Me Agtsom
1265:Maitrakas
1261:Kathiawar
1241:ruler of
1239:Shilahara
1226:Pratihara
1207:ruler of
1182:Gaudavaho
1175:Krishna I
1140:Gaudavaho
1125:Gaudavaho
1121:Gaudavaho
1112:Gaudavaho
1068:Gaudavaho
909:Gaudavaho
904:Gaudavaho
801:Turushkas
764:Tuhkharas
672:Himalayas
588:Karkotaka
546:Al-Biruni
473:Muktapida
321:Sikh rule
248:(326 BCE)
68:Successor
3736:41933381
3584:(1900).
3556:(1900).
3534:(1969).
3505:. Cosmo.
3499:(1979).
3475:(2002).
2032:kapittha
2000:Tuhkhara
1846:Takshaka
1540:Parnotsa
1407:jiangjun
1403:Sanskrit
1308:Agnikula
1293:Thanesar
1201:Samangad
1194:Chalukya
744:Mahakala
696:Karnatas
618:—
576:Chang'an
146:a series
144:Part of
132:Hinduism
128:Religion
63:Tarapida
42:Maharaja
3711:5782454
2040:Brahmin
2019:Chaitra
1918:sun god
1889:called
1880:Wangath
1821:bhikshu
1799:prastha
1795:prastha
1784:chaitya
1737:Sharada
1629:s; the
1596:Keshava
1581:Shrines
1467:Daradas
1456:Kashgar
1316:Gurjara
1254:Gujarat
1156:Karnata
1036:Haryana
966:chaitya
918:Magadha
882:Later,
769:Daradas
760:Kamboja
732:Dvaraka
680:Kalinga
674:to the
561:Karkota
530:Kalhana
493:Kalhana
485:Kashmir
392:Kalhana
157:Kashmir
107:Dynasty
46:Kashmir
3734:
3709:
3688:
3669:
3659:
3638:
3619:
3598:
3570:
3544:
3520:
3485:
3155:
2349:
2319:
2162:
2130:
2083:vihara
2079:Buddha
2075:Sugata
2053:Punjab
1804:tolaka
1769:Ushkur
1761:vihara
1673:vahana
1669:Garuda
1648:tolaka
1636:tolaka
1610:Ushkur
1548:Poonch
1428:Qaghan
1368:Hyecho
1356:Turfan
1299:ruler
1297:Guhila
1289:Marwar
1281:Ujjain
1243:Konkan
1218:Kosala
1096:Odisha
1092:Bengal
1032:Punjab
1008:Kapisa
996:Multan
950:Punjab
818:Kubera
789:Garuda
736:Avanti
471:alias
148:on the
118:Father
82:Spouse
3732:JSTOR
2036:Indra
1887:linga
1875:crore
1765:stupa
1763:with
1724:Gauda
1563:Indra
1544:parna
1530:phala
1380:Pamir
1372:Wukon
1352:Kucha
1340:Tibet
1214:Malwa
1209:Sindh
1100:Gauda
1088:Bihar
684:Gauda
586:king
297:Chaks
91:Issue
52:Reign
3707:OCLC
3686:ISBN
3667:OCLC
3657:ISBN
3636:ISBN
3617:OCLC
3596:ISBN
3568:ISBN
3542:OCLC
3518:ISBN
3483:ISBN
3153:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2160:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2071:mani
2067:mani
2063:mani
2058:mani
1861:The
1836:Jina
1832:IAST
1788:Jina
1703:and
1701:Rama
1692:Lata
1631:pala
1627:pala
1395:IAST
1354:and
1348:Gobi
1346:and
1338:and
1291:and
1250:Lata
1205:Arab
1138:and
1094:and
1010:and
990:The
911:and
682:and
584:Nāga
555:The
477:IAST
40:5th
1807:s).
968:at
875:to
514:.
483:of
44:of
3750::
3728:38
3726:.
3722:.
3665:.
3594:.
3566:.
3388:^
3373:^
3356:^
3331:^
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3299:^
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3253:^
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3086:^
3045:^
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2720:^
2693:^
2640:^
2609:^
2570:^
2529:^
2514:^
2483:^
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2426:^
2409:^
2331:^
2249:^
2234:^
2189:^
2142:^
2110:^
1838:s.
1639:s)
1612:).
1362:.
1287:,
1283:,
1090:,
952:,
791:.
771:.
590:.
3738:.
3713:.
3694:.
3673:.
3644:.
3623:.
3604:.
3576:.
3548:.
3526:.
3491:.
3161:.
2355:.
2325:.
2183:.
2168:.
2136:.
2077:(
1907:.
1900:.
1893:.
1848:.
1830:(
1687:.
1550:.
1378:-
536:(
475:(
457:e
450:t
443:v
20:)
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